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Journal articles on the topic 'Maternal Sexual Violence'
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1
Hartini, Iis, and Suandi Suandi. "Hubungan Persepsi Siswa-Siswi Sekolah Dasar Terhadap Perilaku Kekerasan Oleh Orang Tua Di Kota Jambi." Journal of Education, Humaniora and Social Sciences (JEHSS) 3, no. 2 (2020): 394–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.34007/jehss.v3i2.315.
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In Jambi Province, the behavior of violence against children was quite high, reaching 72 children each year. This study is conducted at SDN 47, SDN 69, and SDN 208 Jambi City with a population of 6th grade students with a sample of 90 people. The variables studied consists the types of violence experienced by children, children's perceptions of violence and socio-economic factors that influence the occurrence of violence against children. The aspects of violence against children studied were physical violence, psychological violence, and sexual violence. The aspects of perception are consists of cognition, affection and conation. This research was conducted using descriptive analytical method, in quantitative analysis carried out by descriptive statistical analysis and inferential statistics using chi square correlation with categorical data types. The results of this study concluded that psychological violence (22%) was mostly experienced by these students. Aspect of children's perceptions of violence can be concluded that these students understand about violence against children and do not agree with violence against children. The socio-economic variables that have a significant relationship with violent behavior are maternal education (0,027) and maternal age (0,041) where the probability value shows a value less than 0.05. It means that maternal education and maternal age are related to violent behavior in children.
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Edhborg, Maigun, Hashima E-Nasreen, and Zarina Nahar Kabir. "Impact of Intimate Partner Violence on Infant Temperament." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 35, no. 21-22 (2017): 4779–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260517717489.
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Intimate partner violence (IPV) during the first year postpartum is common in Bangladesh, and many infants are exposed to hostile and aggressive environment. The aim of the current study was to investigate how IPV (physical, emotional, and sexual) impacts on the mother’s perception of her infant’s temperament 6 to 8 months postpartum, and whether maternal depressive symptom at 6 to 8 months postpartum is a mediator in this association. A total of 656 rural Bangladeshi women and their children 6 to 8 months postpartum were included in this study. Data were collected by structured interviews. The women were asked about physical, sexual, and emotional IPV; depressive symptoms (Edinburgh Postnatal Depressive Symptoms [EPDS]); and their perception of infant temperament assessed by the Infant Characteristic Questionnaire (ICQ). Descriptive analyses were conducted for prevalence of IPV and maternal depressive symptoms. Mediation analysis was conducted with a series of linear regressions with types of IPV as independent variables, ICQ including its subscales as dependent variables and maternal depressive symptoms as potential mediator. All the analyses were adjusted for the woman’s and her husband’s ages and number of children of the couple. Nearly 90% of the mothers reported some kind of IPV at 6 to 8 months postpartum. All types of IPV were directly associated with the mother’s perception of her infant as unadaptable. Maternal depressive symptom was a mediating factor between physical IPV and the ICQ subscales fussy-difficult and unpredictable. In addition, depressive symptoms mediated between sexual and emotional IPV, and the mother’s perception of the infant as unpredictable. The results showed that IPV influenced how mothers perceived their infant’s temperament. It is important that health care professionals at maternal and child health services enquire about IPV with possibilities to refer the family or the mother and infant for appropriate support.
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van Ee and Blokland. "Bad Blood or My Blood: A Qualitative Study into the Dimensions of Interventions for Mothers with Children Born of Sexual Violence." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 23 (2019): 4810. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16234810.
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Research has shown that there is a negative relation between the experience of sexual violence of mothers and the well-being of their children. When a child is born out of sexual violence, the origin of the child is connected to the traumatic experience. Despite the difficult maternal task of navigating this relationship, research on interventions for mothers with a child born of sexual violence is absent. The current qualitative study was designed to gather expert knowledge of twelve clinicians on the dimensions of interventions for these mothers and their children as a first step in the development of good clinical practice for interventions. Using thematic analysis, the interviews were transcribed, coded and analyzed. Three building blocks for interventions for mothers and their children born of sexual violence were identified: building a secure attachment, reduction of trauma-related symptomatology, and addressing stigmatization. Clinicians describe many factors that need to be taken into account in treatment but emphasize the importance of the therapeutic relationship to be efficacious. The foundation of a strong therapeutic relationship together with the building blocks are the elements for good clinical practice on interventions for mothers with a child born of sexual violence.
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Miller, Lior, and Manuel Contreras-Urbina. "Exploring the determinants and outcomes of intimate partner violence during pregnancy for Guyanese women: Results from a nationally representative cross-sectional household survey." Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública 45 (March 24, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.26633/rpsp.2021.6.
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Objective. To determine predictors associated with physical violence during pregnancy, and to determine the relationship between exposure to intimate partner violence during pregnancy and women’s health and suicide ideation in Guyana. Methods. A secondary data analysis of a cross-sectional household survey. Multivariate logistic regression models were fitted to the data to estimate the association between physical violence during pregnancy, controlling partner behavior, and other predictors. Ordered logistic regression models were fitted to estimate the association between physical violence during pregnancy and women’s health, and lifetime physical partner violence and overall health. Logistic regression models were fitted to estimate associations between physical violence during pregnancy and lifetime physical partner violence and overall health and suicide ideation. Results. The prevalence of lifetime physical/sexual intimate partner violence was 38.8%, current physical/ sexual intimate partner violence 11.1%, and violence during pregnancy 9.2%. Controlling partner behavior was significantly and positively associated with maternal experience of physical violence during pregnancy. Experiencing physical partner violence during pregnancy, but not lifetime physical partner violence, was associated with significantly increased odds of poor overall health. Physical violence during pregnancy and lifetime physical violence were both significantly associated with increased odds of suicide ideation. Conclusions. The prevalence of violence during pregnancy in Guyana is high and is associated with adverse health outcomes. These findings suggest the need for intimate partner violence prevention, and for integrating intimate partner violence screening and treatment into antenatal care, reproductive health services, and maternal and child health programs and services to identify and treat at-risk women.
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Zhang, Senmao, Lesan Wang, Tubao Yang, et al. "Maternal violence experiences and risk of postpartum depression: A meta-analysis of cohort studies." European Psychiatry 55 (January 2019): 90–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2018.10.005.
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AbstractBackground:Most of original studies indicated maternal violence experiences is associated with adverse obstetric outcomes, to date, but it is not clear that the association of maternal violence experiences and the risk of postpartum depression (PPD). We aimed to assess the association between maternal violence experiences and risk of developing PPD by performing a meta-analysis of cohort studies.Methods:PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane Libraries and Chinese databases were searched through December 2017 to identify studies that assessed the association between violence and PPD. Meta-analysis was conducted by the RevMan software and Stata software. Potential heterogeneity source was explored by subgroup analysis and potential publication bias was assessed by Begg's funnel plots and Egger’s linear regression test.Results:Overall, women experiencing any violence events compared with the reference group were at a higher risk of developing PPD (odds ratio [OR] = 2.04; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.72–2.41). Additionally, different types of violence events such as sexual (OR = 1.56; 95%CI: 1.35–1.81), emotional (OR = 1.75; 95%CI: 1.61–1.89), and physical violence (OR = 1.90; 95%CI: 1.36–2.67), as well as domestic (OR = 2.05; 95%CI: 1.50–2.80) or childhood violence (OR = 1.59; 95%CI: 1.34–1.88) also increased the risk of developing PPD. Relevant heterogeneity moderators have been identified by subgroup analysis. Sensitivity analysis yielded consistent results.Conclusions:Maternal violence experiences are significantly associated with risk of developing PPD. These finding highlight the necessary to protect women from any types of violence and formulate preventive strategies to promote the maternal mental health.
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Henriksen, Lena, Berit Schei, Siri Vangen, and Mirjam Lukasse. "Sexual violence and neonatal outcomes: a Norwegian population-based cohort study." BMJ Open 4, no. 10 (2014): e005935. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005935.
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ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to explore the association between sexual violence and neonatal outcomes.DesignNational cohort study.SettingWomen were recruited to the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa) while attending routine ultrasound examinations from 1999 to 2008.PopulationA total of 76 870 pregnant women.MethodsSexual violence and maternal characteristics were self-reported in postal questionnaires during pregnancy. Neonatal outcomes were retrieved from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway (MBRN). Risk estimations were performed with linear and logistic regression analysis. Outcome measures: gestational age at birth, birth weight, preterm birth (PTB), low birth weight (LBW) and small for gestational age (SGA).ResultsOf 76 870 women, 18.4% reported a history of sexual violence. A total of 4.7% delivered prematurely, 2.7% had children with a birth weight <2500 g and 8.1% children were small for their gestational age. Women reporting moderate or severe sexual violence (rape) had a significantly reduced gestational length (2 days) when the birth was provider-initiated in an analysis adjusted for age, parity, education, smoking, body mass index and mental distress. Those exposed to severe sexual violence had a significantly reduced gestational length of 0.51 days with a spontaneous start of birth. Crude estimates showed that severe sexual violence was associated with PTB, LBW and SGA. When controlling for the aforementioned sociodemographic and behavioural factors, the association was no longer significant.ConclusionsSexual violence was not associated with adverse neonatal outcomes. Moderate and severe violence had a small but significant effect on gestational age; however, the clinical influence of this finding is most likely limited. Women exposed to sexual violence in this study reported more of the sociodemographic and behavioural factors associated with PTB, LBW and SGA compared with non-abused women.
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Pabon, Stephanie, Mary A. Parpinelli, Martha B. Narvaez, et al. "Overall Maternal Morbidity during Pregnancy Identified with the WHO-WOICE Instrument." BioMed Research International 2020 (July 17, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9740232.
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Objective. To evaluate the prevalence of nonsevere maternal morbidity (including overall health, domestic and sexual violence, functionality, and mental health) in women during antenatal care and further analyze factors associated with compromised mental functioning and clinical health by administration of the WHO’s WOICE 2.0 instrument. Method. A cross-sectional study was conducted at a referral center in Brazil with an interview and questionnaire administered to pregnant women at 28 weeks of gestation and beyond. Data collection and management were supported by REDCAP software. A descriptive analysis was performed, and a multiple regression analysis also investigated factors associated with impairment in mental conditions, functionality, and clinical health. Results. 533 women at a mean age of 28.9 years (±6.7) were included, and the majority had a partner (77.1%) and secondary education (67.7%). Exposure to violence occurred in 6.8%, and 12.7% reported substance use. Sexual satisfaction was reported by the vast majority (91.7%), although almost one-fifth were sexually abstinent. Overall, women reported very good and good health (72%), despite being told that they had a medical condition (66%). There was an overall rate of anxiety in 29.9%, depression in 39.5%, and impaired functioning in 20.4%. The perception of an abnormal clinical condition was the only factor independently associated with impaired functioning and mental health in the multiple regression model. Obesity was independently associated with clinical impairment. Conclusion. During antenatal care, pregnant women in the study reported having a high rate of anxiety, depression, impaired functioning, and substance use. These issues can affect a woman’s health and should be further addressed for specific interventions and improved quality of care.
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Tremblay, Richard E., and Sylvana M. Côté. "Development of sex differences in physical aggression: The maternal link to epigenetic mechanisms." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 32, no. 3-4 (2009): 290–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x09990288.
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AbstractAs Archer argues, recent developmental data on human physical aggression support the sexual selection hypothesis. However, sex differences are largely due to males on a chronic trajectory of aggression. Maternal characteristics of these males suggest that, in societies with low levels of physical violence, females with a history of behavior problems largely contribute to maintenance of physical aggression sex differences.
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Awan, Hamza Rauf, and Fatima Syeda. "Maternal Transferability of Trauma and Psychosomatic Nation in Sorayya Khan’s Noor." Pakistan Journal of Women's Studies: Alam-e-Niswan 27, no. 1 (2020): 129–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.46521/pjws.027.01.0042.
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Ignored or less voiced representation of victimized mothers may appear in the form of certain explicit psychological reactions within generations. Maternal trauma may seep through generations resulting in a psychologically paralyzed nation. The main concern of this paper is to study Sorayya Khan’s novel Noor to unearth treachery and to unfold unspoken traumas (PTSD) inflicted specifically upon mothers during violent incidents. Mothers have always been the carriers of distortion, loss, violence, abuse and acute callousness, transmitting confused and anxious situations to the next generation. Sorayya Khan’s first novel, Noor, addresses such violence and prejudice, thereby reflecting how such intense traumatic experiences actuate the suffering of mothers. This epic piece of art brings forth the hushed voices of both mothers and children who are marginalized, forgotten, oppressed, traumatized, subjected to dislocation and exposed to violence and sexual assault against the backdrop of war. This research tends to unveil the ways in which mothers have been subjected to trauma to cripple the sound psychological foundations of the community/nation. The main purpose of this essay is to address certain essential questions such as: what in fact trauma is, how war affects the life patterns of society, how the trauma inflicted upon women (Mothers) becomes an irresolvable disorder, how trauma can act as a catalyst for the disruption of all sectors of the society, and finally how inherited trauma gives birth to a traumatized nation. The focal point of this research is to examine and explore the issues faced by the fallen ones (Mothers) during times of war and how these issues become precursors for the future lives of the characters, thereby resulting in a hollow nation.
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Filipczak, Dorota. "Abjection and Sexually Specific Violence in Doris Lessing’s The Cleft." Text Matters, no. 4 (November 25, 2014): 161–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/texmat-2014-0011.
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The article applies selected concepts from the writings of Julia Kristeva to the analysis of a novel by Doris Lessing entitled The Cleft. Published in 2007, The Cleft depicts the origin of sexual difference in the human species. Its emergence is fraught with anxiety and sexually specific violence, and invites comparison with the primal separation from the mother and the emancipation of the subject in process at the cost of relegating the maternal to the abject in the writings of Julia Kristeva. Lessing creates an ahistorical community of females (Clefts) from which the male community (Squirts) eventually evolves. The growing awareness of sexual difference dovetails with the emotional and intellectual development, as the nascent human subject gradually enters linear time viewed from perspective by the narrator of the novel, a Roman senator who hoards ancient manuscripts with the story of Clefts and Squirts. The article juxtaposes the ideas of Lessing and Kristeva, who have both cut themselves off from feminism, and have both been inspired by psychoanalysis. Primarily, Lessing’s fictional imaginary can be adequately interpreted in light of Kristeva’s concept of abjection as an element that disturbs the system. My interpretation of abjection is indebted to Pamela Sue Anderson’s reading of Kristeva, notably her contention that violence as a response to sexual difference lies at the heart of collective identity. Finally, the imaginary used by Lessing and Kristeva is shown to have stemmed from the colonial imaginary like the concepts of Freud and Jung.
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Weitzman, Abigail. "The Sex of Firstborn Children and Intimate Partner Violence in India." Violence Against Women 26, no. 6-7 (2019): 590–613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077801219833823.
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This article investigates the effects of firstborn sex on intimate partner violence (IPV) in India, taking into account heterogeneity across state sex ratios and maternal education. In states with masculine sex ratios of first births, firstborn daughters are found to elevate the risk and severity of IPV. The effects of firstborn daughters on sexual IPV are particularly pronounced among uneducated women in these states. These findings suggest that amid son preference at low birth orders, the sex of firstborn children can contribute to violence against mothers, providing new insights into the household reproduction of gender discrimination and violence.
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Tomy, Chitra, Minu Rose Mani, Sr Deepa, Sr Ann Christy, and Avita Rose Johnson. "Intimate partner violence experienced by pregnant women availing antenatal care at a rural hospital in South Karnataka." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 5, no. 8 (2018): 3548. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20183096.
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Background: Intimate partner violence is a global phenomenon with 30% of women having faced physical or sexual violence by a partner in their lifetime. Rural women with poor access to health services and counselling, often suffer in silence. Intimate partner violence during pregnancy has a negative effect on maternal and foetal outcomes. The aims of the study were to estimate the prevalence of intimate partner violence among pregnant women availing antenatal care services in a rural area of South India in current pregnancy and in the past 12 months, and to study the various socio-demographic factors associated with intimate partner violence.Methods: A cross sectional study was done among antenatal women availing services at a rural maternity hospital, using a questionnaire based on NFHS-3, to document physical, emotional and sexual domains of intimate partner violence.Results: Among 150 pregnant women aged 18-29 years, the prevalence of any form of intimate partner violence was 30.7% in the past 12 months before pregnancy (physical 10.7%, sexual 2%, and emotional 26%), and 2.7%. in current pregnancy. Lower educational status of husband and wife, history of alcohol consumption, tobacco usage and unplanned pregnancy were all significantly associated with increased intimate partner violence.Conclusions: Routine antenatal care provides an opportunity to screen women for intimate partner violence, especially those with risk factors like lower level of education, unplanned pregnancy as well as alcohol and tobacco consumption by the husband, which were found to be significantly associated with intimate partner violence in our study.
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Luhumyo, Loice, Emily Mwaliko, Philliph Tonui, Amos Getanda, and Katrina Hann. "The magnitude of intimate partner violence during pregnancy in Eldoret, Kenya: exigency for policy action." Health Policy and Planning 35, Supplement_1 (2020): i7—i18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czaa103.
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Abstract Intimate partner violence (IPV) is sexual, psychological and physical coercive acts used against persons by intimate partners. When IPV occurs during pregnancy (IPVp), it can result in adverse maternal and pregnancy outcomes. No policy nor practice direction exists to address the rates and risk factors of IPVp in Kenya. Determining the prevalence, types and determinants of IPVp in Western Kenya would aid in the identification of pregnant women affected by and/or at risk of IPVp, as well as informing the development of policy, practices and programmes to support preventive interventions. In this cross-sectional study of 369 women who had given birth at Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, participants were recruited using systematic sampling and data collected via structured questionnaires adopted from the WHO Violence Against Women Instrument. Associations were made in relation to physical or sexual violence and psychological violence. Logistic regression was used to assess the association between determinants and occurrence of IPVp. The overall prevalence of IPVp was 34.1%. Prevalence of physical or sexual violence was 22.8%. Psychological violence emerged as the most common (27.4%) form of IPVp. A lower than tertiary level of education and previous experience of IPV were individually associated with physical/sexual IPVp, whereas psychological IPVp was associated with previous experience of IPV and was prevented by the intimate partner having formal employment. Preterm birth rates were found to be higher than the country’s rates. The prevalence rates of IPVp are high in Western Kenya. Strategies that address the promotion of respectful, nonviolent relationships and that interrupt the development of risk factors are required. Policies (clinical guidelines) targeting prevention of IPVp and screening and the identification of at-risk women and survivors of IPVp are needed urgently. Primary prevention through interrupting the occurrence of predisposing factors is key in addressing IPVp.
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Nuari, Nian Afrian. "Analisis Perilaku Pencegahan Child Sexual Abuse Oleh Orang Tua Pada Anak Usia Sekolah." Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan 5, no. 1 (2017): 01. http://dx.doi.org/10.32831/jik.v5i1.106.
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Child abuse is part of the kind of violence that is characterized by any properties of hurting or harassing of sexual. Child sexual abuse is not only a negative impact on the micro level only (individual and family), but it also could have an impact on the process of social development in the future will come. Preventive child sexual abuse in school age children is not optimal due to several factors. The aim of research to analyze factors associated with child abuse prevention behavior of school-age children (6-8 years). The research design is correlational design with cross sectional approach. The population is all mothers in SDN Kawedusan 1 Kediri much as 73 mothers with a sample of 22 respondents taken by purposive sampling technique. The result showed mostly maternal age 20-35 years old, high school educated, have jobs as the private sector, knowledge of early sexual education categories of good and positive maternal attitude towards the prevention of child sexual abuse in school-age children. Based on the analysis of Spearmean rho test obtained child sexual abuse prevention behaviors in school-age children have a correlation with the mother's age factor (p = 0.021), maternal education (p = 0.028), mother's occupation (p = 0.036), knowledge mothers about early sexual education (p = 0.002) and attitude of mothers in the prevention of child sexual abuse behavior (p = 0.001). Based on these results it is expected that the capital increase knowledge about sexual education early in order to carry out the role in sex education so that preventive measures implemented in the environment of child sexual abuse.; Keywords: analysis, mother, behavior, child, sexual, abuse
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Akaba, Godwin O., and Habiba I. Abdullahi. "Intimate partner violence among postpartum women at a teaching hospital in Nigeria’s Federal Capital City: pattern and materno-fetal outcomes." Therapeutic Advances in Reproductive Health 14 (January 2020): 263349412092834. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2633494120928346.
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Background: Intimate partner violence is an important public health and human rights issue. Previous studies have considered intimate partner violence in pregnancy mainly among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics thereby missing out a few who may encounter this problem in late pregnancy or just before delivery. This study had the objective of ascertaining the prevalence, pattern of intimate partner violence, and associated materno-fetal outcomes. Method: This was a cross-sectional study conducted between January 2017 and June 2017 among postpartum mothers at a Nigerian Teaching Hospital just before being discharged home. The abuse assessment score was adapted and used to interview women regarding possible intimate partner violence experiences within the past 1 year and during the pregnancy after obtaining written consent. Results: Out of 349 postpartum women interviewed, 102/349 (29.2%) experienced intimate partner violence in the past 1 year, while 18/349 (5.2%) of intimate partner violence occurred in the index pregnancy. Sexual partners were the main perpetuators of intimate partner violence, 67/102 (65.7%), while 35/102 (34.3%) were by someone else other than their sexual partners. Among those abused in the current pregnancy, 10/18 (55.6%) were abused once and the remaining 8/18 (44.4%) were abused more than once. Intimate partner violence was associated with higher chances of cesarean section ( p = 0.001), increased risk of lesser birth weight babies ( p = 0.014), and maternal complications in pregnancy ( p = 0.030). Conclusion: The prevalence of intimate partner violence in pregnancy in Abuja is high with associated poor materno-fetal outcomes. Enforcing existing legislations and screening for intimate partner violence during routine antenatal care may help reduce its prevalence and ensure a positive pregnancy experience for Nigerian women.
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Aboagye, Richard Gyan, Joshua Okyere, Abdul-Aziz Seidu, John Elvis Hagan, and Bright Opoku Ahinkorah. "Experience of Intimate Partner Violence among Women in Sexual Unions: Is Supportive Attitude of Women towards Intimate Partner Violence a Correlate?" Healthcare 9, no. 5 (2021): 563. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9050563.
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Intimate partner violence (IPV) is predominant in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), with nearly 40 percent of women reporting IPV at some point in time. In this study, we investigated whether a supportive attitude towards IPV is associated with past-year experience of IPV among women in sexual unions in SSA. This study involved a cross-sectional analysis of data from the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) of 23 countries in SSA. Bivariate and multivariable binary logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the association between attitude towards IPV and past-year experience of IPV. The regression results were presented in a tabular form using crude odds ratio (cOR) and adjusted odds ratio (aOR) at 95% confidence intervals (CIs). In the pooled countries, we found that women who had supportive attitude towards IPV were more likely to experience IPV compared to those who rejected IPV (cOR = 1.72, 95% CI = 1.64, 1.79), and this persisted after controlling for maternal age, marital status, wealth, maternal education level, place of residence, and mass-media exposure (aOR = 1.72, 95% CI = 1.64, 1.79). The same trend and direction of association between attitude towards IPV and experience of IPV was also found in all the 23 studied countries. This study has demonstrated that women who accept IPV are more likely to experience IPV. Hence, we recommend that efforts to end IPV must focus primarily on changing the attitudes of women. This goal can be achieved by augmenting women’s empowerment, education, and employment interventions, as well as sensitizing women in relation to the deleterious ramifications of accepting IPV. Furthermore, reducing IPV is critical towards the achievement of Sustainable Development Goal 3.
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Russell, Tiffany D., and Alan R. King. "Anxious, hostile, and sadistic: Maternal attachment and everyday sadism predict hostile masculine beliefs and male sexual violence." Personality and Individual Differences 99 (September 2016): 340–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.05.029.
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Ziaei, Shirin, Ruchira Tabassum Naved, Anisur Rahman, Rubhana Raqib, and Eva-Charlotte Ekström. "Maternal Experience of Domestic Violence, Associations with Children’s Lipid Biomarkers at 10 Years: Findings from MINIMat Study in Rural Bangladesh." Nutrients 11, no. 4 (2019): 910. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11040910.
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The consequences of maternal experience of Domestic Violence (DV) on their children’s cardio-metabolic risk factors are unclear. We aimed to assess if maternal exposure to any or a specific form of DV (i.e., physical, sexual, emotional and controlling behaviors) before and after childbirth was associated with their children’s lipid biomarkers at the age of 10 years. A current observational sub-study of a larger MINIMat trial included a cohort of 1167 mothers and their children. The conflict tactic scale was used to record women’s experience of lifetime DV before and after childbirth at week 30 of pregnancy and at a 10-year follow up, respectively. Five ml of fasting blood sample was collected from the children to evaluate their lipid profile. Children of women who experienced any DV before childbirth had lower Apo A (βadj −0.04; 95% CI: −0.08, −0.01). Women who experienced physical DV both before and after childbirth had children with higher triglycerides (βadj 0.07; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.14). Children whose mother experienced sexual DV before birth had lower Apo A (βadj −0.05; 95% CI: −0.08, −0.01) and High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) (βadj −0.05; 95% CI: −0.10, −0.01) as well as higher Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) (βadj 0.17; 95% CI: 0.05, 0.29) and LDL/HDL (β 0.24; 95% CI: 0.11, 0.38). However, levels of LDL (βadj −0.17; 95% CI: −0.28, −0.06), LDL/HDL (βadj −0.12; 95% CI: −0.25, −0.00) and cholesterol (βadj −0.13; 95% CI: −0.25, −0.02) were lower among the children of mothers who experienced controlling behavior after childbirth. Results from the current study suggest that maternal experience of physical or sexual DV might negatively affect their children’s lipid profile at the age of 10 years.
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Lussier, Patrick, Stacy Tzoumakis, Jay Healey, Ray Corrado, and Pratibha Reebye. "PRE/PERINATAL ADVERSITIES AND BEHAVIOURAL OUTCOMES IN EARLY CHILDHOOD: PRELIMINARY FINDINGS FROM THE VANCOUVER LONGITUDINAL STUDY." International Journal of Child, Youth and Family Studies 2, no. 1/2 (2011): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18357/ijcyfs21/220115426.
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Several pre/perinatal factors (e.g., birth complications, maternal substance use, low birth weight) have been associated with early neuropsychological deficits and negative behavioural outcomes in infancy, childhood, and adolescence. The current study examines the relationship between maternal substance use during pregnancy and its impact on physical aggression and sexual behaviours in a sample of preschoolers. This study is based on a sample of children (<em>n</em> = 129), boys and girls, recruited as part of the KD-BEAR project, an ongoing longitudinal study conducted in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The sample consisted of clinical referrals for an externalizing disorder and children recruited in daycares located in at-risk neighbourhoods. Semi-structured interviews were completed with the primary caregiver. A series of structural equation modelling showed that children showing higher levels of physical aggression and sexual behaviours were more likely to have been exposed to maternal substance use and pregnancy-related complications. Implications of the study are discussed in light of the scientific literature on the early prevention of aggression and violence.
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Bonilla-Tinoco, Laura Juliana, Melissa Aguirre-Lemus, and Julián Alfredo Fernández-Niño. "Venezuelan migrant population in Colombia: health indicators in the context of the Sustainable Development Goals." F1000Research 9 (July 7, 2020): 684. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.24997.1.
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Background: The number of Venezuelan migrants in Colombia has dramatically increased over the past years, which poses great challenges to the Colombian health system. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare some health indicators related to the Sustainable Development Goals between the Venezuelan migrant population and the Colombian population. Methods: A longitudinal, descriptive analysis of the maternal mortality ratio; the neonatal, infant and under-five mortality; the proportionate mortality due to undernourishment; and the rates of alleged sexual felony, intimate partner violence and domestic violence in the Venezuelan migrant population in Colombia and in the Colombian population in the 2015-2019 period was conducted. Maternal and child health and undernourishment indicators were estimated for the 2015-18 period, while the gender-based violence indicators were obtained only for 2018-19, since those were the years with information available for each of these indicators. Data was extracted from official sources, such as the National Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE), National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences (INMLCF) and Migración Colombia. The categorical and numerical variables were described through percentages and rates, respectively. Results: Venezuelan migrants in Colombia had higher rates of maternal, neonatal, infant and under-five mortality, as well as proportionate mortality due to undernourishment, than the Colombian population throughout the study years, although the difference between them decreased at the end of the period. As for the gender-based violence indicators, the Colombian population showed higher rates than the Venezuelan migrants, and both Colombian and Venezuelan female victims showed higher rates in these violence indicators than their male counterparts of the same nationality. Conclusions: Some apparent inequalities still persist despite the efforts of the Colombian government to attend to the health needs of the Venezuelan migrant population. Colombia must keep and strengthen migratory inclusion in its public policies to impact on migrants’ health.
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Bakchi, Jhantu, Satyajit Kundu, Subarna Ghosh, and Sumaiya Akter. "Intimate Partner Violence in Bangladesh: A Scoping Review." Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 9, no. 3 (2020): 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bioethics.v9i3.48913.
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Introduction: Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) has unfavorable consequences for women as well as for newborn babies, which is very serious and preventable public health problem. It is believed to have an excessive occurrence in lives of women in South Asia. The objective of this study is to describe the prevalence, risk factors and consequences of IPV in Bangladesh. Methods: A scoping review was carried out based on the past 12 years of posted and gray literature about IPV in Bangladesh using Arksey and O’Malley’s framework. Only the literature addressing abuses or violence in households or outside including physical, sexual or mental violence on the married woman in Bangladesh were taken into consideration for the study. Results: The overall prevalence of IPV in Bangladesh, the latest reviews of rates ranging from 15.5-82.7%.Most of the IPV in Bangladesh was based totally on the experience of legally married women. The main risk factors of IPV in Bangladesh were women being younger, from lower socioeconomic reputation, from lower academic attainment and lower education of husband, dowry, child marriage, perceived disobedience of wives, family conflict, children had recently been ill, and incapability of to furnish sexual satisfaction. Maternal depressive symptoms, signs of stress, anxiety and constraint to the better health of young children are the main consequences of IPV in Bangladesh. Besides, IPV causes unwanted pregnancy, pregnancy loss in the form of miscarriage, induced abortion, or stillbirth and termination of pregnancy in Bangladesh. Conclusions: Woman’s empowerment may reduce IPV and understanding attitudes towards IPV in cultural context could be crucial for developing interventions to reduce IPV and its consequences.
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Hjort, Line, Feride Rushiti, Shr-Jie Wang, et al. "Intergenerational effects of maternal post-traumatic stress disorder on offspring epigenetic patterns and cortisol levels." Epigenomics 13, no. 12 (2021): 967–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/epi-2021-0015.
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Aim: To investigate the association between maternal post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) during pregnancy and offspring DNA methylation and cortisol levels. Materials & methods: Blood genome-wide DNA methylation and cortisol was measured in the youngest child of 117 women who experienced sexual violence/torture during the Kosovo war. Results: Seventy-two percent of women had PTSD symptoms during pregnancy. Their children had higher cortisol levels and differential methylation at candidate genes ( NR3C1, HTR3A and BNDF) . No methylation differences reached epigenome-wide corrected significance levels. Conclusion: Identifying the biological processes whereby the negative effects of trauma are passed across generations and defining groups at high risk is a key step to breaking the intergenerational transmission of the effects of mental disorders.
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Nakphong, Michelle Kao, and Ondine S. von Ehrenstein. "Intimate partner violence and childhood illnesses in Cambodia: a cross-sectional study." Archives of Disease in Childhood 105, no. 3 (2020): 223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2019-317663.
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BackgroundAround a quarter of Cambodian women reported being victim to intimate partner violence (IPV) from their current partner. Children’s exposure to familial IPV impacts psychosocial well-being and emerging research indicates associations with physical health.ObjectiveInvestigate associations between maternal experience of IPV and common childhood illnesses in Cambodia.Design, setting, participantsAnalysis of the Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey (2000, 2005, 2014) using logistic regression, including 5025 children under 5 years of age whose mothers responded to questions about experience of emotional, physical and sexual violence by current partner.Main outcome measuresReport of diarrhoea, acute respiratory infection (ARI) or fever, respectively, in children in the two weeks preceding the survey.ResultsChildren of mothers with experience of any type of IPV had estimated elevated odds of diarrhoea (adjusted OR (aOR)=1.65, 95% CI 1.39 to 1.97), estimated odds of ARI (aOR=1.78, 95% CI 1.47 to 2.16) and estimated odds of fever (aOR=1.51, 95% CI 1.31 to 1.76) compared with children of mothers without reported IPV experience. Exposure to any form of IPV corresponded to an estimated 2.65 times higher odds (95% CI 2.01 to 3.51) for reporting having both diarrhoea and ARI.ConclusionsOur findings support the notion that children’s susceptibility to diarrhoea, ARI and fever may be affected by mothers’ experience of IPV, including emotional violence. Maternal and child health programmes should train healthcare professionals to identify domestic violence and children at risk, and link victims to appropriate health and legal services.
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Valentine, Anne, Ilhom Akobirshoev, and Monika Mitra. "Intimate Partner Violence among Women with Disabilities in Uganda." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 6 (2019): 947. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16060947.
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Violence against women with disabilities is pervasive, yet a paucity of research examines intimate partner violence (IPV) experienced by women with disabilities in low- and middle-income countries. The purpose of this study is to document the prevalence and consequences of IPV exposure among Ugandan women with disabilities. Cross sectional data from the 2011 and 2016 Uganda Demographic and Health Surveys (UDHS) were used to study married and/or partnered women aged 15–49 who answered specific questions about lifetime intimate partner violence (N = 8592). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to investigate the relationship between disability, IPV, and indicators of maternal and child health. Compared to women without disabilities, women with disabilities were more likely to experience lifetime physical violence (odds ratio (OR) 1.4, p < 0.01), sexual violence (OR = 1.7, p < 0.01), and emotional abuse (1.4, p < 0.01) after controlling for sociodemographic and household characteristics. Study findings suggest that women with disabilities in Uganda may experience increased risk for IPV compared to women without disabilities, with concomitant risks to their health and the survival of their infants. Further research examining the prevalence and correlates of IPV in low- and middle-income countries is needed to address the needs and rights of women with disabilities.
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Puccia, Maria Inês Rosselli, Marli Villela Mamede, and Luiz De Souza. "Intimate partner violence and severe maternal morbidity among pregnant and postpartum women in São Paulo, Brazil." Journal of Human Growth and Development 28, no. 2 (2018): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.7322/jhgd.147218.
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Este artigo investigou a associação entre violência por parceiro íntimo (IPV) durante a gravidez atual e morbidade materna grave entre gestantes e puérperas atendidas em maternidades públicas na Grande São Paulo, Brasil. Um total de 109 mulheres que desenvolveram Morbidade materna grave foi selecionado de acordo com os critérios adotados pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS). Outras 337 mulheres que não apresentaram nenhuma intercorrência clínica, laboratorial ou de manejo durante a gestação atual e puerpério, foram selecionadas para o grupo controle. As participantes foram submetidas à investigação retrospectiva de IPV utilizando-se um instrumento adaptado do WHO Multi-country Study on Women’s Health and Domestic Violence against Women, aplicado entre Novembro 2010 e Junho 2011. A relação entre a variável resposta (Morbidade materna grave) e a variável exposição (IPV) ajustadas para as demais variáveis independentes, foram avaliadas através de proporções, teste chi-quadrado, teste exato de Fischer e regressão logística múltipla. A prevalência de 12.6% (IC:9,5–15,7) para violência psicológica, 7.6% (IC:5,1–10,1) para violência física e 1.6% (IC:0,4–2,8) para violência sexual foi observada durante a gravidez atual em ambos os grupos de casos e controles. Embora não tenha sido identificada significância estatística entre exposição a IPV durante a gravidez atual e ocorrência de Morbidade materna grave (p>0,264), foram verificados fatores associados com condições sociodemográficas e reprodutivas desfavoráveis entre as mulheres expostas a IPV e entre aquelas que desenvolveram Morbidade materna grave. O monitoramento sistemático da Morbidade materna grave e o rastreamento rotineiro para IPV entre gestantes são importantes medidas para reduzir a morbimortalidade materna e para qualificar os serviços de atenção à saúde reprodutiva.
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Herrman, H. "Why mental health in young women is more at risk in the 21st century." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (2016): S7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.788.
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The mental health of women and girls is endangered when they experience violence and gender-based discrimination, including poor access to education and lack of autonomy in the family and broader community. The conditions of conflict and poverty that foster violence against women, including systematic sexual violence, are growing across some world regions including parts of Africa and Asia, even while women are becoming more empowered in others. The prevalence of abuse of women at home appears to be high across the regions, and the widespread nature of other forms of violence such as genital mutilation and trafficking is increasingly recognised.The psychological consequences of violence increase the risk of mental illnesses such as depression and anxiety, including the risk of these conditions in the perinatal period. The services provided for women with mental ill health in primary health care, maternal and child health services, community mental health services or hospital settings do not in many places respond adequately to their needs. The inadequacies in response can reproduce or amplify the difficulties and injustices that women face in their lives, especially maltreatment as girls and intimate partner violence as adults.The World Psychiatric Association aims to increase awareness of the need for improved mental health of women and girls worldwide, especially in settings of disadvantage, conflict and adversity. It is also aiming to work in partnership with other health and non-health organisations to develop a platform for action to respond to the need – for health promotion, risk reduction and access to prevention and treatment services.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.
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Yates, Tuppett M., Elizabeth A. Carlson, and Byron Egeland. "A prospective study of child maltreatment and self-injurious behavior in a community sample." Development and Psychopathology 20, no. 2 (2008): 651–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579408000321.
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AbstractIn conjunction with prospective ratings of child maltreatment (i.e., sexual abuse, physical abuse, and physical neglect) and measures of dissociation and somatization, this study examined prospective pathways between child maltreatment and nonsuicidal, direct self-injurious behavior (SIB; e.g., cutting, burning, self-hitting). Ongoing participants in the Minnesota Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (N= 164; 83 males, 81 females) completed a semistructured interview about SIB when they were 26 years old. SIB emerged as a heterogeneous and prominent phenomenon in this low-income, mixed-gender, community sample. Child sexual abuse predictedrecurrentinjuring (i.e., three or more events;n= 13), whereas child physical abuse appeared more salient forintermittentinjuring (i.e., one to two events;n= 13). Moreover, these relations appeared largely independent of risk factors that have been associated with child maltreatment and/or SIB, including child cognitive ability, socioeconomic status, maternal life stress, familial disruption, and childhood exposure to partner violence. Dissociation and somatization were related to SIB and, to a lesser degree, child maltreatment. However, only dissociation emerged as a significant mediator of the observed relation between child sexual abuse and recurrent SIB. The findings are discussed within a developmental psychopathology framework in which SIB is viewed as a compensatory regulatory strategy in posttraumatic adaptation.
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Muldoon, Katherine A., Kathryn M. Denize, Robert Talarico, et al. "COVID-19 and perinatal intimate partner violence: a cross-sectional survey of pregnant and postpartum individuals in the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic." BMJ Open 11, no. 5 (2021): e049295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-049295.
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ObjectiveThe objectives of this study were to: (1) document violent and controlling behaviours within intimate partnerships during the perinatal period; and (2) determine individual, interpersonal and household-level factors influencing the risk of perinatal intimate partner violence (IPV).DesignCross-sectional survey.SettingThe Ottawa Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.ParticipantsPatients who gave birth at The Ottawa Hospital and were >20 days post partum between 17 March and 16 June 2020.Main outcomes and measuresPerinatal IPV was defined as regular controlling behaviours or act-based forms of emotional/physical/sexual abuse in the 12 months before pregnancy, during pregnancy and/or post partum. Log-binomial multivariable regression models were used to compute adjusted risk ratios (aRRs) and 95% CIs to identify potential risk factors for IPV: maternal age, postpartum depression, parity, increase in partner substance use and household income.ResultsAmong 216 participants, the median maternal age was 33 years (IQR: 30–36). In total, 52 (24.07%) reported some form of perinatal IPV, 37 (17.13%) reported regular controlling behaviour and 9 (4.17%) reported both. Household income below the municipal median was the strongest risk factor for perinatal IPV (aRR: 3.24, 95% CI: 1.87 to 5.59). There was no apparent association between maternal age (aRR: 0.99, 95% CI: 0.94 to 1.04), postpartum depression (aRR: 1.03, 95% CI: 1.00 to 1.07), nulliparity (aRR: 1.18, 95% CI: 0.71 to 1.97) or increases in partner substance use (aRR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.42 to 1.25) with IPV.ConclusionOne in four individuals in this study experienced perinatal IPV. Household income was the strongest risk factor, and surprisingly, many hypothesised risk factors (eg, mental health, partner substance use, etc) were not significantly associated with perinatal IPV in this sample. This highlights the challenges in both measuring IPV and identifying individuals exposed to perinatal IPV during the high stress of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Cameron, Erinn C., Samantha L. Hemingway, Janine M. Ray, Fiona J. Cunningham, and Kristine M. Jacquin. "COVID-19 and Women." International Perspectives in Psychology 10, no. 3 (2021): 138–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/2157-3891/a000019.
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Abstract. Modern slavery is a significant global human rights crisis that disproportionately affects women and girls, and research indicates that the COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated existing vulnerabilities to exploitation. Early evidence suggests that the pandemic has disproportionately affected women and girls, including an increase in lack of access to family planning and adequate sexual and reproductive care and an increase in maternal mortality rates. Additionally, the pandemic has instigated a reduction in economic opportunities and access to education for women and girls and increased violence against women. For this study, regression analysis was used to examine country-level data from 197 UN member countries. Predictor variables included indicators reflecting key areas addressed by UN Sustainable Development Goal 5 (SDG-5): gender inequality, educational and economic opportunities for females, women's leadership, gendered violence, and women's health. SDG-5 calls for gender equality and empowerment of women and girls. The criterion variable was the estimated prevalence of modern slavery across UN countries. Regression analysis revealed significant results across all models. Literacy rates and expected years of schooling for females, femicide, lifetime prevalence of violence, and several indicators of women's health were found to be strongly and significantly related to increased estimated prevalence of modern slavery. Furthermore, we propose that the pandemic has increased vulnerability to exploitation for women and girls by regressing progress across all areas addressed by SDG-5.
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Chol, Chol, Joel Negin, Kingsley Emwinyore Agho, and Robert Graham Cumming. "Women’s autonomy and utilisation of maternal healthcare services in 31 Sub-Saharan African countries: results from the demographic and health surveys, 2010–2016." BMJ Open 9, no. 3 (2019): e023128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023128.
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ObjectivesTo examine the association between women’s autonomy and the utilisation of maternal healthcare services across 31 Sub-Saharan African countries.Design, setting and participantsWe analysed the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) (2010–2016) data collected from married women aged 15–49 years. We used four DHS measures related to women’s autonomy: attitude towards domestic violence, attitude towards sexual violence, decision making on spending of household income made by the women solely or jointly with husbands and decision making on major household purchases made by the women solely or jointly with husbands. We used multiple logistic regression analyses to examine the association between women’s autonomy and the utilisation of maternal healthcare services adjusted for five potential confounders: place of residence, age at birth of the last child, household wealth, educational attainment and working status. Adjusted ORs (aORs) and 95% CI were used to produce the forest plots.Outcome measuresThe primary outcome measures were the utilisation of ≥4 antenatal care visits and delivery by skilled birth attendants (SBA).ResultsPooled results for all 31 countries (194 883 women) combined showed weak statistically significant associations between all four measures of women’s autonomy and utilisation of maternal healthcare services (aORs ranged from 1.07 to 1.15). The strongest associations were in the Southern African region. For example, the aOR for women who made decisions on household income solely or jointly with husbands in relation to the use of SBAs in the Southern African region was 1.44 (95% CI 1.21 to 1.70). Paradoxically, there were three countries where women with higher autonomy on some measures were less likely to use maternal healthcare services. For example, the aOR in Senegal for women who made decisions on major household purchases solely or jointly with husbands in relation to the use of SBAs (aOR=0.74 95% CI 0.59 to 0.94).ConclusionOur results revealed a weak relationship between women’s autonomy and the utilisation of maternal healthcare services. More research is needed to understand why these associations are not stronger.
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Emina, Jacques B. O., Parfait Gahungu, Francis Iyese, et al. "Situation analysis for delivering integrated comprehensive sexual and reproductive health services for displaced population of Kasaï, Democratic Republic of Congo: Protocol for a mixed method study." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (2020): e0242046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242046.
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Introduction Delivering integrated sexual and reproductive health services (SRHS) in emergencies is important in order to save lives of the most vulnerable as well as to combat poverty, reduce inequities and social injustice. More than 60% of preventable maternal deaths occur in conflict areas and especially among the internally displaced persons (IDP). Between 2016 and 2018, unprecedented violence erupted in the Kasaï’s region, in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), called the Kamuina Nsapu Insurgency. During that period, an estimated three million of adolescent girls and women were forced to flee; and have faced growing threat to their health, safety, security, and well-being including significant sexual and reproductive health challenges. Between August 2016 and May 2017, the “Sous-Cluster sur les violences basées sur le genre (SC-VBG)” in DRC (2017) reported 1,429 Gender Based Violence (GBV) incidents in the 49 service delivery points in the provinces of Kasaï, Kasaï Central and Kasaï Oriental. Rape cases represented 79% of reported incidents whereas sexual assault and forced marriage accounted for respectively 11% and 4% of Gender Based Violence (GBV) among women and adolescent girls. This study aims to assess the availability of SRHS in the displaced camps in Kasaï; to evaluate the SRHS needs of young girls and women in the reproductive age (12–49). Studies of sexual and reproductive health (SRH) in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) have often included adolescent girls under the age of 15 because of high prevalence of child marriage and early onset of childbearing, especially in the humanitarian context. According to the 2013 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS), about 16% of surveyed women got married by age 14 while the prevalence of early child marriage (marriage by 15) was estimated at 30%; to assess the use of SRHS services and identify barriers as well as challenges for SRH service delivery and use. Findings from this study will help provide evidence to inform towards more needs-based and responsive SRH service delivery. This is hoped for ultimately improve the quality and effectiveness of services, when considering service delivery and response in humanitarian settings. Data and methods We will conduct a mixed-methods study design, which will combine quantitative and qualitative approaches. Based on the estimation of the sample size, quantitative data will be drawn from the community-based survey (500 women of reproductive age per site) and health facility assessments will include assessments of 45 health facilities and 135 health providers’ interviews. Qualitative data will comprise materials from 30 Key Informant Interviews (KII) and 24 Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), which are believed to achieve the needed saturation levels. Data analysis will include thematic and content analysis for the KIIs and FGDs using ATLAS.ti software for the qualitative arm. For the quantitative arm, data analysis will combine frequency and bivariate chi-square analysis, coupled with multi-level regression models, using Stata 15 software. Statistic differences will be established at the significance level of 0.05. We submitted this protocol to the national ethical committee of the ministry of health in September 2019 and it was approved in January 2020. It needs further approval from the Scientific Oversee Committee (SOC) and the Provincial Ministry of Health. Prior to data collection, informed consents will be obtained from all respondents.
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Adedini, Sunday A., Ololade Grace Adewole, Funmilola F. Oyinlola, and Olufunke Fayehun. "Community-level influences on women’s experience of intimate partner violence and modern contraceptive use in Nigeria: a multilevel analysis of nationally representative survey." AAS Open Research 4 (July 16, 2021): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/aasopenres.13247.1.
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Background: Modern contraceptives (MC) are important strategies for reducing unwanted pregnancies, unsafe abortion and maternal mortality, but MC remains low at 18% in Nigeria. Similarly, while there is increasing prevalence of intimate partner violence (IPV) in Nigeria, its effects on contraceptive use remain unclear. This study examined the influence of IPV on MC use, while adjusting for individual- and community-level confounders. Methods: The study utilized 2018 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey data. We performed multilevel binary logistic regression analysis on 24,973 married women aged 15-49, who were sexually active and were not pregnant at the time of the survey. Results: Findings show that use of MC was higher among married women who reported experience of IPV than those without IPV exposure. After adjusting for individual-level and contextual factors, the odds of using MC was significantly higher among women who experienced any form of IPV (OR: 1.61, 95% CI: 1.17-2.21, p<0.005) compared to those who reported no IPV experience. Around one-quarter of the total variance in contraceptive use with respect to the different types of IPV could be explained at the community level. Conclusion: The study provides empirical evidence that there is significant community effect on IPV exposure and women’s contraceptive uptake. Attention must therefore be given to the context-specific social and gender norms that affect women’s sexual and reproductive health in Nigeria.
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Zivot, Chloe, Cate Dewey, Cole Heasley, Sharada Srinivasan, and Matthew Little. "Exploring the State of Gender-Centered Health Research in the Context of Refugee Resettlement in Canada: A Scoping Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 20 (2020): 7511. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207511.
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Interdisciplinary health research that investigates gender as a relational process is necessary to facilitate a safe and healthy resettlement process for refugees in Canada. This scoping review explores the range, nature, and extent of published research examining gender in relation to refugee health during resettlement in Canada. An initial search of six databases yielded 7325 articles published before June 2019. A total of 34 articles published between 1988 and 2019 were included for in-depth review. Articles meeting inclusion criteria primarily focused on refugee women. Categories of focus included maternal health, social and emotional health, health impacts of sexual and gender-based violence and torture, access to health and social services, decision-making and health-seeking behavior, mental health, and sexual and reproductive health. Our thematic analysis identified connections between gender roles, expectations, ideals, and health through interactions and lived experiences within the family, community, and healthcare system. Review findings suggest that many refugee women are influenced by pervasive gender roles and expectations as well as exposed to gendered health systems and practices that may pose risks to health, particularly mental health and access to services. Further efforts should be made to understand processes and experiences of resilience and community building in countering negative impacts of gendered beliefs and practices on health during resettlement.
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Envuladu, Esther Awazzi, Karlijn Massar, and John de Wit. "Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health Care Service Availability and Delivery in Public Health Facilities of Plateau State Nigeria." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4 (2021): 1369. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041369.
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To assess the availability, accessibility, appropriateness and quality of adolescent sexual and reproductive health (ASRH) services in primary health care (PHC) facilities in Plateau State, Nigeria, a cross-sectional study was conducted in 230 PHC facilities across the three senatorial zones of Plateau state. Primary data were obtained through face-to-face interviews with heads of facilities from December 2018 to May 2019. An adapted questionnaire from the World Health Organization (WHO) was used, covering five domains, to ascertain the extent that ASRH services were available and provided. Very few PHC facilities in the state had space (1.3%) and equipment (12.2%) for ASRH services. The proportion of PHC facilities offering counselling on sexuality was 11.3%, counselling on safe sex was 17%, counselling on contraception was 11.3% and management of gender-based violence was 3%. Most facilities were not operating at convenient times for adolescents. Only 2.6% PHC facilities had posters targeted at ASRH and just 7% of the PHCs had staff trained on ASRH. These findings underscore that the majority of PHC facilities surveyed in Plateau State, Nigeria, lacked dedicated space, basic equipment, and essential sexual and reproductive health care services for ASRH, which in turn negatively affect general public health and specifically, maternal health indices in Nigeria. Structural changes, including implementation of policy and adequate additional training of healthcare workers, are necessary to effectively promote ASRH.
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Dasgupta, Anindita, Anita Raj, Saritha Nair, et al. "Assessing the relationship between intimate partner violence, externally-decided pregnancy and unintended pregnancies among women in slum communities in Mumbai, India." BMJ Sexual & Reproductive Health 45, no. 1 (2018): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjsrh-2017-101834.
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BackgroundIndia contends with a high rate of intimate partner violence (IPV), which is associated with unintended pregnancy and reflects low levels of women’s decision-making control in relation to their reproductive health. Few studies from South Asia have examined the relationship between pregnancy decision-making, IPV and unintended pregnancy.AimThis study examined associations between unintended (mistimed and unwanted) pregnancy, women’s reports of pregnancy decided externally by husband or in-laws, and IPV, among a sample of married, postpartum women.MethodsData from the ‘Mechanisms for Relations of Domestic Violence to Poor Maternal and Infant Health in India’ study were analysed. Descriptive comparisons between levels of unintended pregnancy were run on all major variables. Unadjusted and adjusted multinomial logistic regression analyses assessed women’s reports of having externally-decided pregnancies and IPV victimisation in the year prior to pregnancy as factors in mistimed and unwanted pregnancies.ResultsMistimed and unwanted pregnancies were reported by 12.2% and 7.2% of women, respectively. Externally-decided pregnancies were reported by 8.8% of women. Some 29.4% of women reported experiencing physical and/or sexual IPV in the year prior to pregnancy. Women reporting externally-decided pregnancies were significantly more likely to have had mistimed pregnancies than intended pregnancies, as were women reporting IPV. Neither external pregnancy control nor IPV were associated with unwanted pregnancy.ConclusionsWomen’s exclusion from pregnancy decision-making and violence from husbands relate to their ability to time their pregnancies as they wish. The lack of significant association between external decision-making and IPV with unwanted pregnancy may be due to low reporting of unwanted pregnancy. The overall findings highlight the importance of integrating women’s involvement in reproductive health decision-making and IPV reduction messaging in programming for the women’s health sector.
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SantAna Honorato, Eduardo Jorge, Larissa Gabriela Lins Neves, Sônia Maria Lemos, Tirza Almeida Da Silva, and Daniel Cerdeira De Souza. "Digital Observation: An Analysis of Patriarchal Comments in the Web." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 7, no. 10 (2019): 234–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol7.iss10.1766.
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Through the journey of the plurality of feminisms, we find ourselves today in the fourth wave, in which cyberactivism predominates, with feminist articulations going through the street/network axis. Thus, we sought to consolidate the arguments in defense of feminism from the analysis of the opposite reactions found online. The locus was the cyberspace itself, where comments were found in web news posts that contained controversial contents linked to themes worked out by feminism in their plurality. The qualitative approach was defined based on non-participant systematic observation and content analysis. Nine categories were extracted, including blaming the victim of violence, discrediting female accusations of violence, stigma of prostitution, social concept of Marianism, objectification of the female body, myth of female hysteria, myth of maternal love, sexual and reproductive rights, demerit the relevance of female representativeness, among other subjects. It has been found that chauvinism and misogyny are social reproductions engendered regardless of gender; whereas the demands on female behavior are mostly associated with an accusatory tone, with responsibilities reversed; that there is still the view that women do not have emancipatory capacity to achieve their successes and that, thus, they must take hold of what man has achieved from his privileges; that sexist attitudes are detrimental to society as a whole and not only to women and; Thus, most of society still does not understand the relevance of female representativeness in the various spaces.
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Alayande, Audu, Bahijjatu Bello-Garko, Zubaida Abubakar, Hafsat Kagara, and Islamiyat A. Nuhu. "Medical Perspective of Childhood Marriage in Nigeria: Body of Evidence from 2013 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey." Current Women s Health Reviews 15, no. 3 (2019): 188–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573404814666181026095357.
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Background: Available data from South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa indicates that 12% and 34% of girls were married at age 15years and 18years respectively. This practice of child marriage may debar countries from achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. Objective: To extract and present disaggregated indices in the 2013 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) on the effect of child marriage on health. Method: This desk review study extracted disaggregated maternal and child health indices on married females aged 15-19 years from the 2013 NDHS. Results: The result showed that married females aged 15-19 years were short, thin, and least likely to receive prophylactic Vitamin A dose postpartum and deworming medication at last pregnancy. Also, while awareness for Family Planning (FP) was high, its utilization was poor at only 1.2%. Their Antenatal clinic attendance, facility delivery, skilled birth attendance at delivery and post natal service utilization were lowest. Similarly, mortality of children under 5 was highest amongst these mothers. Although violence during pregnancy was highest amongst this group, nevertheless more than 20% of them agreed that the practice of female circumcision should be continued. Conclusion: These findings depict some of the negative outcomes of child marriage on maternal and child survival which require integrated multisectoral interventions to ensure that all girls have access to timely sexual reproductive health services and information.</P>
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Swaine, Aisling. "Addressing the Gendered Interests of Victims/Survivors of Conflict-Related Sexual Violence and Their Children Through National Action Plans on Women, Peace and Security." Journal of Asian Security and International Affairs 7, no. 2 (2020): 145–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2347797020938963.
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There is growing acknowledgement of the need to address the impacts of conflict-related sexual violence (CRSV), with less recognition of conflict-related reproductive and maternal harms and children born of war (CBW). An intricate set of common as well as distinctive interests arise for both victims/survivors and their children that remain unfulfilled. National Action Plans on Women, Peace and Security (NAPs-WPS) present an opportunity to redress these gaps. This article examines to what extent are NAPs-WPS responsive to the specific rights and gendered interests of victims/survivors of CRSV and their children? It advances thinking on gender planning for peace and security and makes three significant analytical contributions: a ‘Typology of Impacts and Losses’ advancing understanding of CRSV; a ‘Gender Interests Analysis’ framework, identifying the practical and strategic gender interests of victims/survivors and their children; and application of these frameworks to produce a critical analysis of the NAPs-WPS of Indonesia, Nepal, Philippines and Timor-Leste. It finds that planning under WPS is failing to ensure that multi-sectoral services are available, while reproductive and maternity issues and CBW are completely neglected in the selected NAPs-WPS. The article discusses the implications of these findings for gender planning through NAPs-WPS going forward.
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Vollmer, Nancy, Mansha Singh, Navika Harshe, and Joseph J. Valadez. "Does interviewer gender influence a mother’s response to household surveys about maternal and child health in traditional settings? A qualitative study in Bihar, India." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (2021): e0252120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252120.
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Background Two probability surveys, conducted in the same districts of Bihar, India (Aurangabad and Gopalganj) at approximately the same time in 2016 using identical questionnaires and similar survey methods, produced significantly different responses for 37.2% (58/156) of the indicator comparisons. Interviewers for one survey were men while for the other they were women. Respondents were mothers of children aged 0–59 months living in a traditional rural setting. We examined the influence of interviewer gender on mothers’ survey responses and their implications for interpreting survey results. Methods We used qualitative methods including 10 focus group discussions (FGDs) and 33 in-depth interviews (IDIs) in the same locations as the 2016 surveys. FGD participants were purposefully selected mothers with children 0–59 months, husbands and other in-law family members. IDIs were carried out with frontline health-workers, enumerators and supervisors from the two previous household surveys. Results Findings revealed a preference for female interviewers for household surveys in study districts as they facilitated access to mothers and reduced their discomfort as survey participants. However, this gender preference was related to the survey question. Regardless of age, caste and educational level, most mothers were not permitted to communicate with men (aside from husbands) about female-specific health topics, including birth preparedness, delivery, menstrual cycles, contraception, breastfeeding, sexual behaviour, sexually transmitted disease, and domestic violence. Mothers in higher castes perceived these social restrictions more acutely than mothers in lower castes. There was no systematic direction of the resulting error. Mothers were willing to discuss child health issues with interviewers of either gender. Conclusions Interviewer gender is an important consideration when designing survey protocols for maternal and reproductive health studies and when selecting and training enumerators. Female interviewers are optimal for traditional settings in Bihar as they are more likely to obtain accurate data on sensitive topics and reduce the potential for non-sampling error due to their reduced social distance with maternal respondents.
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Acharya, Pitambar, and Benjamin Welsh. "Early and Forced Child Marriages in Rural Western Nepal." Journal of Underrepresented & Minority Progress 1, no. 1 (2017): 95–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.32674/jump.v1i1.38.
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After reviewing the state of early and forced child marriage (ECM) globally and nationally within Nepal, this research assessed the determinants, consequences and preventive measures of ECM in rural municipalities in Nepal today. This mixed method surveyed 167 households taking 15 % sample from the clusters of three wards of Badhaiyatal Rural Municipality in Bardiya and Dullu Municipality in Dailekh of Western Nepal. Besides household survey, six Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), 16 Key Informant's Interviews (KIIs), and 12 In-depth-Interviews (IDIs) were also conducted. There was the prevalence of ECM in 94% of the total sampled households. Majority (64%) of the marriages had taken place at the age of 15-19 years. Besides, about 23% of the marriage had occurred at 10-14 years. Average age at marriage was 16.5 years. Lack of awareness, self-elopement, misuse of social media, and parents’ perception of daughters as burden were some contributing factors of ECM. Unsafe sexual behavior, unwanted pregnancy and its risk to unsafe abortion, maternal and child mortality, deprivation of education and self- dependence and violence were some effects of ECM. Recommendations to address ECM and curb its negative effects are presented.
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Tapia Blacio, Ana María, Narcisa De Jesús Verdesoto Bernal, and Oscar Javier Arias Peláez. "EL FEMICIDIO COMO CONSECUENCIA DE LA VIOLENCIA SEXUAL EXTREMA Y LA PORNOGRAFÍA." REVISTA CIENCIAS PEDAGÓGICAS E INNOVACIÓN 6, no. 1 (2018): 143–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.26423/rcpi.v6i1.235.
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El femicidio es una problemática social de gran envergadura en el país, debido a ello se planteó como objetivo determinar en qué medida el femicidio es consecuencia de la violencia sexual extrema generada por la pornografía, aplicando la metodología descriptiva, cuali-cuantitativa, bibliográfica, de campo, con uso de la encuesta y entrevista a una muestra de egresados de las Facultades de Jurisprudencia y Ciencias Sociales y Políticas; y, Psicología de la Universidad de Guayaquil y de dos expertos, respectivamente, cuyos resultados reflejaron que el femicidio presentó tendencia incremental en Ecuador, duplicación en el 2016, evidenciándose que existe relación entre la violencia sexual extrema y la visualización frecuente de material pornográfico de alto impacto, al que se tiene fácil acceso a cualquier edad por el uso de la tecnología moderna, en conclusión, el femicidio puede ser una consecuencia de la violencia sexual extrema que a su vez tiene implicaciones directas con la pornografía.
 Palabras clave: Femicidio, violencia sexual, pornografía.
 ABSTRACT
 Femicide is a social problem of great importance in Ecuador, due to which the objective of this research was to determine to what extent femicide is a consequence of the extreme sexual violence generated by pornography, applying the descriptive, qualitative-quantitative, bibliographic methodology of field; in addition, a survey and an interview were applied to a sample of graduates of the Faculties of Jurisprudence and Social Science and Politic and Psychology of the University of Guayaquil and along with two experts, respectively, whose results reflected that femicide presented an incremental trend in Ecuador, duplication in 2016, evidencing that there is a relationship between extreme sexual violence and frequent visualization of high impact pornographic material, which is easily accessible at any age by the use of modern technology, in conclusion, femicide may be a consequence of sexual violence extreme that in turn has direct implications with pornography.
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Gander, Sarah, Sarah Campbell, and Kathryn Flood. "119 Disrupting the cycle of adverse childhood experiences by supporting mothers with addiction." Paediatrics & Child Health 25, Supplement_2 (2020): e49-e49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pch/pxaa068.118.
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Abstract Introduction/Background Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), including exposure to neglect, abuse and household dysfunction, have been linked to a higher risk of addiction and mental illness. As these children grow up and start families of their own, their children are at higher risk for ACEs. Evidence has shown that interventions targeting high-risk families with young children are most effective at disrupting these cyclic mechanisms, especially where maternal addiction is present. Objectives The purpose of this study is to examine the predominance of generational addiction in a cohort of families impacted by maternal addiction, and to identify the potential risks that are present for the current generation of children, in terms of ACEs. Design/Methods The Addiction Severity Index (ASI) was administered to women who experienced alcohol- or substance-use disorder during pregnancy. Participants were asked about their family’s history of addiction and if anyone in a given category (i.e. maternal grandmother, mother’s brother) has been affected by either alcohol- or substance-use disorder. Furthermore, existing conditions that are risk factors for ACEs in the current generation were identified (i.e. addiction, incarceration of a family member, domestic violence, mental illness). Results Many participants reported that at least one of their maternal (68.9%) or fraternal (42.2%) grandparent was impacted by addiction. The subsequent generation was similarly impacted with most participants reporting the presence of addiction in their father and/or his siblings (88.9%) and their mother and/or her siblings (86.7%) Participants report that they experienced an average of seven ACEs (M = 7.13, SD = 2.501) before their 18th birthday. Of this cohort, 53.35% have been incarcerated at least once, 91.1% have been hit by a sexual partner, and 44.4% have been diagnosed with at least one mental health issue. All participants have personally experienced addiction. Conclusion The participants of this study are clients of the Parent-Child Assistance Program (PCAP), a three-year intervention that supports families impacted by maternal addiction. Given the results of the current study, it is evident that growing up in a home where addiction is present increases the risk of ACEs and future addiction and mental health issues. The PCAP intervention is designed to disrupt this cycle and help families to create a healthier family environment.
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Callegari, Lisa, Stephanie Edmonds, Sonya Borrero, Ginny Ryan, Caitlin Cusack, and Laurie Zephyrin. "Preconception Care in the Veterans Health Administration." Seminars in Reproductive Medicine 36, no. 06 (2018): 327–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1678753.
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AbstractPreconception care (PCC), defined as a set of interventions to help women optimize their health and well-being prior to pregnancy, can improve pregnancy outcomes and is recommended by national organizations including the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Women Veterans who use the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) health care system may face elevated risks of adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes due to a high prevalence of chronic medical and mental health conditions as well as psychosocial stressors including sexual trauma history and intimate partner violence. Many women Veterans of childbearing age experience poverty and homelessness, which are key social determinants of poor reproductive health outcomes. Furthermore, racial/ethnic disparities in maternal and neonatal outcomes are well documented, and nearly half of women Veterans of reproductive age are minority race/ethnicity. High-quality, equitable, patient-centered PCC services to address modifiable risks in this population are therefore a priority for VA. In this article, we provide a brief background of PCC, discuss the health risks of Veterans associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, and highlight VA initiatives related to PCC. Lastly, we discuss implications and future directions for PCC research and policy within VA and across other health systems.
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Rachma Putri, Frilya, and Mayniar Ayu Rahmadianti. "Prenatal Attachment pada Kehamilan Remaja dengan Gangguan Penyesuaian dan Retardasi Mental Berat." Journal of Issues in Midwifery 5, no. 2 (2021): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.joim.2021.005.02.1.
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Prenatal attachment is an abstract and unidirectional bond between parents and the fetus that develops during pregnancy. It is closely associated with how the mother utilizes her abilities and knowledge to organize and perform the duties related to her maternal role attainment. We report a case of 15 years old girl admitted to the emergency room with an official request of visum et repertum in January 2018 due to becoming suspected sexual violence victim. The history of present illness revealed a 15 y.o. girl G1P0A0, singleton, at 34-36W Estimated Gestational Age with condyloma acuminata. During her pregnancy, she described relatively negative feelings about her pregnancy including shame, anxiety, and anger. She felt lack of energy and motivation since she became aware of her pregnancy, therefore spent her most of her time on the bed. Her IQ-test showed a profound intelligence rate followed by a total score of Strength and Difficulty Questionnaire (SDQ) 16, and scored low in Prenatal Attachment Inventory (PAI) at 31. We concluded that PA scoring can be utilized as a predictor of mother-infant bonding quality after birth, thus the instrument will be beneficial as initial screening before choosing appropriate management for vulnerable population mother.
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Novakovic, Milan. "Forensic implications of rape." Medical review 59, no. 11-12 (2006): 567–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns0612567n.
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Introduction. Rape is a sexual act of violence in which physical strength is used. Criminal law imposes strict punishments for such crimes as rape. Psycho-pathologically, rape is among the gravest of crimes, often associated with extremely deviated behavior. This article deals with the forensic aspects of sexual violence in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the period from 2000-2004. We report about sexual assaults, personality of delinquents, motives and consequences of rape. Material and Methods. Two groups of violent offenders were compared in the study: perpetrators of rape (N=90), and perpetrators of other criminal offences (N=90-recidivists). The control group included young males (N=90). Results. The results of the study show a high level of violence in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The rape rate equals the level of homicide in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Rape offenders are mostly people with personal disorders (70%), but they also present with other illnesses and behavior disorders. Conclusion. The significance of rape as a violent crime has not been sufficiently studied. High incidence of violence and rape in Bosnia and Herzegovina is extremely disturbing. The most disturbing aspect is the increase of violence and failure to take certain measures. The role of psychiatry is to provide penal education, treatment and programs for elimination of consequences of rape. .
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Batista, Vanessa Carla, Ivi Ribeiro Back, Lorenna Viccentine Coutinho Monteschio, et al. "Perfil das notificações sobre violência sexual." Revista de Enfermagem UFPE on line 12, no. 5 (2018): 1372. http://dx.doi.org/10.5205/1981-8963-v12i5a234546p1372-1380-2018.
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RESUMOObjetivo: traçar o perfil dos casos de violência sexual. Método: estudo quantitativo, transversal, realizado a partir de consulta às fichas de notificação dos casos atendidos em um hospital de referência, no período de 2014 a 2016, arquivadas no setor de vigilância epidemiológica. Coletaram-se dados de identificação da vítima, do agressor e características da violência. Realizou-se a análise descritiva e inferencial e apresentaram-se os resultados em tabelas. Resultados: foram notificados 241 casos, com maior frequência em adultos (34,9%), seguidos por adolescentes (32,8) e crianças (30,3%), do sexo feminino (87,1%) e cor branca (60,2%). Grande parte dos casos ocorreu no domicílio (41,9%). Entre adultos/idosos, prevaleceram agressores desconhecidos (65,2%) e, entre crianças/adolescentes, amigos/conhecidos (42,1%). Os procedimentos mais frequentes foram a coleta de material para exames (64,7%), a profilaxia de DST (60,2%) e o encaminhamento para o Conselho Tutelar e a Delegacia da Mulher. Conclusão: a violência sexual foi mais frequente em pessoas do sexo feminino e atingiu todas as idades. Seus resultados mostram a necessidade de maior comprometimento no preenchimento das fichas de notificação. O estudo contribui para o avanço do conhecimento sobre este tipo de violência ao descrever as principais características de sua ocorrência. Descritores: Violência Sexual; Saúde Pública; Notificação Compulsória; Exposição à Violência; Epidemiologia; Cuidados de Enfermagem.ABSTRACT Objective: to outline the profile of cases of sexual violence. Method: a quantitative, cross-sectional study, based on the consultation of the records of cases treated at a referral hospital, from 2014 to 2016, filed in the epidemiological surveillance sector. Data was collected identifying the victim, the aggressor and the characteristics of violence. The descriptive and inferential analysis was carried out and the results were presented in tables. Results: 241 cases were reported, more frequently in adults (34.9%), followed by adolescents (32.8%) and children (30.3%), female (87.1%) and white (60 ,2%). Most cases occurred at home (41.9%). Among adults / elderly, unknown perpetrators (65.2%) prevailed and, among children / adolescents, friends / acquaintances (42.1%). The most frequent procedures were the collection of material for examinations (64.7%), STD prophylaxis (60.2%) and referral to the Guardianship Council and the Women's Precinct. Conclusion: Sexual violence was more frequent in females and reached all ages. Their results show the need for greater commitment in completing the notification forms. The study contributes to the advancement of knowledge about this type of violence when describing the main characteristics of its occurrence. Descriptors: Sex Offenses; Public Health; Mandatory Reporting; Exposure to Violence; Epidemiology; Nursing CareRESUMEN Objetivo: trazar el perfil de los casos de violencia sexual. Método: estudio cuantitativo, transversal, realizado a partir de consulta a las fichas de notificación de los casos atendidos en un hospital de referencia, en el período de 2014 a 2016, archivadas en el sector de vigilancia epidemiológica. Los datos fueron recolectados por identificación de la víctima, del agresor y características de la violencia. Se realizó el análisis descriptivo e inferencial y se presentaron los resultados en tablas. Resultados: fueron notificados 241 casos, con mayor frecuencia en adultos (34,9%), seguidos por adolescentes (32,8) y niños (30,3%), del sexo femenino (87,1%) y color blanco (60, 2%). Gran parte de los casos ocurrió en el domicilio (41,9%). Entre adultos / ancianos, prevalecieron agresores desconocidos (65,2%) y, entre niños / adolescentes, amigos / conocidos (42,1%). Los procedimientos más frecuentes fueron la de material para exámenes (64,7%), la profilaxis de ETS (60,2%), y el encaminamiento para el Consejo Tutelar y la Comisaría de la Mujer. Conclusión: la violencia sexual fue más frecuente en las personas del sexo femenino y alcanzó todas las edades. Sus resultados muestran la necesidad de mayor compromiso en el llenado de las fichas de notificación. El estudio contribuye al avance del conocimiento sobre este tipo de violencia, al describir las principales características de su ocurrencia. Descriptores: Delitos Sexuales; Salud Pública; Notificación Obligatoria; Exposición a la Violencia; Epidemiología; Atención de Enfermería.
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Aboubaker, Samira, Egmond Samir Evers, Loulou Kobeissi, et al. "The availability of global guidance for the promotion of women’s, newborns’, children’s and adolescents’ health and nutrition in conflicts." BMJ Global Health 5, Suppl 1 (2020): e002060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-002060.
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BackgroundSignificant global gains in sexual, reproductive, maternal, newborn, child and adolescent health and nutrition (SRMNCAH&N) will be difficult unless conflict settings are adequately addressed. We aimed to determine the amount, scope and quality of publically available guidance documents, to characterise the process by which agencies develop their guidance and to identify gaps in guidance on SRMNCAH&N promotion in conflicts.MethodsWe identified guidance documents published between 2008 and 2018 through English-language Internet sites of humanitarian response organisations, reviewed them for their scope and assessed their quality with the AGREE II (Appraisal of Guidelines for REsearch and Evaluation II) tool. Additionally, we interviewed 22 key informants on guidance development, dissemination processes, perceived guidance gaps and applicability.FindingsWe identified 105 conflict-relevant guidance documents from 75 organisations. Of these, nine were specific to conflicts, others were applicable also to other humanitarian settings. Fifteen documents were technical normative guidelines, others were operational guides (67), descriptive documents (21) or advice on legal, human rights or ethics questions (2). Nutrition was the most addressed health topic, followed by communicable diseases and violence. The documents rated high quality in their ‘scope and purpose’ and ‘clarity of presentation’ and low for ‘rigour of development’ and ‘editorial independence’. Key informants reported end user need as the primary driver for guideline development and WHO technical guidelines as their main evidence base. Insufficient local contextualisation, lack of inter-agency coordination and lack of systematic implementation were considered problems in guideline development. Several guidance gaps were noted, including abortion care, newborn care, early child development, mental health, adolescent health beyond sexual and reproductive health and non-communicable diseases.InterpretationOrganisations are motivated and actively producing guidance for SRMNCAH&N promotion in humanitarian settings, but few documents address conflicts specifically and there are important guidance gaps. Improved inter-organisation collaboration for guidance on SRMNCAH&N promotion in conflicts and other humanitarian settings is needed.
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Silveira, Patrícia P., Irina Pokhvisneva, Carine Parent, et al. "Cumulative prenatal exposure to adversity reveals associations with a broad range of neurodevelopmental outcomes that are moderated by a novel, biologically informed polygenetic score based on the serotonin transporter solute carrier family C6, member 4 (SLC6A4) gene expression." Development and Psychopathology 29, no. 5 (2017): 1601–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579417001262.
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AbstractWhile many studies focus on the association between early life adversity and the later risk for psychopathology, few simultaneously explore diverse forms of environmental adversity. Moreover, those studies that examined the cumulative impact of early life adversity focus uniquely on postnatal influences. The objective of this study was to focus on the fetal period of development to construct and validate a cumulative prenatal adversity score in relation to a wide range of neurodevelopmental outcomes. We also examined the interaction of this adversity score with a biologically informed genetic score based on the serotonin transporter gene. Prenatal adversities were computed in two community birth cohorts using information on health during pregnancy, birth weight, gestational age, income, domestic violence/sexual abuse, marital strain, as well as maternal smoking, anxiety, and depression. A genetic score based on genes coexpressed with the serotonin transporter in the amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex during prenatal life was constructed with an emphasis on functionally relevant single nucleotide polymorphisms, that is, expression quantitative trait loci. Prenatal adversities predicted a wide range of developmental and behavioral alterations in children as young as 2 years of age in both cohorts. There were interactions between the genetic score and adversities for several domains of the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), with pervasive developmental problems remaining significant adjustment for multiple comparisons. Scores combining different prenatal adverse exposures predict childhood behavior and interact with the genetic background to influence the risk for psychopathology.
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Medytskyy, Ihor. "Consequences of sexual violence: criminological dimension." Naukovyy Visnyk Dnipropetrovs'kogo Derzhavnogo Universytetu Vnutrishnikh Sprav 1, no. 1 (2020): 140–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31733/2078-3566-2020-1-140-147.
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The article substantiates the need to activate criminological knowledge of the fundamental problem of the consequences of crime. The consequences of sexual violence, their parameters, levels of manifestation, the addressees of causation, the «price» and other points are of theoretical as well as practical interest. It is suggested that the material consequences of sexual violence be considered as various forms of causing physical violence, materialized in the consequences: death, violation of the anatomical integrity and physiological function of organs and tissues of the person; as well as economic losses related to the temporary or permanent withdrawal of a person from the sphere of social relations and the response of state or public institutions to a crime. Formulated author's definition of intangible consequences of crime as generated by crime for the individual, society, state of consequences of undeclared nature, forms of manifestation of which cause mental (moral) harm to individuals, as well as non-pecuniary damage to legal entities of the public and private society. At the individual level, the non-material consequences of sexual violence are post-traumatic and mental disorders of victims of crimes by individuals. On the basis of the provisions of criminological science, legal psychology, medicine, the material and intangible consequences of sexual violence were analyzed, taking into account the criminal statistics. It is emphasized that obtaining objective and up-to-date data on criminal practices of sexual violence in Ukraine is a paramount condition for the formation of an information base for the socio-legal assessment of the relevance of combating this type of crime. Despite the incompleteness and inconsistency of official statistics data, the high latency of detecting and fixing post-traumatic and mental disorders of sexually abused victims, the lack of effective algorithms for calculating their «price», collecting this criminologically relevant information, and facilitating the development of action.
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DeLisi, Matt, Eric Beauregard, and Hayden Mosley. "Armed burglary: a marker for extreme instrumental violence." Journal of Criminal Psychology 7, no. 1 (2017): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcp-08-2016-0023.
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Purpose Most burglaries are property offenses yet some offenders perpetrate burglary for the purpose of violent instrumental crimes. Sexual burglars are distinct from non-sexual burglars because the former seek to rape or sexually abuse victims within the homes they burgle whereas the latter seek theft and material gain. It is unclear to what degree burglars who are armed with firearms or knives represent a type of sexual burglar, or perhaps a more severe type of offender who enters homes not merely to rape a victim, but to perhaps murder them as well. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach Drawing on data from 790 felons in Florida, t-test and negative binomial regression models were used to compare armed burglars to offenders who were not convicted of armed burglary. Findings Compared to offenders not convicted of armed burglary, armed burglars were involved in significantly more instrumental crimes of violence including first-degree murder, kidnapping, armed rape, armed robbery and assault with intent to murder. Armed burglary may be a marker of extreme instrumental violent offending and warrants further study. Originality/value To the authors’ knowledge, this is among the first studies of armed burglary offenders and adds understanding to the heterogeneity of burglary offenders and their criminal careers.