Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Matolina'

Seeds of 41 white and 22 blue vine varieties cultivated on six vine-growing areas were assessed as a by-product after winemaking on the contents of total polyphenols (TP) and phosphorus (P) spectrophotometrically, total tocols (TC) including individual tocols by HPLC-FLD, and metals (Ca, Mg, Na, K, Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn) by FAAS. Remaining TP and TC levels were mainly affected by the variety, while levels of microelements (Cu, Mn, and Zn) and P or K by the vine-growing area. The highest TC and TP levels were found in the seeds of white varieties. Varieties of grape seeds have significant impact on the gamma-tocotrienol content. The color of grape varieties has significant impact on alpha-tocotrienol content. Grape seeds from grape cultivated on the Czech growing area contained higher levels of macroelements except P, however no significant differences between growing areas have been found. The crop year has significant influence on TP, Fe and Cu content. Results herein revealed the considerable potential of grape seeds, a by-product of the vinification process, as a valuable inexpensive source of high added value of nutritionally beneficial compounds - polyphenol and tocol antioxidants and macro- and microelements for use as feed additives in animal nutrition.

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The expansion of the urban area in the city of Matola in Mozambique has been significant in recent decades and it has happened in an unstructured way. This occupation contributes to the destruction of both the ecological and environmental structure of the city. One of the strategies to minimize these effects is to consider the legislation, concerning the urban land use and the preservation / conservation of vegetation, as well as the preparation of the Environmental Zoning. The main objective was, to propose an Environmental Zoning based on the analysis of urban sprawl and its impact on the environment, the distribution of vegetation over a period of 17 years (1997-2014) and the legislation to contribute with elements that inform and enable the development of urban and environmental planning in the municipality of Matola. Three satellite images from TM / Landsat 5 and OLI / Landsat 8 orbital sensor, SRTM data, population data and digital database of the city/country were utilized as input data. It was employed visual interpretation, images segmentations digital classification and geoprocessing technics. Results, indicated that urban area increased about 180.964m2, corresponding to 254.91% between 1997 and 2014. The area of vegetation cover reduced to 118.74m2 (52.62%) in 17 years. The Vegetation Cover Index (VCI) for total mapped area, reduced from, 61.25% in 1997, to 39.65% in 2007 and 29.02% in 2014. However, the detailed study of the VCI to different neighborhoods of Matola, showed a very uneven spatial distribution. The Environmental Zoning proposed, was made by integrating several information?s plans (thematic maps) and features five zones, namely: (i) Total Conservation Zone; (ii) Sustainable Use Conservation Zone; (iii) Expansion Urban Zone; (iv) Environmental Control Zone and (v) Recovery Zone. Has also proposed the creation of three protected areas located in the Total Conservation Zone: (i) Integral Natural Reserve, (ii) Natural Monument and (iii) Permanent Protection Green Area. This research will be important to municipal management and will serve as a basis for preparing the next general and partial urbanization plans and Matola Master Plan 2019/2020, achieving the objectives of the Environmental Strategy for Sustainable Development of Mozambique (2007 - 2017) and the objectives of Agenda 2030 of the UN.
A expans?o da macha urbana no Munic?pio da Matola em Mo?ambique tem sido significante nas ?ltimas d?cadas e ? feita de forma n?o estruturada. Esta forma de ocupa??o do espa?o contribui para a destrui??o da sua estrutura ecol?gica e ambiental. Uma das estrat?gias para minimizar esses efeitos ? levar em considera??o a legisla??o, concernente ? ocupa??o do solo urbano e ? preserva??o/conserva??o da cobertura vegetal, assim como a elabora??o do Zoneamento Ambiental. A pesquisa tem como objetivo elaborar uma proposta de Zoneamento Ambiental a partir da an?lise da expans?o urbana, da distribui??o da cobertura vegetal em um per?odo de 17 anos (1997 - 2014) e da legisla??o, de forma a contribuir com elementos que informem ou possibilitem a elabora??o dos planejamentos urbano e ambiental do Munic?pio da Matola. Foram usadas tr?s imagens dos sensores orbitais TM/Landsat 5 e OLI/Landsat 8, dados SRTM, dados populacionais e a base de dados cartogr?fica digital do Munic?pio/Pa?s. Empregaram-se t?cnicas de interpreta??o visual, de segmenta??o, de classifica??o de imagens e de geoprocessamento. Dos resultados, a ?rea urbana aumentou cerca de 180,964m2, o que corresponde a 254,91% em rela??o ao ano de 1997. A ?rea da cobertura vegetal reduziu 118,74m2 (52,62%) em 17 anos. Verificou-se redu??o do ?ndice de Cobertura Vegetal (ICV) da totalidade na ?rea mapeada ao longo do tempo, sendo 61,25% em 1997, 39,65% em 2007 e 29,02% em 2014. No entanto, o estudo detalhado do ICV tendo como recorte espacial os bairros, mostrou distribui??o espacial bastante desigual. O Zoneamento Ambiental proposto, foi elaborado a partir da integra??o de diferentes planos de informa??o (mapas tem?ticos) e apresenta cinco zonas: (i) Zona de Conserva??o Total; (ii) Zona de Conserva??o de Uso Sustent?vel; (iii) Zona de Expans?o Urbana; (iv) Zona de Controle Ambiental e (v) Zona de Recupera??o. Foi tamb?m proposto a cria??o de tr?s Unidades de Conserva??o localizadas na Zona de Conserva??o Total: (i) Reserva Natural Integral, (ii) Monumento Natural e (iii) ?rea Verde de Prote??o Permanente. O trabalho ser? de grande valia para a gest?o municipal e servir? de base para, a elabora??o dos pr?ximos planos gerais e parciais de urbaniza??o e o Plano de Estrutura Urbana da Cidade da Matola de 2019/2020, alcan?ar os objetivos da Estrat?gia Ambiental para o Desenvolvimento Sustent?vel de Mo?ambique (2007 - 2017) e os objetivos da Agenda 2030 da ONU.

Mestrado em Desenvolvimento e Cooperação Internacional
O surgimento de novos actores, para além dos Estados, contribuiu para uma adaptação e consequente evolução no panorama da cooperação para o desenvolvimento. Neste âmbito, a cooperação intermunicipal, uma tipologia de cooperação descentralizada, corresponde ao estabelecimento de relações entre duas ou mais comunidades, tendo como principais actores os Municípios ou seus equivalentes, de acordo com o sistema de organização administrativo dos países, podendo assumir várias formas, a saber: geminações, protocolos, acordos de cooperação e redes. Num país como Moçambique, um dos mais pobres do mundo, o Município da Matola, onde está concentrado o maior parque industrial do país, é considerado um laboratório para aferir o grau de sucesso, quer da própria experiência de descentralização em Moçambique, quer das possibilidades que os projectos de cooperação intermunicipal encerram, nomeadamente com o Município de Loures (Portugal). À procura de soluções locais, integradas e sustentáveis, de desenvolvimento, fruto da emergência da própria sociedade civil moçambicana e da consequente proliferação de ONG nacionais e estrangeiras, e de uma dinâmica crescente que cruza diferentes sectores da população, pretende-se associar o reforço dos laços entre os municípios como um factor de sucesso, em termos de sustentabilidade dos projectos de desenvolvimento, numa abordagem bottom-up, em virtude de uma maior participação das comunidades e da integração de diferentes entidades na concepção, implementação e avaliação dos mesmos.
The emergence of new actors, besides states, has contributed to an adaptation, and consequent evolution on development cooperation. In this sense, inter-municipal cooperation, a form of decentralised cooperation, entails the establishment of relations between two or more communities where the main actors are the Municipal Councils or their equivalent, in accordance with the organisational system of the involved countries. This cooperation can take on the forms of twinning, protocols, cooperation agreements, and networks. In a country like Mozambique, one of the poorest in the world, the Community of Matola, where it is concentrated the most important industrial centre in the country, is considered a laboratory to assess the success level, on the decentralisation process experience in Mozambique, and on the possibilities of inter-municipal cooperation projects, above all with the Community of Loures (Portugal). Joining the look for local, integrated and sustainable solutions of development, as a result of the emergence of the Mozambican civil society, and consequently of the proliferation of national and foreigner NGOs, and of a dynamic which cuts different sectors of the population; there's the enforcement of the links between the local communities as a factor of success, in terms of sustainability of the development projects, in a bottom-up approach, because of the larger participation of communities and the integration of different entities in mutually conception, implementation, and evaluation of the projects.

O presente trabalho tem como propósito levantar as principais barreiras enfrentadas pelas micro e pequenas empresas (MPEs) na Cidade da Matola. Para tanto, fez-se uma fundamentação teórica sobre as barreiras enfrentadas pelas MPEs e sobre políticas e instrumentos governamentais de apoio às empresas deste porte. A fundamentação teórica apoiou o desenvolvimento de uma triangulação da pesquisa empírica baseada em duas fases. A primeira fase consistiu na coleta de dados junto a 21 empresas de micro e pequeno porte, por meio de entrevistas onde posteriormente fez-se a identificação das principais barreiras enfrentadas pelos entrevistados e daí conduziu a segunda fase do trabalho de campo que foi as entrevistas junto as entidades governamentais de modo a saber o que estes tem feito para minimizar ou mitigar as barreiras identificadas pelos empresários. Os resultados mostram que as barreiras de financiamento e de concorrência são as principais barreiras enfrentadas pelas MPEs na Matola e que estas variam de acordo com o ramo de atuação das empresas. A dissertação vai servir para enriquecer o estado da arte sobre a temática das micro e pequenas empresas e sobretudo vai ajudar a suprir o déficit de pesquisas acadêmicas em Moçambique.
This paper aims to identify the main barriers faced by micro and small enterprises (MSEs) in the city of Matola. As such, there is a theoretical framework about the barriers faced by MSEs and on government policies and instruments to support enterprises of this size. The theoretical foundation supported the development of a triangulation of empirical research based on two phases. The first phase consisted of collecting data from 21 micro and small businesses, through interviews where later became the identification of the main barriers faced by the interviewees and then led the second phase of fieldwork was that the interviews with government entities in order to know what they have done to minimize or mitigate the barriers identified by entrepreneurs. The results show that the barriers to financing and competition are the main barriers faced by MSEs in Matola and that barriers vary according to branch of activity of enterprises. The paper will serve to enrich the state of the art on the theme of micro and small enterprises and especially will help meet the shortage of academic research in Mozambique.

This thesis was focused on the possibility of secondary utilization of waste material from the wine industry to remove heavy metals from wastewater. In the theoretical part, there were discussed mainly the problems of heavy metals pollution including methods of their removal and ICP-OES detection. Furthermore, the waste material from the wine production and the possibilities of its further processing were discussed there. The primary objective of the experimental part was to characterize the material by IR analysis, optimization of adsorption conditions, isotherms construction and determination of maximum adsorption capacities of white, red and chemically modified marc for Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Pb. From the parameters influencing the adsorption efficiency, the adsorbent load was optimized (m/V ratio = 0,02); pH values found were 5 for Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and 3 for Cr and the contact time to reach the equilibrium was 15 minutes for Cd, Ni, Pb and 30 minutes for Cr and Cu. Maximum adsorption capacity for heavy metals were calculated from adsorption isotherms by applying the Langmuir model and found to be 18,829 7 mg/g for Cd; 10,664 7 mg/g for Ni; 35,602 0 mg/g for Pb (modified marc with 1M NaOH); 4,678 4 mg/g for Cu and 9,629 0 mg/g for Cr. The results of the work confirm the good adsorption potential of heavy metals on marc and the positive effect of chemical modification of natural biosorbents to improve their adsorption capacity.

La tesis doctoral: “Los secretos de la casa”. Aproximación etnográfica y antropológica a la escuela secundaria en el contexto sociocultural de la comunidad de Muti (Matola, Mozambique) se trata de una etnografía escolar desde una perspectiva socioantropológica en la escuela de educación secundaria pública de Muti en la ciudad de Matola, Mozambique. En la investigación se ha llevado a cabo un trabajo de campo etnográfico tanto en la escuela como en la comunidad y el barrio donde se inscribe, de acuerdo con los parámetros que John Ogbu y Elsie Rockwell establecen para una aproximación etnográfica a nivel múltiple. Este acercamiento ha permitido contemplar las relaciones entre lo que acontece en las aulas y el recinto escolar con lo que tiene lugar en los núcleos familiares y en la vida social, económica y política de su entorno. El trabajo de campo se ha desarrollado durante más de dos años, entre mayo de 2012 y julio de 2014, y a través de una inmersión en la escuela secundaria de Muti, realizando observación participante y entrevistas en profundidad, tanto a los miembros de la comunidad educativa –directivos, profesorado, funcionariado, alumnado y familias- como a vecinos, vecinas y miembros de instituciones públicas y privadas relacionadas con la educación. La investigación enfatiza en la comprensión del significado de la escolarización secundaria y de procesos como la obtención de plaza o la evaluación de fin de curso, entre otros, para dar cuenta del protagonismo de los agentes en como sujetos históricos y culturales dentro de la escuela. Descifra algunas de las continuidades culturales vigentes y cotidianas que se establecen entre los referentes culturales de la comunidad de Muti y los referentes del funcionamiento de la institución escolar. Profundiza en los criterios y los modos en que se organiza la vida escolar, en la planificación docente y el funcionamiento de las rutinas cotidianas y de las clases; en los estilos de comunicación y los modelos de relación jerarquizados que se dan en ella. Pone de manifiesto la variedad interna entre el profesorado, las presiones a las que está sometido y las contradicciones con las que se experimenta, se describe y se explica la costumbre escolar. La tesis doctoral incorpora en la explicación del fenómeno el impacto que los distintos periodos históricos de Mozambique, incluidos el largo periodo de colonización, los periodos de guerra, de revolución, e independencia han tenido en el diseño de las políticas educativas del país, indisolublemente relacionadas con dinámicas económicas y sociales del entorno. Este análisis pone de manifiesto la gran capacidad de adaptación del conjunto de la comunidad a estas diferentes etapas y a la situación de arbitrariedad y vulnerabilidad en la que se halla inmersa y que se expresa, en el contexto escolar, en las estrategias de alumnado, familias, docentes y directivos, para sobrevivir en ella y a ella. Consigue un acercamiento comprensivo a modelos de relación abusivos en la escuela y plantea la necesidad de seguir investigando en ello para comprender mejor y ostentar mayor conciencia a la hora de diseñar, planificar o plantear cualquier tipo de intervención educativa desde fuera. De este modo, la perspectiva histórica y sociocultural y el trabajo de campo intensivo orientado hacia la interpretación cultural, arrojan luz sobre la situación de la escolarización secundaria actual, permiten comprenderla en profundidad y, a través de ella, acceder a un universo de prácticas y significados socioculturales que no emergen fácilmente porque forman parte de esas dimensiones ocultas, exclusivamente humanas, ante las que solo cabe un acercamiento desde una posición orientada a la comprensión profunda de lo que sucede en los entornos culturales.
This PhD Thesis “The secrets of the house”. An Ethnografic and Anthropological Approach to Secondary School in the Sociocultural Context of Muti (Matola, Mozambique)” is a school ethnography approached from the socioanthropological perspective in Muti’s public secondary school in Matola, Mozambique. In order to proceed with this research an ethnographic fieldwork analysis has been realized both in the school and in the community as well as in the surrounding neighbourhood, following Ogbu’s and Elsie Rockwell’s parameters established in order to deal with a multi-level ethnographic research. This approach allowed considering the relations between what happens within the school rooms and the school facilities with what happens within the family nucleus and the social life, the economy and the politics of the area. This fieldwork took place during a two-year period, between May 2012 and July 2014, through an immersion in Muti’s secondary school, by means of a participant observation methodology and in-depth interviews, both to members of the educational community –managers, teachers, public servants, students and families- and neighbours or other members of public and private institutions related to the field of education. This research emphasizes the need to understand the meaning of entering secondary school and those processes such as obtaining a vacancy or dealing with the final evaluation of the course, amongst others, so to show the prominence of the agents as historical and cultural subjects within the school. This research deciphers some of the current and daily cultural continuities between the cultural referents of the Muti community and the functioning models of the school institution. It delves into the criteria and the school organizational patterns, the teacher’s planning and the functioning of the daily routines and the courses, and in the communication styles and the hierarchical relationship models that occur in it. Reveals the internal diversity amongst the teaching staff, the pressures upon which it is subject and the contradictions which experiences. Describes and explains as well the school habits. This PhD research takes into account the impact of the different historical periods in Mozambique, including the long period of colonization, the periods of war, revolutionary and independence periods and has taken into account as well the design of the country’s education laws, intrinsically related to the economic and socials dynamics of this environment. This analysis shows the great capacity of adaptation of the whole community during these stages and the situation of arbitrariness and vulnerability in which it is immersed and is expressed, in the school context, in terms of the strategies of students, families, teachers, managers and directors, in order to survive in it and to it. Presents a comprehensive approach towards models of relationship abuse within the school and lays out the need of continuing researching upon this subject to better comprehend and provide more awareness when designing, planning or proposing any further type of educative intervention from the outside. Thus, the historical and sociocultural perspective and the intensive fieldwork oriented towards the cultural interpretation, clarifies the current situation within secondary education. This allows an in-depth comprehension, and thus, a better access of a universe of sociocultural practices and meanings that don’t emerge easily because they belong to the exclusively human and yet hidden dimensions, where only an approach oriented towards a deep comprehension of these aspects that happen in the cultural environments, can disclose these issues.

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The purpose of this study is to analyse the teacher training process of trainees that are at same time working as teachers at Instituto do Magistério Primário da Matola in Mozambique and contribute to the development of creative and reflective attitudes for better teaching practices. The object of the research is the development of creative and reflective posture of the trainees that are working as teachers in Mozambique While developing creative postures during the training of these professionals, it is on the belief that they will conditions to apply them in their future practice and consequently create and develop creative reflective attitudes in their students. The study is a proposal of qualitative and descriptive research including what is known as case study. It s an exploratory research for the fact tat its main purpose is to develop, clarify and modify concepts and ideas for formulation of better approaches for the development of subsequent activities. For that reason the exploratory research represents the first stage of study in order to familiarize the researcher with the subject to be studied. The results of the research show that the creativity and refle ctivity are not present in the Teaching and Learning process as it can be seen from the les sons observed at IMAP as well as at Escola Primária do Jardim, specifically regarding the trainers and trainees observed. The connection between theory and practice occurs the without the awareness of real relationship between these two aspects If the teachers training programs include reflection to action, this relation will develop a creative and reflective teacher
Este trabalho tem como objectivo analisar o processo de formação de professores em exercício do Instituto de Magistério Primário da Matola e contribuir para que se desenvolva uma postura criativa e reflexiva desses formandos e uma consequente melhoria da qualidade do ensino. O objecto desta pesquisa é o desenvolvimento da postura criativa e reflexiva por parte dos formandos que, ao mesmo tempo, são professores em exercício em Moçambique. Ao se desenvolverem posturas criativas durante a formação desses profissionais, parte-se do princípio que terão nas suas práticas futuras condições de as aplicarem e, consequentemente, despertarem e desenvolverem nos seus alunos atitudes criativas e reflexivas. Trata-se de uma proposta de pesquisa qualitativa, descritiva, incluindo o que é denominado de estudo de caso. A pesquisa é do tipo exploratória, pelo facto de ter como principal finalidade desenvolver, esclarecer e modificar conceitos e ideias para a formulação de abordagens mais condizentes com o desenvolvimento de actividades posteriores. Por esta razão, a pesquisa exploratória constitui a primeira etapa do presente estudo para familiarizar o pesquisador com o assunto que se procura investigar. Os resultados da pesquisa revelam que a criatividade e a reflexividade não fazem parte do Processo de Ensino e Aprendizagem, como se pôde observar nas aulas assistidas tanto no IMAP como na Escola Primária do Jardim, especificamente em relação aos formadores e formandos assistidos. A relação teoria e prática é feita sem que os intervenientes tenham consciência plena da verdadeira interligação entre estes dois aspectos. Se a formação de professores em exercício aliar a reflexão à acção, essa relação tenderá a desenvolver um professor criativo e reflexivo no exercício das suas actividades profissionais

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CNPq
A violência tem sido inequivocamente um fenômeno que afeta muitas cidades brasileiras. Em Moçambique, as cidades de Maputo e Matola têm experimentado também várias formas de manifestação da violência. É neste contexto que em 2011 emergem os sequestros, como uma “nova” manifestação da violência urbana. Uma das características principais era a captura de cidadãos de nacionalidade moçambicana ou não e de origem asiática ligados ao setor empresaria ou comercial. Os sequestro tinham apenas por objetivo, a obtenção de vantagens de natureza econômica com o pagamento dos resgates. O fenômeno atingido o seu pico, em termos de ocorrência sistemática em 2013. Não ocasião, várias reações sociais e institucionais, excetuando a acadêmica foram observadas um pouco pelo país. Daí que o presente estudo é uma das primeiras contribuições de natureza acadêmica sobre o fenômeno. O objetivo da dissertação é analisar e compreender as dinâmicas sociais desse fenômeno e os possíveis determinantes da sua ocorrência sistemática nas duas cidades. Para o efeito, foi adotada uma abordagem qualitativa, com recurso a entrevistas às vítimas e/ou seus familiares e profissionais da polícia investigativa que lidam com fenômeno no seu cotidiano e, pesquisa documental, baseada em documentos institucionais e informações midiáticas. De uma maneira geral, os resultados demostram que o silêncio tanto das vítimas e/ou seus familiares, quanto do poder pública foi evidente nesse período e, uma vez que essa prática criminal em Moçambique é altamente “lucrativa”, os praticantes continuaram se dedicando de forma engajada. Por outro, houve atração de outros criminosos que se dedicavam em outras práticas criminais, como por exemplo, roubos com recurso à arma de fogo. Violence is clearly a phenomenon that affects many Brazilian cities. In Mozambique, the cities of Maputo and Matola also have been experiencing many manifestation ways of violence. It is in this context that in 2011 emerged kidnappings, as a "new" manifestation of urban violence. One of the key features was the capture of citizens from Mozambican nationality or not and from Asian origin linked to business or commercial sector. The objectives of those kidnappings were only to obtain economic advantages through the payment of the ransoms. The phenomenon reached its peak in terms of systematic occurrence in 2013. This period has observed many social and institutional reactions at a little over the country, except the academic. Hence, this study is one of the first academic contributions. The main objective of this work is to analyze and understand the social dynamics of this phenomenon and the possible determinants of the systematic occurrence in both cities. To achieve this purpose, was adopted a qualitative approach, based in interviews with the victims and/or their families and investigative police professionals who daily deal with phenomena and, documentary research based on institutional documents and media information. In general, the results demonstrated that the silence of both the victims and/or their families, and the public power was evident during this period and, as this criminal practice in Mozambique is highly "profitable", their practitioners continued engaged on it. On the other hand, it attracted other criminals who were acting in other criminal practice, such as, robbery with a gun use.

The matter of sustainable thinking today permeates the Western world and is now widely agreed to recognize three aspects; environmental, economic and social sustainability. Due to limitations of resources and knowledge, this concept is considerably less widespread in developing countries. Many sustainable ventures in developing countries aim to unite the three aspects and solve the pressing issue of unsustainable development, but evaluating these projects has proven to be a challenging task and tools for systematic analysis are missing. Furthermore, current frameworks lack in guidance on what tools to use for the assessment of the three sustainability aspects. This research aims to investigate how established models can be applied and what obstacles that occur when evaluating a sustainable venture in a developing country. To do this, a case study is performed on Zanzibar, Tanzania where the Swedish waste management company Zanrec is considering pursuing a sustainable venture of starting up a biodiesel production from used cooking oil. This research therefore also provides Zanrec with an evaluation of the project’s alignment with the sustainability concept. To reach the purpose of this study, two established models for evaluation are chosen; LCA for the environmental aspect and the payback method as capital budgeting tool for the economic aspect. No established evaluation tool is used for the social aspect; instead the social implications of the project are analyzed in a discussion. It is found that the applicability of the chosen tools for evaluating the biodiesel production project is highly affected by the contextual setting of a developing country. The major finding is that these tools have varying flexibility in adapting to the main challenge, which is the lack of documentation and available data. LCA is found to be a complicated and rigid tool to use if fully abiding by its associated ISO standards. Without an existing LCA knowledge base and any guidelines on how to manage missing data, the LCA tool is deemed to not reach its full potential in a developing country at this stage. The payback method is proven to be a more flexible tool that to a higher degree can be adapted to fit the setting and the requirements of the commissioner. The project’s impact areas related to the social aspect are found to be few, but to evaluate the extent of these, further research is required.
Hållbart företagande genomsyrar idag västvärlden och det är nu allmänt vedertaget att konceptet täcker in tre aspekter; miljömässig, ekonomisk och social hållbarhet. På grund av begränsningar i resurser och kunskap är hållbarhetskonceptet långt ifrån lika utbrett i utvecklingsländer. Hållbarhetsprojekt i utvecklingsländer syftar till att förena de tre aspekterna och lösa den rådande frågan om ohållbar utveckling, men det har visat sig vara en utmaning att utvärdera dessa projekt och det saknas verktyg för systematisk analys. Vidare saknar existerande modeller riktlinjer om vilka verktyg som bör användas i utvärderingen av de tre hållbarhetsaspekterna. Studien syftar till att undersöka hur etablerade utvärderingsverktyg kan tillämpas för att utvärdera ett hållbarhetsprojekt i ett utvecklingsland samt vilka hinder som detta innefattar. En fallstudie har därför utförts på Zanzibar i Tanzania, där det svenska  avfallshanteringsföretaget Zanrec överväger att genomföra ett hållbarhetsprojekt som ämnar att upprätta produktion av biodiesel från använd matolja. Därigenom syftar denna undersökning även till att förse Zanrec med en utvärdering av projektet med avseende på de de tre hållbarhetsaspekterna. I denna studie används två etablerade modeller; LCA för miljöaspekten och payback-metoden som investeringskalkylsmodell för den ekonomiska aspekten. Inget etablerat utvärderingsverktyg används för den sociala aspekten vars påverkan av projektet istället analyseras i en diskussion. Det har visat sig att tillämpbarheten av de valda verktygen för utvärdering av  biodieselprojektet i hög grad påverkas av de kontextuella förutsättningarna i ett utvecklingsland. Den viktigaste slutsatsen är att dessa verktyg har varierande flexibilitet i att anpassa sig till bristen på dokumentation och tillgänglig data, vilket är den största svårigheten. LCA har bedömts vara ett komplicerat verktyg med fasta ramar vid användning i enlighet med dess ISO-standarder. Utan en befintlig kunskapsbas kring LCA och riktlinjer för hur man ska hantera avsaknad av data, anses LCA-verktyget i dagsläget inte nå sin fulla potential i ett utvecklingsland. Paybackmetoden har visat sig vara ett mer flexibelt verktyg som i högre grad kan anpassas efter rådande förutsättningar och kraven hos uppdragsgivaren. Endast ett fåtal inverkansområden med anknytning till den sociala aspekten har identifierats som påverkade av detta projekt, men för att utvärdera omfattningen av dess påverkan behövs vidare studier.

Os vírus influenza A (VIA) e circovírus suíno tipo 2 (PCV2) são os agentes etiológicos da influenza suína (IS) e da circovirose suína (CS), respectivamente. Estas doenças têm um impacto econômico significativo na suinocultura mundial. Adicionalmente, o VIA pode ser transmitido entre animais e humanos, sendo por isso, importante para a saúde pública. O presente trabalho teve o objetivo de pesquisar a ocorrência desses vírus em suínos de abate no sul de Moçambique. As amostras foram coletadas em um abatedouro na cidade da Matola, nos períodos de dezembro de 2014 a fevereiro de 2015 e dezembro de 2015 a fevereiro de 2016. Os materiais e métodos aplicados e resultados obtidos estão apresentados em dois artigos científicos. O primeiro relata a infecção pelo VIA associada à caracterização anatomopatológica e imuno-histoquímica (IHQ) das lesões pulmonares. Foram avaliados 457 pulmões de suínos, e amostras de 38 (8.3%) pulmões, que apresentaram áreas de consolidação, foram coletadas e submetidas ao exame histopatológico e IHQ para a detecção de antígenos do VIA, PCV2 e Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Antígenos do VIA foram detectados em 32/38 (84.3%) dos pulmões com pneumonia através da IHQ, e os suínos positivos eram provenientes dos distritos de Matutuine (5/32), Moamba (2/32), Namaacha (21/32), Boane (3/32) e Cidade da Matola (1/32). Todos os pulmões com pneumonia foram negativos no exame de IHQ para PCV2 e M. hyopneumoniae. O segundo artigo teve o objetivo de detectar lesões histológicas, antígenos e DNA de PCV2 em linfonodos mesentéricos de suínos e realizar a caracterização filogenética de isolados de PCV2 circulantes no sul de Moçambique. Foram coletados aleatoriamente 111 linfonodos mesentéricos de suínos de abate provenientes de nove distritos do sul de Moçambique. As amostras foram submetidas ao exame histopatológico, IHQ e reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR). Uma amostra positiva para PCV2 na PCR de cada distrito (n=9) foi selecionada aleatoriamente e submetida ao sequenciamento da região aberta de leitura ORF2. DNA de PCV2 foi detectado em 53.8% (62/111) das amostras e em 73.8% de granjas dos nove distritos. No exame de IHQ, linfonodos mesentéricos de seis suínos positivos para PCV2 na PCR apresentaram antígenos desse vírus associados à depleção linfoide e infiltrado de histiócitos e células gigantes multinucleadas. Na análise filogenética, sequências dos isolados dos distritos de Namaacha, Moamba e Maputo ficaram agrupadas no genótipo PCV2d-2; as sequências de isolados dos distritos de Manhiça e Matola, no genótipo PCV2d-1; enquanto os isolados dos distritos de Boane, Matutuine, Chibuto e Xai-Xai, no genótipo PCV2b-1A/B. Os resultados do trabalho permitem concluir que o VIA e PCV2 circulam na população suína em vários distritos da região sul de Moçambique.
Influenza A virus (IAV) and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) are the etiological agents of swine influenza (SI) and porcine circovirus associated diseases (PCVAD) respectively. These diseases represent a significant economic impact on pig production worldwide. In addition, IAV can be transmitted between animals and humans with consequences for public health. The objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence of these viruses in slaughter pigs in Southern Mozambique. Samples were collected in a slaughterhouse in Matola city, from December 2014 to February 2015 and December 2015 to February 2016. The materials and methods applied and the results obtained are presented in two manuscripts. The first article reports IAV infection in pigs and characterize the anatomopathological and immunohistochemical features of the associated lung lesions. Lungs from 457 slaughtered pigs were evaluated grossly, and samples from 38 (8.3%) of these that presented pulmonary consolidation were collected and examined for histopathology and immunohistochemistry (IHC) for the presence of IAV, PCV2 and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae antigens. IAV antigens were detected in 32/38 (84.3%) of pneumonic lungs, and positive pigs were from Matutuine district (5/32), Moamba district (2/32), Namaacha district (21/32), Boane district (3/32) and Matola City (1/32). All lung samples were immunohistochemically negative for PCV2 and M. hyopneumoniae. The second article aimed to detect histological lesions, PCV2 antigens and DNA and perform phylogenetic analysis of PCV2 strains circulating in Southern Mozambique. At slaughter, mesenteric lymph nodes were collected from 111 randomly selected pigs from nine districts of Southern Mozambique. Samples were submitted to histopathological examination, IHC and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). One PCV2 PCR positive sample from each district (n=9) was randomly selected in order to obtain sequences covering the ORF2 region. PCV2 DNA was detected in 53.8% (62/111) of the samples and 73.8% of the farms from all nine districts. PCV2 antigen was detected by IHC in six lymph nodes that were positive for PCV2 by PCR and antigens were associated with lymphoid depletion and infiltrate of histiocytes and multinucleated giant cells. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that three sequences from Maputo, Namaacha and Moamba were grouped with PCV2d-2, two sequences from Manhiça and Matola were grouped as PCV2d-1, and four sequences from Boane, Matutuine, Chibuto, and Xai-Xai were closely related to PCV2b-1A/B genotypes. The results of this study indicate that IAV and PCV2 circulate in the swine population in several districts of the southern region of Mozambique.

This thesis was aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of the separation device for the separation of seeds from marc. The first chapter describes the characteristics of marc and how is obtained. In the second chapter, the work was focused on the possibility of using the marc in waste management and food industries. The next chapter deals with separation technology and its technical support, which describes the different technologies and processes for the separation. The work also highlights the technological capabilities of drying seeds vine after separation. The experimental part of the work is focused on the evaluation of the separation of selected varieties. This assessment is complemented by tables and graphs of the results of the experiment. In the last chapter of the thesis focuses on determining the cost of separation of seeds and draft technological lines for medium and large wine-growing operations. Technological operations are accompanied by model proposals mobile and fixed lines.

The topic of my dissertation is Comparison of the quality of eggs depending on the method of feeding. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the quality of hen eggs changes after adding crushed grape seeds in the compound feed of the hens. Grape seeds are formed as a side product during wine making processes and contain large amounts of biologically active substances and suitable acids, which can improve the feed conversion and subsequently also improve the technological properties of eggs. With processing of grape seeds the effective utilization of crop residues in vineyards comes about. The experiment was conducted in two experimental periods and in each period 100 laying hens were surveyed. They were separated into two groups an experimental and a control one. In the control group the hens were fed with a standard mixture of N2 feed and in the experimental group there was a supplement of 5 weight percent of crushed grape seeds in the compound feed. Eggs were collected daily and once every two weeks an analysis of technological properties of eggs was conducted. The results of the experiment showed that the addition of crushed grape seeds containing a biologically active substance did not have a statistically significant effect on the quality and selected technological parameters of eggs.

This Diploma thesis first deals with composition of the bunch of grapes and must. The following is a description of the selected consumable secondary products such as must, dealcoholized vine, jam, marmalade, jelly from must, vine jelly, grape seed oil, flour from grape seeds. Further describes other secondary products such as pomace (marcs) and vineyeard prunings and their usage and mentioned is also a significant waste resulting from the grape vine cultivation and vine production and its possible utilisation. In the practical part of the thesis there is performed the procedure of the production (conservation) of grape vine must and production of jelly from must from cultivars "Veltlínské zelené" and "Dornfelder". These 2 samples of jellies were then together with other 6 samples of similar products (5 of them vine products from other vineries, 1 product from different fruit - cherries) organoleptically evaluated and analytically measured in the laboratory. The results are processed into tables, charts, and statistically and verbally commented.

Empirical measurements took place in years 2013 until 2015 at grape marc samples from viniculture subjects in the wine-growing area Morava. The results of this paper are divided into two main parts grapevine seed separation from grape marc and grape marc usage for energy purposes. Efficiency evaluation of the separation process was implemented primarily empirically in laboratory conditions by means of a net with defined-sized loops. Subsequently, the efficiency was confirmed on a prototype of a vibrating sifting device. From obtained results follows, in dependence on the cultivar the separation efficiency varies between 58,35 until 94,12 %, while seed yield is 6,00 until 49,71 %. An interesting area of grape seed usage is bioenergetics. Therefore there was implemented a wide range of calorimetrical measurements of combustion heat and caloric power of grape marc in its original state, grape marc after seed separation (assumption of oil pressing usage), and seeds in themselves. The results indicate the heating power varies between 18,61 until 21,14 MJ/kg. The highest heating power values were stated by seeds and grape marc in its original state. It could be presumed, the main reason is rather high oil component in grapevine seeds. Moreover, the measurement set was supplemented by results focused on grape marc usage for pellet production. As the input materials different proportions of dried grape marc combined with wine shoots and hay were used. From the measured values follows, that the highest heating power (19,22 MJ/kg) was obtained from pellets composited from 60 % grape marc, 20 % wine shoots, and 20 % hay. Their apparent density is 630,9 kg.m-3. The produced pellets correspond with the norm CSN EN 15210 2 from the point of view of mechanical ruggedness. The results of this paper were as well extended by a set of model calculation of operating expenses when producing pellets in defined conditions, which vary between CZK 3,59 until 3,92 per 1 kilogram.

Diploma Thesis deales with appropriateness of utilization of grape marc as material for composting. There were created three experimental composting starters with different material composition with different content of grape marc and process of the main composting factors was studied. The results show that use of grape marc as material for composting bases is suitable. Study of the size of composting area for processing the waste by composting was compiled on the basis of available quantity of biodegradace waste in cadastral of Mikulcice. Economic evaluation was compiled on the basis of determination of cost items from which the most important were depreciation costs of reinforced area and machines, costs of buying materials, costs of operation of machines and service costs.

This master's thesis deals with the issue of the treatment of grape marcs and other biodegradable wastes originating in agricultural activities as suitable raw materials for composting. In the literary part are described the individual input raw materials and the composting process. The basis for the experimental part was the proposing of four variants of recipes with different proportions of grape marcs and their subsequent verification in composting practice. At the same time, both of survey in the areas under cultivation and a balance of biodegradable waste generated at the Faculty of Horticulture, Mendel University in Brno were conducted. From the information obtained, the size of the area needed for setting up an experimental composting plant was calculated and the costs of production of 1 tonne of compost was determined.

Main emphasis of the presented diploma thesis is given on processing of biodegradable materials originating from agricultural production and particulary on composting of grapewine pomaces. Introductory part of the thesis reviews current trends of biodegradable waste products processing. Main goal of the experimental part is to assess prospects of composting pomaces in viticultural practice. Regular screening of composting proces for selected parameters (moisture, temperature) in variantly differnt experimental compost piles was performed in frame of the experimental procedure. Obtained data was evaluated and conclusion for application in user practice was formulated.

This work deals with the anaerobic treatment of grape marcs. In this work we tested two varieties of wine. Veltlínské zelené and Zweigletrebe. Tests were carried out in the Republic reference laboratory at Mendel University in Brno under mesophilic anaerobic conditions for 24 days in 0.003 m3 reactors and for 26 day in 0.120 m3 reactors. Biogas production and methane content were monitored daily during the test. The measurement results of testing variety Veltlínské zelené were: Substance loads ratio 0.496 kg.kg-1 - specific production of biogas 0.415 m3.kg-1, specific production of methane 0.246 m3.kg-1 and average concentration of methane in biogas was 59.3%. Substance loads ratio 0.099 kg.kg-1 - specific production of biogas 0.656 m3.kg-1, specific production of methane 0.262 m3.kg-1 and average concentration of methane in biogas was 39.8 %. The measurement results of testing variety Zweigeltrebe were: Substance loads ratio 0.496 kg.kg-1 - specific production of biogas 0.378 m3.kg-1, specific production of methane 0.234 m3.kg-1 and average concentration of methane in biogas was 61.9 %. Substance loads ratio 0.095 kg.kg-1 - specific production of biogas 0.544 m3.kg-1, specific production of methane 0.262 m3.kg-1 and average concentration of methane in biogas was 48.9 %.

South African Government introduced the supply chain management framework in 2003, with a vision of creating a seamless system which will play a pivotal role in service delivery provision to the communities, while achieving the objectives of cost effectiveness, fairness, equity transparency and ethics. The main aim of adopting this framework immediately after reform was to align the Public Sector Supply Chain management to the best practices. Unfortunately since its inception the supply chain management, particularly in the local government, has not enjoyed good publicity, due to the following three main factors, firstly incompetency of the supply chain management practitioners on using the preference points system, writing insufficient motivation when deviating from the SCM policies and irregular extensions of validity periods. The second main factor is the unethical conduct of the supply chain management practitioners in collusion with suppliers to overprice their respective tenders and also to supply inferior material for projects intended for community development. The last main factor is the lack of political leadership to enforce compliance, such as consequence management for those who contravened the supply chain management policies, as some councillors are also found doing business with their municipalities which is against the Municipal System Act 32 of 2000. The aim of this study was to establish an effective supply chain management framework for local municipalities in order to achieve the primary objectives of Section 217 of the Constitution of the Republic which are fairness, equity, transparency, and competitive and cost effectiveness. The study found that supply chain management practitioners have indicated that they have a very good understanding of how the supply chain management framework should be applied and of related legislations, but the literature differs with the views of the practitioners, as corruption, fraud and lack of consequences reports are still raised by the Auditor General South Africa and by other publications over the years. The following are recommendations that should be taken into account for the supply framework to function effectively: - Establish a Supply Chain Management Professional Association (SCMPA) of which the role is to provide annual online assessment for all the supply chain management practitioners; - To use the Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) grading certificate as evaluation minimum criteria of assessing functionality in accordance with the specific project; - Cancel the provision to re-issue or re-advertise the tenders after the supply chain management unit has received quotations from suppliers. - Municipalities should develop an integrated online commodity price listing supply database which should be operational 24 hours. Also to develop a Cellular phone application that will enable all the service providers to access the portal at any time to load their respective prices. - Make provision to include members of the audit committee to be charged for negligence under financial misconduct section 171 of the Municipal Finance Management Act 56 of 2003. - To provide the Auditor General South Africa and the Public Protector with legislative powers to refer malpractices or contravention with the supply chain policies to the SCMPA and SAPS to recover wasteful and fruitless expenditure as required by Section 102 of Municipal Finance Management Act (MFMA) of 56 of 2003 after complying with section 173 of the MFMA.
MBA, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Dissertação de mestrado em Medicina (Saúde Pública), apresentada à Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Coimbra
Resíduo tóxico industrial é toda substância sem utilidade que se elimina após ou durante actividade industrial. Os resíduos tóxicos, provenientes de indústrias são considerados de grande risco para a Saúde Pública, quando não observadas as normas adequadas de manuseamento. Estes são perigosos e prejudiciais à saúde, devido à presença de agentes na sua composição que podem poluir o meio ambiente, contaminar solo, ar e água, causando doenças crónicas de origem respiratória, cancro, alergias, etc. O presente estudo teve como objectivo avaliar os factores de risco para a saúde, na zona industrial da Matola. Na realização deste estudo foi feito um levantamento de dados e uma ampla pesquisa documental na Internet, instituições e em bibliotecas. A pesquisa comportou uma busca de informações em diversas empresas, mas beneficiou igualmente da colaboração de algumas entidades nacionais que forneceram dados importantes para realização do estudo, como o INE de Maputo.
Industrial toxic waste is any substance that eliminates useless after or during industrial activity. Toxic waste from industries are considered high risk to public health, when not subject to the appropriate standards for handling. These are dangerous and harmful to health, due to the presence of agents in the composition that may pollute the environment, contaminating soil, air and water, causing chronic diseases of respiratory origin, cancer, allergies, etc.. This study aimed to evaluate the risk factors for health in the industrial zone of Matola. In this study was a survey of data and an extensive documentary research on the Internet, libraries and institutions. The research involved a search for information in various companies, but also benefited from the collaboration of some national authorities that have provided important data for the study, as the INE Maputo.

This study analyses the access and use of financial services by small business owners in the cities of Mozambique, as an important tool for boosting economic growth and diminishing inequality. It correlates owners’ and business characteristics with the probability of adopting Points-of-Sale (POS), Mobile Banking and Mobile Money in everyday transactions. The main findings highlight that what mostly affects the use of POS is the size of business and the volume of transactions (positively correlated with POS adoption), while using mobile phone technologies for payments predominantly depends on the owner’s age and whether he/she is a frequent cellphone user. Moreover, to increase the use of electronic means of payment it is necessary to increase financial literacy and improve the banking services.
NSBE - UNL

Orientação: Maria Assunção Flores, Rosa Serradas Duarte
Este trabalho teve como objetivo a análise das motivações, experiências e oportunidades de aprendizagem e de desenvolvimento profissional contínuo (DPC) dos professores do Ensino Secundário Geral no município de Matola, Moçambique. Foi realizado um estudo misto, combinando a abordagem quantitativa (numa 1ª fase) que consistiu na aplicação de um inquérito por questionário a 433 professores que lecionavam no Ensino Secundário Geral e a abordagem qualitativa, numa segunda fase, através de grupos focais junto de 20 professores do mesmo distrito municipal. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que os professores, maioritariamente, valorizam a formação de carácter formal, numa perspetiva de formação a curto prazo, no sentido de colmatar lacunas e resolver problemas relativos ao seu desempenho e à sua qualificação profissional. Lamentam a falta de articulação entre as necessidades dos professores e o processo de organização da formação nos contextos em que trabalham. Os professores consideram que têm poucas oportunidades de se desenvolverem profissionalmente de forma contínua e reconhecem que na sua escola não existe uma política global de DPC, situando-se ao nível de iniciativas de formação individualizadas e com pouco impacto no desenvolvimento da escola. Finalmente, apontam para a adoção de métodos de trabalho colaborativos, incentivando os professores a trabalharem em comunidade em detrimento da atual orientação individual.
This piece of research aimed at analysing the motivations, experiences and opportunities for teacher professional development. A mixed-method research was carried out. In the first phase, a survey was conducted during which a questionnaire were administered to teachers. In total 433 teachers working in public secondary schools at Matola municipality participated. In the second phase, focus group were conducted with 20 teachers in the same municipality. Findings suggest that the most teachers value formal training in a short term perspective in order to overcome their problems and difficulties in their practice and professional qualification. Findings also reveal that INSET and professional development need to focus on the development of skills and activities directly related to the classroom context and to the individual professional growth. The participants point to the lack of articulation between their needs and the ways in which their training is organised. They claim that in their school there is no global policy for teacher professional development as there only are individual initiatives with low impact on their school. Finally, they point to the need to foster collaborative work as well as the setting up of partnerships to foster new dynamic, to overcome routines and to stimulate teachers to work in community in detriment to the current individualistic culture.

O objectivo deste trabalho é avaliar o nível de literacia financeira e seu impacto no empreendedorismo entre os empresários da província da Matola. Para elaboração deste estudo, adoptou-se o questionário complementado por entrevista, visando avaliar o nível de literacia financeira entre os empresários do distrito da Matola. A educação e a formação, tanto no ensino primário como no ensino secundário, com ênfase na literacia financeira e nas habilidades empresariais podem ter implicações significativas para o desenvolvimento e o crescimento das pequenas, micro e médias empresas. Com efeito, o documento revela que a literacia financeira entre os jovens empresários do distrito da Matola é satisfatório e contribui de forma significativa para suas habilidades de empreendedorismo. Este trabalho é o primeiro a estudar o nível de literacia financeira entre os empresários do distrito da Matola e como tal estabelece uma referência importante para novas pesquisas nesta área.
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the level of financial literacy and its impact on entrepreneurship among entrepreneurs in Matola province. For the preparation of this document, the questionnaire was supplemented by an interview to evaluate the level of financial literacy among the entrepreneurs of Matola province. Education and training, both in primary and high school, with an emphasis on financial literacy and entrepreneurial skills, can have significant implications for the development and growth of small and medium-sized enterprises. We find that financial literacy among young entrepreneurs in Matola District is medium and contributes significantly to their entrepreneurship skills. This work is the first to study the level of financial literacy among entrepreneurs in Matola District and as such establishes an important reference for new research in this area.

Orientação: Ana Carita
Moçambique é um país onde, desde a independência, e apesar das dificuldades económicas, da instabilidade, dos desafios demográficos, foram conseguidos assinaláveis progressos no alargamento da escolaridade obrigatória e no acesso à educação. Porém, com tais progressos surgiram turmas com mais do que os regulamentares 45 alunos, número já de si elevado, atingindo algumas delas 60 ou mais alunos, em particular no 1º ciclo do Ensino Secundário Geral. Esta é uma situação que largos setores da sociedade tendem a encarar como “normal”, não problematizando os seus efeitos na qualidade das aprendizagens e na formação geral das novas gerações. Nós sentimo-nos profissional e civicamente motivados a contribuir para colocar na ordem do dia as condições de ensino e aprendizagem naquelas turmas e os seus efeitos na gestão destes processos. Por outro lado, os estudos conduzidos nas últimas três décadas sobre o tamanho de turma e sobre a gestão eficaz da sala de aula pouco têm cruzado estes dois campos, sobretudo em contextos de países em desenvolvimento e, em particular, no contexto moçambicano. Assim, considerando os aspetos assinalados, a pesquisa teve como objetivo geral compreender o modo como se processa a gestão da aula em TGs do 1º ciclo do ESG, na disciplina de História, numa escola do município da Matola, Moçambique, e as indicações que ela nos dá sobre a eficácia educativa, disciplinar e transdisciplinar, desses ambientes. Contemplámos para o efeito quatro domínios de análise: gestão do ensino aprendizagem, da sociabilidade, do espaço físico e do tempo da aula, nas condições proporcionadas por TGs. Como estratégia de pesquisa (1) recorreu-se ao estudo de caso, focado em quatro turmas grandes de uma escola pública do ESG do município referido; e (2) procedeu-se a uma abordagem holística da gestão das aulas nestas turmas, explorando além do nível turmas caso, outros que lhe são próximos, como o nível da escola de pertença das turmas (escola foco) e o nível local. Como técnicas de investigação recorreu-se a (1) observação com filmagem de 16 aulas de dois professores de História, em quatro turmas sendo duas do 8º ano e duas do 10º; (2) questionário a 100 professores da escola foco; (3) entrevistas aos dois professores e a 10 alunos das turmas observadas, um diretor pedagógico da escola foco, três professores e três delegados da disciplina de História de três escolas circundantes à escola foco, e três gestores da Administração Distrital de Educação; (4) análise documental de material útil à contextualização do problema. A informação recolhida por observação e entrevistas foi submetida a análise de conteúdo; os dados colhidos por questionário foram submetidos a processamentos estatísticos considerados adequados. Os resultados, que foram objeto de confronto entre os três níveis de análise, e com a literatura, apontam para um quadro de gestão da sala de aula cuja eficácia se revela comprometida, à luz da literatura tomada por referência. Com efeito, embora com algumas discordâncias, mas não essenciais, quanto à gestão (1) do ensino aprendizagem, evidencia-se: recurso aos modelos de ensino tradicional e tradicional melhorado, este último limitado por se revelar bastante normatizado, onde a par dos esforços para o envolvimento do aluno na aprendizagem, se levantam normas que mais potenciam a sua passividade; dificuldades na diversificação e diferenciação do ensino e avaliação; más condições de participação e assistência do aluno na aula; (2) da sociabilidade, evidencia-se: (a) existência de um quadro normativo explícito, porém, prejudicado por não se envolver os alunos na sua definição, se privilegiar para o mesmo uma regulação mais corretiva que preventiva, e ser restrita a efetiva verificação do (in)cumprimento das normas, em virtude do difícil acompanhamento e controlo da turma; (b) restrições à participação dos alunos, sendo que, quando ocorre, é sobretudo reativa e coletiva, escasseando oportunidades de participação para a maioria dos alunos, o que reforça a tendência a “esconder-se”, a evitá-la; (c) interações assentes na iniciativa e atividade comunicativa do professor, apresentandose o aluno maioritariamente como o interlocutor passivo, e no restrito número de alunos envolvidos nas interações; (d) potenciação de comportamentos disruptivos do aluno (barulho, desacatos e conversas paralelas), geridos através de ações marcadamente corretivas; (3) do espaço físico da sala, se evidencia o desajustamento do espaço e mobiliário à dimensão da turma, com consequências na movimentação e normal acompanhamento pedagógico dos participantes; (4) do tempo da aula, se evidencia que os protagonistas não concretizam adequadamente as atividades que se propõem levar a cabo. Em suma, os resultados confirmam que as TGs estão associadas a um prejuízo exponencial das condições de gestão eficaz da aula. Por fim, as ações de minimização dos constrangimentos provocadas pelas TGs identificadas nos três níveis de análise revelam-se insuficientes, na medida em que privilegiam ações avulsas que eventualmente produzem resultados de curto prazo, resolvendo algumas situações de momento, daí a necessidade de definição de mais ações estruturais em reforço ao que está sendo feito. Em suma, para um problema que é multifatorial requerem-se ações articuladas a vários níveis, a fim de que a intervenção pedagógica possa ganhar eficácia e, à partida, requer-se reconhecimento e enfrentamento da questão das TGs como um problema sério do sistema.
Mozambique has been a country where, since independence, despite economic difficulties, instability, and demographic challenges, progress has been made in expanding compulsory schooling and access to education. However, with such progress, large classes have emerged, that is, classes with more than 45 students, number foreseen in the Secondary School Education Regulation (Ministry of Education/MINED, 2003), some of them, having 60 or more students, particularly in the 1st cycle of General Secondary Education. This is a situation that large sectors of society tend to regard as "normal", not problematizing their effects on the quality of learning and, on the general education of the new generations. We feel professional and civically motivated to contribute in order to put the teaching and learning conditions in those classes and their effects on these processes management, on the agenda. On the other hand, the studies conducted over the last three decades on class size and on effective classroom management, have hardly crossed these two fields, especially in contexts of developing countries, and in particular in the Mozambican context. Considering the mentioned aspects, the research had as general objective to understand the way in which large classes of the 1st cycle of the General Secondary Education, in the History course, is managed, in a school in the Municipality of Matola, Mozambique and the indications it gives us about the educational effectiveness of that environment. We considered four domains of analysis: management of teaching and learning, sociability, physical space and class time, under the conditions provided by large classes. As a research strategy (1) we used the case study, focused on four large classes of a public secondary school in the mentioned municipality; and (2) a holistic approach to classroom management in these classes was explored, in addition to the "case groups" level, others that were close to them, such as the "focus school" level and the local level. As research techniques we used (1) observation with filming, of 16 classes of two History teachers, in four classes: two of grade eight and the other two of grade 10; (2) questionnaire to 100 focus school teachers; (3) interviews with the two teachers and 10 students from the classes observed, a pedagogical director of the focus school, three teachers and three delegates of the History discipline from three schools surrounding the focus school, and three managers from the District Education Administration; (4) documentary analysis of material useful to contextualize the problem. The information collected through observation and interviews was submitted to content analysis; the data collected through questionnaire were submitted to adequate statistical processing. The results, on which the confrontation between the three levels of analysis and the literature were sought, point to a classroom management framework, on which effectiveness is proving to be compromised, in the light of the literature taken by reference. Indeed, although there are some disagreements, but not essential to the management (1) of teaching and learning, there is evidence that teachers use traditional and improved traditional teaching methods, the latter being limited due to the fact that it is quite standardized; although there efforts in order to involve students in learning, there are raised standards that more potentiate their passivity; and there are difficulties in the diversification and differentiation of teaching and evaluation; and bad conditions of student participation and assistance in class; (2) also, the management of sociability, is marked by (a) an explicit normative framework, however, hampered by the fact that students are not involved in its definition, it favors a more corrective rather than a preventive regulation, there is (in) compliance of the rules, due to the difficult monitoring and controlling of the class; (b) restrictions on student participation, and when it occurs, it is mainly reactive and collective, lacking opportunities for participation for the majority of students, which reinforces the tendency to "hide", to avoid it; (c) interactions based on the initiative and communicative activity of the teacher, presenting the student mainly as the passive interlocutor, and by the restricted number of students involved in the interactions; (d) enhancement of student disruptive behavior (noise, disrespect and parallel conversations), managed through markedly corrective actions; (3) the management of the physical space of the room, is marked by the mismatch of the space and furniture to the size of the class, with consequences in the movement and normal pedagogical accompaniment of the participants; (4) on the management of the class time, it is evident that the protagonists do not adequately carry out the activities they intend to carry out. In summary, the results confirm that large classes are associated with an exponential impairment of the conditions of effective classroom management. Finally, the actions to minimize the constraints caused by large classes identified at the three levels of analysis are insufficient, since they favor single actions that eventually produce short-term results, solving some situations at the moment, hence there is a need to define more reinforcing on what is being done. Finally, it is important to underline that to solve a problem that is multifactorial requires articulated actions at various levels, so that pedagogical intervention can gain effectiveness and, besides that recognition and confrontation of the large classes issue is required as a serious problem of the system.

Tese de mestrado, Ciências da Educação (Formação de Professores), 2009, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação
A formação inicial de professores não pode reduzir-se apenas à sua dimensão académica se esta apenas considerar a aprendizagem de conteúdos organizados por disciplinas. Ela visa formar profissionais para o exercício da profissão docente pelo que, se um professor não desenvolver competências profissionais, organizacionais e pessoais, dificilmente pode realizar um ensino de qualidade e dar um contributo positivo à comunidade educativa onde está inserido. Com a realização deste trabalho de investigação quisemos contribuir para um conhecimento mais profundo da qualidade de um currículo de formação inicial de professores. Neste sentido, procurámos conhecer os pontos de vista dos formadores acerca do currículo de formação inicial de professores para o ensino básico, bem como adequação do mesmo às necessidades do país, dos alunos e dos formandos e também acerca das mudanças a introduzir. Utilizámos uma metodologia de cariz qualitativo e desenvolvemos um estudo exploratório. Realizámos entrevistas a doze formadores no Instituto de Formação de Professores (IFP) da Matola Maputo - Moçambique. Os dados recolhidos foram tratados através da técnica da análise de conteúdo temática. Os resultados do estudo permitem-nos concluir que os formadores se mostram muito apreensivos pela não integração de um estágio no currículo de formação em vigor, considerando esse estágio como única componente da formação inicial de professores que, através da actuação em situação, permitiria a articulação entre o campo de saber e o campo de fazer, representando também um momento importante para o formando ter a oportunidade de reflectir sobre a prática e desenvolver novos saberes e competências profissionais. As mudanças a introduzir no currículo, mais valorizadas, foram o aumento do tempo de formação expressa sob forma como as mudanças deveriam ocorrer ao nível do tempo de duração do curso . Relativamente ao dispositi
Initial teacher education can not be reduced to its academic dimension in the sense of taking into account only the contents organized in disciplines. Teacher education aims at preparing professionals to practice the teaching profession and so, if a teacher does not develop professional, organizational and personal competencies he can not perform a qualified teaching and can not give a positive contribution to the educational community where he belongs. With this research study we aimed at contributing to a deeper knowledge about the quality of an initial teacher education program. Having that in mind, attempted to search the perspectives of a group of teacher educators about their program for the preparation of primary teachers, the adequacy of the program towards the educational country needs, the pupils needs, and the needs of teacher students and also about the changes that should be introduced in their opinion. We used a qualitative methodology to develop an exploratory study. Twelve teacher educations of the Instituto de Formação de Professores (IFP) da Matola, Maputo, Moçambique, were interviewed. Data collected were subjected to a thematic content analysis. The results abled us to conclude that teacher educators are quite critical about the non existance of a practicum in the present program. They considered that the practicum would be the only component that by providing the possibility of acting in a situation, would allow the articulation between the fields of knowing and doing, and the opportunity for the student to reflect about his/her practice and to develop new knowledge and competencies. The changes most desired for a future program were the increase of the duration of studies verbalized as changes that should occur at the level of program duration . Concerning the desired educational set, it seems to emerge from the interviewees discourse the following proposals: to create seminars for student training and change of experiences; to ch