Books: 'Maternal Mortality – South Africa'

1

Rossouw, J. P. H. Infant mortality and child health in South Africa: 1988/1992. Pretoria: Human Sciences Research Council, 1997.

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2

Heston, Phillips, and Statistics South Africa, eds. Adult mortality (age 15-64): Based on death notification data in South Africa, 1997-2004. Pretoria: Statistics South Africa, 2006.

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3

Lehohla, Pali. Road traffic accident deaths in South Africa, 2001-2006: Evidence from death notification. Pretoria, South Africa: Statistics South Africa, 2009.

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4

Causes of death in South Africa 1997-2001: Advance release of recorded causes of death. Pretoria: Statistics South Africa, 2002.

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5

United States. Congress. House. Select Committee on Hunger. Infant survival: A challenge for the South : hearing before the Select Committee on Hunger, House of Representatives, One Hundredth Congress, second session, hearing held in Birmingham, AL, October 10, 1988. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1988.

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6

Clive, Bell. The long-run economic costs of AIDS: Theory and an application to South Africa. Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2003.

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7

Frances, Potter, and South African Institute of Race Relations., eds. Behind closed doors: A study of deaths in detention in South Africa between August 1963 and 1984, and of further deaths between June 1984 and September 1985. Braamfontein, Johannesburg, South Africa: South African Institute of Race Relations, 1987.

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8

Nafis, Sadik, ed. Population policies and programmes: Lessons learned from two decades of experience. New York: Published for United Nations Population Fund by New York University Press, 1991.

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9

Effects of Maternal Mortality on Children in Africa an Exploratory Report. Defense for Children Intl USA, 1991.

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10

Luke, Jenny M. Delivered by Midwives. University Press of Mississippi, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496818911.001.0001.

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Delivering babies was merely one aspect of the broad role of African American midwives in the twentieth-century South. Yet little has been written about the type of care they provided, or how midwifery and maternity care evolved under the increasing presence of local and federal health care structures. Using evidence from nursing, medical, and public health journals of the era; primary sources from state and county departments of health; and personal accounts from varied practitioners, Delivered by Midwives: African American Midwifery in the Twentieth-Century South provides a new perspective on the childbirth experience of African American women and their maternity care providers during the twentieth century. Moving beyond the usual racial dichotomy, the monograph exposes a more complex shift in childbirth culture to reveal the changing expectations and agency of African American women in their rejection of a two-tier maternity care system, and their demands to be part of an inclusive, desegregated society. This book identifies valuable aspects of a maternity care model that were discarded in the name of progress. Today concern about maternal mortality and persistent racial disparities have forced a reassessment of maternity care and elements of the long-abandoned care model are being reincorporated into modern practice, answering current health care dilemmas by heeding lessons from the past.

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11

Asia, UNICEF/South, ed. A human rights-based approach to programming for maternal mortality reduction in a South Asian context: A review of the literature. Kathmandu, Nepal: United Nations Children's Fund, Regional Office for South Asia, 2003.

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12

Ardalan, Christine. The Public Health Nurses of Jim Crow Florida. University Press of Florida, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813066158.001.0001.

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During the Jim Crow era, Florida’s public health nurses, mostly white and a few black women, tackled the state’s public health issues born of race, climate, geography, and poverty. These pioneering professional women were often the only ones available to deliver current health improvement information into the homes of people who were out of the reach of modern medical care. From Florida’s Panhandle to the Everglades and on to the Keys, they faced a number of challenges to reach both white and African American people in rural communities. Like the nurses in other states of the South and the North, they drew strength from their professional identity, but in confronting Florida’s unique challenges, their determination to save lives set them apart as they battled the state’s daunting environmental and cultural obstacles. They found innovative ways to build a bridge between the communities they served and public health policies, both state and federal, that addressed the threats of infection and the high infant and maternal mortality levels. Competing cultural constructions of health shaped their groundbreaking efforts to reach and serve underprivileged members of each race, whether to prevent illness and disease or to improve childbirth and general wellbeing.

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13

1953-, Joseph Ammu, and Women's Global Network for Reproductive Rights., eds. Maternal mortality and morbidity: Strategies for change-1996 : evaluation meeting in South Asia, Bangalore, India, 13-15 May 1996. [Amsterdam: Women's Global Network for Reproductive Rights, 1996.

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14

Mhango, Chisale. Mobilizing the community against maternal death—the Malawi community champion model. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198703327.003.0005.

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Chapter 5 discusses the challenge of reducing maternal mortality in Malawi, one of the least resourced countries in Africa, through a mixture of clinical measures, service organization, and mobilizing the community. It describes how African Union (AU) and WHO policies were important in shaping plans and how international partners helped support and resource Malawi’s plans, as well as how the community and community leaders have been central to the success in Malawi. It covers how traditional leaders–chiefs–have played a very big role in giving maternal health greater priority and in changing behaviours amongst men as well as women, along with their willingness to confront resistance to change, whether it came from the churches or from individuals. It also covers the use of non-medical personnel, for example, in providing injectable contraceptives to women or in banning traditional birth attendants from delivering babies.

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15

Jemal, Ahmedin, D. Maxwell Parkin, and Freddie Bray. Patterns of Cancer Incidence, Mortality, and Survival. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190238667.003.0008.

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The global burden of cancer is expected to increase from 14.1 million newly diagnosed cases and 8.2 million cancer deaths in 2012 to 22 million cases and 13 million deaths in 2030. This increase, based on projected population aging and growth, will disproportionately affect low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where large numbers of young adults are now surviving to older ages where cancer becomes common. The incidence of cancers traditionally associated with Western behavioral, environmental, and cultural factors (breast, colorectum, lung, and prostate) are increasing in LMICs, whereas cancers caused at least partly by infectious agents (stomach, liver, uterine cervix) are decreasing. Population-based cancer registries (PBCRs) are central to cancer surveillance and control. These registries now cover over 95% of the population in North America, but less than 10% of the populations of South America and Africa.

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16

Essential facts about Covid-19: the disease, the responses, and an uncertain future. For South African learners, teachers, and the general public. Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/assaf.2021/0072.

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The first cases of a new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) were identified toward the end of 2019 in Wuhan, China. Over the following months, this virus spread to everywhere in the world. By now no country has been spared the devastation from the loss of lives from the disease (Covid-19) and the economic and social impacts of responses to mitigate the impact of the virus. Our lives in South Africa have been turned upside down as we try to make the best of this bad situation. The 2020 school year was disrupted with closure and then reopening in a phased approach, as stipulated by the Department of Education. This booklet is a collective effort by academics who are Members of the Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf) and other invited scholars to help you appreciate some of the basic scientific facts that you need to know in order to understand the present crisis and the various options available to respond to it. We emphasise that the threat of infectious diseases is not an entirely new phenomenon that has sprung onto the stage out of nowhere. Infectious diseases and pandemics have been with us for centuries, in fact much longer. Scientists have warned us for years of the need to prepare for the next pandemic. Progress in medicine in the course of the 20th century has been formidable. Childhood mortality has greatly decreased almost everywhere in the world, thanks mainly, but not only, to the many vaccines that have been developed. Effective drugs now exist for many deadly diseases for which there were once no cures. For many of us, this progress has generated a false sense of security. It has caused us to believe that the likes of the 1918 ‘Spanish flu’ pandemic, which caused some 50 million deaths around the world within a span of a few months, could not be repeated in some form in today’s modern world. The Covid-19 pandemic reminds us that as new cures for old diseases are discovered, new diseases come along for which we are unprepared. And every hundred or so years one of these diseases wreaks havoc on the world and interferes severely with our usual ways of going about our lives. Today’s world has become increasingly interconnected and interdependent, through trade, migrations, and rapid air travel. This globalisation makes it easier for epidemics to spread, somewhat offsetting the power of modern medicine. In this booklet we have endeavoured to provide an historical perspective, and to enrich your knowledge with some of the basics of medicine, viruses, and epidemiology. Beyond the immediate Covid-19 crisis, South Africa faces a number of other major health challenges: highly unequal access to quality healthcare, widespread tuberculosis, HIV infection causing AIDS, a high prevalence of mental illness, and a low life expectancy, compared to what is possible with today’s medicine. It is essential that you, as young people, also learn about the nature of these new challenges, so that you may contribute to finding future solutions.

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17

Omaswa, Francis, and Nigel Crisp, eds. African Health Leaders. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198703327.001.0001.

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Most accounts of health and healthcare in Africa are written by foreigners. African Health Leaders: Making Change and Claiming the Future redresses the balance. Written by Africans, who have themselves led improvements in their own countries, this online resource discusses the creativity, innovation and leadership that has been involved tackling everything from HIV/AIDs, to maternal, and child mortality and neglected tropical diseases. It celebrates their achievements and shows how, over three generations, African health leaders are creating a distinctively African vision of health and health systems. It covers how African Health Leaders are claiming the future - in Africa, but also by sharing their insights and knowledge globally and contributing fully to improving health throughout the world, and illustrates how African leadership can enable foreign agencies and individuals working in Africa to avoid all those misunderstandings and misinterpretations of culture and context which lead to wasted efforts and frustrated hopes. It also addresses the need to tackle weak governance, corrupt systems and low expectations and sets out what Africa needs from the rest of the world in the spirit of global solidarity - not primarily in aid, but through investment, collaboration, partnership and co-development.

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18

Anderson, Greg. Other Ways of Being Human. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190886646.003.0007.

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To open Part Two (“The Many Real Worlds of the Past”), the book begins its ethical case for an ontological turn in history by establishing the past’s extraordinary ontological diversity. Drawing on a lengthy inventory of ethnographies and histories, the chapter adduces evidence for non-modern ontologies from a broad range of environments, including precolonial Mexico, India, Bali, and Polynesia, medieval Europe, Ming China, and the lifeworlds of various indigenous peoples in Amazonia, South East Asia, Melanesia, and Africa. The cumulative result is a panorama of ontological alterities, indicating wide historical variabilities in the essences and foundations of human existence, in the ways humans experience, say, personhood and subjectivity, kinship and sociality, materiality and ideality, mortality and rationality, humanity and divinity, and the sources, means, and ends of life itself. Yet the tools of our conventional historicism cannot account for these variabilities, since they all presuppose the truth of an ontology that prevails only in our capitalist modernity.

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19

Key, Timothy J., and Alison J. Price. Epidemiology of prostate cancer. Edited by James W. F. Catto. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0058.

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Prostate cancer is the second most common malignancy and the sixth most common cause of cancer death for men worldwide. The highest incidence and mortality rates are in populations that originated in Africa, such as African Americans. Rates are also high in Western countries and generally low in East and South Asia. Incidence rates are increasing in some countries which until recently had low rates, but are not changing much in countries which already have high rates. The only well-established risk factors are increasing age, African ancestry, family history of the disease, and certain genetic factors, none of which is modifiable. Many potential risk factors have been investigated in epidemiological studies and randomized trials. Observational studies have shown that prostate cancer risk is positively associated with the plasma concentration of insulin-like growth factor-I, but is not strongly associated with testosterone or other sex hormones. Studies of nutritional factors suggest that risk may be higher in men with a high intake of animal foods and dairy products, but this relationship is not clear enough to be considered as established. Some studies of other nutritional factors such as fat, lycopene and other carotenoids, vitamin D, vitamin E and selenium have suggested possible associations, but overall do not show any clear relationships. Research on other possible risk factors has shown a small positive association of risk with height, but little association with obesity, smoking or alcohol intake, and evidence on sexual behaviour and sexually transmitted infections is inconclusive. Further research is needed, particularly to determine whether potential risk factors may be related more to aggressive than to indolent prostate cancer.

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20

Swanepoel, R., and J. T. Paweska. Rift Valley fever. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0043.

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Rift Valley fever (RVF) is an acute disease of domestic ruminants in mainland Africa and Madagascar, caused by a mosquito borne virus and characterized by necrotic hepatitis and a haemorrhagic state. Large outbreaks of the disease in sheep, cattle and goats occur at irregular intervals of several years when exceptionally heavy rains favour the breeding of the mosquito vectors, and are distinguished by heavy mortality among newborn animals and abortion in pregnant animals. Humans become infected from contact with tissues of infected animals or from mosquito bite, and usually develop mild to moderately severe febrile illness, but severe complications, which occur in a small proportion of patients, include ocular sequelae, encephalitis and fatal haemorrhagic disease. Despite the occurrence of low case fatality rates, substantial numbers of humans may succumb to the disease during large outbreaks. Modified live and inactivated vaccines are available for use in livestock, and an inactivated vaccine was used on a limited scale in humans with occupational exposure to infection. The literature on the disease has been the subject of several extensive reviews from which the information presented here is drawn, except where indicated otherwise (Henning 1956; Weiss 1957; Easterday 1965; Peters and Meegan 1981; Shimshony and Barzilai 1983; Meegan and Bailey 1989; Swanepoel and Coetzer 2004; Flick and Bouloy 2005). In September 2000, the disease appeared in south-west Saudi Arabia and adjacent Yemen, and the outbreak lasted until early 2001 (Al Hazmi et al. 2003; Madani et al. 2003; Abdo-Salem et al. 2006). The virus was probably introduced with infected livestock from the Horn of Africa, and it remains to be determined whether it has become endemic on the Arabian Peninsula.

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21

Behera, Swadhin, and Toshio Yamagata. Climate Dynamics of ENSO Modoki Phenomena. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.612.

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The El Niño Modoki/La Niña Modoki (ENSO Modoki) is a newly acknowledged face of ocean-atmosphere coupled variability in the tropical Pacific Ocean. The oceanic and atmospheric conditions associated with the El Niño Modoki are different from that of canonical El Niño, which is extensively studied for its dynamics and worldwide impacts. A typical El Niño event is marked by a warm anomaly of sea surface temperature (SST) in the equatorial eastern Pacific. Because of the associated changes in the surface winds and the weakening of coastal upwelling, the coasts of South America suffer from widespread fish mortality during the event. Quite opposite of this characteristic change in the ocean condition, cold SST anomalies prevail in the eastern equatorial Pacific during the El Niño Modoki events, but with the warm anomalies intensified in the central Pacific. The boreal winter condition of 2004 is a typical example of such an event, when a tripole pattern is noticed in the SST anomalies; warm central Pacific flanked by cold eastern and western regions. The SST anomalies are coupled to a double cell in anomalous Walker circulation with rising motion in the central parts and sinking motion on both sides of the basin. This is again a different feature compared to the well-known single-cell anomalous Walker circulation during El Niños. La Niña Modoki is the opposite phase of the El Niño Modoki, when a cold central Pacific is flanked by warm anomalies on both sides.The Modoki events are seen to peak in both boreal summer and winter and hence are not seasonally phase-locked to a single seasonal cycle like El Niño/La Niña events. Because of this distinction in the seasonality, the teleconnection arising from these events will vary between the seasons as teleconnection path will vary depending on the prevailing seasonal mean conditions in the atmosphere. Moreover, the Modoki El Niño/La Niña impacts over regions such as the western coast of the United States, the Far East including Japan, Australia, and southern Africa, etc., are opposite to those of the canonical El Niño/La Niña. For example, the western coasts of the United States suffer from severe droughts during El Niño Modoki, whereas those regions are quite wet during El Niño. The influences of Modoki events are also seen in tropical cyclogenesis, stratosphere warming of the Southern Hemisphere, ocean primary productivity, river discharges, sea level variations, etc. A remarkable feature associated with Modoki events is the decadal flattening of the equatorial thermocline and weakening of zonal thermal gradient. The associated ocean-atmosphere conditions have caused frequent and persistent developments of Modoki events in recent decades.

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Books on the topic 'Maternal Mortality – South Africa'

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