Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Matrimonial regimes'

Absente des textes de lois, introuvable en jurisprudence et ignorée de la pratique, la notion de dette familiale suscite l'étonnement. Si l'on en pressent intuitivement le sens, sitôt la question de sa définition juridique posée, les plus grandes difficultés surgissent pour en dessiner les contours. En s'affranchissant des clivages habituels du droit patrimonial de la famille - régimes matrimoniaux, successions et libéralités - l'étude envisage de percer le mystère de ces dettes. Les dettes familiales peuvent être comprises comme l'ensemble des obligations passives à finalité familiale, unissant un ou plusieurs membres de la famille, soit entre eux, soit vis-à-vis des tiers. Derrière cette unité notionnelle, apparaît ainsi une opposition majeure : aux dettes entre les membres de la famille répondent les dettes envers les tiers. Entre les membres de la famille, les dettes familiales peuvent à leur tour être divisées entre les dettes de liquidation et de contribution. Chacune de ces catégories obéit à sa propre logique: équité pour les premières, solidarité pour les secondes. Or c'est encore la solidarité qui gouverne les dettes envers les tiers: elles expriment en effet l'union du groupe en offrant aux tiers une précieuse garantie. S'appuyant sur cet ordonnancement nouveau, une reconstruction du régime de ces obligations est proposée. Ainsi, une mise en cohérence des règles applicables à ces dettes en fonction de leurs fondements respectifs et des mécanismes employés pour parvenir à leur réalisation apparaît plus clairement
Absent from legal texts, unable to be found in jurisprudence and unknown in practice, the notion of family debt evokes astonishment. Great difficulty arises in establishing a legal definition for these issues. In crossing the line of usual cleavages of patrimonial family law - matrimonial regimes, inheritance and gifts - this study plans to shed light on the mystery of these debts. Family debt can be understood as a group of passive obligations for the use of the family, involving one or several members of the family, either amongst each other or vis-à-vis a third party. Behind this notional unity, there is a major difference: debts between family members juxtaposed to debts towards third parties. Between family members, family debts can in turn be divided into contribution debts and liquidation debts. Each one of these categories has its own logic: equity for the first, solidarity for the second. However, it is still solidarity which governs debt towards third parties: they highlight the union of the group by offering a precious guarantee to third parties. Based on this new set of rules, a reconstruction of the system of these obligations is proposed. Thus, an alignment of the rules for these debts according to their basis and mechanisms used to achieve their implementation becomes clearer

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Próximo ao efervescente clico minerador a freguesia de Nossa Senhora da Conceição de Guarapiranga apresentava a seus habitantes a possibilidade de angariar prestígio e sucesso econômico através da exploração de suas jazidas de ouro e de sua crescente e satisfatória propensão à agricultura e pecuária. Embora as riquezas adquiridas nem sempre fossem imponentes, essa região apresentou durante o século XVIII distintas características comumentemente ligadas às nações de Antigo Regime. Com famílias, muitas vezes, formadas por maridos portugueses e mulheres da região, os interesses que contornavam esses indivíduos geralmente perpassavam pela ótica do casamento, no qual era possível estabelecer diferentes alianças vantajosas entre as principais famílias de elite da freguesia. Para que então esses matrimônios fossem concretizados diversas estratégias foram realizadas, entre elas as dispensas ou banhos matrimoniais que permitiam que indivíduos consanguíneos se unissem e sujeitos portugueses se cassassem sem muita comprovação de seu celibato. A concessão de dotes foi outro artifício empregado pelas famílias na obtenção de um “bom partido” às filhas. Ao dotar as filhas com bens, como escravos, dinheiro, ouro, terras, animais entre outros, o genitor alcançava a realização do matrimônio com um indivíduo que oferecia à família privilégios sociais, econômicos e políticos e o genro, por sua vez, abiscoitava os bens dotais e se inseria na sociedade, no caso dos portugueses, como membro permanente e benquisto. Este trabalho, portanto, analisa os diferentes elementos que circundavam a sociedade da freguesia de Guarapiranga, ressaltando os artifícios empregados pelas famílias através dos casamentos e de suas aparentes características associadas ao Antigo Regime.
Nearby to the effervescent miner cycle the patronage of Nossa Senhora da Conceição de Guarapiranga presented to your inhabitants the possibility to obtain prestige and economic success through the exploration of your ore bed of gold and your crescent and satisfactory propensity to the agriculture and cattle raising. Although the richness obtained even always been magnificent, this region presented during 18th century different characteristics usually connected the nations of Old Government. With families, many times, formed to Portuguese husbands and women of region, the interests that contoured this individuals usually to pass over for optics of marriage, in the wich was possible establish different advantageous alliances between the principal affluent families of patronage. So that then this matrimonies were concretized various artifices were realized, like the dispenses or matrimonial baths hat consented what consaguineous individuals united and Portuguese vassals married without much confirmation of your celibacy. The concession of dowers was another artifice employed to the families in the acquisition of a “good catch” to the daughters. On it dower the daughters with properties, as slaves, money, gold, lands, animals and another, the father got the realization of the matrimony with an individual that offered to the family social, economic and political privileges and the son-in-law, often, stealed the dower properties and inserted in the society, in case of the Portugueses, as a permanent member and wellliked. This work, therefore, analyses the different elements that encircled the society of the patronage of Guarapiranga, emphasizing the artifices utilized for the families through the marriages and the your apparent characteristics associated to the Old Government.

La tesi dottorale fatta sotto la direzione della Prof.a Dr.a Maria del Carmen Gete Alonso y Calera si intitola “I Contratti di matrimonio nel regime giuridico dell’Iran”. In questo lavoro che è stato elaborato in lingua italiana, si sono utilizzate varie fonti di diverse lingue e da vari paesi, istituzioni e università. Si è presentato un sistema legale islamico di tipo sciita che è l’unico vigente nel mondo che si applica in Iran. Lo studio è diviso in sei capitoli Nel primo capitolo si fa una presentazione ed approssimazione al diritto antico e vigente sul sistema legale in Iran e le fonti legali esistenti. Il secondo capitolo è dedicato generalmente e particolarmente al contratto di matrimonio nel diritto di famiglia, le varietà del contratto di matrimonio come il matrimonio permanente o classico, il matrimonio breve e temporaneo e la poligamia. Nel terzo capitolo è indirizzato alle capacità e gli ostacoli che le parti incontrano per poter incontrarsi in un contratto matrimoniale. Nel quarto si parla del contenuto della relazione matrimoniale e dei diritti ed i doveri di ciascuno dei coniugi. Nel quinto capitolo si è studiata la terminazione del contratto matrimoniale per scioglimento del contratto per vari motivi come il difetto, la supremazia e la violazione. Nel sesto ed ultimo capitolo si continua ancora con la terminazione del contratto di matrimonio nel senso di divorzio con le sue differenti varietà. L’obiettivo di tale lavoro è stato presentare un sistema legale molto differente in occidente e specialmente in Spagna in ordine di poter effettuare uno studio comparato tra i due sistemi giuridici, trarne le differenze, le priorità ed i difetti che potrebbero creare nuove idee da proporre ed applicare per i suoi lettori, in ordine di evolvere le leggi ed i sistemi legali vigenti.
This doctoral thesis which has been investigated under the supervision of Prof. Dr. Maria del Carmen Gete Alonso y Calera is titled "Marriage contracts in the juridical regime of Iran”. This study is conducted in Italian language, and various sources of different languages were applied. In this respect, the contribution of different countries, institutions and universities was of great importance. A Shiite type Islamic legal system was introduced which is the only one in the world that applies in Iran. The study is divided into six chapters In the first chapter there is a presentation and approximation to the ancient law in force on the legal system in Iran and the existing legal sources. The second chapter is generally and particularly devoted to the marriage contract in family law, the varieties of the marriage contracts such as permanent or classical marriage, short and temporary marriage and polygamy. In the third chapter, it addresses the capabilities and obstacles that the parties encounter in meeting a marriage contract. The fourth chapter is mainly about the content of the marriage relationship and of the rights and duties of each of the spouses. In the fifth chapter the termination of the marriage contract by termination of the contract was studied for various reasons such as defect, supremacy and violation. In the sixth and final chapter the marriage contract in the sense of divorce is still discussed with its different varieties. The objective of this work was to present a very different legal system in the West and especially in Spain in order to be able to carry out a comparative study between the two legal systems, to draw on the differences, priorities and defects that could create new ideas to propose, and apply for its readers, in order to evolve the laws and the legal systems in force.

Le droit des regimes matrimoniaux est toujours regi par le principe de l'immutabilite : il est impossible, en theorie, pour des epoux de modifier leur convention matrimoniale sauf lorsque la loi l'autorise expressement. Cependant, depuis quelques decennies, l'emancipation juridique de la femme mariee a eu pour consequence d'entrainer la validation ou la creation de contrats entre epoux s'appliquent parallelement aux regles issues du regime matrimonial de ceux ci et intervenant tant en matiere privee (vente, mandat. . . ) qu'en matiere professionnelle (societe, salariat, coexploitation. . . ) nous avons essaye de demontrer que l'application de ces conventions altere de facon importante et s'oppose a la conception actuelle du principe de l'immutabilite et qu'il devient necessaire d'edicter de nouvelles regles destinees a tenir compte des changements intervenus
The law governing marriage settlements is still on the principle of immuability : in theory it is impossible for married coupels to modify their matrimonial convention unless specifically authorized by law to do so. For the past few decades, however, the legal emancipation of married women has led to the validation or creation of marriage settlement of those concerned and pertaining to either private affaires (sales, power of attorney. . . ) or professional matters (compagnies, salaries, co-exploitation. . . ) we have sought to demonstrate that the application of these conventious not only drastically modifies but, in fact, cntradicts the accepted principle of immuability and that it is there fore necessary to establish new codes of conduct designed to take recent changes into account

Le droit: des regimes matrimoniaux connait depuis la reforme du 13 juillet 1965 une profoi mutation caracterisee par une liberalisation continue du statut matrimonial, autrefois concu sur un mode hierarchique et prohibitif. Les reformes successives ont, en effet, confere une place croissante a l'autonomie de la volonte et fait preuve d'une particuliere determination dans l'etablissement d'un statut conjugal egalitaire, consacre par la loi du 23 decembre 1985. Le mariage etant devenu un engagement exclusivement inter-individuel, les contrats entre epoux auparavant prohibes par le code napoleon, quand ils n'etaient pas essentiellement revocables, furent alors progressivement generalises au risque d'entrainer une diversification des formes de liberalites entre epoux. La norme matrimoniale imperative classique, obligee de transiger avec la liberte contractuelle, s'est de ce fait profondement affaiblie. L'immutabilite du regime matrimonial, principe federateur, semble ainsi etre remise en cause au profit d'une mutabilite matrimoniale que defend la convention de la haye. Il convient dans ces conditions d'entreprendre une nouvelle lecture du statut matrimonial dote de structures plus adequates a la nouvelle fonction de l'ordre public patrimonial. Les interets sauvegardes etant dorenavant autant l'interet individuel des epoux que celui de la famille, il devint en effet necessaire d'assouplir la sanction apportee aux principes fondamentaux. La procedure d'homologation fut ainsi parfois preferee a la nullite en nette resression. L'ordre public matrimonial s'attachant desormais a resoudre l'affrontement qui s'engage entre les exigences de la liberte des epoux, devenus independants et egaux, et la restriction qu'impose la solidarite inherente a toute communaute de vie, de nouveaux principes fondamentaux, dont certains traduisent la dimension institutionnelle du mariage, en ce sens qu'ils ont en charge la sauvegarde de l'interet collectif de la famille, se sont affirmes
The reform dated july 13, 1965 deeply altered the law governing matrimonial forms. Formely conceived on a hierarchical and prohibitory manner, the matrimonial regulation is being liberalised. The successive reforms have indeed greatly increased the share of the independency of one's will. They also payed particular attention to the establishment of a matrimonial regulation on equal terms sanctioned in the law dated december 23, 1985. Matrimony has thus become an exclusive commitment betwen two individuals. Contracts between the married couples were prohibited under the napoleon law when they were not revocable but they gradually became general at the risk of carrying a diversification in the types of liberalities betwen married couples. The classic mandatory matrimonial law was compelled to compromise with the contractual liberty and was thus greatly weakened. The federating principle of the immutability of the matrimonial form seems to be questionned for the benefit of a matrimonial mutability defended by the agreement of the hague. In these circumstances, another reading of the matrimonial regulation must be undertaken, this regulation being endowed with more appropriate structures regarding the new function of patrimonial public order. From that time, the saving interests are individual interests of the married couples as well as joint interests of the whole family. It was thus needed to ease the action on the underlying principles. The proceedings of confirmation was then sometimes preferred to the regressive invalidity. The matrimonial public order must now pay particular attention to solve the beginning facing between the newly independant and equal married couples' want for liberty and the limits-due to the solidarity of any community of life. New underlying principles forced themselves out and some show the institutional character of matrimony in that they take into account the protection of the family's joint interest

Le droit français connaît deux types de subrogations : la subrogation personnelle et la subrogation réelle. Bien qu’elle ait été l’objet d’importants travaux, la subrogation réelle reste bien moins connue que la subrogation personnelle. Le droit patrimonial de la famille constitue son domaine de prédilection. Elle est en effet prévue par de nombreux textes spéciaux du Code civil dans diverses institutions du droit patrimonial de la famille, et admise par la jurisprudence extensive de la Cour de cassation. Elle n’a cependant pas fait l’objet d’une théorie générale en raison de l'extrême diversité de ses applications ainsi que des limites imposées sous sa conception classique issue du droit romain. Or, la théorie de valeur d’affectation, apparue à la fin du XIXème siècle, a élargi son champ d’application et l’a ainsi libérée du cadre étroit fixé par le Code civil. Cette théorie lui a reconnu une véritable réalité juridique apte à être appréhendée sous un concept uniforme et soumise à un régime juridique cohérent
French law recognizes two types of subrogation : personal subrogation and real subrogation. Although it has been the subject of significant works, the real subrogation remains much less well known than personal subrogation. The patrimonial family law is the main field of the real subrogation. It is, in fact, provided by many special texts of the civil Code in various institutions of patrimonial family law, and accepted by the extensive case law of the Supreme Court. Though it lacks a general theory because of the extreme diversity of its applications as well as the limits imposed by its classical conception resulting from Roman law. However, the theory of value allocation, which appeared at the end of the 19th century, widened its field of application and thus released it from the narrow framework set by the civil Code. This theory recognized the real subrogation as a true legal reality capable of being understood under a uniform concept which is subjected to a coherent legal regime

Cette thèse porte sur l’extension des aires de recrutement des conjoint·e·s au-delà des frontières et vise à mettre en lumière les transformations importantes qui touchent les unions transnationales depuis les années 1990. D’une part, il s’agit de comprendre les conditions sociologiques et historiques de l’augmentation de ces unions et, d’autre part, d’interroger leur caractère éminemment genré. Pour ce faire, la thèse se consacre à l’analyse des conjugalités franco-postsoviétiques et se déploie de manière kaléidoscopique : alliant méthodes qualitatives et quantitatives et naviguant entre différents sites d’enquête (Russie, Ukraine, Belarus, France), elle fait varier les échelles d’observation pour accéder aux logiques de la globalisation du marché matrimonial. La thèse restitue aussi un cheminement de recherche : elle passe ainsi par une analyse sociohistorique de régimes de genre situés produisant des masculinités et féminités (in)désirables, à une exploration ethnographique multisituée de l’entremise matrimoniale globalisée où ces projets de genre sont centraux, en passant par une étude quantitative des capitaux qui circulent et s’échangent sur le marché matrimonial globalisé. De là, la thèse plonge dans la complexité et l’épaisseur des parcours de vie en restituant en miroir les parcours de femmes postsoviétiques et d’hommes français engagé·e·s dans un mariage transnational. Si les premières donnent à voir des projets où s’entremêlent le matrimonial et le migratoire, les seconds sont avant tout dans une quête d’ascension sociale où le professionnel prime. De ces parcours parallèles surgissent néanmoins des points de rencontre : au cœur des interactions intimes, comprenant leur lot d’ajustements et de désajustements, émergent des réflexivités sur le genre produites à la fois dans l’expérience migratoire et par la conjugalité transnationale
This thesis focuses on the extension of spouses' recruitment areas beyond borders and aims to shed light on the important transformations that have affected transnational unions since the 1990s. On the one hand, it intends to understand the sociological and historical conditions of the increase of these unions and, on the other hand, to question their eminently gendered character. To do this, the thesis is devoted to the analysis of French-Post-Soviet conjugality and unfolds in a kaleidoscopic way: combining qualitative and quantitative methods and navigating between different fieldworks (Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, France), it varies the scales of observation in order to access the dynamics of the globalization of the marriage market. The thesis also presents a research path: it moves from a socio-historical analysis of situated gender regimes producing (in)desirable masculinities and femininities, to a multi-sited ethnography of global matrimonial matchmaking where these gender projects are central, through a quantitative study of the capitals that circulate and are exchanged on the globalized matrimonial market. From there, the thesis dives into the complexity and thickness of life-courses by mirroring the paths of post-Soviet women and French men engaged in a transnational marriage. If the first ones testify to projects where matrimonial and migratory aspects are intertwined, the second ones are above all in a quest for social ascension where the professional aspect prevails. From these parallel life-courses, however, points of encounter emerge: at the heart of intimate interactions, with their share of adjustments and maladjustment, emerge reflexivities on gender produced both by the migratory experience and by transnational conjugality

Le mariage constitue la norme en france. Les epoux se marient sans contrat et investissent des biens communs. Lorsque le statut d'eurl est choisi, la limitation de responsabilite liee a l'eurl, le pouvoir accorde au seul associe s'opposent a l'egalite et a la solidarite des epoux qui resultent de la communaute legale. La loi creant l'eurl fut decriee sur les consequences qui resultent de la coexistence du statut d'eurl et du regime legal. Il etait donc interessant de degager les inconvenients et les avantages de cette coexistence et de rechercher, s'il en existe, les solutions matrimoniales les mieux appropriees. Constituer une eurl necessite un minimum de formation et d'informations. Mais le statut d'eurl est rellement adapte a la vie des petites entreprises et aucun regime matrimonial n'est a proscrire. L'important est que l'entrepreneur connaisse exactement les avantages et les inconvenients de la combinaison qu'il a adoptee
Marriage is the standard habit in france. Husbands and wifes are used to get married without any marriage settlement and invest common funds. When they choose the charter of eurl, limitation of accountability and power confered to the only partner arised from eurl stand in opposition to equality and solidarity issued from legal marriage settlement. Law creating eurl was run down because of the consequences of the charter of eurl and legal marriage settlement coexistence. It is therefore interesting to isolate disdvantages and benefits issued from this coexistence and to look for marriage settlements which fit best. To set up an eurl requires a minimum training and informations. The charter of eurl is truely adapted to small firms. No marriage settlement ought to be avoided. A partner in a eurl must only exactly know advantages and disadvantages of the embraced combination

La théorie de l’autonomie de la volonté est une théorie philosophique et juridique ancienne qui intéresse toutes les matières du droit. Elle est comparée par Gounot à « la pierre angulaire de tout l’édifice juridique ».Notre étude porte sur sur le principe d’autonomie de la volonté, ses effets et ses limites en droit patrimonial de la famille. Le droit patrimonial de la famille, qui se trouve à l’intersection du droit des contrats, du droit des biens et du droit de la famille, est concerné de près par cette théorie. Si le mouvement actuel du droit tend vers l’octroiement, aux familles et aux individus, de plus de liberté dans la gestion de leurs biens, se pose alors les questions de savoir quelles sont les limites actuelles a cette théorie après les dernières réformes en France, notamment celle du 23 juin 2006 ? Quels sont les composants actuels de l’ordre public familial ? Et que reste-t-il des anciennes limites et prohibitions ?La comparaison, sous l’angle de l’autonomie de la volonté, de deux systèmes juridiques parents mais différents nous offre une vue plus objective des besoins des familles au Liban et en France.Il s’agit à notre sens de ne plus penser et baser les réformes nécessaires dans chacun de ces deux pays sur la théorie de l’autonomie de la volonté ou sur celle de l’utile et du juste, mais plutôt de penser et baser les réformes nécessaires sur les vrais besoins des familles et des individus selon chaque société
Autonomy of the will – French-Lebanese comparative law – Autonomy of the will in the patrimonial family law – Autonomy of the will's reach – French patrimonial family law – Lebanese patrimonial family law – Donations in Lebanese law – Donations in French law – Estate law – French estate law – Lebanese estate law – estate law for the non-Muslims in Lebanon – estate law for Muslims in Lebanon – Matrimonial regimes law – French matrimonial regimes law – Lebanese matrimonial regimes law – Change of matrimonial regimes – Marriage – Marriage in France – PACS – Concubinage – Marriage in Lebanon – Religious marriage in Lebanon – Civil marriage in Lebanon – Lebanese personal status – the limits of the autonomy of the will – French estate public order – French matrimonial public order – Lebanese estate public order – Lebanese matrimonial public order – Inheritance reserved portion in French law – Inheritance reserved portion in Lebanese law – Prohibition of pacts on future succession in French law - Prohibition of pacts on future succession in Lebanese law – Gradual end residual donations – Banking secrecy in Lebanon – TRUST – Disguise – Life-insurance – Matrimonial benefits – Irrevocable mandate in Lebanese law – Posthumous mandate – Civil real estate company

Depuis 1804, une grande continuite caracterise le choix d'un regime matrimonial de communaute, aujourd'hui reduite aux acquets. Jusqu'a la loi du 23 decembre 1985, realisant une egalite "trait pour trait" entre epoux communs en biens, la question de leur inegalite de traitement, au detriment de la femme, representa l'essentiel des enjeux du droit matrimonial. Ont ete ignorees d'autres caracteristiques discutables du regime communautaire, liees a l'existence d'une masse commune et a ses incidences sur l'autonomie des epoux. Vingt ans d'application de la loi de 1965 et diverses recentes tentatives de reformes, infructueuses, ont conduit a dresser un bilan de la communaute legale de 1965. Les besoins accentues des epoux entrepreneurs, le plus souvent maries sans contrat, ont fait office de revelateur des aspects positifs et negatifs du regime en cause. Les seconds l'ayant emporte sur les premiers, il etait indispensable de s'interesser au devenir en legislation du regime legal. Une evolution de sa nature apparait souhaitable aux termes d'une etude critique de la communaute renovee en 1985, qui a confirme l'existence d'inconvenients inherents a une masse commune. Apres avoir examine, en contrepoint, l'evolution symptomatique du regime de separation de biens, une etude de fond de la participation aux acquets a ete entreprise qui met en valeur ses potentialites et la faiblesse des defauts qui lui sont pretes.

Le rayonnement du principe de l'immutabilite des regimes matrimoniaux decline. Son domaine d'application traditionnel lui echappe. Un certain nombre de transferts patrimoniaux sont partis vers d'autres cieux, plus tolerants. Ainsi en est-il des transferts a titre onereux, resultant soit de la vente, soit de la societe entre epoux. Outre la modification de l'organisation du regime des biens, cettederniere permet egalement la modification du regime des dettes. Un certain nombre de transferts patrimoniaux depourvus de contrepartie apparente echappent aussi au principe de l'immutabilite des regimes matrimoniaux. Ils resultent des pratiques sociales des epoux, repondant a un souci de solidarite conjugale. Cette << fuite en avant >> s'explique de differentes facons, tantot par un phenomene d'attraction celui de la liberte contractuelle - tantot par un phenomene de rejet - rejet des contraintes du droit matrimonial. Dans ces cas, les atteintes portees au principe sont extrinseques ; l'effet produit est que le principe ne developpe plus ses consequences. Le principe de l'immutabilite perd egalement de sa force. C'est l'institution qui est ici visee et frappee de plein fouet. L'immutabiliten'est plus un principe de notre droit. Elle est devenue une exception. Elle a meme completement disparu dans son caractere absolu. En atteste l'extension du systeme de la mutabilite controlee au changement de statut d'un bien ainsi qu'aux conventions matrimoniales annexes au regime. Et meme dans ses manifestations actuelles, representees par le controle judiciaire du changement de regime, l'immutabilite n'est guere probante, en ce sens qu'elle n'emporte plus la conviction. L'institution est egalement mise en danger tantot par l'apparition, tantot par l'utilisation d'espaces de liberte, contre lesquels elle est impuissante, ainsi en est-il de la libre mutabilite, consequence du changement de la loi de rattachement, en droit international prive. De meme, en droit interne, la pratique des regimes matrimoniaux << alternatifs >> commence a voir le jour. Dans tous ces cas, les atteintes portees au principe sont intrinseques ; la consequence est que le principe se delite. Des lors, que penser d'un principe qui semble remis en question sous tous ses aspects, comme coupe de ses prolongements et prive de ses appuis ?

L'etude de l'effectivite de la loi malgache sur les regimes matrimoniaux fait apparaitre une inadequation entre le texte de la loi et son application. En effet, une loi de 1967 reglemente les regimes matrimoniaux malgaches, en permettant de choisir un regime soit, par contrat de mariage, soit par option celui de la separation des biens ou le regime de droit commun du "kitay telo an-dalana" (partage en trois tas de bois) qui se caracterise par le partage inegal des biens (2 3 pour le mari; 1 3 pour la femme) en cas de dissolution du lien conjugal. Or l'application qui en a ete faite montre que : celle-ci ne recouvre pas toutes les dispositions de cette loi, puisqu'une partie est ignoree par la population; et en ce qui concerne son domaine d'application, seule la population des villes s'y refere, tandis que la population rurale (85%) continue a appliquer la coutume propre a l'ethnie et a la region. Une reforme de cette loi est intervenue en 1990, apres d'incessantes critiques de la doctrine, des professionnels et des revendications des associations de femmes, qui soulignent le caractere archaique du mode de partage dans le regime de droit commun par rapport, aux realites et a l'evolution de la condition de la femme malgache. Cette reforme a instaure un nouveau regime legal, celui du "zara mira" (partage en parts egales), qui met fin a l'inegalite entre les epoux en leur donnant les memes pouvoirs sur les biens communs et la meme part a la dissolution du regime. Mais cette reforme ne resoud pas le probleme d'ignorance de la loi, qui est principalement du a l'insuffisance des moyens pour la faire connaitre. Une nouvelle reforme de la loi ne s'impose pas, il faut plutot developper les moyens existants deja: publicite par radio, a la television, par les journaux, formations des agents des mairies, redaction d'un code de la famille , etc. . .

Considerant exclusivement le cadre de la succession, l'etude l'existence de distorsions entre droit civil et droit fiscal. Il a tout d'abord ete procede a l'identification des distorsions (partie 1), dans le cadre d'une etude complete de la succession. L'ensemble des regles d'imposition de la succession, des donations et legs, a ainsi ete expose. Les regles d'imposition de techniques conventionnelles particulieres ont ete analysees : assurance-vie, tontine. . . Puis l'on a envisage l'application des distorsions (partie 2). La distorsion vise a lutter contre la fraude et l'evasion fiscales. Cependant, la loi fiscale incite egalement a l'anticipation de la transmission successorale
Considering the inheritance, the study brings to light "distortions" between "civil law" and tax law. First, we proceeded to the identification (part 1) of these conflicts, in a comprehensive study of the inheritance. All the rules governing the taxation of the inheritance, the gifts and legacies were explained. Special contracts were studied : life assurance, tontine. . . Afterwards, we studied the application (part 2) of the distortions. "distortion" aims at making a stand against tax-evasion. Nevertheless, tax law also incite to anticipate the consequences of the inheritance

Le modele traditionnel de la communaute de vie construite autour du couple marie et des enfants, jadis largement predominant, doit desormais cohabiter avec un certain pluralisme. En adoptant une definition large du concubinage qui ne prend plus en compte la difference de sexe, la loi du 15 novembre 1999 sur le pacte civil de solidarite ne fait que consacrer cette diversification des modes de vie. Pourtant, ce pluralisme cache une veritable unite dans les relations pecuniaires qui se tissent dans une vie commune. En effet, l'autonomie financiere des personnes, qu'elles soient mineures ou majeures, s'est progressivement accrue sous la pression des necessites de la vie courante et grace au travail. Toutefois, on pressent, derriere cette infiltration croissante, la naissance d'une notion qui ne repose pas exclusivement sur des phenomenes classiques de societe. L'autonomie financiere s'est hissee au rang de principe juridique qui se justifie par le lien qu'elle entretient avec la personnalite de l'individu. Cette nouvelle prerogative se rattache donc aux droits de la personnalite. Il faut neanmoins garder a l'esprit que l'autonomie financiere se developpe dans une communaute de vie. Par consequent, une part incompressible d'interdependance est inevitable. A defaut, c'est faire abstraction de l'autre facette d'individus vivant sous le meme toit. L'harmonie entre deux aspirations contradictoires se realise en principe grace a un equilibre. Appliquee aux epoux, aux concubins ou a l'enfant mineur, cette evidence passe par la voie d'une autonomie financiere raisonnable. Seul differeen realite, selon les personnes concernees, le moment ou l'equilibre recherche se realise. En definitive, cet imperatif d'equilibre, ainsi que sa protection, << moralise >> le nouveau domaine du droit a une autonomie financiere rattache aux droits de la personnalite, lui assurant une veritable legitimite dans toute communaute de vie.

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O regime patrimonial de bens no casamento e na união estável é o conjunto de regras que regem as relações patrimoniais entre os cônjuges ou companheiros.Com a entrada em vigor do novo Código Civil (lei nº 10.406, de 10 de janeiro de 2002), em 11 de janeiro de 2003, houve a mudança de diversos dispositivos atinentes à matéria. Suprimiu-se o regime dotal, acrescentou-se o regime de participação final nos aqüestos, além do que, se previu a possibilidade de alteração do regime de bens no curso do casamento. A mais importante das alterações referentes ao regime de bens, certamente foi a autorização para que os cônjuges pudessem mudar o regime de bens ainda quando em curso o casamento. Trouxe, como isso, um novo paradigma, revogando o princípio da imutabilidade dos pactos antenupciais. A presente pesquisa tem por objetivo analisar a nova regra a mutabilidade do regime de bens, seus requisitos, forma, efeitos, procedimento, bem como a realidade de outros países. O pedido deve ser submetido ao controle judicial, através de petição conjunta dos cônjuges, no qual farão exposição dos motivos que fundamentam o pedido, devendo comprovar a procedência das razões que invocam. Também há, no texto legal, a ressalva de direitos de terceiros, porventura prejudicados com a alteração do regime de bens, sendo ineficaz em relação a este. Os efeitos da modificação do regime de bens, semelhante ao pacto antenupcial, se condicionam ao registro junto ao Cartório de Registro Imobiliário no domicílio dos cônjuges. O procedimento é de jurisdição voluntária, não cabendo intervenção de quem quer que seja, além dos próprios cônjuges. E o juiz poderá designar audiência de ratificação do pedido ou mesmo de justificação, para comprovação da procedência das razões alegadas pelas partes. A análise da realidade de outros países, também objeto da pesquisa, se constitui um instrumento importante para conduzir o intérprete na aplicação do novo instrumento de garantia da liberdade contratual no âmbito do casamento. Por fim, faz-se uma avaliação positiva em relação à inserção da nova regra no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro.

L’exercice d’une profession à titre individuel permet au chef d’entreprise de bénéficier d’une grande liberté de gestion, mais il doit engager sa responsabilité illimitée sur l’ensemble de ses biens. En cas de mariage sous un régime de communauté, les biens communs des époux sont susceptibles d’être saisis par les créanciers professionnels. Ce constat est affirmé par les deux législateurs vietnamien et français. Aussi, la question de protection du patrimoine personnel du chef d’entreprise et celui de sa famille est la préoccupation essentielle de notre étude. Le régime de communauté est-il un régime idéal pour le chef d’entreprise ? Sinon, quels moyens peut-il mettre en œuvre pour protéger son patrimoine ? C’est à cette problématique que notre étude « le statut patrimonial du chef d’entreprise individuelle marié sous un régime de communauté en droit comparé vietnamo-français » va tenter d’apporter des réponses. L’étude comparative se limite au cas du chef d’entreprise individuelle sur le plan civil en démontrant les convergences et les divergences ainsi que les points forts et les points faibles des droits, nous permettant ainsi de dégager des perspectives pour les deux systèmes juridiques. Notre étude concerne d’une part, l’incompatibilité du régime de communauté à l’exercice professionnelle du chef d’entreprise individuelle avec ou sans la participation de son conjoint sans ignorer les droits et intérêts légitimes des créanciers professionnels ; d’autre part, l’analyse des divers moyens de protection du patrimoine du chef d’entreprise tant en droit des régimes matrimoniaux qu’en droit des affaires
The exercise of a profession in an individual capacity allows the entrepreneur to enjoy a great freedom of management, but he must incur unlimited liability on all of his property. In case of marriage under a community regime, the common property of the spouses is likely to be seized by the professional creditors. This finding is affirmed by both legislators Vietnamese and French. Also, the question of protecting the personal patrimony of the individual entrepreneur and that of his family is the main concern of our study. Is the community regime an ideal matrimonial regime for the individual entrepreneur? If not, which measures can he put in place to protect his patrimony? It is this problem that our study "the patrimonial status of the individual entrepreneur married under community regime in Vietnamese-French comparative law" will attempt to provide answers. The comparative study is limited to the case of the individual entrepreneur at the civil level by demonstrating the convergences and divergences as well as the strengths and weaknesses of both laws, thus allowing us to identify perspectives for both legal systems. Our study concerns, on the one hand, the incompatibility of the community regime with the exercise of a profession of the individual entrepreneur with or without the participation of his spouse without ignoring the legitimate rights and interests of the professional creditors; on the other hand, the analysis of the various measures of protecting the patrimony of the individual entrepreneur in both matrimonial regime law and business law

Bien des couples, aujourd’hui, passent du concubinage au pacs, puis du pacs au mariage, qui sont les trois conjugalités que propose le droit contemporain. À chacune correspond un statut patrimonial spécifique (prévoyant une répartition des biens et des dettes, instituant des effets sociaux et fiscaux, etc.). Or ces statuts sont en pleine mutation : aujourd’hui, on ne compte plus les transformations légales et jurisprudentielles qui s’accomplissent. Quelles sont ces évolutions ? Jusqu’où doivent-elles se poursuivre ? Tel est l’objet de cette étude. Elle relativise l’idée qu’un droit commun du couple serait appelé à émerger : elle constate que, même si un phénomène de convergence est à l’œuvre, d’autres évolutions tendent à accroître certaines différences entre les conjugalités. Elle démontre alors que le droit positif se structure sur le modèle d’une gradation. Plus un couple choisit une conjugalité stable et engagée, plus son statut patrimonial devient exorbitant, communautaire et protecteur. Les amants sont ainsi incités à s’engager sur un chemin jalonné d’étapes prédéterminées (couple sentimental, emménagement, pacs, mariage) que l’on peut appeler iter copulae ; ce modèle est en phase non seulement avec le droit positif, mais aussi avec la réalité sociologique moderne.Ainsi, l’étude synthétise les évolutions en cours. Elle suggère de les approfondir où elles sont inachevées, de les tempérer où elles sont excessives, de les consacrer où elles sont prétoriennes ; le propos est parsemé de propositions de réformes, toutes destinées à asseoir le droit positif sur des bases durables, car plus en phase avec les aspirations modernes
Many French couples today move from cohabitation to civil partnership, then from civil partnership to marriage, which are the three forms of conjugality offered by contemporary law. Each has its own specific property status (providing for the division of assets and debts, establishing social and tax effects, etc.). But these statuses are in a state of flux,with countless legal and case law changes being made. What are these changes ? How far should they continue ? That is the purpose of this study. It sets itself apart by putting into perspective the idea that a common law governing couples will emerge : it notes that, even if a phenomenon of convergence is at work, other developments are tending to increase certain differences between conjugal relationships. It then shows that positive law is structured on the model of a gradation. The more a couple chooses a stable and committed conjugal relationship, the more their property status becomes exorbitant, communal and protective. Lovers are thus encouraged to embark on a path marked out by predetermined stages (romantic relationship, moving in, civil partnership, marriage) that can be called iter copulae ; thismodel is in line not only with positive law, but also with modern sociological reality. The study summarises current developments. It suggests deepening them where they are incomplete, tempering them where they are excessive, and enshrining them where they are praetorian. The study is interspersed with proposals for reform, all designed to put positive law on a sustainable footing, since it is more in tune with modern aspirations

Le respect de la personne humaine doit conduire a admettre le mariage du malade mental. Ce principe s'inscrit dans la politique generale d'insertion des malades mentaux dans notre societe, politique defendue par les psychiatres. Toutes les regles relatives a la formation du mariage, a la vie matrimoniale et a la dissolution du mariage doivent donc s'appliquer meme en cas de deficience mentale de l'un des epoux. Mais l'application pure et simple de ces dispositions ne peut etre envisagee : des regles protectrices de l'aliene mais egalement des textes permettant au conjoint sain d'esprit d'assurer la vie quotidienne du menage doivent etre prevus
Respect for the human being must lead to accept the marriage of the insane. This principle follows the general policy mainteined by the psychiatrits to insert the lunatics into our society. Then the juridical rules connected with forming a marriage, matrimony and dissolution of the marriage must be carried out even in the case of mental deficiency of one of the sponce. But the plain application of these arrangements can't be considered : protecting rules for the affected sponse as well as laws allowing the husband or wife of the lunatic to deal with their daily life must be ajusted

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This study focuses the Pre Nuptial Agreement, analyzing the formalities required for its elaboration, as well as, the legal aspects and possibilities of its content, emphasizing the prevention against litigation that the institute can offer, which is currently not much explored in the national scenery. This work studies the legal business elaborated by the spouses before they get married institutes rules, mainly on the future family s patrimony. It regards and presents the legal nature of the pre nuptial agreement, and focuses the importance of such agreement as a tool to prevent disputes in the ambit of family law, presenting its legal and social usefulness. This study also debates forms for the optimization of the use of this tool. This study details the formal elements indispensable to any pre nuptial agreement, as well as the doctrinaire and jurisprudential views on the agreement content. This work also demonstrates a brief background of family and marriage in order to make the understanding of its main subject easier. It presents a number of types of property rulings, how they are dealt with in the Brazilian legal system and their correlation with the pre nuptial agreement. The study also explores examples of provisions that may be set forth in clauses of pre nuptial agreements, both in the patrimonial and extra-patrimonial ambits. It points out polemic matters related to the pre nuptial agreements, debating hypothesis of solution for each of them. Furthermore, it presents the effect of the pre nuptial agreement in private international law and the hypothesis of invalidity of pre nuptial conventions
O presente trabalho aborda o Pacto Antenupcial, analisando as formalidades exigidas para sua elaboração, bem como os aspectos e possibilidades jurídicas do seu conteúdo, enfatizando a função preventiva a litígios que o instituto pode oferecer, atualmente pouco explorado no cenário nacional. Explora o negócio jurídico elaborado pelos nubentes antes do casamento que institui regras especialmente sobre o patrimônio da futura família. Conceitua e apresenta a natureza jurídica do pacto antenupcial, e foca a importância do pacto como ferramenta de prevenção de conflitos no âmbito do direito de família, apresentando sua utilidade jurídica e social. Também debate formas para a otimização do uso dessa ferramenta. Detalha os elementos formais indispensáveis a qualquer pacto pré-nupcial, bem como apresenta exemplos e o enfoque doutrinário e jurisprudencial sobre o conteúdo dos pactos. Demonstra uma breve evolução histórica da família e do casamento visando auxiliar o entendimento do tema principal. Apresenta as diversas espécies de regimes de bens, seu tratamento no ordenamento jurídico nacional e a correlação com o pacto antenupcial. Explora exemplos de conteúdo clausulares que os pactos podem conter, tanto no âmbito patrimonial, quanto no extra-patrimonial. Aponta questões polêmicas relativas aos pactos, debatendo hipóteses de solução a cada uma delas. Ademais, apresenta a repercussão do pacto antenupcial no direito internacional privado e as hipóteses de invalidade das convenções pré-nupciais

Nothing much has changed in the Law of Family in Peru. The main doctrine argues that it is not possible to make agreements between spouses on non-economic aspects of their relationships or their duties with their children, even when they could make decisionsin a more convenient way.In the article, the author argues that it is desirable to relax the rules on agreements between spouses or prospective spouses to regulate their rights during marriage or the benefits and obligations of each one in case they end their marriage. In that way, the author alludes to the figures of prenuptial and marital agreements present in American reality.
Poco ha cambiado en el Derecho de Familiaen el Perú. La doctrina mayoritaria sostiene que no es posible realizar acuerdos entre es-posos sobre aspectos no patrimoniales de susrelaciones o de sus deberes ante los hijos, auncuando se podrían adoptar decisiones de unaforma más conveniente.En el artículo, el autor sostiene que es conveniente flexibilizar las normas sobre los acuer- dos entre futuros cónyuges o esposos para regular sus derechos durante el matrimonio o los beneficios y obligaciones de cada uno de ellos en caso concluya la unión matrimonial por cualquier razón. Para ello, hace alusión a las figuras de los acuerdos premaritales y maritales presentes en la realidad estadounidense.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-03-19T12:20:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 José Lourenço.pdf: 1722930 bytes, checksum: afb42cec7b647e453e4efd7f9129d03d (MD5)
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The theme of this work is about the possibility of changing the property regime in marriage and its effects. Comparative law served as a basis for suggestions based on the experience of legal systems in other countries, especially European countries, in order to take advantage of their advances made possible by years of practice that could be adapted to our planning, including the idea of creating a and a secondary regime of assets. Given the main theme, of the effects of the changes, we seek to establish a criterion to establish a safe differential in order to standardize the effects that could arise from changes in the regime of goods, arriving as a unifying criterion regarding greater or lesser communicability of the goods in each species of the scheme. Undoubtedly, both in choice and change is a criterion that has a fair differential factor and applicable to all changes in the regime of goods. Based on this conclusion, we observed that alterability should have a retroactive effect for the standardization of the property regime throughout the unions, for greater equity between the spouses and the security of third parties. In order to do this, eventual sharing processed together with the alteration of the property regime, in some cases, would eliminate both the equity between the spouses, the freedom, as well as the guarantee to third parties. It was interesting to discover that the idea of intercurrent sharing had already become a legal requirement in Belgium, a fact which, combined with the system of primary and secondary goods, could bear good fruit in our legal system. We did not find any legislation that used these criteria concomitantly, used them in turn. We offer the final lege ferenda trying to give practical use to the conclusions drawn from the research
O tema deste trabalho versa sobre a possibilidade de alteração do regime de bens no casamento e seus efeitos. O direito comparado serviu como fundamento de sugestões em função da experiência dos ordenamentos jurídicos de outros países, em especial europeus, a fim de aproveitarmos os avanços adquiridos por anos de prática que pudessem ser adaptados ao nosso ordenamento, inclusive na ideia da criação de um regime básico e um regime secundário de bens. Posto o tema principal, dos efeitos das alterações, procuramos buscar um critério para estabelecer um diferencial seguro para uniformizar os efeitos, que poderiam advir das variações do regime de bens, chegando como critério uniformizador relativo a maior ou menor comunicabilidade dos bens em cada espécie de regime. Sem dúvida, tanto na escolha como nas mudanças, é um critério que possui um fator diferencial justo e aplicável a todas as alterações do regime de bens. Com base nesta conclusão observamos que a alterabilidade deveria ter efeito retroativo para uniformização do regime de bens ao longo das uniões, para maior equidade entre os cônjuges e a segurança de terceiros. Para tanto, eventual partilha processada conjuntamente com a alteração do regime de bens, em alguns casos, supriria tanto a equidade entre cônjuges, pela liberdade, bem como a garantia a terceiros. Interessante foi descobrir que a ideia da partilha intercorrente já se havia tornado exigência legal na Bélgica, fato que associado ao regime de bens primário e secundário poderiam dar bons frutos em nosso ordenamento jurídico. Não encontramos nenhuma legislação que utilizasse destes critérios concomitantemente, mas apenas alternadamente. Oferecemos ao final lege ferenda tentando dar utilidade prática às conclusões da pesquisa

Étude comparative de l'autonomie professionnelle dans le couple marié en droit français et en droit Haïtien. L'autonomie, consacrée puis méconnue en droit haïtien, est l'exemple d'une intégration ambigüe du droit français dans le droit de la famille en Haïti. Par ailleurs, l'autonomie professionnelle se révèle être une "coutume", qui justifie de revoir la problématique dans un ordre juridique renouvelé
Comparative study of professional autonomy in the married couple in French law and Haitian law. Autonomy, then devoted unknown in Haitian law, is an example of an ambiguous integration of French law in family law in Haiti. In addition, professional autonomy appears to be a "custom", which justifies a review of the issue in a legal renewed

Le conjoint survivant a, très souvent, été considéré comme un parent pauvre en matière successorale. Généralement défini, dans les pays d’Afrique francophone, comme l’époux non divorcé et contre lequel il n’existe pas de jugement de séparation passé en force de chose jugée, ses droits y ont connu une évolution significative.Les législations de ces pays ont été fortement inspirées des textes de la France, ex-puissance colonisatrice, principalement du Code civil de 1804 et des réformes subséquentes.Originellement, ces droits, caractérisés par leur hétérogénéité, ont, d’une part, coexisté entre eux, sous l’empire d’institutions traditionnelles hétéroclites, générant des droits inégalitaires, fondées notamment sur les privilèges de masculinité et de primogéniture. Cette coexistence s’est réalisée, d’autre part, avec les droits exogènes, en l’occurrence le droit français et le droit musulman, lesquels ont contribué à la mise en place générale d’un pluralisme juridique et d’un pluralisme successoral spécifique, dans un contexte partagé entre opposition et coordination des règles en présence.Aujourd’hui, le caractère homogène desdits droits est affirmé sur l’étendue du territoire de chacun des pays en revue. Ces droits sont dès lors octroyés par la loi, tout comme ils peuvent l’être par la volonté, sous réserve du respect des prohibitions relatives au contrat de mariage, et de la réserve des héritiers réservataires. En marge de cette consécration qui met surtout en évidence la vocation successorale du conjoint survivant, ces droits sont pour autant malmenés. Par conséquent, ils en appellent d’abord à une protection davantage fondée sur des règles de dévolution favorables au resserrement du noyau familial autour du foyer conjugal. Aussi, fort de l’espace communautaire et linguistique dans lequel ils évoluent, serait-il intéressant et adéquat d’envisager l’harmonisation des droits du conjoint survivant dans les pays d’Afrique francophone
The surviving spouse has very often been considered a poor relation in matters of inheritance. Generally defined, in French-speaking African countries, as the non-divorced spouse and against whom there is no final judgment of separation, his rights have undergone significant development. The laws of these countries were strongly inspired by the texts of France, the former colonizing power, mainly from the civil Code of 1804 and subsequent reforms.Originally, these rights, characterized by their heterogeneity, have, on the one hand, coexisted among themselves, under the influence of heterogeneous traditional institutions, generating unequal rights, based in particular on the privileges of masculinity and primogeniture. This coexistence was achieved, on the other hand, with the exogenous laws, in this case French law and Muslim law, which contributed to the general establishment of legal pluralism and specific inheritance pluralism, in a context shared between opposition and coordination of existing rules.Today, the homogeneous nature of these rights is affirmed throughout the territory of each of the countries under review. These rights are therefore granted by law, just as they can be by will, subject to compliance with the prohibitions relating to the marriage contract, and the reservation of reserved heirs. In addition to this consecration which above all highlights the inheritance vocation of the surviving spouse, these rights are nevertheless abused. Consequently, they first call for protection based more on devolution rules favorable to the tightening of the family nucleus around the matrimonial home. Also, on the strength of the community and linguistic space in which they operate, it would be interesting and appropriate to consider the harmonization of the rights of the surviving spouse in French-speaking African countries

碩士
國立臺北大學
法律學系一般生組
105
This thesis focuses on coping with disputes concerning matrimonial property regime, both in substantial aspect and in procedure aspect. In the last 30 years, Taiwanese litigants had amended the matrimonial property regime several times. Generally speaking, this regime become increasingly fair. In other words, matrimonial property regime is no longer a male chauvinism. However, statutes can never be perfect, so the question is: are there any defects in the latest matrimonial property regime? The answer will be provided through prudent research. In this dissertation, literature review had been adopted; besides, massive verdicts had also been scrutinized. According to these theoretical and empirical research, there are several deficiencies in the regime which worth further illustration. In terms of substantial law, there are three major defects. First, the legal status of free disposition money remains controversial; thus, few litigants tend to utilize this scheme. Second, court has faced increasingly ordeals in deciding which object belongs to the distribution of martial property, such as dividend, lottery award, and other free incomes. Third, due to lack of articulated regulations, the validity of prenuptial agreements is unstable. Even if courts have often admitted the provision of property attribution in prenuptial agreements, most scholars have contended this perspective. In terms of procedural law, there are also three considerable flaws. First, the Family Proceedings Act lacks coordinate provisions to realize particular substantial rights; for the time being, the temporary solution is merely analogy explanation to other existing regulations. Second, in this act, claims jointer is overreaching. Thus, litigants often have joint too many claims at one time. Third, the nature of preliminary injunctions in the Family Proceedings Act has been still disputed; consequently, court needs to establish steady procedures. Based on these flaws this dissertation has observed, amending the matrimonial property regime is a must. There are three flagrant errors in concerning acts, some regulations fail to help litigants properly attribute matrimonial properties, others lack corresponding statues, and the others are far away from perfect.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Direito apresentada à Faculdade de Direito
Este texto pretende oferecer um enquadramento geral da questão da publicidade do casamento e dos regimes de bens em Portugal, distinguindo os regimes de bens consagrados na lei, referindo os seus princípios estruturantes (liberdade contratual, por um lado e imutabilidade dos regimes de bens, por outro) e de que forma a aplicação dos mesmos condiciona as relações patrimoniais entre os cônjuges e com terceiros. Sendo o registo civil instrumental do direito substantivo interno, questiona-se a sua adequação ao atual direito da família, o qual não é imune a uma “nova” e evolutiva conceção do casamento, onde avulta a liberdade de estipulação dos esposados sobre o regime de bens e suas consequências. Neste campo, sendo defendida por muitos a mutabilidade dos regimes de bens, esta não poderá deixar de ser compatibilizada com a proteção de terceiros, o que nos remete para um adequado sistema de publicidade.Analisa-se o sistema de publicidade, avaliando-se o impacto do Regulamento 2016/1103 no sistema registal e de que modo a autonomia conflitual se pode/deve conjugar com a proteção de terceiros e até que ponto a mesma se repercute (ou deve repercutir-se) no registo. Conclui-se:pela existência de várias fragilidades no sistema registal, resultantes do seu excessivo enquadramento no direito interno, quando a realidade nos demonstra que não nos podemos alhear dos atuais movimentos migratórios e de sucessivas recomposições familiares que conferem ao casamento um caráter transfronteiriço; pela falta de coerência interna do sistema registal, no que respeita à extensão da publicidade, ainda e sempre demasiado apegado à riqueza imobiliária; pela inevitabilidade de consagrar o poder dever de cognição do direito estrangeiro pelo Conservador, sob pena de se validar uma aplicação desqualificada do direito, que compromete o valor da publicitação da situação jurídica das pessoas e dos seus bens, que denega a justiça material e promove a litigiosidade
This presentation aims to provide an overview of marriage and property regimes publicity in Portugal, starting by distinguishing the property regimes enshrined in the law, listing their structural principles (contractual freedom, on one side, and immutability of property regimes, on the other) and how their application conditions the patrimonial relations between spouses and between them and third parties. Since the registration system is instrumental of the domestic substantive law, it is questioned its adequacy to the current family law, which is not immune to a "new" and evolutionary conception of marriage, where the freedom of stipulation on property regimes and its consequences has significantly increased. Within this context, the change of property regimes according to domestic law is addressed, as well as it is analysed the way property regimes and their changes are publicized, because it cannot fail to be compatible with the protection of third parties, which leads us to an adequate advertising system.Finally, it is assessed the impact of Regulation 2016/1103 on the Portuguese registration system and on the protection of third parties. We conclude:by the existence of various weaknesses in the registral system, resulting from its excessive framework in national law, when reality shows us that we cannot be allocated to the current migratory movements and successive family recompositions which give marriage a cross-border character,for the inevitability of defending a due power of cognition of foreign law by the Register Office, so that we can guarantee the value of the register, under penalty of denying material justice and increasing litigation

The bulk of the matrimonial property regimes operating in Botswana were inherited from the country's colonial past. Since independence there ha'> not been any realistic attempt to reform them. The thesis set out to appraisal the legal regimes governing the determination of matrimonial property on divorce to ascertain their efficacy in realising the legitimate aspiration of married couples. Comparisons were made with similar countries to determine how these have tackled problems relating to determination of matrimonial property on divorce. The study found that where there is a dispute about matrimonial property in marriages out of community, the courts have no discretion to readjust the rights of the parties. This situation adversely affect nonworking wives who spent most of their time looking after their husbands and children without being able to acquire capital assets. Recognition is not given to such domestic contribution to the welfare of the family. It was also found that the exercise of the marital power by husbands of marriages in community of property deprives wives of those marriages the right to administer the joint estate. The patriarchal nature of customary law, which governs the majority of disputes about matrimonial property, discriminates against women. Consequently, the following, inter alia, are suggested as reform measures. (a) The courts should be g1ven a wide discretionary power, circumscribed by statutory guidelines, to reallocate matrimonial property on divorce irrespective of the matrimonial property regime that governs the marriage. TI1e underlying principle should be equality of sharing but this may be departed from where the circumstances of the particular case warrant it (b) A spouse's domestic contribution towards the welfare of the family should be recognised. (c) The marital power of husbands should be abolished. (d) The provisions of the Matrimonial Causes Act should be made applicable to customary marriages.
Private Law
LL.D.

碩士
東吳大學
法律學系
100
The thesis is focused on the Amendment of the Law Application to Matrimonial Property Regimes in Taiwan. It is majorly organized of the theories of the scholars and the doctrines from different countries about the theories of the law application to matrimonial property regimes. The doctrines and legal rules from different countries are used to compare with the revision of the law application to matrimonial property regimes in Taiwan. The main point of the thesis is to provide some contribution to the law application to matrimonial property regimes in Taiwan. Because of the difference of the substantive law to matrimonial property regimes in different countries, it must use the law application to matrimonial property regimes to choose which country’s substantive law to be applied. In tradition, the doctrines of the law application to matrimonial property regimes are Meaning Principle, National Law Principle, Residence Principle, and Different Principle between Movable Property and Real Estate. These principles have the advantages and disadvantages. So many countries not only use single principle, but use stage application to choose the law application to matrimonial property regimes. The most controversial issue of our law application to matrimonial property regimes is not equal between me and women. According to patriarchy, our law application to matrimonial property regimes is adopted National Law Principle and not equal to women. The amendment of the law application to matrimonial property regimes corrects the disadvantage. The thesis is to analyze the trade of the law application to matrimonial property regimes in the other countries and compare with the law application to matrimonial property regimes in our country to provide some suggestions and conclusions for all others who are interested in the law application to matrimonial property regimes.

碩士
輔仁大學
法律學系
104
For the frequent international exchanges, the phenomenon that one civil relation involves multiple countries’ factors is common, so such case involves different civil laws and regulations, which are likely to apply, as a result, it can be very easy to produce conflict of laws. Besides, as the quantity of transnational marriages is increasing, the foreign matrimonial property dispute is also one kind of common conflict of laws, so the study of applicable law concerning matrimonial property regimes is particularly important. There are similarities and differences between Taiwan and the mainland on the provisions of applicable law concerning the matrimonial property regimes. The similarities of cross-strait are the type of conflicts norm and the main principles, while the differences are six aspects: the expression of the concept, the doctrine of autonomy, the principle of nationality, the theory of the most significant relationship, the terms of yield and the provisions of the third party. In short, compared to the provisions of the mainland, the rules of Taiwan are more comprehensive, yet still to be improved. This paper makes a comparison on the applicable law of the matrimonial property regimes between Taiwan and the mainland, on a basis of 1978 Hague Convention concerning matrimonial property regimes and foreign legislation, summing up the better applicable law, which is more efficient and practical international.

碩士
東吳大學
法律學系
105
Abstract Matrimonial property system is a kind of legal systems mainly regulate the marital property relations. Factors such as political and economic,customs of the people and traditional culture, are usually affect the differences of matrimonial property system. Taiwan and Mainland have respectively implemented their own matrimonial property system for couples of years since 1949. Due to Mainland started implementing the policy of reformation and opening in 1979 and Taiwan releasing the populace to visit their relatives in 1987. Intercourses between the strait become more freguently and unceasely increasing numbers of marriage. That becomes an important issue of matrimonial property question relating to marriage. In general,most of couples often haven’t declared matrimonial property system yet. Hence, It is even more important of the statutory matrimonial property system. This thesis mainly discuss matrimonial property system of the mainland China,and take the most important statutory matrimonial property system as the center.This thesis introduced the related content of mainland present matrimonial property system, in its historical evoluta.This thesis hope analyzes the advantages and the flaws of the present matrimonial property system in mainland China and proposes my personal researches experience and advices.Next,by the research obtained of mainland China present statutory matrimonial property system, to compared the difference of stipulations between Taiwan and the mainland China about the statutory matrimonial property system ,and find the present stipulations of Taiwan whether there are need modified and propose my suggestions.Furthermore, by understanding statutory marital property system between Strait and its related questions about the applicable law and find the present stipulations of Taiwan whether there are need modified and to protect the legal property rights and interests in the married couples of the between Strait . The specification of marital property system between the Strait is different, the system design also respectively has the superiority, we expected through the research, standard and in practice of the mainland statutory matrimonial property system, look for worth learning places and expecting the matrimonial property system can achieve perfectly in Taiwan.

Matrimonial property regimes in Italian and Czech law Resumé This master thesis deals with matrimonial property regimes under the Italian Civil Code and the Czech Civil Code. This issue is significant not only from the perspective of spouses and their families, but also important for everybody who makes contract with a spouse. The purpose of this thesis is to analyse and compare Italian and Czech provisions related to marital property regimes and to point out similarities and differences between them. This thesis consists of an introduction, three parts that are further divided into chapters and a conclusion. The first part is an analysis of Italian provisions. It deals with the fundamental principles of the Italian legal system and matrimonial property regimes as codified in the Codice civile. First of all, it examines statutory community of property, marital assets (marital property, deferred community of property and liabilities), personal property and also deals with mandatory rules of the management of marital assets. Then it deals with contractual regimes, namely the separation of property, the property fund and other marital and prenuptial agreements. Subsequently, it examines the termination of community of property and the division of marital assets. The second part concerns the Czech provisions...

La Tesi affronta uno dei problemi ermeneutici più controversi del regime matrimoniale concordatario, la cui genesi è legata alle imperfezioni tecniche del sistema matrimoniale concordatario, ossia l’influenza della volontà delle parti nel contesto trascrizione tardiva. Nell’attuale regime, questa speciale forma di trascrizione, nel suo essere una componente essenziale del principio della volontarietà degli effetti civili, sintetizza le principali dinamiche che hanno accompagnato, in ambito matrimoniale, la revisione concordataria: il passaggio dalla prevalenza dell’interesse della famiglia al primato della sfera individuale; il principio personalistico del matrimonio proposto dal Concilio Vaticano II e tradotto nel nuovo diritto matrimoniale canonico; oltre a costituire una delle principali espressioni della separazione tra la costituzione del vincolo matrimoniale e la trascrizione agli effetti civili. Circa il primo aspetto, la possibilità riconosciuta ai coniugi di optare, nell’esercizio della libertà matrimoniale, per la celebrazione di un matrimonio canonico non seguito dalla trascrizione agli effetti civili, ma eventualmente integrabile degli stessi su richiesta delle sole parti, anche a notevole distanza di tempo, costituisce uno dei principali tasselli del processo di privatizzazione dell’istituto matrimoniale, la cui affermazione è principalmente legata all’introduzione dell’istituto della cessazione degli effetti civili del matrimonio canonico civilmente riconosciuto. La previgente disciplina concordataria, in ossequio ad una accentuata visione pubblicistica che ordinava la produzione normativa in materia familiare, nell’intento di recuperare gli effetti civili anche in assenza una espressa volontà delle parti, riconosceva invece la facoltà di presentare l’istanza di trascrizione del matrimonio a chiunque vi avesse avuto interesse (art. 34), assicurando il recupero degli effetti civili anche contro la volontà delle parti. La costituzione del vincolo era dunque ancorata all’integrazione dei relativi effetti civili, attraverso un’imperfetta unione tra i due momenti, finalizzata alla riduzione dei conflitti di lealtà che caratterizzavano il sistema preconcordatario. Diversamente, l’art. 8 dell’Accordo di Villa Madama, nel recepire all’interno della cornice normativa il principio della volontarietà degli effetti civili, circoscrive ai soli coniugi la titolarità della facoltà di richiedere la trascrizione del matrimonio canonico anche oltre il termine dei cinque giorni dalla celebrazione, traducendo nella normativa di derivazione pattizia il primato della dimensione individuale assegnato all’istituto matrimoniale. Questa innovazione, positivizzata in occasione della revisione del Concordato, costituisce il riflesso del principio di libertà matrimoniale, formulato principalmente, in via interpretativa, da quella dottrina che, già prima del varo della Costituzione repubblicana, riconosceva alla volontà delle parti un ruolo centrale nell’attivazione del procedimento di trascrizione, attenuando la preminente dimensione sociale che, in quel momento, ammantava l’istituto matrimoniale.

A escolha deste tema para apresentação da Dissertação de Mestrado que culmina esta etapa académica deve-se ao nosso interesse pela matéria do processo de inventário em geral, e em especial quando este processo visa a realização da partilha do casal na sequência de divórcio, separação, declaração de nulidade ou anulação do casamento. Este processo, que tem como pressupostos a existência de património comum do casal e a falta de acordo dos cônjuges quanto ao modo de realização da partilha, segue a tramitação prevista para o processo de inventário destinado à partilha hereditária (com as devidas adaptações), com as especificidades que a Lei lhe prevê. A presente dissertação realiza considerações gerais sobre esta forma especial de inventário, e analisa as fases que integram o regime processual aplicável, desde a apresentação do requerimento inicial até à homologação da decisão homologatória da partilha e elaboração da nota final de honorários e despesas. O objeto de estudo é o regime aplicável ao inventário que se encontra em vigor, o qual corresponde ao Regime Jurídico do Processo de Inventário aprovado em anexo à Lei n.º 23/2013, de 5 de março.

Matrimonial property agreements Abstract The diploma thesis deals with marital property regimes, which are regulated by the Act No. 89/2012 Coll., the Civil Code. The thesis is focused on the three main areas of the problematics. The first area represents a legal regulation of the common property of the spouses, i.e. the statutory matrimonial property regime, the regime, by which marital property relations are regulated, unless a married couple, resp. spouses adjust these relations differently from the law. The second area of interest is a detailed analysis of a legal regulation of property relations of spouses on the basis of a contract, either before or during the marriage, i.e. the contractual regime. The third area examines the matrimonial property regime established by a court decision. The last part of the thesis is dedicated to the view of the Dutch matrimonial property law in comparison with the Czech legislation. With regard to the Czech property law of spouses the thesis may result in a de lege ferenda consideration Key words: matrimonial property law, matrimonial property regime, prenuptial agreement.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Direito: Especialidade em Ciências Juridico-Forenses apresentada à Faculdade de Direito
O presente trabalho tem como propósito o estudo do princípio da imutabilidade das convenções antenupciais e do regime de bens legalmente fixado. Com o objetivo de perceber se este princípio se justifica no nosso ordenamento jurídico, começámos por fazer uma análise, não muito profunda, do regime de bens do casamento. Analisámos, um por um, os regimes de bens previstos no Código Civil, nunca perdendo de vista que os nubentes podem, em respeito pelo estipulado pelo princípio da liberdade, escolher um regime atípico. Este regime poderá combinar caraterísticas dos vários regimes-tipo ou então ser um regime de bens feito ex novo pelos nubentes. De seguida procedemos à análise da figura das convenções antenupciais, que constitui o instrumento pelo qual os cônjuges estabelecem o regime patrimonial que vigorará depois da celebração do casamento. Após percebermos os contornos da figura das convenções antenupciais, nomeadamente os seus requisitos formais e substanciais, bem como as causas que as tornam inválidas, passámos à análise dos seus dois princípios estruturantes: o princípio da liberdade e o princípio da imutabilidade. Relativamente ao primeiro, o estudo centrou-se na análise da sua amplitude e ainda das suas restrições, ou seja, das suas exceções. No que diz respeito ao segundo princípio, o da imutabilidade, o seu estudo requereu-nos mais atenção. Começámos por perceber a sua evolução histórica, tentando perceber de que forma ele surgiu, nomeadamente como apareceu no nosso ordenamento jurídico. Seguidamente, após a sua definição e justificação, procedemos à averiguação da sua dimensão e concretização no nosso ordenamento e ainda as suas exceções. Por último, e concluindo o nosso estudo, analisámos de que forma a esta figura é aceite nos ordenamentos jurídicos europeus e no próprio direito europeu e ainda se, no seguimento das correntes do direito estrangeiro, o princípio deveria continuar a ter cabimento no seio do Direito Português. Concluímos que não, não deverá permanecer.
The present dissertation has the purpose of study the immutability of marriage agreements and matrimonial property fixed by law. the main objetive is to understand if this principle has place in our legal order. In order to understand this we beggin to analyse the different types of matrimonial property. Next we studied the figure of marriage agreements. With this contract the spouses could determinate the property regime that will regulate their property relations after the wedding celebration. Within this subject we notice that we had two essential principles: the principle of liberty and the principle of immutability. The first principle gives spouses the power to fix and determinate with autonomy the property regime that will manage the wedding. On the other hand the principle of immutability prevents the spouses from changing the property regime during the marriage. In order to achieve the main objetive of this investigation we started to explain the historic evolution of this principle and the reasons that may justify the inclusion on our legal order. Next we tried to define the extent and the prohibitions that it contains. To complete, we analysed other countries law to know how law in general treats this problem, mainly the European Law. By testing all the arguments that sustain this principle we conclude that it does not have place in our legal order.The present dissertation has the purpose of study the immutability of marriage agreements and matrimonial property fixed by law. the main objetive is to understand if this principle has place in our legal order. In order to understand this we beggin to analyse the different types of matrimonial property. Next we studied the figure of marriage agreements. With this contract the spouses could determinate the property regime that will regulate their property relations after the wedding celebration. Within this subject we notice that we had two essential principles: the principle of liberty and the principle of immutability. The first principle gives spouses the power to fix and determinate with autonomy the property regime that will manage the wedding. On the other hand the principle of immutability prevents the spouses from changing the property regime during the marriage. In order to achieve the main objetive of this investigation we started to explain the historic evolution of this principle and the reasons that may justify the inclusion on our legal order. Next we tried to define the extent and the prohibitions that it contains. To complete, we analysed other countries law to know how law in general treats this problem, mainly the European Law. By testing all the arguments that sustain this principle we conclude that it does not have place in our legal order.

Family is the basic unit of society, and is grounded upon social, legal, religious and economic constructs. Depending on cultures and societies, and the often differential treatment they apply to men and women, entering into marriage may deteriorate women’s economic situation. The gender-based division of labor within family, which disproportionally burden women, notably through childcare responsibilities, causes a substantial decline in women’s income and interrupts their education and employment. This makes it difficult for women to have a career for themselves after a separation or divorce. Therefore, there is a general belief that legal principles and laws governing the marital relationship and property rights should be structured to protect women’s economic interests. To establish an equitable economic framework between spouses, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) opts for an egalitarian regime which asks for equal rights and responsibilities for both men and women, during and after the marriage. It rules in favor of a partial community of property between spouses according to which all economic advantages and disadvantages arising from a marriage and its dissolution should be borne equally by both parties. However, legal regimes differ in outlining the method of contribution each spouse must commit to the household, financial maintenance, and the division of property after a separation or divorce. Some legal regimes, following the CEDAW, emphasize formal equality and grant similar rights and responsibilities to both parties, while establishing a partial community of property. Another group of legal regimes establish the separation of property as the guiding principle for marital economic relationships, wherein the expenses should be borne by men as the heads of the household, whereas women should be compensated for their unpaid contributions to the household. As a country with a Sharia-based Civil law system and a specific cultural background, Iran has its own special matrimonial regime and does not follow the CEDAW’s approach to women and men’s rights and responsibilities. Iran’s matrimonial regime bases itself on Sharia’s approach to men and women, and is anchored in Iranian culture. This accounts for a legal matrimonial system that is different from laws existing in Western countries. Under this system, the husband and wife have different economic responsibilities. This thesis examines Iran’s matrimonial regime and compares it to the Quebec matrimonial regime. While Quebec family law espouses a contributory approach for both spouses in marital life, all economic institutions under Iranian family law are designed to enforce a compensatory approach toward the spouses’ economic relation. The compensatory approach of Iranian law to the financial aspects of marital life causes some difficulty for the wife, which is exacerbated at the time of the termination of the marriage. Such a comparative study hopes to bring some novel suggestions aiming at correcting certain deficiencies in the current Iranian matrimonial regime. Besides assessing the issues with Iran’s marital regime, this research seeks to propose legal solutions for enhancing the economic rights of women. A holistic approach will therefore be adopted, which will lead us to take into consideration certain cultural and religious specificities which have become mandatory rights in Iran. The reform proposals put forward in this thesis will thus seek to respond to Iran’s current social context. This study will examine women’s economic situations in marriage, separation, divorce and upon the death of their spouse. It will argue that the cultural specificities of Iranian society and Islamic law must be examined and assessed. It will also analyze women’s economic situation in marital relationships in Iran and Quebec. The study of these two different civil law jurisdictions will focus on the principle of equality and examine related arguments and ideologies regarding women’s rights and responsibilities.
La famille est l'unité de base de la société et est fondée sur des constructions sociales, juridiques, religieuses et économiques. En fonction des cultures et des sociétés et du traitement souvent différencié qu’ils appliquent aux hommes et aux femmes, le mariage peut détériorer la situation économique des femmes. La division du travail fondée sur le sexe au sein de la famille, qui pèse de manière disproportionnée sur les femmes, notamment en raison de leurs responsabilités en matière de garde d'enfants, entraîne une baisse substantielle du revenu des femmes et interrompt leur éducation et leur emploi. Cela rend difficile pour les femmes d'avoir une carrière pour elles-mêmes après une séparation ou un divorce. Par conséquent, il est généralement admis que les principes juridiques et les lois régissant la relation conjugale et les droits de propriété devraient être structurés de manière à protéger les intérêts économiques des femmes. Pour établir un cadre économique équitable entre les époux, la Convention sur l'élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination à l'égard des femmes (CEDAW) opte pour un régime égalitaire qui exige l'égalité des droits et des responsabilités pour les hommes et les femmes, pendant et après le mariage. Elle se prononce en faveur d'une communauté partielle de biens entre époux selon laquelle tous les avantages et inconvénients économiques résultant d'un mariage et de sa dissolution devraient être assumés également par les deux parties. Cependant, les régimes juridiques diffèrent en définissant le mode de contribution que chaque conjoint doit engager pour le ménage, l'entretien financier et le partage des biens après une séparation ou un divorce. Certains régimes juridiques, à la suite de la CEDAW, mettent l'accent sur l'égalité formelle et accordent des droits et des responsabilités similaires aux deux parties, tout en établissant une communauté partielle de biens. Un autre groupe de régimes juridiques établit la séparation des biens comme principe directeur des relations économiques conjugales, où les dépenses devraient être supportées par les hommes en tant que chefs de famille, tandis que les femmes devraient être indemnisées pour leurs contributions impayées au ménage. En tant que pays doté d'un système de droit civil fondé sur la charia et ayant une culture particulière, l'Iran a son propre régime matrimonial spécial et ne suit pas l'approche de la CEDAW concernant les droits et les responsabilités des femmes et des hommes. Le régime matrimonial Iranien se fonde sur l'approche de la charia à l'égard des hommes et des femmes et est ancré dans la culture Iranienne. Cela explique un système matrimonial légal différent des lois existant dans les pays occidentaux. Dans ce système, le mari et la femme ont des responsabilités économiques différentes. Cette thèse examine le régime matrimonial de l’Iran et le compare au régime matrimonial du Québec. Alors que le droit de la famille du Québec adopte une approche contributive pour les deux conjoints dans la vie conjugale, toutes les institutions économiques en vertu du droit de la famille Iranien sont conçues pour appliquer une approche compensatoire à l'égard de la relation économique des conjoints. L'approche compensatoire de la loi Iranienne concernant les aspects financiers de la vie conjugale cause certaines difficultés à l'épouse, qui sont exacerbées au moment de la fin du mariage. Une telle étude comparative espère apporter de nouvelles suggestions visant à corriger certaines lacunes du régime matrimonial Iranien actuel. Outre l’évaluation des problèmes liés au régime matrimonial de l’Iran, cette recherche cherche à proposer des solutions juridiques pour améliorer les droits économiques des femmes. Une approche holistique sera donc adoptée, ce qui nous amènera à prendre en considération certaines spécificités culturelles et religieuses devenues des droits obligatoires en Iran. Les propositions de réforme présentées dans cette thèse chercheront donc à répondre au contexte social actuel de l’Iran. Cette étude examinera la situation économique des femmes dans le mariage, la séparation, le divorce et le décès de leur conjoint. Il soutiendra que les spécificités culturelles de la société Iranienne et du droit Islamique doivent être examinées et évaluées. Il analysera également la situation économique des femmes dans les relations conjugales en Iran et au Québec. L’étude de ces deux juridictions de droit civil se concentrera sur le principe de l’égalité et examinera les arguments et les idéologies connexes concernant les droits et les responsabilités des femmes.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Ciências Jurídico-Forenses apresentada à Faculdade de Direito
Com a celebração do casamento são produzidos uma série de efeitos – pessoais, patrimoniais e sucessórios – na esfera jurídica dos cônjuges. Antes de casar e com a recente Lei n.º 48/2018, é dada a possibilidade aos nubentes de – em convenção antenupcial e desde que adotando o regime da separação de bens – renunciar reciprocamente à posição de herdeiro legitimário um do outro, de forma a que aqueles efeitos sucessórios que habitualmente se fariam sentir, não existam. Esta dissertação, pretende analisar: o instituto do casamento, os regimes de bens, o estatuto do cônjuge sobrevivo ao longo dos tempos, o ordenamento jurídico de Macau que serviu de fonte de inspiração para esta novidade, e, por fim, mas não menos importante, a lei citada supra – estudando as novas possibilidades que desta advém, juntamente com os requisitos que têm de ser verificados mais os direitos que são atribuídos ao cônjuge supérstite que renunciou a esta condição. É verdade que o estatuto do cônjuge sobrevivo melhorou amplamente com a reforma civilista procedente do Decreto-Lei n.º 496/77 de 25 de novembro, passando este da quarta classe de sucessíveis para a primeira classe dos herdeiros legitimários, não sendo considerado na lista de herdeiros legitimário obrigados à colação – consequência da chamada “horizontalização do direito sucessório” – todavia, esta restruturação mostrou-se insuficientemente pois os tempos mudaram e as pessoas são cada vez mais independentes financeiramente, atendendo muito mais vezes às suas carreiras do que propriamente ao seu agregado familiar. Consideramos, ainda, que deveria ser abandonado o princípio da imutabilidade das convenções, de forma a que estes cônjuges pudessem renunciar a todo o tempo, havendo assim a possibilidade de adotar esta renúncia às circunstâncias da vida uma vez que nos parece pedir demasiadamente que esta renúncia tenha de ser feita obrigatoriamente antes do casamento, altura em que os nubentes não têm noção do que pode ou não ocorrer no futuro.
When a marriage is celebrated a series of personal, patrimonial, and legitimate succession effects take place on the spouses’ judicial sphere. According to the Law n.º 48/2018 to the intended spouses is given the possibility - provided a separations of property regime is adopted in the prenuptial agreement – of a reciprocal renunciation to their condition of legitimate/compulsory heirs, therefore invalidating the traditional succession or inheritance implications. The aim of the present dissertation is to analyse: the marriage institution; the marital property regimes; the legal statute of the surviving spouse over time; Macau’s legal order, precisely the one on which this legislative change was inspired; and last, but not least, the above Law - studying the new legal possibilities it implies, the requirements it imposes as well as the surviving spouse rights in this context. Even thought it's true that the status of the surviving spouse has improved with the reform of the civil procedure of Decree-Law n.º 496/77 of November 25, passing from the fourth class of successions to the first classe of legitimate heirs, not being listed as one of the legitimate heirs obliged to collation - a consequence of the so-called "horizontalization of succession law" - however, this restructuring was insufficient because times have changed and most people are increasingly financially independent, paying much more attetion to their careers than their own households. A critical reflection on the importance of supressing the immutability principle of the agreements will also be carried out, since that would ensure the spouses the opportunity of waiving their right/condition of legitimate heir at any time, which would be, in our opinion, more in line with life circumstances and its changes, not forcing the intended spouses to mandatorily formalize this renunciation before the marriage when none of them is aware of what can or cannot happen in the future.

Substantive gender equality has yet to be achieved in South Africa. As such, when a decision is made for one of the spouses to a civil marriage to stay at home and care for the children born of the marriage, or make career sacrifices to care for children, that spouse is usually the wife. As a result, while the husband continues to amass wealth and grow his earning potential, the wife is unable to do so. In circumstances where such spouses are married out of community of property or subject to the accrual system with onerous exclusion clauses in the antenuptial contract, the wife may be left with little more than a claim for rehabilitative maintenance in the event of a divorce. The courts only have the discretion to make an equitable distribution of marital property in civil marriages with complete separation of property concluded prior to 1 November 1984 (or 2 December 1988) and customary marriages. It is arguable that this limitation of the judicial discretion violates the equality clause contained in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996. A broad judicial discretion to equitably redistribute the spouses’ assets upon divorce is therefore proposed in this dissertation.
Private Law
LL.M.

Scopo della presente ricerca è indagare i rapporti tra il regime della comunione legale dei beni e le partecipazioni sociali, con particolare riguardo alla posizione del coniuge non acquirente. In particolare, si intende studiare: 1. se le partecipazioni sociali, o alcune di esse, possano essere oggetto della comunione legale; 2. quali siano gli effetti della eventuale applicazione della comunione. Tali questioni, ad ormai oltre quaranta anni dalla riforma del diritto di famiglia del 1975, rivestono ancora notevole interesse. Da un lato, infatti, il dibattito dottrinale e giurisprudenziale in merito è rimasto aperto: anche gli ultimi anni hanno visto contributi scientifici e sentenze di legittimità sposare orientamenti contrastanti. Dall’altro, gli stessi problemi presentano una notevole rilevanza pratica: i matrimoni in regime di comunione legale sono, come si avrà modo di meglio precisare, ancora numerosi, ed altrettanto frequenti sono i casi in cui alcuno dei coniugi detenga partecipazioni societarie. Nel presente lavoro, dopo una brevissima ricognizione dei caratteri fondamentali del regime della comunione legale, si illustrerà l’emersione del problema nella casistica giurisprudenziale. Ciò allo scopo di meglio chiarire la rilevanza concreta della ricerca ed individuare gli interessi contrastanti che devono trovare composizione nelle soluzioni da proporre. Quindi, si illustreranno le diverse opzioni interpretative proposte nel tempo dagli operatori del diritto, analizzandone i rispettivi argomenti. La ricostruzione che si sostiene è quella che distingue le partecipazioni sociali sulla base della loro destinazione. In particolare, nei casi in cui l’acquisto della partecipazione sia finalizzato all’esercizio di attività personale del coniuge acquirente, si ritiene applicabile l’art.178 c.c.. Detta norma assoggetta i beni destinati all’esercizio dell’impresa di uno dei coniugi costituita dopo il matrimonio ad una forma di comunione differita: gli stessi se ne considerano oggetto, infatti, solo se sussistono allo scioglimento della stessa. La ratio dell’art.178 è tutelare la libertà economica del singolo coniuge senza sacrificare del tutto la partecipazione dell’altro alle ricchezze accumulate durante il matrimonio. Tale esigenza ricorre sia quando l’attività è esercitata in forma individuale, sia quando è esercitata in forma associata con altri con un coinvolgimento personale del coniuge. La società è lo strumento per l’esercizio collettivo dell’impresa, all’interno del quale i soci possono essere più o meno personalmente coinvolti nell’attività che costituisce l’oggetto sociale a prescindere dal tipo utilizzato. Se attraverso la partecipazione societaria il coniuge svolge la propria attività personale, deve essergli riconosciuta la stessa tutela della libertà economica che il diritto di famiglia accorda all’imprenditore individuale. La partecipazione sarà dunque sottratta alla comunione immediata ai sensi dell’art.178, quale bene destinato all’esercizio dell’impresa. In caso contrario, invece, la partecipazione costituirà un acquisto suscettibile di cadere nella comunione immediata, a meno che non ricorra una causa di esclusione ai sensi dell’art.179. Assumeranno rilevanza, dunque il coinvolgimento personale del coniuge nella attività societaria e il fatto che egli tragga dalla stessa una rilevante porzione del suo reddito. Questo criterio, che ha trovato anche l’avallo della giurisprudenza di legittimità, è rispettoso del dato normativo e contempera adeguatamente gli opposti interessi alla compartecipazione agli acquisti e alla libertà di iniziativa economica. Si vedrà altresì che l’indagine sulla strumentalità della partecipazione ad attività personale del socio deve essere compiuta in concreto, e non sulla base di criteri rigidamente formali, quali il tipo di società interessato o la responsabilità connessa alla partecipazione. Tale soluzione è coerente con l’impianto normativo della riforma del 1975 e trae ulteriore forza sia dalle recenti evoluzioni del diritto societario, sia da un raffronto con la realtà economica del tessuto imprenditoriale italiano. Sul primo punto, si pensi, in particolare, alla società a responsabilità limitata, società di capitali dove grande rilievo è dato alla persona del socio e che la riforma del 2003 ha definitivamente “staccato” dalla società per azioni modellandola sulla figura dei “soci-imprenditori”. Ad oggi, su circa 850.000 società di capitali presenti in Italia, più di 815.000 sono proprio società a responsabilità limitata. Non può negarsi, dunque, che i tipi societari capitalistici, inclusa la società per azioni, vengono spesso utilizzati per lo svolgimento di attività in cui almeno alcuni dei soci sono personalmente coinvolti. I dati statistici mostrano un’amplissima prevalenza, tra le società di capitali, di compagini sociali molto ristrette, con presenza di singoli soci persone fisiche titolari di partecipazioni di controllo. Sul fronte opposto, la recente legislazione tributaria esplicitamente ammette società semplici “di mero godimento”, società personali che sicuramente non hanno la connotazione di strumento per l’attività personale dei soci. L’adozione del criterio basato sulla destinazione costituisce il punto di partenza per l’analisi delle diverse problematiche inerenti il rapporto tra la comunione legale e l’organizzazione sociale. Difatti, l’effetto della comunione, quando operante, è automatico, ma tutte le società sono caratterizzate da regole proprie concernenti la circolazione delle partecipazioni e l’esercizio dei diritti sociali. Occorre dunque analizzare dapprima se e in quali forme il coniuge non acquirente possa far valere la contitolarità nei confronti dell’organizzazione; e quindi come debba esser regolato l’esercizio dei diritti sociali relativi alla partecipazione cointestata. In particolare, su quest’ultimo punto, si indagherà se le regole della comunione legale siano “autosufficienti” ovvero se occorra fare in ogni caso riferimento alle norme sulla contitolarità di partecipazioni (art.2347 e 2468 c.c.). Dall’altro lato, si indagherà sulle conseguenze in tema di responsabilità per le obbligazioni sociali, ove prevista, e per l’esecuzione dei conferimenti, sia nel caso di partecipazione cointestata, sia nel caso di partecipazione rimasta intestata al solo coniuge acquirente. Inoltre, ci si dovrà soffermare sugli effetti della comunione differita ex art.178 c.c., sui quali si registrano posizioni contrastanti. Stanti le rilevanti differenze di disciplina, saranno analizzate separatamente le società di persone, le società di capitali, le società cooperative e le società tra professionisti.