Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Matières plastiques en plomberie – Détérioration'
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Barthélémy, Eric. "Interactions entre l'eau et le poly(chlorure de vinyle) chloré." Aix-Marseille 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX11015.
Full textHadid, Mohammed Abderahmane. "Conception d'un dispositif de mesure des charges injectées dans les polymères sous champ alternatif divergent : application au vieillissement électrique." Toulouse 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992TOU30249.
Full textCharlas, Mathieu. "Etude et durabilité de solutions de packaging polymère de module d'électronique de puissance à application aéronautique." Pau, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PAUU3023.
Full textThis study was related to Today’s development of airborne all-electrical actuators. We designed and studied a novel solution of environmental protection for power electronic component known as power modules. Through a technological study, we identified three main functions that are fulfilled by three different polymer materials. We first focus on the design of the electronic component thermoplastics outside shell. After a material selection work, we studied the physical and chemical behaviour evolution of the selected polymers after ageing in conditions close to the future aeronautical application. We used a cross-testing method, mixing rheological and spectral (FTIR and MNR) analyses. In the second part of this study, we dealt with the manufacturing process of the electronic device dielectrical silicone. For this particular framework, we developed a scientific methodology to investigate the cross-linking reaction and that consisted in characterising the evolution of the rheological properties along the material processing. The last issue was related to the design and study of a sealing solution for the power module. We start this assignment by on one hand selecting the suitable silicone adhesive and also defining its appropriate manufacturing process using a combination of rheological and calorimetrical studies. On the other hand, we defined the optimal conditions of a surface treatment used to improve the adherence of the materials. The ageing phenomena specific of the interfaces were characterised using adherence test know as “crown test” and that was designed to concentrate stress on the interface itself
Boyer, Séverine. "Contribution à l'étude du mécanisme d'endommagement de polymères thermoplastiques semi cristallins par décompression explosive de gaz : interactions gaz/ polymères à températures et pressions élevées." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003CLF21467.
Full textPierre, Nathalie. "Procédé d'injection-moulage : relations entre la phase de plastification et les propriétés des objets finis." Lyon 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LYO10295.
Full textPires, Isabelle. "Vieillissement dans l'antigel de matériaux composites polyamide-6,6 renforcé par des fibres de verre courtes." Montpellier 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MON20124.
Full textLongieras, Antoine. "Mise au point d'un milieu solide inerte pour l'étude de la biodégradation des polymères dans le compost." Reims, 2005. http://theses.univ-reims.fr/exl-doc/GED00000336.pdf.
Full textThe purpose of our research was to set up a vermiculite based inert solid medium which allows us to enhance reproductibility of biodegradation tests in compost, to simulate degradation of materials in compost and to establish carbon balance. In a first step, wheat starch has been used as a model biodegradable polymer and we have shown that degradation of this product in an inert solid medium was similar to the degradation in compost. A carbon balance has been established with a satisfactory accuracy. In a second step, we have applied the method to the degradation of synthetic biodegradable polymer such as PLA of PHB. A carbon extraction protocol based on PLA hydrolysis in NaOH has been proposed and we have followed the evolution of the various terms of the PLA degradation carbon balance, Biomass, carbon dioxide, soluble by-products and remaining polymer. A different protocol has been proposed of PHB based on biomass oxidation but it still needs some improvement. This work constitutes a first approach in polymer inert solid media degradation tests and it highlights the fundamental steps which further work should be focused on
Foulc, Marie-Pierre. "Etude du vieillissement hygrothermique de composites polyéthylène téréphtalate renforcés par des fibres de verre courtes." Montpellier 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON20179.
Full textPiroelle, Aurélien. "Identification de mécanismes d'apparition de défauts olfactifs dans un emballage alimentaire rigide à base de polylactide : effet de la mise en forme et de l'utilisation." Thesis, Lille 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL10169.
Full textThe work aimed at studying the formation risk of olfactive defects [Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) or odour emission] along the process and use of PLA-based rigid thermoformed food packaging. Consequently, the polymer was first extruded into sheets, and then thermoformed. Modification of the polymer from pellets, extruded sheets, to thermoformed trays was assessed according to two complementary approaches: (i) evaluation of PLA degradation by different physico-chemical, thermal and mechanical analyses; (ii) analysis of the emitted VOC by HS-SPME trapping method and identification by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. This approach was additionally completed by gas chromatography-olfactometry analysis, in order to confirm the sensorial effect of the volatile compounds on PLA odour. Moreover, PLA trays were tested according to EU normalized tests to prove that it can be used as a Food Contact Material This work showed that even a low level of degradation, which is almost undetectable by physico-chemical analyses, could lead to emission of potentially odorous VOCs, mainly lactides, acetaldehyde and 2,3-pentanedione. For a given PLA, the nature and the quantity of VOCs depend on the degradation level induced along the entire life-cycle of the polymer, but also on the thermal and processing history
Chateauminois, Antoine. "Comportement viscoélastique et tenue en fatigue statique de composites verre-époxy : influence du vieillissement hygrothermique." Lyon 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991LYO10242.
Full textZhang, Xiaohui. "Manufacturing of hemp/PP composites and study of its residual stress and aging behavior." Thesis, Troyes, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TROY0015/document.
Full textIn recent years composite materials based on natural fibers are more and more used for their new performances. Natural fibers propose attractive environmental, mechanical and thermal properties.In this work, we are firstly interested in hemp fibers. These fibers are already used in the automotive and construction industry. In Europe, these fibers are produced mainly in France and especially in Aube. To develop agro-composites with high performances, we have focused this thesis on hemp woven. We chose to elaborate the plates with hemp woven and a polypropylene matrix (PP) by compression molding. This work allows us to see the influence of elaboration conditions on the mechanical behavior of these agro-composites. This thesis also allows us to see the effect of aging conditions UV and humidity on the performance of these materials. Finally an analysis of residual stresses determined by the hole drilling method is proposed to see their effects on the agro-materials
Deroiné, Morgan. "Étude du vieillissement de biopolymères en milieu marin." Thesis, Lorient, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORIS354/document.
Full textPollution of nature by plastics is a major environmental problem and better management of the lifetime of polymers is a major challenge for the future. In recent years, bio-based and biodegradable polymers, such as polylactide (PLA), or polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) have appeared as an alternative solution in order to solve these problems. One of the limits remains the relative lack of knowledge of their lifetime and degradation behaviour in aqueous environments, and more specifically in the marine environment. In this study natural and accelerated ageing tests were performed under several conditions, distilled water, filtered and renewed seawater and natural seawater, at different temperatures, in order to decouple enzymatic and hydrolytic mechanisms. The aim of this study is to establish a baseline on degradation mechanisms and kinetics, in order to make lifetime predictions of biopolymer behaviour in seawater.Degradation phenomena have been identified. Biodegradation tests were also performed in a marine environment by following the release of CO2. Then, lifetime predictions of the properties of these biopolymers at seawater temperature were made using two different approaches
Landreau, Emmanuel. "Matériaux issus de ressources renouvelables. Mélanges amidon plastifié/PA11 compatibilisés." Reims, 2008. http://theses.univ-reims.fr/exl-doc/GED00000801.pdf.
Full textTo develop renewable resources based material, plasticized starch were blend with polyamide 11, a bio-based polymer from castor oil, to improve its mechanical properties and water resistance. Through the high polarity of the amide group, the blends need a compatibilizer to be efficient. The different molecules tested are polysaccharides with anionic groups known to interact with polyamide: sodium alginate, carraghenan and sodium carboxymethylcellulose. Tests runs in blender show that only sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) can improve blend tensile properties. Optimization of the plasticizer, the compatibilizer level and the blend process lead to a mainly starch based material (70%) with a high tensile strength (15 MPa) and elongation at break (130%) with only 1% of CMC. These materials were blends in a twin screw extruder to be studied. SEM, solvent extraction, rheology and electrical resistance mesurment show a continuous PA phase up to 80% of starch. The polysaccharide has a mainly nodular morphology with a partial percolation around 30% starch. Isolated nodules co-exist with a co-continous structure up very high starch content. CMC reduce interfacial tension and nodule size preventing their coalescence. Compostability test on blends, show that starch mineralization is complete whatever its concentration is, but PA remain resistant to biodegradation
Benard, Quentin. "Compréhension de l'influence des propriétés de surface sur l'adhésion de matériaux composites à matrice organique, lors de tests de cisaillement simples." Le Havre, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005LEHA0058.
Full textThis work is financially supported by a European project (FEDER), the region Haute Normandie and an industrial partnership in aeronautic field (AIRCELLE, SAFRAN group); its aim is to understand different phenomena governing adhesion in composite assemblies. The first part of this work is a bibliographic study on several adhesion phenomena. Then composite materials, manufacturing process and surface characterisations are introduced. The third part brings the first results on the influence of manufacturing and fibre reinforcement on composite adhesion. The two following parts take a special look at two specific surface treatment which are peel ply and excimer laser treatments. In the end, thermo-oxydative and hygrothermal ageing are studied in order to understand the potential influence of surface treatment on composite bonding. To sum up, the entire work is compiled in the conclusion where most of the elements can be used by the industrial
Han, Hongchang. "Study of agro-composite hemp/polypropylene : treatment of fibers, morphological and mechanical characterization." Thesis, Troyes, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TROY0002/document.
Full textUsing agro fiber as reinforcement of polymer com-posites attracts numerous investigations due to the good mechanical properties and environmental benefits. Prior to blend agro fiber with polymer, chemical treatment can be employed to treat agro fiber for the purpose of reducing the hydrophilicity of fiber and improving the interfacial adhesion fi-ber/polymer matrix. In this thesis, water and alkali are utilized to treat hemp fiber firstly and then three silane agent as 3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacry-late (MPS), N-[3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propyl]aniline (PAPS) and (3-Aminopropyl)-triethoxysilane (APS) are employed to modify the hemp fiber surface. These treated or modified fibers are blended respectively with polypropylene (PP) to fabricate the hemp fiber/PP composites. The effects of these different treatments on the structure, components and hydro-philicity of fiber, and the mechanical properties of the reinforced PP composites are studied. Moreover, the accelerated ageing experiments including humidity, temperature and ultraviolet of the reinforced PP composites are conducted. The results showed that the fiber treatment of water and alkali has a considerable effect on fiber structure, mechanical properties and durability of the reinforced compo-sites. The silane agent modification of fiber has less influence on the fiber structure but its functional group has great influence on the mechanical proper-ties and ageing resistance of the reinforced compo-sites
Boucher, Virginie. "Élaboration de polymères nanocomposites transparents : relations structure/propriétés." Thesis, Lille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LIL10161/document.
Full textThis study deals with the preparation of transparent polycarbonate nanocomposites for industrial applications such as optical lenses or automotive glazing. Incorporating nanoparticles to polycarbonate matrix aimed to improve some of its properties such as stiffness, dimensional stability, or scratch resistance, while maintaining intrinsic properties such as its transparency. Polycarbonate nanocomposites transparency depends on one hand on mineral partic/es diameter and refractive index, and on the other hand on the good dispersion of particles in polymer matrix. Therefore, different types of mineral fillers were selected and incorporated in polycarbonate matrix. The evaluation of mechanical and optical properties of these nanocomposites permitted not only to refine particles selection, but also to highlight polycarbonate degradation during compounding with nanofillers. ln order to optimize materials performances, a thorough study of degradation mechanisms was carried out, and the nanocomposites preparation process was modified so as to Iimit polycarbonate degradation in presence of mineral fillers. Lastly, in a more general framework, the reinforcement mechanisms involved in nanocomposite materials were investigated, and showed the existence of correlations between materials structure and properties, and the effect of mineral fi/lers on polycarbonate molecular dynamics
Julienne, Fanon. "Fragmentation des plastiques : effet de l’environnement et de la nature du polymère sur la taille et la forme des fragments générés." Thesis, Le Mans, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LEMA1033.
Full textPlastic wastes have been accumulating for several decades in the oceans where they break up into particles called microplastics when their size is less than 5 mm. These microplastics are found in all earth’s waters, in sediments and in many marine organisms. Their long-term physico-chemical fate and their possible fragmentation into nanoplastics are complex, still poorly documented and require laboratory studies.In order to understand the processes related to photodegradation and fragmentation of polymers, but also in order to understand the evolution of these fragments during irradiation, an accelerated aging protocol in abiotic conditions has been set up. The oxidation and fragmentation of two model polymers, low density polyethylene and polypropylene, were monitored using spectroscopic techniques (InfraRed, Raman), DSC, contact angles and microscopic technics (light microscopy, polarized light, SEM, AFM ...).This work has demonstrated a significant influence of the environment and the initial morphology of the polymers on their kinetics of aging and cracking mechanisms. This lead to significantly different distributions in numbers, sizes and shapes of the generated fragments. Moreover, after a long time of irradiaiton, other degradation products could be detected but the significant production of nanoplastics has not been demonstrated. The possibility of a size limit below which the fragmentation rate of plastics would strongly decrease should be considered
Cerdan, Florent. "Etude du vieillissement hydrique et des effets de couplages hygro-thermo-mécaniques sur le comportement d'une mousse polyuréthane renforcée par des fibres de verre au sein d'une membrane Mark III." Thesis, Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, Ecole nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ESMA0028/document.
Full textThe insulation of containment membrane of liquid natural gas carrier using the MarkIII membrane system, consists of load-bearing system made of panels in glass fiber reinforced polyurethane foam. The membrane is designed to resist to mechanical and thermal service load cases. As stated by IGC code regulation, and more specifically in some critical safety scenario, it has to be demonstrated that the cargo containment system will keep its integrity and main functions when subjected to water leakage through the inner hull wall (ballast).The challenge of this study is to appreciate the behavior of the reinforced polyurethane foam in immersion, which could widen the understanding of both water diffusion mechanisms and the impact of water penetration on the properties of the material.The setting up of water sorption tests at ambient temperature, according to three conditioning "free", "blocked" and "coupled" has allowed to identify a swelling law, a loading law and a damage law.In "free" conditioning, the cellular structure and the orientation of glass fibers in XY planes induce an anisotropic hygro-mechanical coupling. The swelling of Z direction has an important impact on the water solubility levels.In "blocked" conditioning, the blocking of the displacement of the faces perpendicular to the Z direction induces an increase in the internal stress levels as a function of the progression of the penetration front. In "coupled" conditioning, the sequence of the water aging and the cryogenic aging causes several damages. The damage degree is proportional to the hygroscopic swelling level of the cellular structure.The impact of these different conditionings on the durability of the material mechanical properties has been evaluated
Lago, Wowro Rosine Sonia. "Etude du vieillissement des copolymères d'éthylène et de norbornène." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS556/document.
Full textThe aim of this thesis work was to study different ages of copolymers of ethylene and norbornene (ENC), used as packaging of pharmaceutical products. Thanks to the analytical strategy adopted using different characterization techniques, such as separation techniques such as size exclusion chromatography, reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography, spectral techniques including infrared spectroscopy transforming of Fourier and UV spectroscopy, thermal analysis techniques through thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry, and then a toxicity study of degradation products, we were able to highlight different types of modifications in the volume of the material after aging. The main modification in the bulk of the material, observed at the prescribed sterilization dose (25 kGy), is the cleavage of the polymer chains, which is accompanied by the creation of compounds with low molar masses, and therefore potential migrants, which are likely to influence ENC job security. Then for high doses of radiation (150 kGy) and for 500h UV exposure, there is the crosslinking of the chains. The presence of the additive (the phenolic antioxidant Irganox 1010®) prevents the creation of MBMM after aging. However, in the absence of an additive, aging generates new CBMMs. However, the toxicity study shows some toxicity at 150 kGy of the ENC
Heman, Marie-Barbara. "Contribution à l'étude des interphases et de leur comportement au vieillissement hygrothermique dans les systèmes à matrice thermodurcissable renforcés de fibres de verre." Phd thesis, Université du Sud Toulon Var, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00348059.
Full textPelzer, Quentin. "Étude du vieillissement des isolants synthétiques des câbles moyenne tension "HTA"." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAI033.
Full textDue to its outstanding thermal and dielectric properties, XLPE (Chemically Crosslinked Polyethylene) is commonly used as a base material for manufacturing the electrical insulating jacket of MV cables. With a view to improve the reliability of these cables, aging studies have been carried out under different stress conditions (temperature, humidity, tension) on the different constituting layers, and in particular on the XLPE insulating one.First of all, we have identified several chemical and physical markers that can provide information on the aging degree of the XLPE insulation from MV cables. These different markers are representative of a degradation at different scales (molecular, microscopic and macroscopic) and they can be used to establish a diagnosis on an electrical cable, and thus evaluate its general state of degradation. Among these markers, the existence of a polar species’ migration phenomenon from semiconductors to the insulating layer had particularly attracted our attention. Additional analyzes were thus conducted to gain more insight on this phenomenon.Then, we have determined the impact of simultaneous thermal and electrical stresses on physico-chemical and dielectric properties of the XLPE insulating material. The physico-chemical analyzes have demonstrated that the addition of an important tension did not affect the oxidation and diffusion phenomena previously identified. Aging under high stress allowed us to identify a special signal in dielectric spectroscopy. The identification of such a signal could be used to anticipate cable breakdowns on the power grid. In addition, we were successful in establishing a clear link between some chemical markers and the degradation of the insulator dielectric properties in the case of extreme ageing conditions
Gregoire, Sylvain. "Etude et optimisation de la méthode LIBS (Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy) pour l'identification de matériaux organiques appliquée au recyclage des plastiques et à la conservation du patrimoine." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01062281.
Full textZahour, Selim. "Performances de fibres synthétiques issues du recyclage. Role des propriétés aux interfaces sur le comportements au temps et à l'usage." Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMR019/document.
Full textWe focused on physical ageing of a non-woven produced by recycled fibers from plastic bottles. This non-woven is produced by drylaid-textile process and is used for building thermal insulation. Two networks are visible and structural relaxation has been investigated through the study of evolution of one fiber skin part with different couple time, temperature. Physical ageing of polymers can be followed by structural relaxation process. We showed that structural relaxation process is very long for temperatures of use far from glass transition temperature. Same results have been shown on the global non-woven stored in non-insulated box governed by Normandy weather. The combination of the two previous results reinforce our basic idea ; the insulator properties variation will be stable for long time only if temperature of use is far from glass transition temperature