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Journal articles on the topic 'Mathematicians, Muslim'
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1
Putri, Dini Palupi. "Peran dan Kontribusi Ilmuwan Muslim dalam Pembelajaran Matematika." ARITHMETIC: Academic Journal of Math 1, no. 1 (May 10, 2019): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.29240/ja.v1i1.822.
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The life that is lived now and in the future cannot be separated from the role of history in the past. Mathematics learning plays an important role in everyday life, often we find problems in everyday life can be solved with mathematical concepts. In learning mathematics, mathematical scientists contribute greatly to the learning of mathematics and mathematical concepts. It cannot be denied, in the golden age of Islam many Muslim scientists sprang up, including mathematical scientists. Muslim mathematicians who were very famous, one of them was al- Khawarizmi. The branch of science in mathematics put forward by al- Khawarizmi is Algebra. Algebra is very much used in the life of the current global era. Algebra is found in many daily activities, such as buying and selling, Mawaris knowledge, and so on. al- Khawarizmi is also an inventor of zeros and the originator of the concept of algorithms. In addition, this paper will discuss the contribution of scientist Ibn al- Haytham to the concept of absolute value, al- Biruni towards the concept of "The Broken Chord" theorem, al- Khayyami on the concept of geometry. The mathematical concepts found by scientists are what we use a lot today to solve problems used in everyday life.
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DURAN, Serbay, and Hüseyin SAMANCI. "Al-Khwârizmî's Place and Importance in the History of Mathematics." ITM Web of Conferences 22 (2018): 01037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20182201037.
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The aim of this study is to introduce Muḥammad ibn Mûsâ al-Khwârizmî and his works in terms of history of mathematics and mathematics education. Muḥammad ibn Musa al-Khwârizmî an Iraqi Muslim scholar and it is the first of the Muslim mathematicians who have contributed to this field by taking an important role in the progress of mathematics in his own period. He found the concept of Algorithm in mathematics. In some circles, he was given the nickname Abu Ilmi’l-Hâsûb (the father of the account). He carried out important studies in algebra, triangle, astronomy, geography and map drawing. Algebra has carried out systematic and logical studies on the solution of inequalities at second level in the development of the algebra. He with all these studies have contributed to mathematical science and today was a guide to the works done in the field of mathematics.
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Al-Hamza, M. "AL-FARABI – GREAT MUSLIM PHILOSOPHER, MATHEMATICIAN AND TEACHER." BULLETIN Series of Physics & Mathematical Sciences 71, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.51889/2020-3.1728-7901.01.
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This work is devoted to Al-Farabi as a scientist and a person, about his philosophical and mathematical works and his main approach to life and science as a classification of sciences (enumeration of sciences), and here it should be emphasized that Al-Farabi combined theory and practice into a single, he considered a scientist is not only a creator of scientific ideas, but also must be a person of virtue in society. Its main ideological platform was philosophy and logic. And, as they say in Arabic الفلسفففففففففف أم العلوم) i.e. philosophy is the mother of sciences). He followed the great Greek philosophers Aristotle (the first teacher) and Plato. And it is no coincidence that Al-Farabi became known as the "second teacher", and this is due to the fact that he deeply assimilated Greek philosophical knowledge, perfectly commented on it and corrected it when needed.
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Anderson, Gemma, Dorothy Buck, Tom Coates, and Alessio Corti. "Drawing in Mathematics: From Inverse Vision to the Liberation of Form." Leonardo 48, no. 5 (October 2015): 439–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/leon_a_00909.
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The literature on art and mathematics has focused largely on how geometric forms have influenced artists and on the use of computer visualization in mathematics. The authors consider a fundamental but undiscussed connection between mathematics and art: the role of drawing in mathematical research, both as a channel for creativity and intuition and as a language for communicating with other scientists. The authors argue that drawing, as a shared way of knowing, allows communication between mathematicians, artists and the wider public. They describe a collaboration based on drawing and “inverse vision” in which the differing logics of the artist and the mathematician are treated on equal terms.
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Balykbayev, T. O., and Ye Y. Bidaibekov. "FARABI - THINKER-MATHEMATICIAN, NATURALIST, TEACHER IN MODERN EDUCATION." BULLETIN Series of Physics & Mathematical Sciences 71, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.51889/2020-3.1728-7901.02.
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This year, the 1150th anniversary of the great scientist Abu Nasir al-Farabi is widely celebrated. In this regard, it is necessary to especially note the merits of the outstanding researcher of the history and pedagogy of Muslim East science, Professor Audanbek Kubessov, who restored the true image of the great scientist as a thinker-mathematician, naturalist and teacher. His special contribution to science as a scientist is directly related to the study of the research works of the great scientist Abu Nasir al-Farabi. A. Kubesov researched the rich scientific heritage of al-Farabi and published more than two hundred scientific, popular and science and other works, translations from the Arabic language of the great scientist. Our current duty is to use and promote the rich heritage of our ancestor al-Farabi in teaching and educating the youth.
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Haimson, Jennifer, Deanna Swain, and Ellen Winner. "Do Mathematicians Have Above Average Musical Skill?" Music Perception 29, no. 2 (December 1, 2011): 203–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/mp.2011.29.2.203.
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accompanying the view that music training leads to improved mathematical performance is the view that that there is an overlap between the kinds of skills needed for music and mathematics. We examined the popular conception that mathematicians have better music abilities than nonmathematicians. We administered a self-report questionnaire via the internet to assess musicality (music perception and music memory) and musicianship (music performance and music creation). Respondents were doctoral-level members of the American Mathematical Association or the Modern Language Association (i.e., literature and language scholars). The mathematics group did not exhibit higher levels of either musicality or musicianship. Among those reporting high music-performance ability (facility in playing an instrument and/or sight-reading ability), mathematicians did not report significantly greater musicality than did the literature/language scholars. These findings do not lend support to the hypothesis that mathematicians are more musical than people with nonquantitative backgrounds.
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Emmer, Michele. "Mathematicians: The New Artists?" Leonardo 32, no. 3 (June 1999): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/leon.1999.32.3.220a.
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Mohamad Ishaq, Usep. "Konsep Kebahagiaan Menurut Ibn al-Haytham." ISLAMICA: Jurnal Studi Keislaman 14, no. 2 (March 1, 2020): 269–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15642/islamica.2020.14.2.269-290.
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Ibn al-Haytham (965-1039) is so far known merely as a mathematician and scientist. It is understand-able because most of his available works at this time are on mathematics and science. As a result, researches on his philosophical, psychological, and theological thought are still lacking. This paper discusses Ibn al-Haytham’s philosophy of happiness, using historical research method by collecting and analyzing his works linguistically, particularly his Thamarat al-H{ikmah. The results reveal that Ibn al-Haytham, as well as Muslim philosophers of his time, accepted the concept of happiness from Greek philosophers, such as Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. However, he incorporated religio-metaphysical dimensions to his concept of happiness. This finding shows that Ibn al-Haytham is not only a mathematician and scientist, but also a philosopher like al-F?r?b?, Ibn Miskawayh, and al-Ghaz?l?.
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Emmer, Michele. "How a Mathematician Started Making Movies." Leonardo 52, no. 2 (April 2019): 184–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/leon_a_01473.
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The author’s father, Luciano Emmer, was an Italian filmmaker who made feature movies and documentaries on art from the 1930s through 2008, one year before his death. Although the author’s interest in films inspired him to write many books and articles on cinema, he knew he would be a mathematician from a young age. After graduating in 1970 and fortuitously working on minimal surfaces—soap bubbles—he had the idea of making a film. It was the start of a film series on art and mathematics, produced by his father and Italian state television. This article tells of the author’s professional life as a mathematician and a filmmaker.
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DI PASQUALE, GIOVANNI. "STUDIO SU UN GRUPPO DI COMPASSI ROMANI PROVENIENTI DA POMPEI*." Nuncius 9, no. 2 (1994): 635–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/182539184x00982.
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Abstract<title> SUMMARY </title>The Pompei excavations have given us a good number of bronze compasses from the Roman period. Today these are conserved in the National Archaeological Museum of Naples. The paucity of findings of this instrument, apart from these found in the area around Vesuvius, should not mislead us; in the Roman world the compass was well known and diffused in various types according to the needs of different applications. They were used by mathematicians, architects, surveyors, ceramicists and sculptors. The particular archaeological context from which these derive, they illustrate a clear connection between precision instruments and the historical circumstances of Pompei in the first century A.D.: the eruption of 79 A.D. caught the city be surprise just as it was being rebuilt after the severe earthquake damage of 62 A.D.
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Murphy, Paul, and Cristóbal García Gallardo. "Jean-Philippe Rameau’s Influence on Harmonic Theory in Spain." Music Theory Spectrum 42, no. 1 (December 16, 2019): 81–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mts/mtz024.
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Abstract It is well known that the music-theoretical ideas of Jean-Philippe Rameau (1683–1764) were disseminated throughout much of Europe in large part by the summary editions issued by the mathematician and philosopher Jean Le Rond d’Alembert (1717–83) and certain German, English, and Italian translations that followed. Little is known, however, about how Rameau’s revolutionary and controversial theories appeared in Spain, and even less about how they were received and interpreted. In response, we offer a contextual analysis of the effects that these ideas had on both forward-looking intellectuals as well as on conservative professional musicians grounded in music of the past.
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Demaine, Eric D., Martin L. Demaine, and A. Laurie Palmer. "The Helium Stockpile: A Collaboration in Mathematical Folding Sculpture." Leonardo 39, no. 3 (June 2006): 233–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/leon.2006.39.3.233.
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The Helium Stockpile is a manipulable folding structure of hundreds of wooden blocks, representing the transformation between surface and solid through a foldable one-dimensional chain. The sculpture grew out of an unexpected collaboration between a sculptor and two mathematicians, giving the structure a mathematical basis through which it is guaranteed to be foldable into essentially any three-dimensional shape.
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Florides, Petros S. "John Lighton Synge. 23 March 1897 — 30 March 1995." Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 54 (January 2008): 401–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.2007.0040.
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John Lighton Synge was arguably the greatest Irish mathematician and theoretical physicist since Sir William Rowan Hamilton(1806–65). He was a prolific researcher of great originality and versatility, and a writer of striking lucidity and ‘clarity of expression'. He made outstanding contributions to a vast range of subjects, and particularly to Einstein's theory of relativity. His approach to relativity, and theoretical physics in general, is characterized by his extraordinary geometrical insight. In addition tobringing clarity and new insights to relativity, his geometrical approach profoundly influenced the development of the subject since the 1960s. His crusade in his long academic career was ‘to make space–time a real workshop for physicists, and not a museum visited occasionally with a feeling of awe‘ (31)*.
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Katz, Albert N. "The Relationships between Creativity and Cerebral Hemisphericity for Creative Architects, Scientists, and Mathematicians." Empirical Studies of the Arts 4, no. 2 (July 1986): 97–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/6nhb-pev0-25kp-ukec.
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The relationship between creativity and the specialized cognitive functions supported by each of the cerebral hemispheres (hemisphericity), was examined on archival data available for creative architects, scientists, and mathematicians. Hemisphericity was estimated by the A/P ratio, in which A represents performance on the Street Gestalt Completion test, a marker test of right hemipsheric processes and P represents performance on a marker test of left hemispheric functioning, the Similarities subtest of the WAIS. Creativity was indexed by objective indices (such as the number of patents earned by each scientist), subjective measures (such as peer evaluations of creativity) and by psychometric instruments that purport to measure creativity. Performance on a test of general intelligence was also examined. The data indicates that hemisphericity is related to some indices of creative performance (especially the objective measures) but not to the index of general intelligence. Moreover, the direction of the relationships were different for the creative architects than for the creative scientists and mathematicians. These data were taken as support for the proposition that creativity depends on the cognitive functions supported by both hemispheres: different professions demand a specific cognitive mode for efficient performance; creative performance is reflected in those who can also access and are efficient in using the cognitive mode supported by the complementary cerebral hemisphere.
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Werrett, Simon. "Disciplinary Culture: Artillery, Sound, and Science in Woolwich, 1800–1850." 19th-Century Music 39, no. 2 (2015): 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ncm.2015.39.2.87.
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The rise of military music around 1800 offers a suggestive context in which to examine the connections between science, music, and the military. Olinthus Gregory was representative of a community of reform-minded mathematicians and astronomers who sought to introduce greater precision and more mathematics into science, applying mathematical calculation to music and the sciences. His proposal to regulate tempo with a pendulum followed what was no doubt a familiar sight for him at the Woolwich Arsenal—the use of the pendulum by the drum-major to regulate marching music. Indeed, a number of such projects converged on Woolwich, an experimental space where new scientific and musical regimes emerged. The “calculating eye” secured authority by presenting science as objective and freed of emotions, but music's ability to evoke emotions was powerful. Thus, while music was a resource for the exact science promoted at the Arsenal, it could also threaten it.
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Bekli, Mohamed Reda, Ilhem Chadou, and Djamil Aissani. "THÉORIE DES COMÈTES ET OBSERVATIONS INÉDITES EN OCCIDENT MUSULMAN." Arabic Sciences and Philosophy 29, no. 1 (January 30, 2019): 87–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0957423918000103.
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AbstractIn this paper, we present the Aristotelian theory of comets, which is well known in the Muslim West through the commentaries of Ibn Rušd and Ibn Bāǧǧa. This aspect is covered three centuries later in an unknown manuscript attributed to the famous mathematician Ibn Ġāzī al-Miknāsī (1437-1513), and this text is not present in the known list of his works. The author devotes a part of his manuscript to the comet astrology following Ptolemy, and introduces a critical position of Iḫwān al-Ṣafā’, characterized by the rejection of the sidereal comets idea. We are also interested in comet classifications given by Ibn Ġāzī and another author ‘Alī al-Antākī. We found that the content of the De cometis of pseudo-Ptolemy is analogous with the text of Ibn Ġāzī, and almost identical to the text of al-Antākī. Then, we are interested in observations of comets from the 9th to the end of the 19th century in North Africa and in Islamic Spain (Andalusia), recorded in some Arabic manuscripts on astronomy and history, which have never been the subject of an extensive study. The studied observations are: the two comets X/975 P1 and X/998 D1 reported by an anonymous author of the 15th century, the X/1381 V1 comet reported by Ibn al-Qāḍī (1553-1616), the passage of Halley's comet in 1456 reported by Muḥammad al-Zarkašī (1434-1525), the C/1743 X1 comet observed by ‘Abd al-Razzāq ibn Ḥamadūš (1695-1785), which confirm its fan structure, the two observations of Ibn ‘Alī al-Šrīf al-Šalāṭī of the D/1770 L1, and especially the C/1769 P1 comet. The graphic representation of this latter comet is unprecedented in the Muslim West.
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Middleton, Jonathan N., and Diane Dowd. "Web-Based Algorithmic Composition from Extramusical Resources." Leonardo 41, no. 2 (April 2008): 128–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/leon.2008.41.2.128.
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The authors, a composer and a mathematician, demonstrate how the Web-based application “musicalgorithms” translates numbers into musical events. Details of the algorithmic process and the decisions behind mathematical scaling operations are presented in two compositions called Redwoods Symphony and Dreaming among Thermal Pools and Concentric Spirals.
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Liisa Eriksson, Sirkka, and Johanna Vainio. "Bagdad – Mathematics from here to eternity exhibition." Lumat: International Journal of Math, Science and Technology Education 2, no. 1 (January 30, 2014): 17–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.31129/lumat.v2i1.1080.
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Bagdad – Mathematics from here to eternity is an exhibition produced by Swedish Navet Sicence Center that was held in Museum Centre Vapriikki in Tampere 11 April–31 May 2013. The Bagdad exhibition was a fascinating journey to the history of mathematics guided by few historical mathematicians. Al-Khwarizmi, Hypatia, Sofia Kovalevskaya, Archimedes, Brahmagupta and other mathematical masters led the audience to the world of mathematics through drama, games and different problems to be solved. Each exhibition session lasted an hour and a half and included introduction, problems to be solved together and in groups, and individual activities. The introduction was in the form of drama and guided the audience to the mathematical problems. After the introduction, a mathematical problem was solved in groups. After that the audience had the opportunity to explore the tent and games and problems inside of it. At the end, the audience pondered and solved a mathematical problem together.
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Franklin, Adrian. "Where "Art Meets Life"." Journal of Festive Studies 1, no. 1 (May 13, 2019): 106–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.33823/jfs.2019.1.1.27.
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In Hobart, a litany of winter festivals flopped and failed until the arrival of Mona (Museum of Old and New Art), a private museum owned by mathematician, successful online gambler, and autodidact David Walsh. Since 2013, its new festival, Dark Mofo, not only has reignited long-somnolent traditions of midwinter festival imaginaries among its postcolonial society but also has proved to be an effective vehicle for galvanizing an all-of-community form of urban activation, engagement, and regeneration. It has also completely overwhelmed the city with visitors keen to participate in a no-holds-barred ritual week with major global artists and musicians keen to be on its carnivalesque platforms. While Mona has explored grotesque realism themes of sex, death, and the body in its darkened, labyrinthine and subterranean levels, Dark Mofo has permitted their mix of carnivalesque and Dionysian metaphors and embodied practices/politics to take over the entire city in a week of programmatic mischief and misrule at midwinter. Research by an Australian Research Council–funded study of Mona and its festive register will be used to account for its origins and innovation as well as its social, cultural, and economic composition and impact.
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D'Ambrosio, Ubiratan. "Mathematics and Peace: A Reflection on the Basis of Western Civilization." Leonardo 34, no. 4 (August 2001): 327–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/00240940152549267.
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This essay considers the relationship between science and mathematics and the social order that they both rely upon and reinforce. A peaceful and egalitarian world, the author argues, will require instilling a sense of responsibility in those who work with mathematics for the uses society makes of their efforts. Such an understanding of their social responsibilities would also require mathematicians to become more sensitive to history and to the social and psychological dynamics of the presentation of knowledge.
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Parsons, H. McIlvaine. "The Turing Test of 1991." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 36, no. 4 (October 1992): 438–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129203600437.
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Interactive computer programs and human participants competed in a Turing Test at the Boston Computer Museum last November in the first year of a competition to determine, ultimately, whether such programs can be indistinguishable from humans in dialogues. The test is named for the British mathematician and computer pioneer who proposed it in 1950. This paper describes the competition, its preparation, and problems which await resolution in future Turing Tests that may culminate in a $100,000 award. The 1991 test was “restricted” in its rules and procedures lest a full test disadvantage the computer programs too severely. The contest posed issues concerning dialogue domains, language processing, inclusion of cognitive tasks, and other features. Since a Turing Test could be interpreted as involving “thinking” and “intelligence” (though Turing had little use for such terms), future tests should intrigue human factors.
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Luko, Alexis. "TINCTORIS ON VARIETAS." Early Music History 27 (October 2008): 99–136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0261127908000296.
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The twelve extant treatises of Johannes Tinctoris offer a wealth of insight into almost every aspect of fifteenth-century music theory. A graduate of the University of Orléans and a doctor of canon and civil law, Tinctoris was an expert in both the language arts of the trivium (grammar, rhetoric, dialectic) and the mathematical arts of the quadrivium (arithmetic, geometry, music, astronomy). Such was his erudition that he was extolled by Johannes Trithemius, one of the leading German humanists of the fifteenth century, as ‘a man very learned in all respects, an outstanding mathematician, a musician of the highest rank, of a keen mind, skilled in eloquence’. Given Tinctoris’s towering intellect, it is no surprise that frequent citations from many of the major thinkers of antiquity – Pythagoras, Plato, Aristotle, Ovid, Virgil, Cicero and Quintilian – appear in his theoretical discussions on mode, mensural notation and counterpoint.
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McTernan, Elizabeth, and Luke Wolcott. "Crossing the Muddy Field of Witness, Calling the Lonely Crowd: A Walk to Meet a Sound." Leonardo Music Journal 28 (December 2018): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/lmj_a_00997.
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The artist Elizabeth McTernan and the mathematician Luke Wolcott collaborated on A Tree Calls, in which Wolcott chopped down a tree in the United States and McTernan simultaneously led a group in Copenhagen to walk toward the arrival of the sound of the tree falling. How does the sound of this tree falling, and the story of its journey and reception, help us walk into a framed void, alone together? In its faint vibration, how can we hear both the idea’s persistent unity and the silent physical arrival of absence?
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Ikhtiono, Gunawan. "DUALISM AND INTEGRATION SYSTEM OF EDUCATION: PERSPEKTIF SEJARAH." AKADEMIKA: Jurnal Pemikiran Islam 23, no. 1 (September 14, 2018): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.32332/akademika.v23i1.1214.
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Abstract
A mosque was the first place to conduct education, from which science developed to experience its heyday in the 12th and 13th centuries AD. Methods of scientific discussions taking place within such as the As-Shofwah Brotherhood, Bait Al-Hikmah, Daarul Hikmah, were supported by the Caliphs or community leaders by giving maximum funding assistance. From the mosque, educational institutions developed into Madrasah Nidzamiyah to Al-Qarawiyyin University and Al-Azhar University. Nevertheless, such funding assistance is never free from political agenda aimed at developing and maintaining cetain ideals or schools of thought. As for the learning process, the sulthans and muslim scholars do not distinguish between the sciences related to the world and that related to the hereafter (habluminallah wa habluminannas). Both are studied and explored without separating them. So, in the golden age of Islam, an expert in the field of medicine could also be an expert in in the field of Sufism. An expert in worship might also be an expert in astronomy, and a mathematician could be a philosopher as well.
Keywords: Mosque, Management, Curriculum, and Integration of Science
Abstrak
Masjid adalah tempat pertama yang menyelenggarakan pendidikan. Dari Masjid itu Ilmu Pengetahuan berkembang hingga mengalami masa kejayaannya di abad 12 dan 13 M. Metode diskusi-diskusi ilmiah yang berlangsung di dalamnya, seperti Ikhwan As-Shofwah, Bait Al-Hikmah, Daarul Hikmah, didukung oleh para Khalifah ataupun tokoh masyarakat dengan memberikan bantuan pembiayaan yang sebesar-besarnya. Dari Masjid itulah lembaga pendidikan berkembang menjadi Madrasah Nidzamiyah hingga Universitas Al-Qarawiyyin dan Universitas Al-Azhar. Meskipun demikian, tidak terelakkan bahwa bantuan-bantuan tersebut ada muatan politik untuk mengembangkan serta mempertahankan faham/mazhab yang anutnya. Adapun dalam proses pembelajarannya, para Sulthan dan para Cendikiawan Muslim tidak membedakan antara Ilmu yang berhubungan dengan dunia dan akhirat (habluminallah wa habluminannas). Keduanya dipelajari dan didalami tanpa memisahkannya. Sehingga, di zaman keemasan Islam (the golden age), seseorang yang ahli dalam bidang Kedokteran tetapi juga seorang yang ahli Tasawuf. Seorang yang ahli ibadah, adalah juga seorang yang ahli Astronomi. Seorang ahli Matematika juga sebagai Filosof.
Kata Kunci: Masjid, Manajemen, Kurikulum, and Integrasi Keilmuan
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Devadoss, Satyan L., and Owen Schuh. "Cartography of Tree Space." Leonardo 52, no. 3 (June 2019): 279–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/leon_a_01475.
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How can vibrant, contemporary art be produced that deals with vibrant, contemporary mathematics? To address this question, a collaboration began between an artist (Schuh) and a mathematician (Devadoss), revolving around recent problems in phylogenetics and the space of evolutionary trees. The result was twofold: First, a triptych of paintings was created, using acrylic, graphite, watercolor and metal leaf, that focused on different navigations within this tree space. Second, a novel set of open mathematics problems was discovered solely as a result of this investigation.
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Anderson, Gemma, Berta Verd, and Johannes Jaeger. "Drawing to Extend Waddington's Epigenetic Landscape." Leonardo 53, no. 3 (May 2020): 256–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/leon_a_01738.
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The authors, an artist, a mathematician and a biologist, describe their collaboration examining the potential of drawing to further the understanding of biological processes. As a case study, this article considers C.H. Waddington's powerful visual representation of the “epigenetic landscape,” whose purpose is to unify research in genetics, embryology and evolutionary biology. The authors explore the strengths and limitations of Waddington's landscape and attempt to transcend the latter through a collaborative series of exploratory images. Through careful description of this drawing process, the authors touch on its epistemological consequences for all participants.
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Longrigg, James. "Anatomy in Alexandria in the Third Century B.C." British Journal for the History of Science 21, no. 4 (December 1988): 455–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000708740002536x.
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The most striking advances in the knowledge of human anatomy and physiology that the world had ever known—or was to know until the seventeenth century A.D.—took place in Hellenistic Alexandria. The city was founded in 331 B.C. by Alexander the Great. After the tatter's death in 323 B.C. and the subsequent dissolution of his empire, it became the capital of one of his generals, Ptolemy, son of Lagus, who established the Ptolemaic dynasty there. The first Ptolemy, subsequently named Soter (the Saviour), and his son Ptolemy Philadelphus (who succeeded him in 285 B.C.), became immensely enriched by their exploitation of Egypt and raised the city to a position of great wealth and magnificence. Anxious to enhance both their own reputation and the prestige of the kingdom, they sought to rival the cultural and scientific achievements not only of other Hellenistic rulers but even of Athens herself. Their patronage of the arts and sciences, coupled with their establishment of the Museum (an institute for literary studies and scientific research as well as a temple of the Muses), together with the Library, made the city the centre of Hellenistic culture. Philosophers, mathematicians, astronomers, artists, poets and physicians were all encouraged to come and work there.
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Kargon, Jeremy. "The Logic of Color: Theory and Graphics in Christine Ladd-Franklin's Explanation of Color Vision." Leonardo 47, no. 2 (April 2014): 151–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/leon_a_00517.
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In the years after 1870, two theories of color vision vied for primacy: the “trichromatic” theory and a four-color theory, also known as an “opponent” theory of color vision. Among scientists who participated in this debate, mathematician Christine Ladd-Franklin (1847–1930) made special use of graphics as a rhetorical template for reasoning and explanation. Her later work included figures modeled upon novel graphic representations of logical relationships to describe chemical reactions fundamental to visual processes. These and other illustrations demonstrate, in retrospect, how innovation in graphic notation can underlie shifts in the practice and perception of science.
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Tadic, Milutin, and Zorica Prnjat. "Self-orienting armillary dial of the Professor Radovan Danic." Glasnik Srpskog geografskog drustva 100, no. 1 (2020): 73–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsgd2001073t.
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Prof. Radovan Danic, PhD (1893-1979), an honorary lifetime President of the Astronomical Society Rudjer Boskovic in Belgrade, owned a brass universal equinoctial ring sundial (98 mm in diameter), preserved by his descendants, who continued his work on popularizing astronomy through the activities of the society. The sundial (ring dial) was measured, tested and compared to similar portable sundials (pocket sundials) exhibited in various European museums. In the classification scheme, along with the Parmenion?s and astronomical rings, it belongs to a group of pocket armillary sundials that do not require a compass. More precisely, it is a self-orienting armillary sundial whose rings are located under the circles of the celestial sphere of the same name at the moment of measurement. Therefore, when the apparent solar time is known, it turns into a solar compass. A corresponding sundial on the horizon to the self-orienting armillary sundial is the analemmatic sundial. The construction of a self-orienting armillary sundial was first described in the late 16th century by the English mathematician William Oughtred (1574-1660). In collaboration with the gnomonists from England and Austria, we determined where and when Professor Danic?s sundial was constructed: Vienna, second quarter of the 18th century. Originally, the sundial was adjusted for the latitude of Belgrade or Zemun (nowadays, a Belgrade municipality), which were under the Austrian rule for a long time during the 18th century. It is a beautiful, well-crafted, well-preserved, expensive sundial and astronomical instrument that should be kept in a museum, in the first place in the Museum of Astronomy of the Astronomical Observatory in Belgrade.
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Bent, Margaret. "A new canonic Gloria and the changing profile of Dunstaple." Plainsong and Medieval Music 5, no. 1 (April 1996): 45–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0961137100001066.
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John Dunstaple's reputation as the most famous English composer of the Middle Ages has stood almost unchallenged since his death. Two epitaphs attributed to one of his patrons, John Wheathamstead, Abbot of St Albans between 1420–40 and 1452–64, give him equal credit as a mathematician and astronomer (or rather, astrologer). Dunstaple was evidently proficient in the quadrivial arts of music, astronomy and mathematics (arithmetic and geometry), but only his musical activities have been thoroughly explored. At least two books that were in his library may provide hints about the level of his attainment in mathematics and astronomy. One is a fascicle within another volume that carries the often quoted ‘Iste libellus pertinebat Johanni Dunstaple cum duci Bedfordie musico’. The other and more extensive of the two manuscripts, Cambridge, Emmanuel College, MS 70, contains treatises on astronomy and astrology by standard authors in various hands. Some of these have what must be a scribal signature (often in the form ‘deo gratias quod Dunstaple’), apparently signalling his own hand for those treatises. If this is indeed the case, we have dozens of folios of closely written Dunstaple autograph and several signatures. His copy of the older astrological treatise by Bartholomew of Parma is copiously illustrated by excellent line-drawings of zodiacal signs and constellations. If these drawings are also in his hand (and they are harmonious with the surrounding script), we must add fine draughtsmanship to his known accomplishments.
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Nake, Frieder. "The Pioneer of Generative Art: Georg Nees." Leonardo 51, no. 3 (June 2018): 277–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/leon_a_01325.
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The pioneer of computer art Georg Nees passed away on 3 January 2016, at the age of 89. He was the first to exhibit computer-generated drawings, in Stuttgart in February 1965. Influenced by Max Bense’s information aesthetics (a rational aesthetics of the object based on Shannon’s information theory), Nees completed his PhD thesis in 1968 (in German). Its title, Generative Computergraphik, is an expression of the new movement of generative art and design. Trained as a mathematician, Nees participated in many early, but also recent, displays of computer art. After retiring from his research position at Siemens in Erlangen, he again concentrated on computer-generated art and researched issues of digital coloring but also wrote several novels expressing his philosophy of a nonreligious, human-made culture.
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Antonova, Clemena. "Non-Euclidean Geometry in Russian Art History: On a Little-Known Application of a Scientific Theory." Leonardo 53, no. 3 (May 2020): 293–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/leon_a_01786.
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The author has previously proposed that there are at least six different definitions of “reverse” or “inverse” perspective, i.e. the principle of organizing pictorial space in the icon. Reverse perspective is still a largely unresolved art historical problem. The author focuses on one of the six defi nitions, the one least familiar to Western scholars—namely, the view, common in Russian art-historical writing at the beginning of the twentieth century, that space in the icon is a visual analogue of non-Euclidean geometry. Russian mathematician-turned-theologian and priest Pavel Florensky claimed that the space of the icon is that of non-Euclidean geometry and truer to the way human vision functions. The author considers the scientifi c validity of Florensky's claim.
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György, Gaal. "József Engel de Szepeslőcse – Linguist and Physician." Bulletin of Medical Sciences 93, no. 1 (July 1, 2020): 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/orvtudert-2020-0003.
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Abstract József Engel (1807–1870) originates from an intellectual family from the Northern part of Hungary, he got to Marosvásárhely (Târgu Mureş) due to family relations. There he was assistant in the Golden Deer Pharmacy. Later he graduated the theoretical course of Chemistry at the Pest University. His thesis was printed. Then he studied medicine at the same university between 1830 and 1836. He wrote his thesis about the measles (De Morbilis). Meanwhile studying at Pest he got interested in Hungarian linguistics. He elaborated a study on the stem words of the Hungarian language which won a competition of the Hungarian Academy of Science. Engel was a much appreciated general practitioner at Marosvásárhely. The famous mathematician, János Bolyai was also his patient. He subscribed to German medical journals, collected plants and minerals. But his major interest was linguistics. In the middle of the 1850-s there was a movement at Kolozsvár (Cluj-Napoca) to establish a Museum Society. Then Engel’s linguistic research work was rediscovered. Some articles were published about him and even a fragment of his work in progress got printed. In 1857 Engel moves to Kolozsvár to help the founding of the Transylvanian Museum Society and to finish his treatise. As a general practitioner he could hardly make his living. In 1859 the Hungarian Academy of Science elected him corresponding member. He finished his thesis in linguistics and sent it to the Academy as an inaugural address. It was presented, but not published. His conception was considered obsolete. He died quite forgotten at Kolozsvár. At the Academy Henrik Finály held a memorial speech upon his life and activity. His two sons and two grandsons continued the medical traditions.
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Simoni, Mary. "Project Lovelace: unprecedented opportunities for music education." Organised Sound 8, no. 1 (April 2003): 57–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355771803001067.
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Project Lovelace is a school-based programme for students aged twelve to eighteen years interested in learning about making music by using technology. The programme is designed to encourage equal and equitable participation by male and female students through instruction in technology-enhanced music performance, improvisation, composition, analysis and notation. Project Lovelace is named in honour of the contributions of the female mathematician Ada Augusta, Countess of Lovelace, who in 1842 predicted that computers could be used for musical composition (Roads 1996).The goals of Project Lovelace are to develop collaborative-based methods for gender-balanced school music technology programmes, amass a gender-balanced repertoire suitable for school music technology programmes, nurture creativity and analytical skills in music technology, and conduct a longitudinal study that documents the changing attitudes and perceived competencies of participating students and teachers.The motivation to initiate Project Lovelace was the timely convergence of two vexing issues perennially facing music technology programmes in higher education, specifically at the University of Michigan: the proportionally small number of female applicants to university music technology programmes and the need to continually upgrade or replace laboratory equipment. Why not allocate second-generation university laboratory equipment to the schools with the intent of building school-based music technology curricula that lead to a gender-balanced university applicant pool?
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Philo, John-Mark. "English and Scottish Scholars at the Library of Gian Vincenzo Pinelli (1565–1601)." Renaissance and Reformation 42, no. 2 (October 24, 2019): 51–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1065125ar.
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Throughout the second half of the sixteenth century, the scholar and collector Gian Vincenzo Pinelli (1535–1601) welcomed poets, mathematicians, antiquarians, and astronomers from every corner of Europe to his vast private library in Padua. These scholars left their mark on Pinelli’s collection, annotating his manuscripts, trading texts, and even making contributions of their very own to his library. This article considers the English and Scottish scholars who visited Pinelli’s collection and the works they gifted to Pinelli. These manuscripts, now preserved at the Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Milan, include an impressive breadth of material, ranging from treatises on England’s schism with Rome to verse commemorating the deaths of fellow scholar–poets. Pinelli, it emerges, was not only hosting scholars from England and Scotland, but also gathering reports, discourses, and what was in many cases highly sensitive intelligence on both nations. These manuscripts thus bear witness to the importance of the Italian private library to the transmission of both ideas and physical texts across the Continent, shining new light on a literary culture that was able to cross and transcend national boundaries.
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DYER, JOSEPH. "The Place of Musica in Medieval Classifications of Knowledge." Journal of Musicology 24, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 3–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jm.2007.24.1.3.
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ABSTRACT Medieval classifications of knowledge (divisiones scientiarum) were created to impose order on the ever-expanding breadth of human knowledge and to demonstrate the interconnectedness of its several parts. In the earlier Middle Ages the trivium and the quadrivium had sufficed to circumscribe the bounds of secular learning, but the eventual availability of the entire Aristotelian corpus stimulated a reevaluation of the scope of human knowledge. Classifications emanating from the School of Chartres (the Didascalicon of Hugh of St. Victor and the anonymous Tractatus quidam) did not venture far beyond Boethius, Cassiodorus, and Isidore of Seville. Dominic Gundissalinus (fl. 1144––64), a Spaniard who based parts of his elaborate analysis of music on Al-Fāārāābīī, attempted to balance theory and practice, in contradistinction to the earlier mathematical emphasis. Aristotle had rejected musica mundana, and his natural science left little room for a musica humana based on numerical proportion. Consequently, both had to be reinterpreted. Robert Kilwardby's De ortu scientiarum (ca. 1250) sought to integrate the traditional Boethian treatment of musica with an Aristotelian perspective. Responding to the empirical emphasis of Aristotle's philosophy, Kilwardby focused on music as audible phenomenon as opposed to Platonic ““sounding number.”” Medieval philosophers were reluctant to assign (audible) music to natural science or to place it among the scientie mechanice. One solution argued that music, though a separate subiectum suitable for philosophical investigation, was subalternated to arithmetic. Although drawing its explanations from that discipline, it nevertheless had its own set of ““rules”” governing its proper activity. Thomas Aquinas proposed to resolve the conflict between the physicality of musical sound and abstract mathematics through the theory of scientie medie. These stood halfway between speculative and natural science, taking their material objects from physical phenomena but their formal object from mathematics. Still, Thomas defended the superiority of the speculative tradition by asserting that scientie medie ““have a closer affinity to mathematics”” (magis sunt affines mathematicis) than to natural science.
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Amin, Ahmad. "A Missing Link in the Islamic Renaissance." American Journal of Islam and Society 8, no. 2 (September 1, 1991): 359–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v8i2.2638.
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There is a missing link in Egypt. Although it is one of the strongestpillars upon which we are building our renaissance, we hardly ever perceiveits presence in our academic circles. This absence is one of the reasons forthe poverty of our scientific and intellectual production.And what is this missing link? To be precise, it is scholars who combinein their persons elements of both Arab-Islamic culture and the precise scientificEuropean culture. We are in need of more people like them, for we cannotregenerate ourselves without them, and we can only follow this path by makinguse of their light.Most of our scholars have only been educated in Arab-Islamic culture.As a result, they are totally ignorant of what is happening in the modemworld in relation to the opinions and views being expressed in science,literature, and philosophy. They have not heard of Kant and Bergson, or ofEurope’s authors and poets, scientists and researchers. At best, these namesare mentioned in insignificant magazines, newspapers, and books devoid ofany scientifichtellectual value. The other group of our scholars is madeup of those who have been educated solely in a foreign culture. They knowall about the latest theories in the fields of physics, chemistry, and mathematicswhich have reached them, and they follow the developments in modemEuropean literature as well as the books and poetry written by Europeans.They are also familiar with the development of philosophical views and theirprogress up to our time, but, they are totally ignorant of Arab-Islamic culture.If you tell them of Jarir, al Farazdaq, and al Akhtal, they turn their facesaway and avoid you-as if you were talking about a world not our own. Ifyou mention al Kindi, al Farabi, and Ibn Sina, they say that they have heardthe names but have no more knowledge of them, and that all we receivefrom them are ambiguous sentences and profound concepts which neitherhave scientific or intellectual benefit nor enrich or revitalize life.Yesterday I was talking with a group of these educated people about alBiruni, the Muslim mathematician who died in 440 AH, and the mathematicaland astronomical theories he had discovered. I also mentioned that the Germanorientalist Sachau had decided that al Biruni was the most brilliant man theworld has ever known, and that this orientalist had called for the establishmentof the al Biruni Society to honor him and to revitalize his memory. The people ...
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خياطة قطان, لانا, and فطمير شيخو. "مفهوم التجربة الدينية وخصائصها من المنظرين الغربي والإسلامي: جيفري لانغ نموذجاً ( The Concept of Religious Experience and its Characteristics from the Western and Islamic perspectives: Jeffrey Lang as Model)." Journal of Islam in Asia (E-ISSN 2289-8077) 17, no. 1 (July 6, 2020): 128–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/jia.v17i1.860.
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يحاول هذا البحث أن يناقش مفهوم التجربة الدينية وخصائصها في الفكرين الغربي والإسلامي، حيث سعى الكثير من العلماء والفلاسفة لتوضيح هذا المفهوم. وإن غاية هذه الدراسة أن تعرض جوهر التجربة الدينية عند عالم الرياضيات الأمريكي "جيفري لانغ -1954"، كنموذج لمهتد للإسلام، بعد أن كان مسيحياً "كاثوليكياً"، ثم قضى عشر سنوات في ظلام الإلحاد. إن هذا البحث دراسة تهمُّ المسلمين في عصرنا الحالي (أصليين ومهتدين جُدد)، من خلال عرض جوهر التَّجربة الدِّينيَّة لنموذجٍ حيّ ووضعها تحت المجهر، لنموذج ممن أبصروا النُّور بعقولهم، ولامسوا الحقيقة بأرواحهم، فسطَّروا الصِّراع الدَّاخلي الذي اعتمل في نفوسهم، لينطق اللِّسان بشهادة الإسلام. وقد انتهج هذا البحث المنهج الوصفي التحليلي، من خلال دراسة كتبه وتحليل النصوص التي وصفت تجربته الدينية، سعياً إلى فهم دواعيها وتحليلها ومعرفة خصائصها، لتخرج بحقيقة أن للقرآن مركزية محورية في الإجابة على جميع التساؤلات الإيمانية المتعلقة بالشكوك الدينية. .الكلمات المفتاحيّة: القرآن، الخبرة الدينية، المنظور الإسلامي، المنظور الغربي، الإلحاد Abstract This research attempts to discuss the concept of religious experience and its characteristics in both, Western thought and Islamic thought, where many scientists and philosophers sought to explain this concept. The purpose of this study is to expose the essence of the religious experience of the American mathematician, Jeffrey Lang-1954, as a model for reverting to Islam, after he was a Catholic Christian. Then, he spent ten years in the darkness of atheism. This research is a study of great interest to contemporary Muslims (indigenous and new reverts) by presenting the essence of the religious experience of a living model for those who saw through it the light in their minds, and touched the truth with their lives, and prevailed over their internal conflicts by letting themselves to witness the testimony of Islam. The descriptive and analytical approaches are utilized while studying Jeffrey’s books and the analysis of texts describing his religious experience. This is done to understand and know the reasons behind his religious experience, its analysis and its characteristics as well as to discover the fact that the Qur’an has a pivotal centralization to answer all questions of faith related to religious doubts. Keywords: Qur’an, religious experience, Islamic perspective, Western perspective, atheism.
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Wyka, Ewa. "Jędrzej Śniadecki i jego dziedzictwo. Sesja Nadzwyczajna podczas 61. Zjazdu Naukowego Polskiego Towarzystwa Chemicznego." Opuscula Musealia 26 (2020): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20843852.om.18.004.10997.
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Jędrzej Śniadecki and his legacy. Extraordinary Session at the 61st Scientific Meeting of the Polish Chemical Society The year 2018 marked the 250th birthday anniversary of Jędrzej Śniadecki (30 Nov 1768–11 May 1838), a renowned Polish chemist, doctor and columnist. Jędrzej, the younger brother of Jan Śniadecki, a Polish mathematician and astronomer, was born in Radlewo near Żnin in Greater Poland. His family and professional life was associated with Vilnius. From 1803, he was a professor of chemistry and medicine at the Principal School of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which then became the Imperial University of Vilnius. He was the author of the first chemistry textbook in Polish (1800) and an innovative work entitled Teoria jestestw organicznych (Theory of Organic Beings) (1804). The birthday of Jędrzej Śniadecki was celebrated in the three countries to which his fate was tied: Belarus, Lithuania and Poland. Celebrations in Poland: The year-long celebrations in Poland started on 28 January 2018 with a concert at the Main University Auditorium of the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań. It was organized by the PoznańSociety of Jędrzej Śniadecki, Karol Olszewski and Zygmunt Wróblewski. In March 2018, celebrations were inaugurated by the town of Żnin, with the event being attended by descendants of the Śniadecki family: Prof. Antonina Magdalena Śniadecki-‑Kotarska, Senator Piotr Łukasz Juliusz Andrzejewski and Krzysztof Śniadecki-Lempke. A lecture on Jędrzej Śniadecki and the Society of Rascals was delivered by Emilia Maria Iwaszkiewicz, PhD, from Vilnius University. The University of Science and Technology in Bydgoszcz (UTP) also commemorated the scholars it has chosen as its namesakes, that is Jan Śniadecki and Jędrzej Śniadecki. A report on the event and an article by Emilia M. Iwaszkiewicz, PhD, are available in Magazyn UTP Format 2.0 No. 3 from July 2018. In Kraków, during the 61st Scientific Meeting of the Polish Chemical Society, a session was organized entitled “Jędrzej Śniadecki and his legacy”. During the session, five papers were delivered which presented Jędrzej Śniadecki, his academic and journalistic output and memorabilia related to him. Celebrations in Lithuania: On 10 September 2018, Vilnius City Hall held a conference attended by Urszula Doroszewska, the Polish ambassador to Lithuania, and Edyta Tamošiūnaitė, the Deputy Mayor of Vilnius, as well as Polish and Lithuanian scholars. On 11–13 October 2018, at the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences was held the 4th Oxygenalia International Conference. Belarus: The memory of Jędrzej Śniadecki is also cherished in Belarus, especially in Gorodniki where he is buried and at the nearby school in Kolchuny, which houses a small museum commemorating him and other scholars with ties to this region.
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Wyka, Ewa. "Jędrzej Śniadecki i jego dziedzictwo. Sesja Nadzwyczajna podczas 61. Zjazdu Naukowego Polskiego Towarzystwa Chemicznego." Opuscula Musealia 26 (2020): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20843852.om.18.004.10997.
Full textAbstract:
Jędrzej Śniadecki and his legacy. Extraordinary Session at the 61st Scientific Meeting of the Polish Chemical Society The year 2018 marked the 250th birthday anniversary of Jędrzej Śniadecki (30 Nov 1768–11 May 1838), a renowned Polish chemist, doctor and columnist. Jędrzej, the younger brother of Jan Śniadecki, a Polish mathematician and astronomer, was born in Radlewo near Żnin in Greater Poland. His family and professional life was associated with Vilnius. From 1803, he was a professor of chemistry and medicine at the Principal School of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which then became the Imperial University of Vilnius. He was the author of the first chemistry textbook in Polish (1800) and an innovative work entitled Teoria jestestw organicznych (Theory of Organic Beings) (1804). The birthday of Jędrzej Śniadecki was celebrated in the three countries to which his fate was tied: Belarus, Lithuania and Poland. Celebrations in Poland: The year-long celebrations in Poland started on 28 January 2018 with a concert at the Main University Auditorium of the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań. It was organized by the PoznańSociety of Jędrzej Śniadecki, Karol Olszewski and Zygmunt Wróblewski. In March 2018, celebrations were inaugurated by the town of Żnin, with the event being attended by descendants of the Śniadecki family: Prof. Antonina Magdalena Śniadecki-‑Kotarska, Senator Piotr Łukasz Juliusz Andrzejewski and Krzysztof Śniadecki-Lempke. A lecture on Jędrzej Śniadecki and the Society of Rascals was delivered by Emilia Maria Iwaszkiewicz, PhD, from Vilnius University. The University of Science and Technology in Bydgoszcz (UTP) also commemorated the scholars it has chosen as its namesakes, that is Jan Śniadecki and Jędrzej Śniadecki. A report on the event and an article by Emilia M. Iwaszkiewicz, PhD, are available in Magazyn UTP Format 2.0 No. 3 from July 2018. In Kraków, during the 61st Scientific Meeting of the Polish Chemical Society, a session was organized entitled “Jędrzej Śniadecki and his legacy”. During the session, five papers were delivered which presented Jędrzej Śniadecki, his academic and journalistic output and memorabilia related to him. Celebrations in Lithuania: On 10 September 2018, Vilnius City Hall held a conference attended by Urszula Doroszewska, the Polish ambassador to Lithuania, and Edyta Tamošiūnaitė, the Deputy Mayor of Vilnius, as well as Polish and Lithuanian scholars. On 11–13 October 2018, at the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences was held the 4th Oxygenalia International Conference. Belarus: The memory of Jędrzej Śniadecki is also cherished in Belarus, especially in Gorodniki where he is buried and at the nearby school in Kolchuny, which houses a small museum commemorating him and other scholars with ties to this region.
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Zanetti, Cristiano. "Erudite Cultural Mediators and the Making of the Renaissance Polymath: The Case of Giorgio Fondulo and Janello Torriani." Renaissance and Reformation 39, no. 2 (July 27, 2016): 111–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/rr.v39i2.26856.
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Janello Torriani, also known by his Spanish name Juanelo Turriano (Cremona ca. 1500–Toledo 1585), was a blacksmith, locksmith, constructor of scientific instruments, famous inventor of mechanical devices, automata-maker, clockmaker to Emperor Charles V, hydraulic engineer, mathematician, star-gazer, bell-designer, surveyor, and author of mathematical treatises to King Philip II of Spain. He was especially famous for his amazing planetary clocks, which he both designed and physically crafted (thanks to the invention of the first known machine-tool to cut gears), and for his hydraulic device of Toledo, the first giant machine in history that elevated water over a slope of ninety metres a distance of three hundred meters. Given this multifaceted professional profile, Torriani has been considered a Renaissance polymath and a genius. This article goes beyond the anachronistic understanding of these two categories, which it deconstructs, by analyzing Torriani’s education and the context of the mathematical professions during the sixteenth century.
Janello Torriani, aussi connu sous le nom espagnol de Juanelo Turriano (Crémone c. 1500 – Tolède 1585) fut d’abord au service de l’empereur Charles Quint comme forgeron, serrurier, facteur d’instruments scientifiques, inventeur célèbre pour ses dispositifs mécaniques, constructeur d’automates et horloger ; au service du roi Philippe II d’Espagne, il fut ingénieur hydraulique, mathématicien, astronome, concepteur de cloches, arpenteur géomètre et auteur de traités de mathématiques. Il est surtout connu pour ses étonnantes horloges astronomiques qu’il a à la fois conçues et construites (grâce à l’invention des premières machines à couper les engrenages), et pour ses dispositifs hydrauliques de Tolède, dont la toute première machine permettant d’amener de l’eau vers le haut d’une pente sur une distance de 300 mètres. Pour ses multiples compétences professionnelles, Torriani est considéré comme un véritable polymathe et un génie de la Renaissance. Cet article cherche à dépasser une compréhension anachronique de ces deux catégories, qu’il pour déconstruit, en analysant la formation de Torriani et le contexte de la profession de mathématicien au XVIe siècle.
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Yasser Abdullah Al-Thubaiti. "The role of Arab and Muslim scientists in developing of mathematics: دور علماء العرب و المسلمين في تطوير علم الرياضيات." Arab Journal of Sciences & Research Publishing 2, no. 1 (March 30, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.26389/ajsrp.f21216.
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The article aimed to clarify the history of Arab and Muslim mathematicians and to clarify the most important scientific achievements that played an active role in the development of mathematics. The descriptive research was followed through research in scientific encyclopedias such as the Encyclopedia of Mathematics and related scientific references. The history of mathematicians from ancient times to the twentieth century was studied and the most important mathematicians who had clear and documented scientific achievements were emphasized. The article concluded that there is a great role for the Arab and Muslim scientists in establishing the mathematics of this age, which expressed complex and logical relations, and provided us with a framework to regulate the large amounts of information and data by computer. The researchers recommended the need to document the work of Arab and Muslim scientists in scientific encyclopedias in various fields .
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Laurinčikas, Antanas, and Vitolda Verikaitė. "Henrikas Jasiūnas – the founder of the museum of Lithuanian mathematicians." Lietuvos matematikos rinkinys 57 (December 20, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/lmr.b.2016.22.
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In the paper, a survey on the life and activity of the former and longtime chief of the Lithuanian museum of mathematicians Doc. Henrikas Jasiūnas (1925–2015) is given. The main directions of the museum work in variuos periods are shortly discussed, the public importance of this cultural institution is disclosed.
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Zakariah, Helmi. "A.I. in Islam: The Crossroad of A.I. and Islamic Teachings." International Journal of Human and Health Sciences (IJHHS), December 7, 2019, 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.31344/ijhhs.v0i0.127.
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Mankind in its historical narrative – almost always immodestly regards itself as the most intelligent among all God’s creation. Either through a self – label of “Homo Sapiens” (the wise men) or the dogma of being the Khalifah (leader) of the earth. But what does it mean by intelligence? What is the epistemology (origin) of our collective knowledge? And does it bring us closer to wisdom? These points that we commonly take for granted, must be examined continuously in our trending pursuit of translating (or, imposing) our thinking architecture to machine learning and Artificial Intelligence. From the origin of the commonly-used term “algorithm” in A.I. (spoiler: it was originally coined by a Muslim mathematician of the 9th century, of a similar-sounding name) to the interjunction of A.I. and the concept of Ihsan, this plenary intends to demystify A.I. and an attempt to harmonize this leap-of-faith tool, into a tool for the faithfulInternational Journal of Human and Health Sciences Supplementary Issue: 2019 Page: 9