Academic literature on the topic 'Mathematical precursors'

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Journal articles on the topic "Mathematical precursors"

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Cirino, Paul T. "The interrelationships of mathematical precursors in kindergarten." Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 108, no. 4 (2011): 713–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2010.11.004.

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Nikolopoulos, Dimitrios, Demetrios Cantzos, Aftab Alam, Stavros Dimopoulos, and Ermioni Petraki. "Electromagnetic and Radon Earthquake Precursors." Geosciences 14, no. 10 (2024): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences14100271.

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Earthquake forecasting is arguably one of the most challenging tasks in Earth sciences owing to the high complexity of the earthquake process. Over the past 40 years, there has been a plethora of work on finding credible, consistent and accurate earthquake precursors. This paper is a cumulative survey on earthquake precursor research, arranged into two broad categories: electromagnetic precursors and radon precursors. In the first category, methods related to measuring electromagnetic radiation in a wide frequency range, i.e., from a few Hz to several MHz, are presented. Precursors based on op
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Swain, Arpit C., José A. M. Borghans, and Rob J. de Boer. "How are estimated cellular turnover rates influenced by the dynamics of a source population?" PLOS Computational Biology 21, no. 5 (2025): e1013052. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1013052.

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Estimating production and loss rates of cell populations is essential but difficult. The current state-of-the-art method to estimate these rates involves mathematical modelling of deuterium labelling experiments. Current models typically assume that the labelling in the precursors of the population of interest (POI) is proportional to the deuterium enrichment in body water/glucose. This assumption is not always true and it is known that this can have a significant effect on the rates estimated from labelling experiments. Here we quantify the effect that different turnover (replacement) rates o
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Nogues, Camila Peres, and Beatriz Vargas Dorneles. "Systematic review on the precursors of initial mathematical performance." International Journal of Educational Research Open 2-2 (2021): 100035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedro.2021.100035.

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Waniewski, J., and D. Přlkrylovà. "A Mathematical Model of Extracorporeal Antibody Removal in Autoimmune Disease." International Journal of Artificial Organs 12, no. 7 (1989): 471–76. https://doi.org/10.1177/039139888901200711.

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A mathematical model of T-B cell cooperation is adopted to describe autotoler-ance and autoimmunity. The model describes the development of plasma cells and T-helper cells from their precursors through activated and proliferating cells. A state of autotolerance is simulated by reducing the rate of T precursors supply (partial clonal deletion theory), while the normal rate yields a stable state of autoimmunity. During the state of autoimmunity extracorporeal removal of autoantibody and immunosuppression are simulated. Removal of autoantibody alone results in stimulation of the immune system and
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El-Geassy, A. A., K. S. Abdel Halim, and Abdulaziz S. Alghamdi. "A Novel Hydro-Thermal Synthesis of Nano-Structured Molybdenum-Iron Intermetallic Alloys at Relatively Low Temperatures." Materials 16, no. 7 (2023): 2736. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16072736.

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Nano-structured Mo/Fe intermetallics were synthesized from precursors that contained 72/28% and 30/70% molar ratios of Mo/Fe, which were given as precursors A and B, respectively. These precursors were prepared from the co-precipitation of aqueous hot solutions of ammonium heptamolybdate tetrahydrate (AHM) and ferrous oxalate. The dry precipitates were thermally treated using TG-DSC to follow up their behavior during roasting, in an Ar atmosphere of up to 700 °C (10° K/min). The TG profile showed that 32.5% and 55.5% weight losses were measured from the thermal treatment of precursors A and B,
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Guzev, Mikhail, and Vladimir Makarov. "Investigation of Deformation of Rock Samples." Key Engineering Materials 744 (July 2017): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.744.61.

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Deformation of rock samples compressed up to failure has been studied in laboratory. A system of trustworthy deformational precursors of the failure stage has been developed. The system includes long-term, middle-term and short-term precursors, which correspond to the threshold of dilatancy, change of the specific volume deformation, and jump of the specific volume deformation increments, respectively. Proposed methods of the complex research include deformation and mathematical methods. The mathematical model of deformation in samples of rocks at uniaxial compression is founded on hypothesis
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KIRIA, TENGIZ, Tamaz Chelidze, and Jemal Kiria. "A Mathematical Exploration of Pre-Earthquake Seismicity." Prevention and Treatment of Natural Disasters 3, no. 2 (2024): 199–207. https://doi.org/10.54963/ptnd.v3i2.324.

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Abstract Understanding the dynamics of pre-earthquake seismicity is crucial for advancing earthquake forecast and risk assessment. In this paper, we embark on a mathematical exploration of pre-earthquake seismic activity, aiming to elucidate the underlying patterns and mechanisms leading up to major seismic events. Leveraging probabilistic modeling techniques, we analyze historical seismic data to identify precursory signals and assess their predictive value. Our investigation encompasses the study of foreshock activity, preceding earthquakes, shedding light on the temporal and spatial charact
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KHAN, K. M., W. AHMAD, and K. IQBAL. "A NONTHERMAL MODEL FOR CATALYTIC SURFACE REACTION OF THE TYPE A2+B2→2AB: A MONTE CARLO SIMULATION STUDY." International Journal of Modern Physics C 14, no. 10 (2003): 1413–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183103005492.

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The kinetics of irreversible dimer–dimer reaction of the type A2+B2→2AB has already been studied through Monte Carlo simulation via a model based on Langmuir–Hinshelwood (thermal) mechanism. The results of this study are well known. There is single transition point (yC) at yB=0.5 (where yB is partial pressure of B2 dimer in gas phase), which separates the two poisoned states from each other. Here, we have studied this reaction on the basis of a nonthermal model, which involves the precursor motion of B2 molecule. The most interesting feature of this model is that it yields a steady reactive wi
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Sajid, Muhammad, Apu Chowdhury, Ghulam Bary, et al. "Conversion of Fructose to 5-Hydroxymethyl Furfural: Mathematical Solution with Experimental Validation." Journal of Mathematics 2022 (April 29, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6989612.

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Conversion of fructose to furan aldehydes is a rapidly developing concept considering the emergent scenario of the replacement of fossil-derived components to biomass-derived green precursors. 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) and levulinic acid (LA) are the two most important bio-precursors with expanded downstream utilization in modern industries. Their production from biomass-derived sugars is a complex reaction due to competitive side reactions with a variety of byproducts. Therefore, their simulated optimization is an important tool that can help for process optimization in an economical way
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Mathematical precursors"

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Costa, Hiwet Mariam. "Precursors of mathematics learning: identification and intervention." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trieste, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/11005.

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2013/2014<br>The studies presented in this thesis contribute to the growing body of knowledge regarding the relationships between domain general precursors, domain specific precursors and mathematical learning. Given the previous inconsistent results about the link between ANS acuity and mathematical abilities (i.e. Kolkman et al., 2013) we were interested in the investigation of the relation between the ANS and early mathematics abilities in preschool years. This relationship was explored by using two different approaches: in Chapter 2 the relationship between ANS and different mathematical m
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DE, VITA CHIARA. "Precursors of mathematical learning: a cognitive-environmental approach to understanding and promoting the development of early numerical skills." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Trieste, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11368/2961360.

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Referring to Bronfenbrenner’s (1979) and Rubinsten and colleagues’ (2018) theoretical models, the general purpose of this dissertation was to provide a cognitive-environmental approach to the study and promotion of early mathematical skills, underlining the multiplicity of factors that, already at a very early stage, come into play in the emergence and development of math learning from preschool to the beginning of primary school. In line with this main goal, the thesis is essentially divided into two parts: on the one hand, in Chapters 2 and 3, we have examined the role of some cognitive prec
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Grove, Dale A. III. "Mathematical model of solid state thermo-oxidative stabilization of acrylic precursors for carbon fibers : evaluation of the properties of carbon fibers produced from melt-spun pan-based fibers." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/11111.

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Neves, Neuza Maria Santos. "Formação e dispersão de ozônio na região do Recôncavo Baiano." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFBA, 2009. http://www.repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/11753.

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137 f.<br>Submitted by Ana Hilda Fonseca (anahilda@ufba.br) on 2013-04-05T12:52:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_Doutorado_Neuza Neves.pdf: 14182671 bytes, checksum: 1dc20a7a01160b563c11a087932580c1 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Ana Hilda Fonseca(anahilda@ufba.br) on 2013-06-07T14:39:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_Doutorado_Neuza Neves.pdf: 14182671 bytes, checksum: 1dc20a7a01160b563c11a087932580c1 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2013-06-07T14:39:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_Doutorado_Neuza Neves.pdf: 14182671 bytes, checksum: 1dc20a7a01160b563c11a087932580c1 (
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Cargnelutti, Elisa. "Children and mathematics: beyond the role of cognitive abilities in early math achievement." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trieste, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/10022.

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2012/2013<br>The field of mathematical learning has received in recent years increasing attention in research, clinical and educational settings. The leading research line is dedicated to the investigation of the cognitive abilities fundamental for the acquisition and application of math concepts. Among general abilities, there is a wealth of evidence in favor of the recruitment of both working memory and short-term memory, despite there is no agreement concerning the involvement of the related subcomponents. Conflicting results pertain also the role of intelligence. Even major debate concerns
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Tang, Mingnam. "Synthesis of 2H-1-Benzthiocin: a Precursor for the Generation of the "4n+2" Pi-electron 1-Benzthiocinide Anion." [Johnson City, Tenn. : East Tennessee State University], 2001. http://etd-submit.etsu.edu/etd/theses/available/etd-0828101-115953/restricted/tangm112701b.pdf.

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Thiruchengode, Muruganandam. "Sensing and Dynamics of Lean Blowout in a Swirl Dump Combustor." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/10538.

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This thesis describes an investigation on the blowout phenomenon in gas turbine combustors. The combustor primarily used for this study was a swirl- and dump-stabilized, atmospheric pressure device, which did not exhibit dynamic combustion instabilities. The first part of the thesis work concentrated on finding a sensing methodology to be able to predict the onset of approach of combustor blowout using optical methods. Temporary extinction-reignition events that occurred prior to blowout were found to be precursor events to blowout. A threshold based method was developed to identify these even
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Starr, Ariel. "From Magnitudes to Math: Developmental Precursors of Quantitative Reasoning." Diss., 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10161/9842.

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<p>The uniquely human mathematical mind sets us apart from all other animals. Although humans typically think about number symbolically, we also possess nonverbal representations of quantity that are present at birth and shared with many other animal species. These primitive numerical representations are thought to arise from an evolutionarily ancient system termed the Approximate Number System (ANS). The present dissertation aims to determine how these preverbal representations of quantity may serve as the foundation for more complex quantitative reasoning abilities. To this end, the five stu
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LeFew, William R. "Optical Precursor Behavior." Diss., 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10161/195.

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Osipova, Anna. "Synthesis of Diverse Polyfunctional Amides as Precursors to Potentially Interesting Peptidomimetics." Doctoral thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0006-ACB4-D.

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Books on the topic "Mathematical precursors"

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Effler, Steven W. Origins, behavior, and modeling of THM precursors in lakes and reservoirs. Awwa Research Foundation, 2005.

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Fichera, Teresa. Archimede: Precursore di secoli e millenni. A. Lombardi, 2003.

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Singer, Philip C. Impact of ozone on the removal of particles, TOC, and THM precursors. The Foundation, 1989.

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Madison, Wis ). Workshop on Accident Sequence Precursors and Probabilistic Risk Analysis (1995. Proceedings of Workshop on Accident Sequence Precursors and Probabilistic Risk Analysis: Madison, Wisconsin, USA, May 24-26, 1995. University Printing Services, University of Maryland, 1998.

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National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Precursor Measurements Necessary to Support Human Operations on the Surface of Mars., National Research Council (U.S.). Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board., and National Research Council (U.S.). Space Studies Board., eds. Safe on Mars: Precursor measurements necessary to support human operations on the Martian surface. National Academy Press, 2002.

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Dean, Colin Leslie. Juxtaposing 2 contradictory views of Freud : The apotheosis of Logic ; the undermining of the epistemological validity of logic: Freud rejects Aristotelian logic as the criteria to assess the 'truths' of psychoanalysis and thus becomes a precursor to quantum mechanics and mathematics like wise abandonment of Aristotelian logic as an epistemic condition of 'truth' in certain situations. Gamahucher Press, 2005.

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Stagg, Robert. Shakespeare's Blank Verse. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192863270.001.0001.

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Abstract Shakespeare’s Blank Verse: An Alternative History is a study of both Shakespeare’s versification and its place in the history of early modern blank verse (unrhymed iambic pentameter). It ranges from the continental precursors of English blank verse in the early sixteenth century through the drama and poetry of Shakespeare’s contemporaries to the editing of blank verse in the eighteenth century and beyond. Alternative in its argumentation as well as its arguments, Shakespeare’s Blank Verse tries out fresh ways of thinking about meter—by shunning doctrinaire, almost mathematical ways of
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Lenhard, Johannes. Calculated Surprises. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190873288.001.0001.

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In this book, Lenhard concentrates on the ways in which computers and simulation are transforming the established conception of mathematical modeling. His core thesis is that simulation modeling constitutes a new mode of mathematical modeling that is rearranging and inverting key features of the established conception. Although most of these new key features—such as experimentation, exploration, and epistemic opacity—have their precursors, the new ways in which they are being combined is generating a distinctive style of scientific reasoning. Lenhard also documents how simulation is affecting
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Shapiro, Stewart, and Geoffrey Hellman, eds. The History of Continua. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809647.001.0001.

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Mathematical and philosophical thought about continuity has changed considerably over the ages. Aristotle insisted that continuous substances are not composed of points, and that they can only be divided into parts potentially; a continuum is a unified whole. The most dominant account today, traced to Cantor and Dedekind, is in stark contrast with this, taking a continuum to be composed of infinitely many points. The opening chapters cover the ancient and medieval worlds: the pre-Socratics, Plato, Aristotle, Alexander, and a recently discovered manuscript by Bradwardine. In the early modern pe
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Precursor Math Concepts: The Wonder of Mathematical Worlds with Infants and Toddlers. Teachers College Press, 2021.

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Book chapters on the topic "Mathematical precursors"

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Novik, Oleg, Feodor Smirnov, and Maxim Volgin. "Tsunami Precursors: Mathematical Model and Applications." In Electromagnetic Geophysical Fields. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98461-2_3.

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Kolman, Vojtěch. "Inferentialism and Its Mathematical Precursor." In From Rules to Meanings. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315103587-18.

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Casazza, Peter G., and Thaddeus J. Shura. "Precursors of the Tsirelson construction." In Lecture Notes in Mathematics. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0085268.

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Maccone, Claudio. "FOCAL mission to 1,000AU as an interstellar precursor." In Mathematical SETI. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27437-4_13.

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Papic, Ljubisa, Milorad Pantelic, and Joseph Aronov. "System Safety Analysis via Accident Precursors Selection." In Springer Proceedings in Mathematics & Statistics. Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10046-3_10.

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Pareto, Vilfredo. "‘Economic Mathématique’, Encyclopédie des sciences mathématiques (Paris: Giard & Brièrc, 1911), trans, as ‘Mathematical Economics’ in eds W.J. Baumol and S. M. Goldfeld, Precursors in Mathematical Economics: An Anthology (London: LSE, 1968), pp. 52-95. Copyright © London School of Economics, reproduced with permission." In The Foundations of Price Theory Vol 5. Routledge, 2024. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003547990-4.

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Sijtsma, Klaas. "Theory Development as a Precursor for Test Validity." In Springer Proceedings in Mathematics & Statistics. Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9348-8_17.

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Fukawa-Connelly, Timothy, and Sera Karahoca. "Proof in the Context of Tertiary Mathematics: Undergraduate Inquiry-Based Learning in Abstract Algebra as a Precursor to Mathematical Proof." In Research in Mathematics Education. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80008-6_20.

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Exman, Iaakov. "Simulating Quantum Software with Density Matrices: Reading Feynman on Fast-Forward." In Quantum Software. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-64136-7_2.

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AbstractRichard P. Feynman’s 1982 paper “Simulating Physics with Computers” is often recognized as a pioneer of quantum computing. However, careful reading between the lines finds further meaningful content. This work reinterprets the pioneering paper, as a precursor of Quantum Software. Feynman’s proposal to represent the simulated system by a Density Matrix opens the way toward a mathematical Quantum Software systems theory.Density Matrix modularization leads to software modules as high-level abstractions unifying conceptual software units and matrix basis kets, stimulating new software-rela
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Antos, Carolin. "Conceptions of Infinity and Set in Lorenzen’s Operationist System." In Paul Lorenzen -- Mathematician and Logician. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65824-3_3.

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AbstractIn the late 1940s and early 1950s, Lorenzen developed his operative logic and mathematics, a form of constructive mathematics. Nowadays this is mostly seen as a precursor of the better-known dialogical logic (Notable exceptions are the works of Schroeder-Heister 2008; Coquand and Neuwirth 2017; Kahle and Oitavem 2020.), and one might assume that the same philosophical motivations were present in both works. However, we want to show that this is not everywhere the case. In particular, we claim that Lorenzen’s well-known rejection of the actual infinite, as stated in Lorenzen (1957), was
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Conference papers on the topic "Mathematical precursors"

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Lather, Reena, and P. Jeevanandam. "Synthesis of Cu2+ doped MgO nanoparticles using substituted brucite precursors for catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol." In 3RD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MATHEMATICAL TECHNIQUES AND APPLICATIONS (e-ICMTA-2022). AIP Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0158410.

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Nair, Vineeth, Gireeshkumaran Thampi, and R. I. Sujith. "Engineering Precursors to Forewarn the Onset of an Impending Combustion Instability." In ASME Turbo Expo 2014: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2014-26020.

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The present study aims at arming an operator of fielded turbulent combustors with a repertoire of mathematical measures for real-time monitoring to forewarn the onset of impending combustion instability. In turbulent combustors, the route to high-amplitude, periodic, combustion-driven oscillations from conditions of low-amplitude, chaotic, combustion noise happens through an intermediate regime in flow conditions where the measured pressure fluctuations display bursts of intermittent, high-amplitude, periodic oscillations that appear in a near-random manner amidst chaotic fluctuations. This lo
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Platenkin, Alexey, Vladimir Chernyshov, Tatyana Chernyshova, and Maxim Dutov. "Process Development for obtaining functional layers for solid oxide fuel cells from liquid precursors using plasma sputtering technology." In 2020 2nd International Conference on Control Systems, Mathematical Modeling, Automation and Energy Efficiency (SUMMA). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/summa50634.2020.9280767.

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Meng, Jiandong, and Yogesh Jaluria. "Numerical Simulation of GaN Growth in a MOCVD Process." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-63040.

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This paper describes a model for the growth of gallium nitride in a vertical impinging metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) reactor. With trimethylgallium (TMGa) and ammonia (NH3) carried by hydrogen (H2) as precursors, the flow, temperature and concentration profiles are predicted by numerical modeling, which is performed using a commercial CFD software package CFD-ACE+. The growth rate is predicted based on detailed reaction mechanisms given in the literature, and related studies are carried out to verify the reliability and adaptability of the chosen chemical kinetics. A detailed
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Khatami, S. M. Navid, and Olusegun J. Ilegbusi. "Droplet Evaporation and Chemical Reaction in a Single Multi-Component Droplet to Synthesis Mixed-Oxide Film Using Spray Pyrolysis Method." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-86382.

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This paper describes mathematical modeling of transport and chemical reaction phenomena in a single droplet on a heated substrate deposited by spray pyrolysis. The droplet contains mixed salt solution which reacts on the heated substrate to produce mixed oxides and water residue. The water is subsequently evaporated, leaving a thin film of the mixed oxides for sensor application. The droplet, containing solvent and precursors is modeled using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) technique. The variety of stages is predicted of the evolution of droplet morphology associated with surface energy an
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Balacheff, Nicolas. "Mathematical Argumentation, a Precursor Concept of Mathematical Proof." In The 14th International Congress on Mathematical Education. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789811287183_0003.

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Lapshin, Oleg, and Anastasya Ryabkova. "Mathematical Modeling of Mechanochemical Synthesis of Precursor Particles." In 2020 7th International Congress on Energy Fluxes and Radiation Effects (EFRE). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/efre47760.2020.9241995.

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Henderson, Peter B. "Discrete mathematics as a precursor to programming." In the twenty-first SIGCSE technical symposium. ACM Press, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/323410.319070.

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Diallo, Ousmane, and Dimitri Mavris. "A Data Analytics Approach to Failure Precursor Detection of Gas Turbine." In ASME 2011 Turbo Expo: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2011-46019.

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In this paper, a novel approach is proposed to detect precursory events that lead to catastrophic systems failures. This approach is applied to investigating failures of heavy duty gas turbines. Current industry standards rely on either vibration sensors or gas path performance measurement sensors to identify system anomalies, but this proposed process is based on a combination of information from both type of monitoring sensors. This process is built on a systematical multi-step concept developed by assembling proven mathematical and statistical signal processing techniques to achieve a robus
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Lall, Pradeep, Kazi Mirza, Mahendra Harsha, Jeff Suhling, and Kai Goebel. "Method for Assessment of Prolonged and Intermittent Storage on Reliability of Leadfree Electronics Using Leading Indicators." In ASME 2013 International Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2013-73309.

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Electronic systems may be subjected to prolonged and intermittent periods of storage prior to deployment or usage. Prior studies have shown that leadfree solder interconnects show measurable degradation in the mechanical properties even after brief exposures to high temperature. In this paper, a method has been developed for the determining equivalent storage time to produce identical damage at a different temperature. Electronics subjected to accelerated tests often have a well-defined thermal profile for a specified period of time. Quantification of the thermal profile in field deployed elec
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