Journal articles: 'Mating type gene'

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최종수, 신동훈, 최진화, 김병수, and 김연웅. "Mating Type Analysis of Dermatophytes using Mating Type Gene." Korean Journal of Medical Mycology 20, no. 3 (September 2015): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17966/kjmm.2015.20.3.53.

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Haber, James E. "MATING-TYPE GENE SWITCHING INSACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE." Annual Review of Genetics 32, no. 1 (December 1998): 561–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.genet.32.1.561.

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Varga, János. "Mating type gene homologues in Aspergillus fumigatus." Microbiology 149, no. 4 (April 1, 2003): 816–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.c0113-0.

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Haber, J. "Mating-type gene switching in Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Trends in Genetics 8, no. 1 (1992): 446–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9525(92)90178-7.

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Haber, James E. "Mating-type gene switching in Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Trends in Genetics 8, no. 12 (December 1992): 446–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9525(92)90329-3.

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Wilken, P. Markus, Emma T. Steenkamp, Michael J. Wingfield, Z. Wilhelm de Beer, and Brenda D. Wingfield. "Which MAT gene? Pezizomycotina (Ascomycota) mating-type gene nomenclature reconsidered." Fungal Biology Reviews 31, no. 4 (September 2017): 199–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fbr.2017.05.003.

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Gu, Yu-Huan, and Wen-Hsiung Ko. "Evidence for mitochondrial gene control of mating types in Phytophthora." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 51, no. 11 (November 1, 2005): 934–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w05-073.

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When protoplasts carrying metalaxyl-resistant (Mr) nuclei from the A1 isolate of Phytophthora parasitica were fused with protoplasts carrying chloroneb-resistant (Cnr) nuclei from the A2 isolate of the same species, fusion products carrying Mr nuclei were either the A2 or A1A2 type, while those carrying Cnr nuclei were the A1, A2, or A1A2 type. Fusion products carrying Mr and Cnr nuclei also behaved as the A1, A2, or A1A2 type. The result refutes the hypothesis that mating types in Phytophthora are controlled by nuclear genes. When nuclei from the A1 isolate of P. parasitica were fused with protoplasts from the A2 isolate of the same species and vice versa, all of the nuclear hybrids expressed the mating type characteristics of the protoplast parent. The same was true when the nuclei from the A1 isolate of P. parasitica were fused with the protoplasts from the A0 isolate of Phytophthora capsici and vice versa. These results confirm the observation that mating type genes are not located in the nuclei and suggest the presence of mating type genes in the cytoplasms of the recipient protoplasts. When mitochondria from the A1 isolate of P. parasitica were fused with protoplasts from the A2 isolate of the same species, the mating type of three out of five regenerated protoplasts was changed to the A1 type. The result demonstrated the decisive effect of mitochondrial donor sexuality on mating type characteristics of mitochondrial hybrids and suggested the presence of mating type genes in mitochondria. All of the mitochondrial hybrids resulting from the transfer of mitochondria from the A0 isolate of P. capsici into protoplasts from the A1 isolate of P. parasitica were all of the A0 type. The result supports the hypothesis of the presence of mating type genes in mitochondria in Phytophthora.Key words: mating type, mitochondrial gene, Phytophthora parasitica, Phytophthora capsici.

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Kano, Rui, Erina Yoshida, Takashi Yaguchi, Vit Hubka, Kazushi Anzawa, Takashi Mochizuki, Atsuhiko Hasegawa, and Hiroshi Kamata. "Mating Type Gene (MAT1-2) of Trichophyton verrucosum." Mycopathologia 177, no. 1-2 (January 11, 2014): 87–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11046-013-9722-4.

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Foulongne-Oriol, Marie, Ozgur Taskent, Ursula Kües, Anton S. M. Sonnenberg, Arend F. van Peer, and Tatiana Giraud. "Mating-Type Locus Organization and Mating-Type Chromosome Differentiation in the Bipolar Edible Button Mushroom Agaricus bisporus." Genes 12, no. 7 (July 16, 2021): 1079. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12071079.

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In heterothallic basidiomycete fungi, sexual compatibility is restricted by mating types, typically controlled by two loci: PR, encoding pheromone precursors and pheromone receptors, and HD, encoding two types of homeodomain transcription factors. We analysed the single mating-type locus of the commercial button mushroom variety, Agaricus bisporus var. bisporus, and of the related variety burnettii. We identified the location of the mating-type locus using genetic map and genome information, corresponding to the HD locus, the PR locus having lost its mating-type role. We found the mip1 and β-fg genes flanking the HD genes as in several Agaricomycetes, two copies of the β-fg gene, an additional HD2 copy in the reference genome of A. bisporus var. bisporus and an additional HD1 copy in the reference genome of A. bisporus var. burnettii. We detected a 140 kb-long inversion between mating types in an A. bisporus var. burnettii heterokaryon, trapping the HD genes, the mip1 gene and fragments of additional genes. The two varieties had islands of transposable elements at the mating-type locus, spanning 35 kb in the A. bisporus var. burnettii reference genome. Linkage analyses showed a region with low recombination in the mating-type locus region in the A. bisporus var. burnettii variety. We found high differentiation between β-fg alleles in both varieties, indicating an ancient event of recombination suppression, followed more recently by a suppression of recombination at the mip1 gene through the inversion in A. bisporus var. burnettii and a suppression of recombination across whole chromosomes in A. bisporus var. bisporus, constituting stepwise recombination suppression as in many other mating-type chromosomes and sex chromosomes.

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Witthuhn, R. C., T. C. Harrington, B. D. Wingfield, J. P. Steimel, and M. J. Wingfield. "Deletion of the MAT- 2 mating-type gene during uni-directional mating-type switching in Ceratocystis." Current Genetics 38, no. 1 (July 5, 2000): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002940000131.

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Wongwisansri, Sriwan, Peerada Promdonkoy, Somsak Likhitrattanapisal, Piyanun Harnpichanchai, Kazuhito Fujiyama, Yoshinobu Kaneko, Lily Eurwilaichitr, Supawadee Ingsriswang, and Sutipa Tanapongpipat. "Mating-type switching and mating-type gene array expression in the methylotrophic yeast Ogataea thermomethanolica TBRC656." Microbiological Research 232 (February 2020): 126372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micres.2019.126372.

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Pearce, Tamieka L., Jason B. Scott, Frank S. Hay, and Sarah J. Pethybridge. "Mating-Type Gene Structure and Spatial Distribution of Didymella tanaceti in Pyrethrum Fields." Phytopathology® 106, no. 12 (December 2016): 1521–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-01-16-0038-r.

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Tan spot of pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium) is caused by the ascomycete Didymella tanaceti. To assess the evolutionary role of ascospores in the assumed asexual species, the structure and arrangement of mating-type (MAT) genes were examined. A single MAT1-1 or MAT1-2 idiomorph was identified in all isolates examined, indicating that the species is heterothallic. The idiomorphs were flanked upstream and downstream by regions encoding pyridoxamine phosphate oxidase-like and DNA lyase-like proteins, respectively. A multiplex MAT-specific polymerase chain reaction assay was developed and used to genotype 325 isolates collected within two transects in each of four fields in Tasmania, Australia. The ratio of isolates of each mating-type in each transect was consistent with a 1:1 ratio. The spatial distribution of the isolates of the two mating-types within each transect was random for all except one transect for MAT1-1 isolates, indicating that clonal patterns of each mating-type were absent. However, evidence of a reduced selection pressure on MAT1-1 isolates was observed, with a second haplotype of the MAT1-1-1 gene identified in 4.4% of MAT1-1 isolates. In vitro crosses between isolates with opposite mating-types failed to produce ascospores. Although the sexual morph could not be induced, the occurrence of both mating-types in equal frequencies suggested that a cryptic sexual mode of reproduction may occur within field populations.

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Moore, T. D., and J. C. Edman. "The alpha-mating type locus of Cryptococcus neoformans contains a peptide pheromone gene." Molecular and Cellular Biology 13, no. 3 (March 1993): 1962–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.13.3.1962.

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The opportunistic fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans has two mating types, MATa and MAT alpha. The MAT alpha strains are more virulent. Mating of opposite mating type haploid yeast cells results in the production of a filamentous hyphal phase. The MAT alpha locus has been isolated in this study in order to identify the genetic differences between mating types and their contribution to virulence. A 138-bp fragment of MAT alpha-specific DNA which cosegregates with alpha-mating type was isolated by using a difference cloning method. Overlapping phage and cosmid clones spanning the entire MAT alpha locus were isolated by using this MAT alpha-specific fragment as a probe. Mapping of these clones physically defined the MAT alpha locus to a 35- to 45-kb region which is present only in MAT alpha strains. Transformation studies with fragments of the MAT alpha locus identified a 2.1-kb XbaI-HindIII fragment that directs starvation-induced filament formation in MATa cells but not in MAT alpha cells. This 2.1-kb fragment contains a gene, MF alpha, with a small open reading frame encoding a pheromone precursor similar to the lipoprotein mating factors found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Ustilago maydis, and Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The ability of the MATa cells to express, process, and secrete the MAT alpha pheromone in response to starvation suggests similar mechanisms for these processes in both cell types. These results also suggest that the production of pheromone is under a type of nutritional control shared by the two cell types.

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Moore, T. D., and J. C. Edman. "The alpha-mating type locus of Cryptococcus neoformans contains a peptide pheromone gene." Molecular and Cellular Biology 13, no. 3 (March 1993): 1962–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.13.3.1962-1970.1993.

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The opportunistic fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans has two mating types, MATa and MAT alpha. The MAT alpha strains are more virulent. Mating of opposite mating type haploid yeast cells results in the production of a filamentous hyphal phase. The MAT alpha locus has been isolated in this study in order to identify the genetic differences between mating types and their contribution to virulence. A 138-bp fragment of MAT alpha-specific DNA which cosegregates with alpha-mating type was isolated by using a difference cloning method. Overlapping phage and cosmid clones spanning the entire MAT alpha locus were isolated by using this MAT alpha-specific fragment as a probe. Mapping of these clones physically defined the MAT alpha locus to a 35- to 45-kb region which is present only in MAT alpha strains. Transformation studies with fragments of the MAT alpha locus identified a 2.1-kb XbaI-HindIII fragment that directs starvation-induced filament formation in MATa cells but not in MAT alpha cells. This 2.1-kb fragment contains a gene, MF alpha, with a small open reading frame encoding a pheromone precursor similar to the lipoprotein mating factors found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Ustilago maydis, and Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The ability of the MATa cells to express, process, and secrete the MAT alpha pheromone in response to starvation suggests similar mechanisms for these processes in both cell types. These results also suggest that the production of pheromone is under a type of nutritional control shared by the two cell types.

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Yeager, Randi, G. Guy Bushkin, Emily Singer, Rui Fu, Benjamin Cooperman, and Michael McMurray. "Post-Transcriptional Control of Mating-Type Gene Expression during Gametogenesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Biomolecules 11, no. 8 (August 17, 2021): 1223. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom11081223.

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Gametogenesis in diploid cells of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae produces four haploid meiotic products called spores. Spores are dormant until nutrients trigger germination, when they bud asexually or mate to return to the diploid state. Each sporulating diploid produces a mix of spores of two haploid mating types, a and α. In asexually dividing haploids, the mating types result from distinct, mutually exclusive gene expression programs responsible for production of mating pheromones and the receptors to sense them, all of which are silent in diploids. It was assumed that spores only transcribe haploid- and mating-type-specific genes upon germination. We find that dormant spores of each mating type harbor transcripts representing all these genes, with the exception of Mata1, which we found to be enriched in a spores. Mata1 transcripts, from a rare yeast gene with two introns, were mostly unspliced. If the retained introns reflect tethering to the MATa locus, this could provide a mechanism for biased inheritance. Translation of pheromones and receptors were repressed at least until germination. We find antisense transcripts to many mating genes that may be responsible. These findings add to the growing number of examples of post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression during gametogenesis.

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Kano, Rui. "Classification of Dermatophytes by Mating Type (MAT) Gene Analysis." Medical Mycology Journal 53, no. 3 (2012): 175–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3314/mmj.53.175.

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Xu, Jianping, Richard W. Kerrigan, Paul A. Horgen, and James B. Anderson. "Localization of the Mating Type Gene in Agaricus bisporus." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 59, no. 9 (1993): 3044–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.59.9.3044-3049.1993.

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Hiruma, Junichiro, Rui Kano, Utako Kimura, Kenji Takamori, Yasushi Suga, Masataro Hiruma, Atsuhiko Hasegawa, and Ryoji Tsuboi. "Mating type gene for isolates ofTrichophyton mentagrophytesfrom guinea pigs." Journal of Dermatology 41, no. 8 (August 2014): 743–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1346-8138.12575.

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Robertson, C. Ian, Kirk A. Bartholomew, Charles P. Novotny, and Robert C. Ullrich. "Deletion of the Schizophyllum commune Aα Locus: The Roles of Aα Y and Z Mating-Type Genes." Genetics 144, no. 4 (December 1, 1996): 1437–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/144.4.1437.

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The Aα locus is one of four master regulatory loci that determine mating type and regulate sexual development in Schizophyllum commune. We have made a plasmid containing a URA1 gene disruption of the Aα Y1 gene. Y1 is the sole Aα gene in Aα1 strains. We used the plasmid construction to produce an Aα null (i.e., AαΔ) strain by replacing the genomic Y1 gene with URA1 in an Aα1 strain. To characterize the role of the Aα genes in the regulation of sexual development, we transformed various Aα Y and Z alleles into AαΔ strains and examined the acquired mating types and mating abilities of the transformants. These experiments demonstrate that the Aα Y gene is not essential for fungal viability and growth, that a solitary Z Aα mating-type gene does not itself activate development, that Aβ proteins are sufficient to activate the A developmental pathway in the absence of Aα proteins and confirm that Y and Z genes are the sole determinants of Aα mating type. The data from these experiments support and refine our model of the regulation of A-pathway events by Y and Z proteins.

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Fields, S., and I. Herskowitz. "Regulation by the yeast mating-type locus of STE12, a gene required for cell-type-specific expression." Molecular and Cellular Biology 7, no. 10 (October 1987): 3818–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.7.10.3818.

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The STE12 gene of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is necessary for RNA synthesis from two sets of cell-type-specific genes. We isolated a recombinant plasmid that carries the STE12 gene by complementation of the mating defect of ste12 cells. The DNA of the cloned gene was used to disrupt the chromosomal STE12 gene and to identify the STE12 transcript. We show that the STE12 transcript level is repressed 5- to 10-fold in a/alpha cells. The STE12 product thus acts to promote diploidy by activating expression of the two sets of genes necessary for mating, and then its synthesis is repressed by products unique to the diploid cell type.

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Fields, S., and I. Herskowitz. "Regulation by the yeast mating-type locus of STE12, a gene required for cell-type-specific expression." Molecular and Cellular Biology 7, no. 10 (October 1987): 3818–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.7.10.3818-3821.1987.

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The STE12 gene of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is necessary for RNA synthesis from two sets of cell-type-specific genes. We isolated a recombinant plasmid that carries the STE12 gene by complementation of the mating defect of ste12 cells. The DNA of the cloned gene was used to disrupt the chromosomal STE12 gene and to identify the STE12 transcript. We show that the STE12 transcript level is repressed 5- to 10-fold in a/alpha cells. The STE12 product thus acts to promote diploidy by activating expression of the two sets of genes necessary for mating, and then its synthesis is repressed by products unique to the diploid cell type.

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Klix, V., M. Nowrousian, C. Ringelberg, J. J. Loros, J. C. Dunlap, and S. Pöggeler. "Functional Characterization of MAT1-1-Specific Mating-Type Genes in the Homothallic Ascomycete Sordaria macrospora Provides New Insights into Essential and Nonessential Sexual Regulators." Eukaryotic Cell 9, no. 6 (April 30, 2010): 894–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.00019-10.

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ABSTRACT Mating-type genes in fungi encode regulators of mating and sexual development. Heterothallic ascomycete species require different sets of mating-type genes to control nonself-recognition and mating of compatible partners of different mating types. Homothallic (self-fertile) species also carry mating-type genes in their genome that are essential for sexual development. To analyze the molecular basis of homothallism and the role of mating-type genes during fruiting-body development, we deleted each of the three genes, SmtA-1 (MAT1-1-1), SmtA-2 (MAT1-1-2), and SmtA-3 (MAT1-1-3), contained in the MAT1-1 part of the mating-type locus of the homothallic ascomycete species Sordaria macrospora. Phenotypic analysis of deletion mutants revealed that the PPF domain protein-encoding gene SmtA-2 is essential for sexual reproduction, whereas the α domain protein-encoding genes SmtA-1 and SmtA-3 play no role in fruiting-body development. By means of cross-species microarray analysis using Neurospora crassa oligonucleotide microarrays hybridized with S. macrospora targets and quantitative real-time PCR, we identified genes expressed under the control of SmtA-1 and SmtA-2. Both genes are involved in the regulation of gene expression, including that of pheromone genes.

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Casselton, Lorna A., and Natalie S. Olesnicky. "Molecular Genetics of Mating Recognition in Basidiomycete Fungi." Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 62, no. 1 (March 1, 1998): 55–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.62.1.55-70.1998.

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SUMMARY The recognition of compatible mating partners in the basidiomycete fungi requires the coordinated activities of two gene complexes defined as the mating-type genes. One complex encodes members of the homeobox family of transcription factors, which heterodimerize on mating to generate an active transcription regulator. The other complex encodes peptide pheromones and 7-transmembrane receptors that permit intercellular signalling. Remarkably, a single species may have many thousands of cross-compatible mating types because the mating-type genes are multiallelic. Different alleles of both sets of genes are necessary for mating compatibility, and they trigger the initial stages of sexual development—the formation of a specialized filamentous mycelium termed the dikaryon, in which the haploid nuclei remain closely associated in each cell but do not fuse. Three species have been taken as models to describe the molecular structure and organization of the mating-type loci and the genes sequestered within them: the pathogenic smut fungus Ustilago maydis and the mushrooms Coprinus cinereus and Schizophyllum commune. Topics addressed in this review are the roles of the mating-type gene products in regulating sexual development, the molecular basis for multiple mating types, and the molecular interactions that permit different allelic products of the mating type genes to be discriminated. Attention is drawn to the remarkable conservation in the mechanisms that regulate sexual development in basidiomycetes and unicellular ascomycete yeasts, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe, a theme which is developed in the general conclusion to include the filamentous ascomycetes Neurospora crassa and Podospora anserina.

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Parvanov, Emil, Juerg Kohli, and Katja Ludin. "The Mating-Type-Related Bias of Gene Conversion inSchizosaccharomyces pombe." Genetics 180, no. 4 (October 9, 2008): 1859–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/genetics.108.093005.

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Shen, Guang-Ping, Dong-Chul Park, Robert C. Ullrich, and Charles P. Novotny. "Cloning and characterization of aSchizophyllum gene withAβ6 mating-type activity." Current Genetics 29, no. 2 (January 1996): 136–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02221577.

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Fujioka, H. "A mating-type-specific sterility gene mapl is required for transcription of a mating-type gene mat1-Pi in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe." FEMS Microbiology Letters 60, no. 1 (July 1, 1989): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1097(89)90075-x.

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Turgeon, B. Gillian, Amir Sharon, Stefan Wirsel, Kenichi Yamaguchi, Solveig K. Christiansen, and Olen C. Yoder. "Structure and function of mating type genes in Cochliobolus spp. and asexual fungi." Canadian Journal of Botany 73, S1 (December 31, 1995): 778–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-322.

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Mating type (MAT) genes of Cochliobolus heterostrophus have homologs in other heterothallic Cochliobolus spp., in homothallic Cochliobolus spp., and in asexual fungi thought to be taxonomically related to Cochliobolus (e.g., Bipolaris spp.). To examine the cause of asexuality in B. sacchari, its homolog of C. heterostrophus MAT-2 was cloned. The B. sacchari sequence was 98% identical to that of C. heterostrophus MAT-2, the gene conferred homothallism when expressed in a C. heterostrophus MAT-1 strain, and transgenic strains mated with C. heterostrophus MAT-1. Thus the cause of asexuality in B. sacchari is not absence or lack of a functional MAT gene. When the C. heterostrophus MAT genes were expressed in B. sacchari, however, no sexual development occurred, suggesting that this asexual fungus lacks an attribute, other than the mating type gene, which is required for mating. Although cloned MAT genes function upon transformation into recipient strains, they do not confer full fertility. When an homologous or heterologous (e.g., from C. carbonum, C. victoriae, or B. sacchari) MAT gene is transferred into a C. heterostrophus strain of opposite mating type, the strain can self and cross to tester strains of either mating type. However, any transgenic strain carrying both a resident MAT gene and an homologous or heterologous MAT transgene develops normal perithecia but few ascospores in a cross that requires function of the transgene. To determine if the resident MAT gene interferes with function of the transgene, the MAT locus was deleted from the genome of C. heterostrophus and then replaced with the MAT gene of C. heterostrophus, C. carbonum, C. victoriae, or B. sacchari. Interference was eliminated and abundant ascospores were formed when the four transgenic strains were crossed to C. heterostrophus strains of opposite mating type. Key words: asexual fungi, DNA-binding proteins, heterologous expression, transformation.

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Kang, S., F. G. Chumley, and B. Valent. "Isolation of the mating-type genes of the phytopathogenic fungus Magnaporthe grisea using genomic subtraction." Genetics 138, no. 2 (October 1, 1994): 289–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/138.2.289.

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Abstract Using genomic subtraction, we isolated the mating-type genes (Mat1-1 and Mat1-2) of the rice blast fungus, Magnaporthe grisea. Transformation of M. grisea strains of one mating type with a linearized cosmid clone carrying the opposite mating-type gene resulted in many "dual maters," strains that contain both mating-type genes and successfully mate with Mat1-1 and Mat1-2 testers. Dual maters differed in the frequency of production of perithecia in pure culture. Ascospores isolated from these homothallic crosses were either Mat1-1 or Mat1-2, but there were no dual maters. Most conidia from dual maters also had one or the other of the mating-type genes, but not both. Thus, dual maters appear to lose one of the mating-type genes during vegetative growth. The incidence of self-mating in dual maters appears to depend on the co-occurrence of strains with each mating type in vegetative cultures. In rare transformants, the incoming sequences had replaced the resident mating-type gene. Nearly isogenic pairs produced from three M. grisea laboratory strains were mated to investigate their fertility. One transformant with switched mating type appears to have a mutation that impairs the development of asci when its mating partner has a similar genetic background. The M. grisea Mat1-1 and Mat1-2 genes are idiomorphs approximately 2.5 and 3.5 kb in length, respectively.

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Yabana, N., and M. Yamamoto. "Schizosaccharomyces pombe map1+ encodes a MADS-box-family protein required for cell-type-specific gene expression." Molecular and Cellular Biology 16, no. 7 (July 1996): 3420–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.16.7.3420.

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We cloned the Schizosaccharomyces pombe map1 gene by virtue of its ability to stimulate transcription of the sxa2 gene, which encodes a carboxypeptidase expressed specifically in h- cells in response to mating-pheromone signaling. The cloned gene had a coding capacity of 398 amino acids split by two introns, and the deduced product was a protein of the MADS box family. This gene was most similar to Saccharomyces cerevisiae MCM1, which regulates cell-type-specific gene expression in budding yeast cells. Disruption of the S. pombe gene did not affect vegetative cell growth but conferred sterility. It blocked the mating ability of h+ cells completely and that of h- cells partially. Genetic and sequencing analysis indicated that the cloned gene is map1], which was originally defined by a mutation that caused h+-speciftic sterility. Northern (RNA) blot analysis showed that the function of map1 is absolutely essential for the expression of h+-specific genes and is required for the full activation of h--specific gene expression. Overexpression of map1 resulted in enhanced transcription of cell-type-specilic genes, but the range of genes affected by Map1 was restricted by the mating type of the cell. Results of yeast two-hybrid analysis suggested that Map1 may physically interact with Mat1-Pc, the product of the h(+)-specific mating-type gene mat1-Pc. On the basis of these observations, we speculate that Map1 may be a transcriptional regulator of cell-type-specific genes similar to S. cerevisiae MCM1, whose activity is modulated by the oil and alpha2 mating-type gene products.

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Lee, Robert W., and Claude Lemieux. "BIPARENTAL INHERITANCE OF NON-MENDELIAN GENE MARKERS IN CHLAMYDOMONAS MOEWUSII." Genetics 113, no. 3 (July 1, 1986): 589–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/113.3.589.

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ABSTRACT The first two non-Mendelian gene mutations to be identified in Chlamydomonas moewusii are described. These putative chloroplast gene mutations include one for resistance to streptomycin (sr-nM1) and one for resistance to erythromycin (er-nM1). In one- and two-factor reciprocal crosses, usually over 90% of the germinating zygospores transmitted these mutations and their wild-type alternatives from both parents (biparental zygospores); the remaining zygospores transmitted exclusively the non-Mendelian markers of the mating-type "plus" parent. Among the biparental zygospores, a strong bias in the transmission of non-Mendelian alleles from the mating-type "plus" parent was indicated by an excess of meiotic and postmeiotic mitotic progeny that were homoplasmic for non-Mendelian alleles from this parent compared to those that were homoplasmic for the non-Mendelian alleles from the mating-type "minus" parent. At best, weak linkage was detected between the sr-nM1 and er-nM1 loci. Non-Mendelian, chloroplast gene markers in Chlamydomonas eugametos and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii showed a predominantly uniparental mode of transmission from the mating-type "plus" parent in crosses performed under the same conditions used for the C. moewusii crosses.

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Jacobson, David J. "Control of mating type heterokaryon incompatibility by the tol gene in Neurospora crassa and N. tetrasperma." Genome 35, no. 2 (April 1, 1992): 347–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g92-053.

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The mating-type of Neurospora crassa (A and a) have a dual function: A and a individuals are required for sexual reproduction, but only strains of the same mating type will form a stable vegetative heterokaryon. Neurospora tetrasperma, in contrast, is a naturally occurring A + a heterokaryon. It was shown previously that the mating-type genes of both species are functionally the same and are not responsible for this difference in heterokaryon incompatibility. This suggests that a separate genetic system determines the heterokaryon incompatibility function of mating type. The mutant tolerant (tol) in N. crassa, unlinked to mating type, acts as a specific suppressor of A + a heterokaryon incompatibility. In the present study, the wild-type alleles at the tol locus were introgressed reciprocally, from N. crassa into N. tetrasperma and from N. tetrasperma into N. crassa, to investigate the action of these alleles in the A + a heterokaryon incompatibility systems of these species. The wild-type allele from N. tetrasperma (tolT) acts as a recessive suppressor of A + a heterokaryon incompatibility in N. crassa. Furthermore, the wild-type allele from N. crassa (tolC) causes A and a to become heterokaryon incompatible in N. tetrasperma, while having no effect on the sexual reproduction. Therefore, the tol gene plays a major role in determining the heterokaryon compatibility of mating type in these species: tolC is an active allele that causes incompatibility and tolT an inactive allele that suppresses incompatibility by its inactivity.Key words: heterokaryon incompatibility, vegetative incompatibility, Neurospora, suppressors, mating type.

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32

Arcangioli, B., T. D. Copeland, and A. J. Klar. "Sap1, a protein that binds to sequences required for mating-type switching, is essential for viability in Schizosaccharomyces pombe." Molecular and Cellular Biology 14, no. 3 (March 1994): 2058–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.14.3.2058.

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The pattern of mating-type switching in cell pedigrees of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe is dictated by the inheritance of specific DNA chains at the mating-type locus (mat1). The recombination event essential for switching is initiated by a site-specific double-strand break at mat1. The switch-activating protein, Sap1, binds in vitro to a mat1 cis-acting site that was shown earlier to be essential for efficient mating-type switching. We isolated the sap1 gene by using oligonucleotides corresponding to the amino acid sequence of purified Sap1 protein. The sequence of that gene predicted a 30-kDa protein with no significant homology to other canonical DNA-binding protein motifs. To facilitate its biochemical characterization, Sap1 was expressed in Escherichia coli. The protein expressed in bacteria displayed the same DNA-binding specificities as the protein purified from S. pombe. Interestingly, analysis of a sap1 null mutation showed that the gene is essential for growth even in a strain in which mating-type switching is prohibited because of a defect in generation of the double-strand break. Thus, the sap1 gene product implicated in mating-type switching is shown to be essential for cell viability.

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Arcangioli, B., T. D. Copeland, and A. J. Klar. "Sap1, a protein that binds to sequences required for mating-type switching, is essential for viability in Schizosaccharomyces pombe." Molecular and Cellular Biology 14, no. 3 (March 1994): 2058–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.14.3.2058-2065.1994.

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The pattern of mating-type switching in cell pedigrees of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe is dictated by the inheritance of specific DNA chains at the mating-type locus (mat1). The recombination event essential for switching is initiated by a site-specific double-strand break at mat1. The switch-activating protein, Sap1, binds in vitro to a mat1 cis-acting site that was shown earlier to be essential for efficient mating-type switching. We isolated the sap1 gene by using oligonucleotides corresponding to the amino acid sequence of purified Sap1 protein. The sequence of that gene predicted a 30-kDa protein with no significant homology to other canonical DNA-binding protein motifs. To facilitate its biochemical characterization, Sap1 was expressed in Escherichia coli. The protein expressed in bacteria displayed the same DNA-binding specificities as the protein purified from S. pombe. Interestingly, analysis of a sap1 null mutation showed that the gene is essential for growth even in a strain in which mating-type switching is prohibited because of a defect in generation of the double-strand break. Thus, the sap1 gene product implicated in mating-type switching is shown to be essential for cell viability.

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Branco, Sara, Hélène Badouin, Ricardo C. Rodríguez de la Vega, Jérôme Gouzy, Fantin Carpentier, Gabriela Aguileta, Sophie Siguenza, et al. "Evolutionary strata on young mating-type chromosomes despite the lack of sexual antagonism." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 27 (June 19, 2017): 7067–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1701658114.

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Sex chromosomes can display successive steps of recombination suppression known as “evolutionary strata,” which are thought to result from the successive linkage of sexually antagonistic genes to sex-determining genes. However, there is little evidence to support this explanation. Here we investigate whether evolutionary strata can evolve without sexual antagonism using fungi that display suppressed recombination extending beyond loci determining mating compatibility despite lack of male/female roles associated with their mating types. By comparing full-length chromosome assemblies from five anther-smut fungi with or without recombination suppression in their mating-type chromosomes, we inferred the ancestral gene order and derived chromosomal arrangements in this group. This approach shed light on the chromosomal fusion underlying the linkage of mating-type loci in fungi and provided evidence for multiple clearly resolved evolutionary strata over a range of ages (0.9–2.1 million years) in mating-type chromosomes. Several evolutionary strata did not include genes involved in mating-type determination. The existence of strata devoid of mating-type genes, despite the lack of sexual antagonism, calls for a unified theory of sex-related chromosome evolution, incorporating, for example, the influence of partially linked deleterious mutations and the maintenance of neutral rearrangement polymorphism due to balancing selection on sexes and mating types.

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Meyer, Eric, and Anne-Marie Keller. "A Mendelian Mutation Affecting Mating-Type Determination Also Affects Developmental Genomic Rearrangements in Paramecium tetraurelita." Genetics 143, no. 1 (May 1, 1996): 191–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/143.1.191.

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Abstract In Paramecium tetraurelia, mating type is determined during the differentiation of the somatic macronucleus from a zygotic nucleus genetically competent for both types, O and E. Determination of the developing macronucleus is controlled by the parental macronucleus through an unknown mechanism resulting in the maternal inheritance of mating types. The pleiotropic mutation mtFE affects macronuclear differentiation. Determination for E is constitutive in mutant homozygotes; a number of unrelated mutant characters are also acquired during development. We have examined the possibility that the mutation causes a defect in the developmental rearrangements of the germ-line genome. We show that the excision of an IES (internal eliminated sequence) interrupting the coding sequence of a surface antigen gene is impaired in the mutant, resulting in an alternative macronuclear version of the gene. Once established, the excision defect is indefinitely transmitted across sexual generations in the cytoplasmic lineage, even in a wild-type genetic context. Thus, the processes of mating-type determination and excision of this IES, in addition to their common sensitivity to the mtFE mutation, show a similar maternal inheritance of developmental alternatives in wild-type cells, suggesting a molecular model for mating-type determination.

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Pendrak, Michael L., S. Steve Yan, and David D. Roberts. "Hemoglobin Regulates Expression of an Activator of Mating-Type Locus α Genes in Candida albicans." Eukaryotic Cell 3, no. 3 (June 2004): 764–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.3.3.764-775.2004.

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ABSTRACT Phenotypic switching from the white to the opaque phase is a necessary step for mating in the pathogenic fungus Candida albicans. Suppressing switching during vascular dissemination of the organism may be advantageous, because opaque cells are more susceptible to host defenses. A repressor of white-opaque switching, HBR1 (hemoglobin response gene 1), was identified based on its specific induction following growth in the presence of exogenous hemoglobin. Deletion of a single HBR1 allele allowed opaque phase switching and mating competence, accompanied by a lack of detectable MTL α1 and α2 gene expression and enhanced MTL a 1 gene expression. Conversely, overexpression of Hbr1p or exposure to hemoglobin increased MTL α gene expression. The a1/α2 repressed target gene CAG1 was derepressed in the same mutant in a hemoglobin-sensitive manner. Regulation of CAG1 by hemoglobin required an intact MTL a 1 gene. Several additional Mtlp targets were perturbed in HBR1 mutants in a manner consistent with commitment to an a mating phenotype, including YEL007w, MFα, HST6, and RAM2. Therefore, Hbr1 is part of a host factor-regulated signaling pathway that controls white-opaque switching and mating in the absence of allelic deletion at the MTL locus.

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Niculita-Hirzel, Hélène, Jessy Labbé, Annegret Kohler, François le Tacon, Francis Martin, Ian R. Sanders, and Ursula Kües. "Gene organization of the mating type regions in the ectomycorrhizal fungusLaccaria bicolorreveals distinct evolution between the two mating type loci." New Phytologist 180, no. 2 (October 2008): 329–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02525.x.

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Wetzel, Jana, Olaf Scheibner, Anke Burmester, Christine Schimek, and Johannes Wöstemeyer. "4-Dihydrotrisporin-Dehydrogenase, an Enzyme of the Sex Hormone Pathway of Mucor mucedo: Purification, Cloning of the Corresponding Gene, and Developmental Expression." Eukaryotic Cell 8, no. 1 (October 17, 2008): 88–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.00225-08.

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ABSTRACT The NADP-dependent 4-dihydrotrisporin-dehydrogenase is a (−) mating-type-specific enzyme in the pathway from β-carotene to trisporic acid. This substance and its isomers and derivatives represent the general system of sexual communication in zygomycetes. The (−) mating type of Mucor mucedo was stimulated by trisporic acid and the enzyme was purified by ion exchange and affinity chromatography. Several peptides of the 26-kDa protein, digested with trypsin, were sequenced by mass spectrometry. Oligonucleotides based on protein sequence data were used for PCR amplification of genomic DNA. The primary PCR fragment was sequenced and the complete gene, TSP2, was isolated. A labeled TSP2 hybridization probe detects a single-copy gene in the genome of M. mucedo. Northern blot analysis with RNAs from different growth stages reveals that the expression of the gene depends on the developmental stage of the mycelium in both mating types of M. mucedo. At the enzyme level, activity is found exclusively in the (−) mating type. However, renaturation of proteins in sodium dodecyl sulfate-containing gels revealed the TSP2 gene product in both mating types. Analyzing the protein sequence places the enzyme in the short chain dehydrogenase superfamily. Thus, it has an evolutionary origin distinct from that of the previously isolated 4-dihydromethyltrisporate dehydrogenase, which belongs to the aldo/keto reductase superfamily. Apart from the TSP2 genes in the three sequenced zygomycetous genomes (Phycomyces blakesleeanus, Rhizopus oryzae, and Mucor circinelloides), the closest relative is the Myxococcus xanthus CsgA gene product, which is also a short chain dehydrogenase, involved in C signaling and fruiting body formation.

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Chang, S., and C. Staben. "Directed replacement of mt A by mt a-1 effects a mating type switch in Neurospora crassa." Genetics 138, no. 1 (September 1, 1994): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/138.1.75.

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Abstract To test the functions of a mating type genes, we developed an efficient strategy to select transformants of Neurospora crassa in which resident A mating type DNA was replaced by cloned DNA from the mt a idiomorph. Cloned a idiomorphic DNA could specify all functions, including fertility, of a mating type, but only when it replaced A DNA at the mating type locus. Only the mt a-1 region of the a idiomorph was necessary in order to specify a mating type. Gene replacement events involved the homologous sequences flanking the unique mating type idiomorphic DNA, resulting in apparently isogenic a and A strains. These isogenic strains were fertile when crossed with one another, indicating that no determinants outside the transforming DNA are necessary for fertility as a and that no host sequences of A strains interfere with fertility as a. One a replacement strain bore a duplication of the transforming mt a-1 and hph DNA. The duplication strain had unexpected properties. Although mating type segregated 1:1 in crosses of this strain to A, the duplicated regions were efficiently altered during the sexual process to generate a single copy in the progeny. No progeny were recovered that had undergone RIP (repeat induced point mutation) sufficient to inactivate the mt a-1 gene. We infer that the mt a-1 gene is necessary and sufficient to specify a mating type identity in all vegetative and sexual activities. Mt a-1 may also play an essential role in ascosporogenesis after fertilization.

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Livi, G. P., J. B. Hicks, and A. J. Klar. "The sum1-1 mutation affects silent mating-type gene transcription in Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Molecular and Cellular Biology 10, no. 1 (January 1990): 409–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.10.1.409.

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The silent mating-type genes (HML and HMR) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are kept under negative transcriptional control by the trans-acting products of the four MAR/SIR loci. MAR/SIR gene mutations result in the simultaneous derepression of HML and HMR gene expression. The sum1-1 mutation was previously identified as an extragenic suppressor of mutations in MAR1 (SIR2) and MAR2 (SIR3). As assayed genetically, sum1-1 is capable of restoring repression of silent mating-type information in cells containing mar1 or mar2 null mutations. We show here that the mating-type phenotype associated with sum1-1 results from a dramatic reduction in the steady-state level of HML and HMR gene transcripts. At the same time, the sum1-1 mutation has no significant effect on the level of each of the four MAR/SIR mRNAs.

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41

Livi, G. P., J. B. Hicks, and A. J. Klar. "The sum1-1 mutation affects silent mating-type gene transcription in Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Molecular and Cellular Biology 10, no. 1 (January 1990): 409–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.10.1.409-412.1990.

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The silent mating-type genes (HML and HMR) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are kept under negative transcriptional control by the trans-acting products of the four MAR/SIR loci. MAR/SIR gene mutations result in the simultaneous derepression of HML and HMR gene expression. The sum1-1 mutation was previously identified as an extragenic suppressor of mutations in MAR1 (SIR2) and MAR2 (SIR3). As assayed genetically, sum1-1 is capable of restoring repression of silent mating-type information in cells containing mar1 or mar2 null mutations. We show here that the mating-type phenotype associated with sum1-1 results from a dramatic reduction in the steady-state level of HML and HMR gene transcripts. At the same time, the sum1-1 mutation has no significant effect on the level of each of the four MAR/SIR mRNAs.

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Hartig, A., J. Holly, G. Saari, and V. L. MacKay. "Multiple regulation of STE2, a mating-type-specific gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Molecular and Cellular Biology 6, no. 6 (June 1986): 2106–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.6.6.2106.

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The Saccharomyces cerevisiae STE2 gene, which is required for pheromone response and conjugation specifically in mating-type a cells, was cloned by complementation of the ste2 mutation. Transcription of STE2 is repressed by the MAT alpha 2 gene product, so that the 1.4-kilobase STE2 RNA is detected only in a or mat alpha 2 strains, not in alpha or a/alpha cells. However, STE2 RNA levels are also increased by the mating pheromone alpha-factor and decreased in strains bearing mutations in the nonspecific STE4 gene. Regulation of STE2 expression in a cells is therefore achieved by several mechanisms.

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Hartig, A., J. Holly, G. Saari, and V. L. MacKay. "Multiple regulation of STE2, a mating-type-specific gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Molecular and Cellular Biology 6, no. 6 (June 1986): 2106–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.6.6.2106-2114.1986.

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The Saccharomyces cerevisiae STE2 gene, which is required for pheromone response and conjugation specifically in mating-type a cells, was cloned by complementation of the ste2 mutation. Transcription of STE2 is repressed by the MAT alpha 2 gene product, so that the 1.4-kilobase STE2 RNA is detected only in a or mat alpha 2 strains, not in alpha or a/alpha cells. However, STE2 RNA levels are also increased by the mating pheromone alpha-factor and decreased in strains bearing mutations in the nonspecific STE4 gene. Regulation of STE2 expression in a cells is therefore achieved by several mechanisms.

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Hartmann, Fanny E., Ricardo C. Rodríguez de la Vega, Pierre Gladieux, Wen-Juan Ma, Michael E. Hood, and Tatiana Giraud. "Higher Gene Flow in Sex-Related Chromosomes than in Autosomes during Fungal Divergence." Molecular Biology and Evolution 37, no. 3 (October 25, 2019): 668–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msz252.

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Abstract Nonrecombining sex chromosomes are widely found to be more differentiated than autosomes among closely related species, due to smaller effective population size and/or to a disproportionally large-X effect in reproductive isolation. Although fungal mating-type chromosomes can also display large nonrecombining regions, their levels of differentiation compared with autosomes have been little studied. Anther-smut fungi from the Microbotryum genus are castrating pathogens of Caryophyllaceae plants with largely nonrecombining mating-type chromosomes. Using whole genome sequences of 40 fungal strains, we quantified genetic differentiation among strains isolated from the geographically overlapping North American species and subspecies of Silene virginica and S. caroliniana. We inferred that gene flow likely occurred at the early stages of divergence and then completely stopped. We identified large autosomal genomic regions with chromosomal inversions, with higher genetic divergence than the rest of the genomes and highly enriched in selective sweeps, supporting a role of rearrangements in preventing gene flow in genomic regions involved in ecological divergence. Unexpectedly, the nonrecombining mating-type chromosomes showed lower divergence than autosomes due to higher gene flow, which may be promoted by adaptive introgressions of less degenerated mating-type chromosomes. The fact that both mating-type chromosomes are always heterozygous and nonrecombining may explain such patterns that oppose to those found for XY or ZW sex chromosomes. The specific features of mating-type chromosomes may also apply to the UV sex chromosomes determining sexes at the haploid stage in algae and bryophytes and may help test general hypotheses on the evolutionary specificities of sex-related chromosomes.

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Randall, T. A., and R. L. Metzenberg. "Species-specific and mating type-specific DNA regions adjacent to mating type idiomorphs in the genus Neurospora." Genetics 141, no. 1 (September 1, 1995): 119–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/141.1.119.

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Abstract Mating type idiomorphs control mating and subsequent sexual development in Neurospora crassa and were previously shown to be well conserved in other Neurospora species. The centromere-proximal flanks of the A and a idiomorphs, but not the distal flanks from representative heterothallic, pseudohomothallic, and homothallic Neurospora species contain apparent species-specific and/or mating type-specific sequences adjacent to the well-conserved idiomorphs. The variable flank is bordered by regions that are highly homologous in all species. The sequence of approximately 1 kb immediately flanking the conserved idiomorphs of each species was determined. Sequence identity between species ranged from 20% (essentially unrelated) to > 90%. By contrast, the mt-A1 gene shows 88-98% identity. Sequence and hybridization data also show that the centromere-proximal flanks are very different between the two mating types for N. intermedia, N. discreta, and N. tetrasperma, but not for N. sitophila and N. crassa. The data suggest a close evolutionary relationship between several of the species; this is suppported by phylogenetic analysis of their respective mt-A1 genes. The origin of the variable regions adjacent to the evolutionarily conserved mating type idiomorphs is unknown.

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Li, J. Q., B. D. Wingfield, M. J. Wingfield, I. Barnes, A. Fourie, P. W. Crous, and S. F. Chen. "Mating genes in Calonectria and evidence for a heterothallic ancestral state." Persoonia - Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi 45, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 163–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2020.45.06.

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The genus Calonectria includes many important plant pathogens with a wide global distribution. In order to better understand the reproductive biology of these fungi, we characterised the structure of the mating type locus and flanking genes using the genome sequences for seven Calonectria species. Primers to amplify the mating type genes in other species were also developed. PCR amplification of the mating type genes and multi-gene phylogenetic analyses were used to investigate the mating strategies and evolution of mating type in a collection of 70 Calonectria species residing in 10 Calonectria species complexes. Results showed that the organisation of the MAT locus and flanking genes is conserved. In heterothallic species, a novel MAT gene, MAT1-2-12 was identified in the MAT1-2 idiomorph;the MAT1-1 idiomorph, in most cases, contained the MAT1-1-3 gene. Neither MAT1-1-3 nor MAT1-2-12 was found in homothallic Calonectria (Ca.) hongkongensis, Ca. lateralis, Ca. pseudoturangicola and Ca. turangicola. Four different homothallic MAT locus gene arrangements were observed. Ancestral state reconstruction analysis provided evidence that the homothallic state was basal in Calonectria and this evolved from a heterothallic ancestor.

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Pyrzak, Wioletta, Karen Y. Miller, and Bruce L. Miller. "Mating Type Protein Mat1-2 from Asexual Aspergillus fumigatus Drives Sexual Reproduction in Fertile Aspergillus nidulans." Eukaryotic Cell 7, no. 6 (February 1, 2008): 1029–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.00380-07.

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ABSTRACT The lack of an experimentally amenable sexual genetic system in Aspergillus fumigatus is a major limitation in the study of the organism's pathogenesis. A recent comparative genome analysis revealed evidence for potential sexuality in A. fumigatus. Homologs of mating type genes as well as other genes of the “sexual machinery” have been identified in anamorphic A. fumigatus. The mat1-2 gene encodes a homolog of MatA, an HMG box mating transcriptional factor (MatHMG) that regulates sexual development in fertile Aspergillus nidulans. In this study, the functionalities of A. fumigatus mat1-2 and the Mat1-2 protein were determined by interspecies gene exchange between sterile A. fumigatus and fertile A. nidulans. Ectopically integrated A. fumigatus mat1-2 (driven by its own promoter) was not functional in a sterile A. nidulans ΔmatA strain, and no sexual development was observed. In contrast, the A. fumigatus mat1-2 open reading frame driven by the A. nidulans matA promoter and integrated by homologous gene replacement at the matA locus was functional and conferred full fertility. This is the first report showing that cross species mating type gene exchange between closely related Ascomycetes did not function in sexual development. This is also the first report demonstrating that a MatHMG protein from an asexual species is fully functional, with viable ascospore differentiation, in a fertile homothallic species. The expression of mat1-2 was assessed in A. fumigatus and A. nidulans. Our data suggest that mat1-2 may not be properly regulated to allow sexuality in A. fumigatus. This study provides new insights about A. fumigatus asexuality and also suggests the possibility for the development of an experimentally amenable sexual cycle.

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Ivy, J. M., A. J. Klar, and J. B. Hicks. "Cloning and characterization of four SIR genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Molecular and Cellular Biology 6, no. 2 (February 1986): 688–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.6.2.688.

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Mating type in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is determined by the MAT (a or alpha) locus. HML and HMR, which usually contain copies of alpha and a mating type information, respectively, serve as donors in mating type interconversion and are under negative transcriptional control. Four trans-acting SIR (silent information regulator) loci are required for repression of transcription. A defect in any SIR gene results in expression of both HML and HMR. The four SIR genes were isolated from a genomic library by complementation of sir mutations in vivo. DNA blot analysis suggests that the four SIR genes share no sequence homology. RNA blots indicate that SIR2, SIR3, and SIR4 each encode one transcript and that SIR1 encodes two transcripts. Null mutations, made by replacement of the normal genomic allele with deletion-insertion mutations created in the cloned SIR genes, have a Sir- phenotype and are viable. Using the cloned genes, we showed that SIR3 at a high copy number is able to suppress mutations of SIR4. RNA blot analysis suggests that this suppression is not due to transcriptional regulation of SIR3 by SIR4; nor does any SIR4 gene transcriptionally regulate another SIR gene. Interestingly, a truncated SIR4 gene disrupts regulation of the silent mating type loci. We propose that interaction of at least the SIR3 and SIR4 gene products is involved in regulation of the silent mating type genes.

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49

Ivy, J. M., A. J. Klar, and J. B. Hicks. "Cloning and characterization of four SIR genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Molecular and Cellular Biology 6, no. 2 (February 1986): 688–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.6.2.688-702.1986.

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Mating type in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is determined by the MAT (a or alpha) locus. HML and HMR, which usually contain copies of alpha and a mating type information, respectively, serve as donors in mating type interconversion and are under negative transcriptional control. Four trans-acting SIR (silent information regulator) loci are required for repression of transcription. A defect in any SIR gene results in expression of both HML and HMR. The four SIR genes were isolated from a genomic library by complementation of sir mutations in vivo. DNA blot analysis suggests that the four SIR genes share no sequence homology. RNA blots indicate that SIR2, SIR3, and SIR4 each encode one transcript and that SIR1 encodes two transcripts. Null mutations, made by replacement of the normal genomic allele with deletion-insertion mutations created in the cloned SIR genes, have a Sir- phenotype and are viable. Using the cloned genes, we showed that SIR3 at a high copy number is able to suppress mutations of SIR4. RNA blot analysis suggests that this suppression is not due to transcriptional regulation of SIR3 by SIR4; nor does any SIR4 gene transcriptionally regulate another SIR gene. Interestingly, a truncated SIR4 gene disrupts regulation of the silent mating type loci. We propose that interaction of at least the SIR3 and SIR4 gene products is involved in regulation of the silent mating type genes.

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Giasson, L., and J. W. Kronstad. "Mutations in the myp1 gene of Ustilago maydis attenuate mycelial growth and virulence." Genetics 141, no. 2 (October 1, 1995): 491–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/141.2.491.

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Abstract Mating between haploid, budding cells of the dimorphic fungus Ustilago maydis results in the formation of a dikaryotic, filamentous cell type. Mating compatibility is governed by two mating-type loci called a and b; transformation of genes from these loci (e.g. a1 and b1) into a haploid strain of different mating type (e.g. a2 b2) allows filamentous growth and establishes a pathogenic cell type. Several mutants with a nonmycelial colony morphology were isolated after insertional mutagenesis of a filamentous, pathogenic haploid strain. The mutagenized region in one such mutant was recovered by plasmid rescue and employed to isolate a gene involved in conditioning the mycelial phenotype (myp1). An 1150 amino acid open reading frame is present at the myp1 locus; the predicted polypeptide is rich in serine residues and contains short regions with similarity to SH3 domain ligands. Construction of myp1 disruption and deletion mutants in haploid strains confirmed that this gene plays a role in mycelial growth and virulence.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Mating type gene'

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