Academic literature on the topic 'Matrice G'

Grazie all’accordo di collaborazione interna al Consiglio nazionale delle ricerche (CNR) tra l’Istituto per il lessico intellettuale europeo e storia dell’idee (ILIESI) e la Biblioteca centrale “G. Marconi”, siglato nel 2016, è stato possibile portare a compimento il progetto di digitalizzazione della collezione di microforme dell’ILIESI. La collezione è composta prevalentemente da lessici filosofici e testi di autori, relativi alla storia intellettuale europea del Cinquecento e Seicento. Due secoli che vedono la nascita del pensiero moderno e della nuova scienza, nel corso dei quali, dalla comune matrice latina, viene sviluppandosi la terminologia filosofica e scientifica delle lingue moderne. Il contributo analizza le scelte effettuate dallo staff tecnico per il recupero e la digitalizzazione del materiale, presentando il laboratorio di digitalizzazione della Biblioteca centrale. Infine vengono illustrate le future modalità di fruizione e valorizzazione della collezione digitalizzata.

Salt marsh productivity is an important control of resiliency to sea level rise. However, our understanding of how marsh biomass and productivity vary across fine spatial and temporal scales is limited. Remote sensing provides a means for characterizing spatial and temporal variability in marsh aboveground biomass, but most satellite and airborne sensors have limited spatial and/or temporal resolution. Imagery from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) can be used to address this data gap. We combined seasonal field surveys and multispectral UAV imagery collected using a DJI Matrice 100 and Micasense Rededge sensor from the Carpinteria Salt Marsh Reserve in California, USA to develop a method for high-resolution mapping of aboveground saltmarsh biomass. UAV imagery was used to test a suite of vegetation indices in their ability to predict aboveground biomass (AGB). The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) provided the strongest correlation to aboveground biomass for each season and when seasonal data were pooled, though seasonal models (e.g., spring, r2 = 0.67; RMSE = 344 g m−2) were more robust than the annual model (r2 = 0.36; RMSE = 496 g m−2). The NDVI aboveground biomass estimation model (AGB = 2428.2 × NDVI + 120.1) was then used to create maps of biomass for each season. Total site-wide aboveground biomass ranged from 147 Mg to 205 Mg and was highest in the spring, with an average of 1222.9 g m−2. Analysis of spatial patterns in AGB demonstrated that AGB was highest in intermediate elevations that ranged from 1.6–1.8 m NAVD88. This UAV-based approach can be used aid the investigation of biomass dynamics in wetlands across a range of spatial scales.

La question de l’esclavage aux « isles d’Amérique » a suscité une longue et pénétrante littérature depuis de nombreuses années. En revanche, l’institution de l’affranchissement ne connaît pas un tel succès, soit que l’on trouve cette pratique trop réduite et que l’on tende à la minimiser, soit que la technique issue du « favor libertatis » romain ait été négligée involontairement par les auteurs. Or, les études traditionnelles font souvent référence à la matrice romaine (Lebeau, Y. Debbasch...) sans toutefois préciser à quel état exact d’avancement du droit romain ils font allusion. En effet, ce dernier a connu une longue évolution depuis les temps archaïques (époque royale) jusqu’au droit fixé par le Code de Justinien. Le modèle antique est lui-même très flexible : l’affranchissement n’a pas toujours connu l’engouement que les auteurs modernes prêtent aux Romains de l’époque impériale. On a trop en vue la montée sociale prodigieuse des affranchis impériaux décrite dans la thèse remarquable de G. Boulvert. La réalité fut plus mitigée. Le modèle romain, à l’instar de son application plus ou moins consciente aux Antilles a connu des périodes plus ou moins favorables aux affranchis, l’empereur Auguste allant jusqu’à dénoncer un « mélange de races » qui effondrera le monde romain...

We present the development, integration, and testing of an open-path cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) methane sensor for deployment on small unmanned aerial systems (sUAS). The open-path configuration used here (without pump or flow-cell) enables a low mass (4 kg) and low power (12 W) instrument that can be readily integrated to sUAS, defined here as having all-up mass of <25 kg. The instrument uses a compact telecom style laser at 1651 nm (near-infrared) and a linear 2-mirror high-finesse cavity. We show test results of flying the sensor on a DJI Matrice 600 hexacopter sUAS. The high sensitivity of the CRDS method allows sensitive methane detection with a precision of ~10–30 ppb demonstrated for actual flight conditions. A controlled release setup, where known mass flows are delivered, was used to simulate point-source methane emissions. Examples of methane plume detection from flight tests suggest that isolated plumes from sources with a mass flow as low as ~0.005 g/s can be detected. The sUAS sensor should have utility for emissions monitoring and quantification from natural gas infrastructure. To the best of our knowledge, it is also the first CRDS sensor directly deployed onboard an sUAS.

L'équation cinétique qui permet de calculer l'oxydation d'un micropolluant dans les réacteurs d'ozonation s'écrit: -(d[P]/dt)=(KD[O3]L+KID[OH∘])[P] Kd et Kid: constantes de vitesse de l'ozone et des radicaux hydroxyles sur le micropolluant P. Dans la première partie, l'approche théorique de la concentration en radicaux hydroxyles a montré que [OH·] est proportionnel à la concentration en ozone ([OH·] = k'[03]). On a donc: (d[P]/dt)=KG[O3]L[P] with KG=KD+KIDK' Dans un réacteur parfaitement agité, les concentrations en ozone et en micropolluant sont constantes et l'élimination s'écrit: ([P]/[Po])=(1/1+KG[O3]L τ) with τ=(V/Q) Dans un réacteur piston, les concentrations varient tout au long de la colonne et il est habituel de modéliser un tel réacteur comme un grand nombre de R.P.A. en série de volume DeltaV et de hauteur DeltaH (Dans notre approche DeltaH = 0,01 m). Dans les deux cas, la simulation de l'élimination du micropolluant est basée sur la connaissance de la valeur de kG et de la concentration en ozone dans l'eau [03]L [03]L est obtenue de la résolution des bilans massiques dans un volume V ou ~V. ozone à l'entrée + ozone transféré = ozone à la sortie + ozone consommé L'ozone transféré utilise pour son calcul des relations semi-empiriques donnant la constante de Henry et la valeur du kLa. L'ozone consommé est déduit de la relation établie dans la partie 1: (d[O3]L/dt)=w[O3]L Les résultats de la simulation sont comparés aux résultats expérimentaux obtenus avec un pesticide organo-phosphoré, le parathion. Les paramètres variables sont le temps de contact (300 - 600 s), le pH (6,7 - 8,2) et le taux de traitement (1 à 5 g/m3). Une valeur de kG comprise entre 500 et 600 M-¹s-¹ donne une bonne corrélation entre les valeurs expérimentales et calculées. Cependant, on peut noter quelques différences, en particulier dans la partie basse de la colonne, ce qui montre la nécessité de prendre en compte pour des calculs plus précis l'hydrodynamique du réacteur. L'emploi du programme de simulation permet de tracer deux abaques qui montrent l'influence pour n'importe quel micropolluant des facteurs kGteta et w.

Afin de préserver les nombreux biens et services fournis par Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) R. Br. ex G. Don, Fabaceae, il est fondamental de connaître la variabilité phénotypique de l’espèce pour sa domestication. L’objectif de cette étude est de déterminer des caractères morphologiques permettant d’identifier des arbres-plus dans les savanes de Côte d’Ivoire. La variabilité phénotypique d’arbres distants d’au moins 100 m des trois types de savane a été étudiée à travers 22 caractères quantitatifs relatifs aux troncs, feuilles, fruits et graines. La matrice de données obtenue a été analysée avec différents tests tels que MANOVA suivie de ANOVA 1, AFD et la CAH. Les paramètres permettant de distinguer les arbres selon leur origine sont : hauteur totale d’arbre, épaisseur graine, poids de graine et pulpe par fruit, longueur du fruit, longueur et épaisseur du pédicelle, longueur et épaisseur du pédoncule. Les arbres en savane guinéenne ont de longs et épais pédoncules, des pédicelles épais et de longs fruits. Les arbres en savane sub-soudanaise sont hauts avec des graines et pédicelles épais, un poids de graine et de pulpe par fruit en moyenne élevé alors que les arbres en savane soudanaise sont hauts avec un long pédoncule. Mots clés: Parkia biglobosa, néré, variabilité phénotypique, conservation, savane. English Title: Phenotypical caracterization of african locust bean (Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) R. Br. ex G. Don, Fabaceae) from three savannahs types in Côte d’Ivoire To preserve goods and services provided by Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) R. Br. ex G. Don, Fabaceae, it is essential to know the phenotypical variability of this species for domestication purpose. The objective of this study is to define morphological discriminant traits to identify tree-plus in the savannahs from Côte d'Ivoire. The phenotypical variability of trees distant at least 100 m from three types of savannah was studied through 22 quantitative traits related to trunks, leaves, fruits and seeds. Matrix data was analyzed with different tests such as MANOVA followed by ANOVA 1, AFD and CAH. Traits that allow distinguishing trees according to their origin are: total height, seed thickness, seed and pulp weight per fruit, fruit length, pedicel length and thickness, peduncle length and thickness. In the Guinean savannah, trees have long and thick peduncles, thick pedicels and long fruits. In Sub-Sudanese savannah, trees are tall with thick seeds and pedicels, high seeds and pulp weight per fruit while Sudanese savannah trees are tall with a long peduncle. Keywords: Parkia biglobosa, locust bean, phenotypical variability, conservation, savannah.

La rapidité du changement climatique observé et prédit soulève la question de la vitesse à laquelle les espèces pourront s'adapter au climat futur. Les populations exposées aux changements de conditions environnementales peuvent s'adapter sur place (sans migration) grâce, dans un premier temps, à la réponse plastique des individus, puis, à long terme, par la réponse à la sélection (adaptation génétique). En situation d'environnement variable à la fois dans l'espace et le temps, les flux de gènes peuvent faciliter la diffusion d'allèles bénéfiques entre populations. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier expérimentalement l'interaction entre adaptation et dispersion pollinique à longue distance sur un gradient altitudinal de hêtre commun (Fagus sylvatica). Cette étude a été conduite à partir de trois populations de hêtre sur le versant Nord du Mont-Ventoux (de 900 m à 1400 m d'altitude). Douze traits fonctionnels (phénologiques, physiologiques et morphologiques) potentiellement adaptatifs ont été mesurés sur 60 descendances maternelles issues de ces populations (20 mères/population, 100 individus/mère) et placées en pépinière. Les résultats de cette thèse montrent que (i) les forts taux de pollen immigrant reçus par les populations (m = 56 %) n'empêchent pas l'émergence de patrons de différenciation adaptative, (ii) la sélection érode la variance génétique des traits, (iii) malgré l'existence de variance génétique pour tous les traits, les covariances génétiques entre traits peuvent affecter les taux et directions d'évolution future, et (iv) les flux de pollen contribuent à augmenter la variance génétique totale au sein des populations. Finalement, les populations à moyenne et hautes altitudes pourraient avoir les capacités de s'adapter au climat futur
The rapidity of the climate change observed and predicted raises the issue of how fast species can adapt to future. In face of environmental change, populations can adapt without migrating thanks to their plastic response in a first time, and to their response to selection in the long term (genetic adaptation). In conditions of environment variable both in space and time, gene flow can enhance the spread of beneficial alleles between populations. The objective of this thesis is to experimentally measure the adaptive differentiation and the long-distance pollen dispersal along an elevational gradient of beech populations (Fagus sylvatica). In this study we investigated three beech populations located on the northern side of the Mont-Ventoux (from 900m to 1400m of elevation). Twelve potential adaptive functional traits (phenological, physiological and morphological) have been measured on 60 maternal families collected from these populations (20 mothers/population, 100 offspring/mother) and planted in nursery. The results of this thesis show that that (i) the strong pollen immigrant rate received by the populations (m = 56 %) did not their prevent adaptive differentiation, (ii) the action of natural selection erodes the genetic variance of the traits, (iii) despite significant genetic variance for all the traits, the genetic covariance between traits should affect the rate and direction of evolution in the future, and (iv) gene flow contribute to increase the total genetic variance within the populations. Finally, populations at medium and high elevations may have the potential to adapt to future climate

Ce travail se place dans le cadre des réacteurs nucléaires de 4ème génération tels que les réacteurs à neutrons rapides et caloporteur gaz (RNR-G), pour lesquels des matériaux réfractaires comme le nitrure de titane (TiN) enroberont le combustible afin de permettre la rétention des produits de fission. Cette étude a porté sur le comportement thermique intragranulaire du xénon dans des échantillons de TiN obtenus par frittage à chaud sous charge. Le rôle de la microstructure sur le comportement thermique du xénon a été étudié. Plusieurs lots ont ainsi été synthétisés sous différentes conditions de température et de composition de la poudre initiale. Le xénon a été introduit par implantation ionique. Les échantillons ont ensuite subi des traitements thermiques entre 1300°C et 1600°C, soient les températures accidentelles envisagées. Un transport majoritaire du xénon vers la surface a été mis en évidence. Ce dernier est ralenti lorsque la température de frittage augmente. Des différences de comportement ont été observées selon les poudres mises en oeuvre dans la synthèse et selon l'orientation cristalline du grain considéré. Le relâchement du xénon a également été corrélé à l'oxydation de TiN. Des bulles de Xe dès 0,38 % atomique ont été observées. Leur taille est proportionnelle à la concentration en Xe et augmente avec la température de recuit, d'où une certaine mobilité du Xe au sein de TiN. Plusieurs mécanismes pouvant expliquer cette mobilité sont proposés. En complément, des calculs ab initio ont confirmé le caractère fortement insoluble du Xe dans TiN et révélé que les bilacunes sont les plus favorables à l'incorporation du xénon au sein de ce matériau.

Ce travail se place dans le cadre des réacteurs nucléaires de 4ème génération tels que les réacteurs à neutrons rapides et caloporteur gaz (RNR-G), pour lesquels des matériaux réfractaires comme le nitrure de titane (TiN) enroberont le combustible afin de permettre la rétention des produits de fission. Cette étude a porté sur le comportement thermique intragranulaire du xénon dans des échantillons de TiN obtenus par frittage à chaud sous charge. Le rôle de la microstructure sur le comportement thermique du xénon a été étudié. Plusieurs lots ont ainsi été synthétisés sous différentes conditions de température et de composition de la poudre initiale. Le xénon a été introduit par implantation ionique. Les échantillons ont ensuite subi des traitements thermiques entre 1300°C et 1600°C, soient les températures accidentelles envisagées. Un transport majoritaire du xénon vers la surface a été mis en évidence. Ce dernier est ralenti lorsque la température de frittage augmente. Des différences de comportement ont été observées selon les poudres mises en oeuvre dans la synthèse et selon l'orientation cristalline du grain considéré. Le relâchement du xénon a également été corrélé à l’oxydation de TiN. Des bulles de Xe dès 0,38 % atomique ont été observées. Leur taille est proportionnelle à la concentration en Xe et augmente avec la température de recuit, d’où une certaine mobilité du Xe au sein de TiN. Plusieurs mécanismes pouvant expliquer cette mobilité sont proposés. En complément, des calculs ab initio ont confirmé le caractère fortement insoluble du Xe dans TiN et révélé que les bilacunes sont les plus favorables à l'incorporation du xénon au sein de ce matériau
This work concerns the generation IV future nuclear reactors such as gas-cooled fast reactor (GFR) for which refractory materials as titanium nitride (TiN) are needed to surround fuel and act as a fission product diffusion barrier. This study is about Xe thermal behavior in sintered titanium nitride. Microstructure effects on Xe behavior have been studied. In this purpose, several syntheses have been performed using differents sintering temperatures and initial powder compositions. Xenon species have been introduced into samples by ionic implantation. Then, samples were annealed in temperature range from 1300°C to 1600°C, these temperatures being the accidental awaited temperature. A transport of xenon towards sample surface has been observed. Transport rate seems to be slow down when increasing sintering temperature. The composition of initial powder and the crystallographic orientation of each considered grain also influence xenon thermal behavior. Xenon release has been correlated with material oxidation during annealing. Xenon bubbles were observed. Their size is proportional with xenon concentration and increases with annealing temperature. Several mechanisms which could explain Xe intragranular mobility in TiN are proposed. In addition with experiments, very low Xe solubility in TiN has been confirmed by ab initio calculations. So, bivacancies were found to be the most favoured Xe incorporation sites in this material

Les valvulopathies touchent 2% de la population et le premier gène identifié est le gène FLNA chez des patients présentant un prolapse mitral (PVM). Ce gène code pour la Filamine A (FLNa) qui organise le réseau cytosquelette d'actine et participe à la régulation de voies de signalisation notamment de réponse cellulaire au stress mécanique. Le but de mon travail a été de comprendre le rôle des mutations de la FLNa (G288R et P637Q) identifiées chez des patients dans le processus pathologique du PVM. Dans un modèle de ré-expression de mélanome humain, j'ai montré que les mutations de la FLNa induisent des défauts d'adhésion, d'étalement et de migration cellulaire. Ces défauts sont dus à une dérégulation de la balance des GTPases RhoA et Rac1. J'ai montré que la protéine FilGAP décrite pour interagir avec la FLNa intervient dans cette dérégulation. Les mutations de la FlnA déstabilisent aussi son interaction avec la tyrosine phosphatase PTPN12. PTPN12 étant connue pour réguler l'activité de RhoA, il est possible que la perte d'interaction FlnA/PTPN12 participe aussi à la pathologie. De plus, trois mutations sur le gène codant pour FilGAP (ARHGAP24) ont été identifiées dans 3 formes familiales de PVM. Ces mutations sont des « pertes de fonctions » car elles ne régulent plus l'activité de Rac via 2 mécanismes : 1) l'une n'est plus adressée correctement à la membrane, 2) les 2 autres n'interagissent plus avec la FLNa. Mes travaux ont mis en évidence les mécanismes moléculaires des mutations touchant des protéines (FlnA et FilGAP) impliquées dans les voies de signalisation de réponse cellulaire au stress mécanique qui sont très sollicitées dans les valves cardiaques
The prevalence of heart valve disease is 2% of population et the first gene identified is the FLNA gene on patients with Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP). This gene encodes for Filamin A which organizes the actin cytoskeleton network et participates in many signaling pathways particularly in mechanical stress response. The aim of my work is to identify the role of FLNa mutations identified in patient with pathological MVP. In the re-expression of a human melanoma cell model, I showed that FLNa mutations lead to an adhesion, spreading et migration impairment. These impairments are due to a deregulation of the small GTPases activities – Rho et Rac. I have shown that FilGAP, known to interact with FLNa, participates to this deregulation. FlnA mutations destabilize its interaction with PTP-PEST. Higher RhoA activity is due to the loss of FLNa-PTP-PEST interaction. PTP-PEST is known to regulate RhoA activity et there is a possibility that the loss of interaction participates to the pathological processes. Moreover, 3 mutations on the ARHGAP24 gene, which encodes for FilGAP, were identified on 3 familial forms. These mutations are “loss of function” because they can regulate Rac activity through 2 mechanisms: 1) One of them is not correctly addressed in the membrane et 2) The two others are not able to interact with FLNa. My work showed 2 molecular mechanisms of mutation that affected 2 proteins (FLNa-FilGAP) involved in mechanical stress signaling pathways which are very important in heart valves

Nous presentons l'etude de nouvelles donnees experimentales au + au a 150 et 400 a. Mev obtenues avec le detecteur fopi. Nous etudions principalement le flot, determine a partir de la methode de danielewicz sans reconstruction du plan de reaction et le pouvoir d'arret de la matiere en fonction de la charge des fragments et en fonction de la centralite des collisions. Nous comparons ensuite les donnees experimentales avec differentes versions du modele qmd afin d'etudier les effets de milieu nucleaire sur les sections efficaces et sur le potentiel n-n. La premiere version (gqmd) utilise le formalisme de matrice g pour calculer de maniere microscopique les sections efficaces et les potentiels. Cette version inclue donc naturellement les effets de milieu nucleaire. La seconde version (iqmd) utilise un potentiel de skyrme et un terme dependant de l'impulsion pour reproduire les effets de milieu. Le pouvoir d'arret est surrestime par les deux versions du modele. En ce qui concerne le flot, la dependance en impulsion est plus grande dans gqmd et permet de reproduire les evenements plus peripheriques. Par contre, le modele gqmd qui possede une equation d'etat soft manque de dependance en densite pour reproduire les evenements centraux. Cette comparaison montre donc qu'une equation d'etat hard est necessaire pour reproduire le flot dans les collisions centrales et qu'une grande dependance en impulsion permet de reproduire les collisions semi-centrales et peripheriques

L'etude morphologique des capillaires de la moelle epiniere montre que la substance grise est plus vascularisee que la substance blanche, et qu'il n'y a pas de difference statistiquement significative quant au diametre interne des capillaires et a l'epaisseur de la lame basale capillaire de ces deux regions. Les pericytes sont presents dans le dedoublement de la lame basale de la quasi-totalite de ces capillaires. Une partie de ces derniers sont entoures d'un espace clair, non opaque aux electrons, separant la lame basale capillaire de la lame basale astrocytaire. Cet espace contient des cellules dont l'aspect morphologique n'est ni celui d'un peeicyte, ni celui d'une cellule nerveuse ou gliale. Au niveau de l'endothelium de ces capillaires, il existe une barriere hemato-medullaire qui empeche la diffusion des immunoglobulines g dans le compartiment extravasculaire. En revanche une barriere impermeable n'existe pas au niveau du ganglion spinal et les immunoglobulines g diffusent dans l'espace perivasculaire. Les collagenes de type un, trois, quatre, la laminine et la fibronectine sont presents dans la moelle epiniere. Ils sont localises dans les tissus de nature conjonctive, notamment les lames basales, le sillon median et les enveloppes meningees. Les collagenes de type un, trois et la fibronectine sont en plus retrouves au niveau de l'ependyme

La nature extraordinaire du r??gime national-socialiste a longtemps paralys?? les tentatives d???en expliquer les causes, les m??canismes et les assises id??ologiques. Pourtant, depuis les ann??es 1960 et de mani??re toujours croissante par la suite, il s???av??re que ce qu???il y a de plus significatif sur le Troisi??me Reich semble ??tre r??v??l?? gr??ce ?? son inscription dans une trame sociohistorique qui le d??passe. En ce sens, la tendance misogyne du r??gime nazi ne peut ??tre comprise que par un exercice g??n??alogique. Caract??ristique fondamentale souvent n??glig??e, l???antif??minisme nazi s???inscrit dans une tendance paternaliste occidentale qui, bien qu???elle n???explique pas ?? elle seule les politiques et mesures nazies concernant les femmes, permet de saisir la nature id??ologique de leurs motivations. Plongeant au c??ur d???un XIXe si??cle post-Lumi??res aux contradictions nombreuses, aux revendications sociales certaines et aux maintes red??finitions ??pist??mologiques provoqu??es, entre autres, par le mouvement ?? anti-Lumi??res ??, notre m??moire propose d???observer les ??chos du discours allemand sur la diff??renciation des sexes et les femmes sous le Troisi??me Reich. Les id??es nazies sur les femmes ne naissent ainsi pas ex nihilo ; elles s???inscrivent dans une r??cup??ration id??ologique et une continuit?? philosophique. Tant les philosophes Arthur Schopenhauer, Friedrich Nietzsche et Otto Weininger que le m??decin Paul M??bius et le sociologue Georg Simmel s???expriment abondamment sur la ?? question f??minine ??. Repr??sentants du discours allemand de la seconde moiti?? du XIXe si??cle et du premier tiers du XXe si??cle, ils s???inscrivent ??videmment dans la tendance europ??enne, voire occidentale, d???une remise en question des acquis des Lumi??res et des revendications f??ministes. Se pronon??ant tant sur le corps f??minin que sur les capacit??s intellectuelles et morales des femmes, ces penseurs discr??ditent le mouvement d?????mancipation f??minine et mettent de l???avant des valeurs in??galitaires et d??terministes qui caract??riseront ??galement l???Allemagne d???Hitler.

La tesi si propone come uno studio sulla risoluzione angolare per il tracciamento di particelle nell’esperimento MUonE. La proposta di questo è quella di misurare, con un’elevata precisione, il contributo adronico al running della costante di accoppiamento aEM nella regione space-like, attraverso lo scattering ad alta energia di muoni su elettroni atomici di un bersaglio di grafite. Per mezzo della misura della sezione d’urto differenziale elastica del processo, si potrà misurare il contributo adronico dominante aHLO all’anomalia μ del momento magnetico g − 2 del muone. Questa misura richiede un’analisi precisa delle incertezze date da effetti fisici come Multiplo Scattering Columbiano (MSC) e bremsstrahlung. La mia analisi sarà concentrata sull’effetto legato al MSC e, in virtù di questo, sulla valutazione della configurazione ottimale dell’apparato di tracciamento. Si è simulato il sistema di rilevamento e N eventi di hit sui pannelli di questo. In seguito si è usato un metodo di adattamento ai minimi quadrati, attraverso la matrice di covarianza degli errori sulle coordinate, per stimare la direzione della particella nella simulazione. Si sono raccolti gli angoli risultanti in un istogramma, la cui sigma rappresenta l’incertezza del sistema. Si sono valutate la dipendenza dell’incertezza dall’energia della particella e dai parametri geometrici del fascio per poi valutare la configurazione ideale che rende minima la risoluzione angolare.

To meet the expectations raised by the terms Industrie 4.0, Industrial Internet and Internet of Things, real innovations are necessary, which can be brought about by information processing systems working autonomously. Owing to their growing complexity and their embedding in complex environments, their design becomes increasingly critical. Thus, the topics addressed in this book span from verification and validation of safety-related control software and suitable hardware designed for verifiability to be deployed in embedded systems over approaches to suppress electromagnetic interferences to strategies for network routing based on centrality measures and continuous re-authentication in peer-to-peer networks. Methods of neural and evolutionary computing are employed to aid diagnosing retinopathy of prematurity, to invert matrices and to solve non-deterministic polynomial-time hard problems. In natural language processing, interface problems between humans and machines are solved with g...

Bones are multifunctional passive organs of movement that supports soft tissue and directly attached muscles. They also protect internal organs and are a reserve of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium. Each bone is covered with periosteum, and the adjacent bone surfaces are covered by articular cartilage. Histologically, the bone is an organ composed of many different tissues. The main component is bone tissue (cortical and spongy) composed of a set of bone cells and intercellular substance (mineral and organic), it also contains fat, hematopoietic (bone marrow) and cartilaginous tissue. Bones are a tissue that even in adult life retains the ability to change shape and structure depending on changes in their mechanical and hormonal environment, as well as self-renewal and repair capabilities. This process is called bone turnover. The basic processes of bone turnover are: • bone modeling (incessantly changes in bone shape during individual growth) following resorption and tissue formation at various locations (e.g. bone marrow formation) to increase mass and skeletal morphology. This process occurs in the bones of growing individuals and stops after reaching puberty • bone remodeling (processes involve in maintaining bone tissue by resorbing and replacing old bone tissue with new tissue in the same place, e.g. repairing micro fractures). It is a process involving the removal and internal remodeling of existing bone and is responsible for maintaining tissue mass and architecture of mature bones. Bone turnover is regulated by two types of transformation: • osteoclastogenesis, i.e. formation of cells responsible for bone resorption • osteoblastogenesis, i.e. formation of cells responsible for bone formation (bone matrix synthesis and mineralization) Bone maturity can be defined as the completion of basic structural development and mineralization leading to maximum mass and optimal mechanical strength. The highest rate of increase in pig bone mass is observed in the first twelve weeks after birth. This period of growth is considered crucial for optimizing the growth of the skeleton of pigs, because the degree of bone mineralization in later life stages (adulthood) depends largely on the amount of bone minerals accumulated in the early stages of their growth. The development of the technique allows to determine the condition of the skeletal system (or individual bones) in living animals by methods used in human medicine, or after their slaughter. For in vivo determination of bone properties, Abstract 10 double energy X-ray absorptiometry or computed tomography scanning techniques are used. Both methods allow the quantification of mineral content and bone mineral density. The most important property from a practical point of view is the bone’s bending strength, which is directly determined by the maximum bending force. The most important factors affecting bone strength are: • age (growth period), • gender and the associated hormonal balance, • genotype and modification of genes responsible for bone growth • chemical composition of the body (protein and fat content, and the proportion between these components), • physical activity and related bone load, • nutritional factors: – protein intake influencing synthesis of organic matrix of bone, – content of minerals in the feed (CA, P, Zn, Ca/P, Mg, Mn, Na, Cl, K, Cu ratio) influencing synthesis of the inorganic matrix of bone, – mineral/protein ratio in the diet (Ca/protein, P/protein, Zn/protein) – feed energy concentration, – energy source (content of saturated fatty acids - SFA, content of polyun saturated fatty acids - PUFA, in particular ALA, EPA, DPA, DHA), – feed additives, in particular: enzymes (e.g. phytase releasing of minerals bounded in phytin complexes), probiotics and prebiotics (e.g. inulin improving the function of the digestive tract by increasing absorption of nutrients), – vitamin content that regulate metabolism and biochemical changes occurring in bone tissue (e.g. vitamin D3, B6, C and K). This study was based on the results of research experiments from available literature, and studies on growing pigs carried out at the Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences. The tests were performed in total on 300 pigs of Duroc, Pietrain, Puławska breeds, line 990 and hybrids (Great White × Duroc, Great White × Landrace), PIC pigs, slaughtered at different body weight during the growth period from 15 to 130 kg. Bones for biomechanical tests were collected after slaughter from each pig. Their length, mass and volume were determined. Based on these measurements, the specific weight (density, g/cm3) was calculated. Then each bone was cut in the middle of the shaft and the outer and inner diameters were measured both horizontally and vertically. Based on these measurements, the following indicators were calculated: • cortical thickness, • cortical surface, • cortical index. Abstract 11 Bone strength was tested by a three-point bending test. The obtained data enabled the determination of: • bending force (the magnitude of the maximum force at which disintegration and disruption of bone structure occurs), • strength (the amount of maximum force needed to break/crack of bone), • stiffness (quotient of the force acting on the bone and the amount of displacement occurring under the influence of this force). Investigation of changes in physical and biomechanical features of bones during growth was performed on pigs of the synthetic 990 line growing from 15 to 130 kg body weight. The animals were slaughtered successively at a body weight of 15, 30, 40, 50, 70, 90, 110 and 130 kg. After slaughter, the following bones were separated from the right half-carcass: humerus, 3rd and 4th metatarsal bone, femur, tibia and fibula as well as 3rd and 4th metatarsal bone. The features of bones were determined using methods described in the methodology. Describing bone growth with the Gompertz equation, it was found that the earliest slowdown of bone growth curve was observed for metacarpal and metatarsal bones. This means that these bones matured the most quickly. The established data also indicate that the rib is the slowest maturing bone. The femur, humerus, tibia and fibula were between the values of these features for the metatarsal, metacarpal and rib bones. The rate of increase in bone mass and length differed significantly between the examined bones, but in all cases it was lower (coefficient b <1) than the growth rate of the whole body of the animal. The fastest growth rate was estimated for the rib mass (coefficient b = 0.93). Among the long bones, the humerus (coefficient b = 0.81) was characterized by the fastest rate of weight gain, however femur the smallest (coefficient b = 0.71). The lowest rate of bone mass increase was observed in the foot bones, with the metacarpal bones having a slightly higher value of coefficient b than the metatarsal bones (0.67 vs 0.62). The third bone had a lower growth rate than the fourth bone, regardless of whether they were metatarsal or metacarpal. The value of the bending force increased as the animals grew. Regardless of the growth point tested, the highest values were observed for the humerus, tibia and femur, smaller for the metatarsal and metacarpal bone, and the lowest for the fibula and rib. The rate of change in the value of this indicator increased at a similar rate as the body weight changes of the animals in the case of the fibula and the fourth metacarpal bone (b value = 0.98), and more slowly in the case of the metatarsal bone, the third metacarpal bone, and the tibia bone (values of the b ratio 0.81–0.85), and the slowest femur, humerus and rib (value of b = 0.60–0.66). Bone stiffness increased as animals grew. Regardless of the growth point tested, the highest values were observed for the humerus, tibia and femur, smaller for the metatarsal and metacarpal bone, and the lowest for the fibula and rib. Abstract 12 The rate of change in the value of this indicator changed at a faster rate than the increase in weight of pigs in the case of metacarpal and metatarsal bones (coefficient b = 1.01–1.22), slightly slower in the case of fibula (coefficient b = 0.92), definitely slower in the case of the tibia (b = 0.73), ribs (b = 0.66), femur (b = 0.59) and humerus (b = 0.50). Bone strength increased as animals grew. Regardless of the growth point tested, bone strength was as follows femur > tibia > humerus > 4 metacarpal> 3 metacarpal> 3 metatarsal > 4 metatarsal > rib> fibula. The rate of increase in strength of all examined bones was greater than the rate of weight gain of pigs (value of the coefficient b = 2.04–3.26). As the animals grew, the bone density increased. However, the growth rate of this indicator for the majority of bones was slower than the rate of weight gain (the value of the coefficient b ranged from 0.37 – humerus to 0.84 – fibula). The exception was the rib, whose density increased at a similar pace increasing the body weight of animals (value of the coefficient b = 0.97). The study on the influence of the breed and the feeding intensity on bone characteristics (physical and biomechanical) was performed on pigs of the breeds Duroc, Pietrain, and synthetic 990 during a growth period of 15 to 70 kg body weight. Animals were fed ad libitum or dosed system. After slaughter at a body weight of 70 kg, three bones were taken from the right half-carcass: femur, three metatarsal, and three metacarpal and subjected to the determinations described in the methodology. The weight of bones of animals fed aa libitum was significantly lower than in pigs fed restrictively All bones of Duroc breed were significantly heavier and longer than Pietrain and 990 pig bones. The average values of bending force for the examined bones took the following order: III metatarsal bone (63.5 kg) <III metacarpal bone (77.9 kg) <femur (271.5 kg). The feeding system and breed of pigs had no significant effect on the value of this indicator. The average values of the bones strength took the following order: III metatarsal bone (92.6 kg) <III metacarpal (107.2 kg) <femur (353.1 kg). Feeding intensity and breed of animals had no significant effect on the value of this feature of the bones tested. The average bone density took the following order: femur (1.23 g/cm3) <III metatarsal bone (1.26 g/cm3) <III metacarpal bone (1.34 g / cm3). The density of bones of animals fed aa libitum was higher (P<0.01) than in animals fed with a dosing system. The density of examined bones within the breeds took the following order: Pietrain race> line 990> Duroc race. The differences between the “extreme” breeds were: 7.2% (III metatarsal bone), 8.3% (III metacarpal bone), 8.4% (femur). Abstract 13 The average bone stiffness took the following order: III metatarsal bone (35.1 kg/mm) <III metacarpus (41.5 kg/mm) <femur (60.5 kg/mm). This indicator did not differ between the groups of pigs fed at different intensity, except for the metacarpal bone, which was more stiffer in pigs fed aa libitum (P<0.05). The femur of animals fed ad libitum showed a tendency (P<0.09) to be more stiffer and a force of 4.5 kg required for its displacement by 1 mm. Breed differences in stiffness were found for the femur (P <0.05) and III metacarpal bone (P <0.05). For femur, the highest value of this indicator was found in Pietrain pigs (64.5 kg/mm), lower in pigs of 990 line (61.6 kg/mm) and the lowest in Duroc pigs (55.3 kg/mm). In turn, the 3rd metacarpal bone of Duroc and Pietrain pigs had similar stiffness (39.0 and 40.0 kg/mm respectively) and was smaller than that of line 990 pigs (45.4 kg/mm). The thickness of the cortical bone layer took the following order: III metatarsal bone (2.25 mm) <III metacarpal bone (2.41 mm) <femur (5.12 mm). The feeding system did not affect this indicator. Breed differences (P <0.05) for this trait were found only for the femur bone: Duroc (5.42 mm)> line 990 (5.13 mm)> Pietrain (4.81 mm). The cross sectional area of the examined bones was arranged in the following order: III metatarsal bone (84 mm2) <III metacarpal bone (90 mm2) <femur (286 mm2). The feeding system had no effect on the value of this bone trait, with the exception of the femur, which in animals fed the dosing system was 4.7% higher (P<0.05) than in pigs fed ad libitum. Breed differences (P<0.01) in the coross sectional area were found only in femur and III metatarsal bone. The value of this indicator was the highest in Duroc pigs, lower in 990 animals and the lowest in Pietrain pigs. The cortical index of individual bones was in the following order: III metatarsal bone (31.86) <III metacarpal bone (33.86) <femur (44.75). However, its value did not significantly depend on the intensity of feeding or the breed of pigs.

Abstract In CRYPTO 2008, 1 year earlier than Gentry’s pioneering “bootstrapping” technique for the first fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) scheme, Ostrovsky and Skeith III had suggested a completely different approach towards achieving FHE. They showed that the $$\mathsf {NAND}$$ operator can be realized in some non-commutative groups; consequently, homomorphically encrypting the elements of the group will yield an FHE scheme, without ciphertext noise to be bootstrapped. However, no observations on how to homomorphically encrypt the group elements were presented in their paper, and there have been no follow-up studies in the literature. The aim of this paper is to exhibit more clearly what is sufficient and what seems to be effective for constructing FHE schemes based on their approach. First, we prove that it is sufficient to find a surjective homomorphism $$\pi :\widetilde{G} \rightarrow G$$ between finite groups for which bit operators are realized in G and the elements of the kernel of $$\pi $$ are indistinguishable from the general elements of $$\widetilde{G}$$. Secondly, we propose new methodologies to realize bit operators in some groups G. Thirdly, we give an observation that a naive approach using matrix groups would never yield secure FHE due to an attack utilizing the “linearity” of the construction. Then we propose an idea to avoid such “linearity” by using combinatorial group theory. Concretely realizing FHE schemes based on our proposed framework is left as a future research topic.

On the basis of first-order and second-order kinematic influence coefficient matrices, dynamics characteristics indices for robot manipulator are presented in the paper. Different from indices before, these indices include not only the first-order kinematics influence coefficient matrix G, but also the second-order kinematic influence coefficient matrix H. Then with the global index, these indices can be used to guide the dynamics design.

Uma S-Box (caixa de substituição) deve ter pelo menos valores ótimos para não linearidade (N L), uniformidade diferencial e grau algébrico. Segundo a literatura, uma S-Box criptograficamente forte deve ter N L > 100. O AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) usa uma matriz binária não singular S para construir sua S-Box. Muitos trabalhos escolhem S em aproximadamente 262 matrizes não singulares ou constroem S-Box aleatoriamente, sem garantir N L > 100. Neste trabalho, identificamos que S pode ser estudada como uma matriz de adjacência (A(G)) de um multigrafo de Ramanujan e verificamos esta relação com outras A(G) do tipo rotacionais. Dessa forma, reduzimos a busca por S para a ordem de 1011 e construímos S-Boxes com N L > 100.