Journal articles on the topic 'Matthew Mackey'

Abstract Matthew Mackay CITP MBCS, Principal Consultant at Logiq Consulting, explains how a failure to take into account the defence of an organisation's assets from a cyber-attack could have an adverse effect on their reputation.

Daniel O’Shiel, Sartre and Magic: Being, Emotion, and Philosophy (London: Bloomsbury, 2019), 198 pp., $79.80, ISBN: 978-1-3500-7766-9 (hardback).Brill’s Companion to Camus: Camus among the Philosophers. Eds. Matthew Sharpe, Maciej Kałuza, and Peter Francev. (Leiden/Boston: Brill, 2020), 488 pp., $180, ISBN: 9789004401747 (hardback).Yan Hamel, En Randonnée avec Simone de Beauvoir. Boréal, Montréal, Canada, 2020. Can $25,95.

AbstractThree hundred and forty-one primary types of Braconidae housed in the Canadian National Collection were examined and listed. These were contributed by the following authors: Fischer (68), Mason (61), Loan (48), van Achterberg (32), Muesebeck (22), Bhat and Gupta (20), McComb (18), Walley (18), Wharton (15), Viereck (7), Martin (6), Saffer (6), Loan and New (5), Provancher (3), Bhat (2), Loan and Wylie (2), Gupta and Bhat (1), Loan, Klein, and Coppel (1), Mackauer (1), Matthews (1), Richardson (1), Sharkey (1), Shenefelt (1), and Walley and MacKay (1).

John Coltrane; one of the most influential and important musicians and composers of the 20th century; began to inspire jazz musicians and American poets in the 1960s with the Black Arts Movement poets. His music was interpreted and used for the promotion of political ideas in the poetics of Amiri Baraka; Sonia Sanchez; Askia Muhammad Toure; Larry Neal and others. This is the political Coltrane poetry. On the other hand; Coltrane’s music inspired another kind of poets; the musical poets; which began to emerge in the 1970s. In this case; the poetry reflects the true nature of Coltrane’s spiritual music quest. The poets belonging to this group; like Michael S. Harper; William Matthews; Jean Valentine; Cornelius Eady; Philip Levine; Nathaniel Mackey and others; go beyond politics; beyond race or gender. The paper will examine the first type of the Coltrane poetry; where Coltrane’s music was used to promote the political ideas of the Black Art Movement in connection with the political movement of Malcolm X. These poets changed; rearticulated and shifted Coltrane’s spiritually musical message towards the principles of the black nationalism.

We investigate synchronization between two unidirectionally linearly coupled chaotic multifeedback Mackey–Glass systems and find the existence and stability conditions for complete synchronization. Numerical simulations fully support the theory. We also present generalization of the approach to the wider class of nonlinear systems.

This publication is the third part of an ongoing revision of Australian species of the genus Lepanus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) and revises three species groups. Keys to species within the L. ustulatus, L. storeyi, and L. nitidus species groups are provided and eight new species are described. Within the L. ustulatus species group, L. ustulatus (Lansberge, 1874) and L. globulus (Macleay, 1887) are redescribed and three new species are described: Lepanus cameroni new species from Cape York Peninsula, far north Queensland; Lepanus cardwellensis new species from the Australian Wet Tropics, northern Queensland; and Lepanus lemannae new species from the Australian Wet Tropics to the Central Mackay Coast, Queensland. Within the L. storeyi species group, L. storeyi Weir & Monteith, 2010 is redescribed and two new species are described: Lepanus meierae new species from southeastern Queensland to Wollongong, New South Wales and Lepanus williamsi new species from eastern New South Wales. Within the L. nitidus species group, L. nitidus Matthews 1974 and L. dichrous Gillet, 1925 are redescribed and three new species are described: Lepanus vangerweni new species, Lepanus carbinensis new species, and Lepanus kulki new species from the Australian Wet Tropics, northern Queensland. Following these descriptions, a total of 50 Lepanus species are now described from Australia.

In this paper, we investigate the relation between generalized and phase synchronization for time-delayed systems. Two different systems are considered, namely, Logistic and Mackey–Glass systems. Sufficient conditions for determining the generalized synchronization are derived analytically for scalar and modulated time-delay and tested for correctness by numerical simulations. We propose an example that phase synchronization is stronger than generalized synchronization for scalar time-delay and the opposite situation happens for modulated delay time.

Clusters often grow by adding concentric layers of atoms in such a way that the overall symmetry of the cluster is left unchanged. Icosahedral shell structure was first envisioned by Mackay1 while working on the difficult geometric problem of sphere packing. Shells with icosahedral symmetry have since been identified in clusters composed of inert-gas atoms,2–4 metal atoms,5,6 and even complex molecules. In this report experimental evidence will be presented for shell structures based on geometries other than the Mackay icosahedra. The results which will be discussed include: (a) octahedral shells in Al and In clusters, (b) non-Mackay-like icosahedral shells of metal deposited expitaxially on a C60 molecule and (c) new data on very large cubic shells of alkali halides. In all these cases, the evidence for shells consists of mass spectrometric anomalies that appear periodically when plotted on a (mass)1/3 scale. Each geometry is associated with a unique periodicity.

It is shown that both icosahedral Al–Mn–Si and Mg–Al–Zn alloys give rise to the same variety of electron diffraction patterns as documented for icosahedral Al–Mn alloys. Subtle variations in intensity are ascribed to a different decorational motif in terms of the Mackay icosahedron and the Pauling triacontahedron. Icosahedral Al–Mn–Si alloys do not appear to be ordered on a superlattice basis.

A 1/1-type approximant to the AlCuCr icosahedral phase and approximants to a decagonal phase have been found in an as-cast Al65Cu20Cr15 ingot. Selected area electron diffraction indicates that the 1/1-type approximant consists of Mackay icosahedra arranged on a bcc lattice, similar to the α-AlMnSi cubic phase. Ordering of the glue atoms produces a base-centered orthorhombic superstructure, making the overall structure monoclinic P2/m, with lattice parameters a = 12.6 Å, c = 17.92 Å, and α = 90°.

The structure of crystalline α-AlMnSi is examined by electron diffraction. Six distinct zone axes are examined, including both normal crystallographic and non-crystallographic zone axes, allowing the space group symmetry of α-AlMnSi to be studied. A method for indexing the non-crystallographic zone axis diffraction patterns, which involve reflections from several nearby crystallographic zone axes, is described and applied to electron diffraction patterns of the quasi-5-fold, 3-fold and 2-fold axes of the icosahedral building units of cubic α-AlMnSi. These are compared with electron diffraction patterns from the corresponding 5-fold, 3-fold and 2-fold axes of the quasicrystalline phase i-AlMnSi, from which we may make some conclusions concerning the occupancies of the icosahedral units in i-AlMnSi. Electron diffraction patterns characteristic of [Formula: see text] were obtained for thicker specimens. However, for thin specimens, as used for HRTEM imaging, the electron diffraction patterns were characteristic of [Formula: see text] space group symmetry. This unusual behaviour arises because the structural basis for the [Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text] phase transition is a weak effect, involving changes in occupancy of the icosahedral structural elements located at the corners (double-MacKay icosahedra) and body-centers (MacKay icosahedra) of the cubic unit cell. The effects of changing the occupancies of the outer shells of the MI and DMI structural units on the diffraction intensities of the weak reflections were examined. Thus, calculation of the dynamical diffraction amplitudes shows that in fact the weak reflections characteristic of [Formula: see text] only develop sufficient intensity if two conditions are satisfied: namely (1) the crystal thickness exceeds approx. 50 nm and (2) if a significant proportion of [Formula: see text] occupancies are included in the structural model. By fitting the observed thickness variation of the diffraction intensities we propose a new set of occupancies for α-AlMnSi, which is consistent with the electron, X-ray and neutron diffraction data.

In this paper, a fast processing and efficient framework has been proposed to get an optimum output from a noisy data set of a system by using interval type-2 fuzzy logic system. Further, the concept of GPGPU (General Purpose Computing on Graphics Processing Unit) is used for fast execution of the fuzzy rule base on Graphics Processing Unit (GPU). Application of Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA) is used to ascertain optimum output from noisy data set. Which is further integrated with Interval Type-2 (IT2) fuzzy logic system and executed on Graphics Processing Unit for faster execution. The proposed framework is also designed for parallel execution using GPU and the results are compared with the serial program execution. Further, it is clearly observed that the parallel execution rule base evolved provide better accuracy in less time. The proposed framework (IT2FLS) has been validated with classical bench mark problem of Mackey Glass Time Series. For non-stationary time-series data with additive gaussian noise has been implemented with proposed framework and with T1 FLS. Further, it is observed that IT2 FLS provides better rule base for noisy data set.

In this paper we take up the question of the spectral stability of travelling water waves from a new point of view, namely that the spectral data of the water-wave operator linearized about fully nonlinear Stokes waves is analytic as a function of a height parameter. This observation was recently made rigorous by the author using a boundary perturbation approach which is amenable to approximation by a stable high-order numerical method. Using this algorithm, we investigate, for both super- and sub-harmonic disturbances, the evolution of the spectrum, in particular the ‘first collision’ of eigenvalues and the ‘smallest singularity’ in the perturbation expansion. The former is studied in response to MacKay & Saffman's (1986) work on the water-wave problem which demonstrated that instability can only arise after the collision of two eigenvalues of opposite Krein signature. However, we present results which show, quite explicitly, that eigenvalue collision (even of opposite Krein signature) is insufficient to conclude instability. With this in mind, we have identified a new criterion for the loss of spectral stability, namely the appearance of a singularity in the expansion of the spectral data (as a function of the height parameter mentioned above). We give some heuristic reasons why this should be so, and then provide complete numerical spectral stability results for four representative depths, two above (h = ∞, 2) and two below (h = 1, 1/2) Benjamin's (1967) critical value, hc ≈ 1.363, above which the Benjamin–Feir instability emerges. We find that the strongest (two-dimensional) instability appears to be among the long waves, but we notice that there is a sharp difference between ‘shallow-water’ and ‘deep-water’ waves in that first eigenvalue collision and smallest expansion singularity are synonymous for shallow water, while this is not so in deep water where ‘windows of stability’ beyond the first eigenvalue collision exist.

The reflections are part of the Master's Dissertation entitled Integration of digital media in basic education for the study of sustainability, Professional Master in Business Administration from Unoesc, Chapecó (Brazil). The research aims to understand the TPACK structure and its relationship to the process of teaching and learning in the context of the classroom. The research addresses the integration of digital media in the teaching-learning process, allowing the student to learn in a healthy, pleasurable, meaningful and innovative way. The structure is based on Koehler and Mishra (2009), who touted the need for teachers to understand pedagogically the inclusion of technologies in the context of the classroom. The study was developed through qualitative research, using semi-structured interviews with teachers of the Education Network of a municipality located in the Santa Catarina’s State, characterized as a case study. As for its nature, the research is classified as applied and based on its objectives, the study can be considered descriptive. The dice were analyzed by content technique analysis. Among the main results, it is identified that teachers use digital media available in schools, but present traditional postures where the student becomes a passive being. In schools where digital media integration occurs, work depends on the computer teacher. Some teachers yearn for the integration of technological resources in teaching practice, however, they need training.ResumoAs reflexões fazem parte da Dissertação de Mestrado intitulada Integração das novas tecnologias na Educação Básica para o estudo da sustentabilidade, Mestrado profissional em Administração da Unoesc, Campus Chapecó. A pesquisa objetiva entender a estrutura TPACK e sua relação com o processo de ensinar e aprender no contexto da sala de aula. A pesquisa aborda a integração das mídias digitais no processo ensino aprendizagem, permitindo o aluno aprender de maneira saudável, prazerosa, significativa e inovadora. A estrutura se fundamenta em Koehler e Mishra (2009), que apregoa a necessidade dos docentes compreenderem pedagogicamente a inclusão das tecnologias no contexto da sala de aula. O estudo foi desenvolvido por meio de pesquisa qualitativa, utilizando entrevista semi-estruturada com professores da Rede de Ensino de um Município localizado no Estado de Santa Catarina, caracterizando-se como estudo de caso. Quanto à sua natureza, a pesquisa se classifica como aplicada e com base nos seus objetivos, o estudo pode ser considerado descritivo. Os dados foram analisados pela técnica de análise de conteúdo. Dentre os principais resultados, identifica-se que os docentes utilizam as mídias digitais disponíveis nas escolas, porém apresentam posturas tradicionais onde o aluno se torna um ser passivo. Nas escolas onde ocorre integração das mídias digitais, o trabalho depende do professor de informática. Alguns docentes anseiam pela integração de recursos tecnológicos na prática docente, contudo, necessitam de formação.SommarioLe riflessione che seguono sono parte della Dissertazione del Master intitolata integrazione dei media digitale nell’istruzione di base e studio della sostenibilità, Master professionale in Amministrazione dell’ Unoesc, Chapecó (Brasile). La ricerca ha l’obiettivo di comprendere la struttura TPACK e la sua relazione con il processo di insegnamento e apprendimento nel contesto della classe. La ricerca tratta dell’introduzione dei media digitale nel processo d’istruzione, dando la possibilità all’alunno di imparare di forma salutare e piacevole, significativa e innovativa. La struttura si basa negli studi di Koehler e Mishra (2009), che evidenziano la necessità di comprendere dal punto di vista della didattica il ricorso alle nuove tecnologie nel contesto della classe da parte dei docenti. Lo studio è stato realizzato per mezzo di ricerca qualitativa, utilizzando intreviste semi-strutturate con professori della rete d’istruzione di un Municipio localizzato nello Stato di Santa Catarina, si caratterizza come studio di caso. Per quanto riguarda la sua natura, la ricerca si classifica come applicata e con base nei suoi obiettivi, lo studio può essere considerato descritivo. I dati sono stati analizzati con la tecnica di analise de contenuto. Tra i principali risultati, si ha identificato che i docenti fanno ricorso ai media digitali disponibili nelle scuole, però ricorrono ad approcci tradizionali ai quali l’alunno diventa un essere passivo. Nelle scuole dove occorre l’introduzione dei media digitali, il lavoro dipende dal professore di informatica. Alcuni docenti attendono per l’inserimento di strumenti tecnologici nella pratica dell’insegnamento, tuttavia, hanno necessità di formazione.Palavras-chave: Mídias digitais, Aprender, Ensinar, Conhecer.Keywords: Digital media, Learn, Teach, To know.Parole chiavi: Media digitali, Apprendere, Insegnare, Conoscere.ReferencesASSMANN, Hugo. A metamorfose do aprender na sociedade da informação. Ci. Inf., Brasília, v. 29, n. 2, p. 7-15, maio/ago. 2000. Disponível em: <http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-19652000000200002&lng=en&nrm=iso>. Acesso em: 12 jan. 2017.BENVENUTTI, Dilva B. Avaliação nos processos de aprendizagem. Curitiba: Prismas, 2017.CARROLL, Lewis. Alice no País das Maravilhas. São Paulo: Martin Claret, 2007. Título original em inglês: Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (1866).CLOSS, Lisiane Quadrado; ANTONELLO, Claudia Simone. Teoria da aprendizagem transformadora: contribuições para uma educação gerencial voltada para a sustentabilidade. 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Educação ambiental para a escola básica: contribuições para o desenvolvimento da cidadania e da sustentabilidade. Revista Brasileira de Educação, v. 18, n. 55, p. 825-846, 2013.MAZON, Michelle Juliana Savio. TPACK (Conhecimento Pedagógico de Conteúdo Tecnológico): Relação com as diferentes gerações de professores de Matemática. Universidade Estadual Paulista, 2012. 124f. Dissertação (Mestrado Educação para a Ciência). Universidade Estadual Paulista. Bauru – SP, 2012. Disponível em: http://www2.fc.unesp.br/BibliotecaVirtual/DetalhaDocumentoAction.do?idDocumento=511#. Acesso em: 12 fev. 2018.MONEREO, C.; POZO, J. I. O aluno em ambientes virtuais: condições, perfil e competências. In: COLL, C.; MONEREO, C. Psicologia da educação virtual: aprender e ensinar com as tecnologias da informação e da comunicação. Porto Alegre: Artmed, 2010.NOGUEIRA, Fernanda; PESSOA, Teresa; GALLEGO, Maria-Jesus. 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São Paulo: Cortez, 2002.VALENTE, J. A. Uso da internet em sala de aula. Educ. rev., Curitiba, n. 19, p. 131-146, jun. 2002 . Disponível em: <http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0104-40602002000100010&lng=en&nrm=iso>. Acesso em: 21 jan. 2017.VALENTE, José Armando. As tecnologias e a verdadeira inovação. Pátio – Ensino Fundamental. Porto Alegre, Artmed, v.14, n. 56, p. 6-9, Jan. 2011.WESTON, Mark. E.; BAIN, Alan. The Endof Techno-Critique: The Naked Truthabout 1:1 Laptop Initiatives and Educational Change. Journal of Technology, Learning, and Assessment. v. 9, n. 6, 2010.Disponível em: http://ejournals.bc.edu/ojs/index.php/jtla/issue/view/15. Acesso em: 29 dez. 2016.e3765070

AbstractThe controled growth of large single grain of quasicrystalline phase in metallic alloys is a difficult task that requires a detailled knowledge of the corresponding phase diagram. We discuss the metallurgical specificities of the ternary systems AlCuFe and AlPdMn with respect to single icosahedral grain elaboration. We show that adding a few percents of Silicon in the AlCuFe system leads to stabilize two low order cubic approximants one, α, based on Bergman clusters with a parent F-type icosahedral phase and the other, α', based on Mackay clusters with a parent P-type icosahedral phase. A section of this quaternary phase diagram at constant Si content shows that these cubic phases have no common stability region but are located on opposite sides of an orthorhombic phase that is expected to be a complex synthetic structure mixing both Mackay and Bergman type atomic clusters.

04–538 Allford, D. Institute of Education, University of London. d.allford@sta01.joe.ac.uk‘Grasping the nettle’: aspects of grammar in the mother tongue and foreign languages. Language Learning Journal (Rugby, UK), 27 (2003), 24–32.04–539 Álvarez, Inma (The Open U., UK). Consideraciones sobre la contribución de los ordenadores en el aprendizaje de lenguas extranjeras. [The contribution of computers to foreign language learning.] Vida Hispánica (Rugby, UK), 28 (2003), 19–23.04–540 Arkoudis, S. (U. of Melbourne, Australia; Email: sophiaa@unimelb.edu.au). Teaching English as a second language in science classes: incommensurate epistemologies?Language and Education (Clevedon, UK), 17, 3 (2003), 161–173.04–541 Bandin, Francis and Ferrer, Margarita (Manchester Metropolitan U., UK). Estereotípicos. [Stereotypes.] Vida Hispánica. Association for Language Learning (Rugby, UK), 28 (2003), 4–12.04–542 Banno, Eri (Okayama University). A cross-cultural survey of students’ expectations of foreign language teachers. Foreign Language Annals, 36, 3 (2003), 339–346.04–543 Barron, Colin (U. of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Email: csbarron@hkusua.hku.hk). Problem-solving and EAP: themes and issues in a collaborative teaching venture. English for Specific Purposes (Amsterdam, The Netherlands), 22, 3 (2003), 297–314.04–544 Bartley, Belinda (Lord Williams's School, Thame). Developing learning strategies in writing French at key stage 4. Francophonie (London, UK), 28 (2003), 10–17.04–545 Bax, S. (Canterbury Christ Church University College). The end of CLT: a context approach to language teaching. ELT Journal (Oxford, UK), 57, 3 (2003), 278–287.04–546 Caballero, Rodriguez (Universidad Jaume I, Campus de Borriol, Spain; Email: mcaballe@guest.uji.es). How to talk shop through metaphor: bringing metaphor research to the ESP classroom. English for Specific Purposes (Amsterdam, The Netherlands), 22, 2 (2003), 177–194.04–547 Field, J. (University of Leeds). Promoting perception: lexical segmentation in L2 listening. ELT Journal (Oxford, UK), 57, 4 (2003), 325–334.04–548 Finkbeiner, Matthew and Nicol, Janet (U. of Arizona, AZ, USA; Email: msf@u.Arizona.edu). Semantic category effects in second language word learning. Applied Psycholinguistics (Cambridge, UK), 24, 3 (2003), 369–384.04–549 Frazier, S. (University of California). A corpus analysis of would-clauses without adjacent if-clauses. TESOL Quarterly (Alexandria, VA, USA), 37, 3 (2003), 443–466.04–550 Harwood, Nigel (Canterbury Christ Church University College, UK). Taking a lexical approach to teaching: principles and problems. International Journal of Applied Linguistics (Oxford, UK), 12, 2 (2002), 139–155.04–551 Hird, Bernard (Edith Cowan U., Australia; Email: b.hird@ecu.edu.au). What are language teachers trying to do in their lessons?Babel, (Adelaide, Australia) 37, 3 (2003), 24–29.04–552 Ho, Y-K. (Ming Hsin University of Science and Technology, Taiwan). Audiotaped dialogue journals: an alternative form of speaking practice. ELT Journal (Oxford, UK), 57, 3 (2003), 269–277.04–553 Huang, Jingzi (Monmouth University, West Long Branch, NJ, USA). Chinese as a foreign language in Canada: a content-based programme for elementary school. Language, Culture and Curriculum (), 16, 1 (2003), 70–89.04–554 Kennedy, G. (Victoria University of Wellington). Amplifier collocations in the British National Corpus: implications for English language teaching. TESOL Quarterly (Alexandria, VA, USA), 37, 3 (2003), 467–487.04–555 Kissau, Scott P. (U. of Windsor, UK & Greater Essex County District School Board; Email: scotkiss@att.canada.ca). The relationship between school environment and effectiveness in French immersion. The Canadian Journal of Applied Linguistics (Ottawa, Canada), 6, 1 (2003), 87–104.04–556 Laurent, Maurice (Messery). De la grammaire implicite à la grammaire explicite. [From Implicit Grammar to Explicit Grammar.] Tema, 2 (2003), 40–47.04–557 Lear, Darcy (The Ohio State University, USA). Using technology to cross cultural and linguistic borders in Spanish language classrooms. Hispania (Ann Arbor, USA), 86, 3 (2003), 541–551.04–558 Leeser, Michael J. (University of Illianos at Urbana-Champaign, USA; Email: leeser@uiuc.edu). Learner proficiency and focus on form during collaborative dialogue. Language Teaching Research, 8, 1 (2004), 55.04–559 Levis, John M. (Iowa State University, USA) and Grant, Linda. Integrating pronunciation into ESL/EFL classrooms. TESOL Journal, 12 (2003), 13–19.04–560 Mitchell, R. (Centre for Language in Education, University of Southampton; Email: rfm3@soton.ac.uk) Rethinking the concept of progression in the National Curriculum for Modern Foreign Languages: a research perspective. Language Learning Journal (Rugby, UK), 27 (2003), 15–23.04–561 Moffitt, Gisela (Central Michigan U., USA). Beyond Struwwelpeter: using German picture books for cultural exploration. Die Unterrichtspraxis (Cherry Hill, NJ, USA), 36, 1 (2003), 15–27.04–562 Morley, J. and Truscott, S. (University of Manchester; Email: mfwssjcm@man.ac.uk). The integration of research-oriented learning into a Tandem learning programme. Language Learning Journal (Rugby, UK), 27 (2003), 52–58.04–563 Oliver, Rhonda (Edith Cowan U., Australia; Email: rhonda.oliver@cowan.edu.au) and Mackey, Alison. Interactional context and feedback in child ESL classrooms. The Modern Language Journal (Madison, WI, USA), 87, 4 (2003), 519–533.04–564 Pachler, N. (Institute of Education, University of London; Email: n.pachler@ioe.ac.uk). Foreign language teaching as an evidence-based profession?Language Learning Journal (Rugby, UK), 27 (2003), 4–14.04–565 Portmann-Tselikas, Paul R. (Karl-Franzens Universität Graz, Austria). Grammatikunterricht als Schule der Aufmerksamkeit. Zur Rolle grammatischen Wissens im gesteuerten Spracherwerb. [Grammar teaching as a training of noticing. The role of grammatical knowledge in formal language learning.] Babylonia (Switzerland, www.babylonia), 2 (2003), 9–18.04–566 Purvis, K. (Email: purvis@senet.com.au) and Ranaldo, T. Providing continuity in learning from Primary to Secondary. Babel, 38, 1 (2003), (Adelaide, Australia), 13–18.04–567 Román-Odio, Clara and Hartlaub, Bradley A. (Kenyon College, Ohio, USA). Classroom assessment of Computer-Assisted Language Learning: developing a strategy for college faculty. Hispania (Ann Arbor, USA), 86, 3 (2003), 592–607.04–568 Schleppegrell, Mary J. (University of California, Davis, USA) and Achugar, Mariana. Learning language and learning history: a functional linguistics approach. TESOL Journal, 12, 2 (2003), 21–27.04–569 Schoenbrodt, Lisa, Kerins, Marie and Geseli, Jacqueline (Loyola College in Maryland, Baltimore, USA; Email: lschoenbrodt@loyola.edu) Using narrative language intervention as a tool to increase communicative competence in Spanish-speaking children. Language, Culture and Curriculum (Clevedon, UK), 16, 1 (2003), 48–59.04–570 Shen, Hwei-Jiun (National Taichung Institute of Technology). The role of explicit instruction in ESL/EFL reading. Foreign Language Annals (New York, USA), 36, 3 (2003), 424–433.04–571 Sifakis, N. C. (Hellenic Open U., Greece; Email: nicossif@hol.gr). Applying the adult education framework to ESP curriculum development: an integrative model. English for Specific Purposes (Amsterdam, The Netherlands), 22, 2 (2003), 195–211.04–572 Simpson, R. and Mendis, D. (University of Michigan). A corpus-based study of idioms in academic speech. TESOL Quarterly (Alexandria, VA, USA), 37, 3 (2003), 419–441.

ABSTRACTIn order to obtain reliable experimental information on the long-range order, the role of the valence electron concentration and the type of disorder for Mackay icosahedron type quasicrystals we have studied binary and ternary Mg based approximant phases. An overview is presented on the crystal structures, homogeneity ranges, physical properties, and electronic structures of the following intermetallic phases: Mg6Pd, Mg57Pd13, Mg56.4Pd13.5, Mg306Pd77, Mg3Pd, Mg5Pd2, Mg2Pd, Ga30-xMg32+xPd21-y, Ga15-x-yMg38+yPd13+x, GaMg3Pd2, Ag17Mg54, Ag7Mg26, and AgMg4.

AbstractIn the present work we study the means to produced icosahedral and decahedral spiral structures based on the ideas of Mackay and Bernal. It is found that indeed it is possible to generate spirals with five-fold or ten fold symmetry axes which might be structural unit for Quasicrystals. These types of structures are already present in many biological systems

AbstractLaser vaporization of an icosahedral Al-Pd-Mn sample with detection by time-of-flight mass spectrometry is used to probe metal clusters made from the alloy. After sample vaporization, clusters form by gas aggregation and may contain several to hundreds of atoms. Multi-photon ionization/fragmentation of these clusters yields mass spectra showing many cluster sizes with enhanced intensity. Clusters are identified at masses near those of pseudo- Mackay and Bergman clusters; however, these clusters do not appear special relative to neighboring clusters. Results of this study and its relationship to the proposed cluster structures in quasicrystalline materials are discussed.

07–20Angelova, Maria (Cleveland State U, USA), Delmi Gunawardena & Dinah Volk, Peer teaching and learning: co-constructing language in a dual language first grade. Language and Education (Mutilingual Matters) 20.2 (2006), 173–190.07–21Ansarin, Ali AkBar (Tabriz U, Iran; aa-ansarin@tabrizu.ac.ir), On availability of conscious knowledge in discrimination of vowel length. RELC Journal (Sage) 37.2 (2006), 249–259.07–22Bent, Tessa (North Western U, USA; t-bent@northwestern.edu), Ann R. Bradlow & Beverly A.Wright, The influence of linguistic experience on the cognitive processing of pitch in speech and nonspeech sounds. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance (American Psychological Association) 32.1 (2006), 97–103.07–23Carpenter, Helen (Georgetown U, USA; carpenth@georgetown.edu), K. Seon Jeon, David MacGregor & Alison Mackey, Learners' interpretations of recasts. Studies in Second Language Acquisition (Cambridge University Press) 28.2 (2006), 209–236.07–24Christoffels, Ingrid K. (Maastricht U, the Netherlands), Annette M.B. de Groot & Judith F. Kroll, Memory and language skills in simultaneous interpreters: The role of expertise and language proficiency. Journal of Memory and Language (Elsevier) 54. 3 (2006), 324–345.07–25Comajoan, Llorenç (Middlebury College, USA; lcomajoa@middlebury.edu), The aspect hypothesis: Development of morphology and appropriateness of use. Language Learning (Blackwell) 56.2 (2006), 201–268.07–26Cushion, Steve (London Metropolitan U, UK), A software development approach for computer assisted language learning. Computer Assisted Language Learning (Routledge/Taylor & Francis) 18.4 (2005), 273–286.07–27Dodigovic, Marina (American U Sharjah, United Arab Emirates), Vocabulary profiling with electronic corpora: A case study in computer assisted needs analysis. Computer Assisted Language Learning (Routledge/Taylor & Francis) 18.5 (2005), 443–455.07–28Ellis, Rod (U Auckland, New Zealand; r.ellis@auckland.ac.nz), Shawn Loewen & Rosemary Erlam, Implicit and explicit corrective feedback and the acquisition of L2 grammar.Studies in Second Language Acquisition (Cambridge University Press) 28.2 (2006), 339–368.07–29Ewald, Jennifer (Saint Joseph's U, USA), Students' evaluations of dialogue journals: Perspectives on classroom themes. Applied Language Learning (Defense Language Institute) 16.1 (2006), 37–54.07–30Gearon, Margaret (U Monash, Australia; argaret.Gearon@Education.monash.edu.au), L'alternance codique chez les professeurs de francais langue etrangere pendant des lecons orientees vers le developpement des connaissances grammaticales [Code-switching in L2 French teachers in grammatical knowledge classes]. The Canadian Modern Language Review (University of Toronto Press) 62.3 (2006), 449–467.07–31Goldberg, Erin (U Alberta, Canada), Motivation, ethnic identity, and post-secondary education language choices of graduates of intensive French language programs. The Canadian Modern Language Review (University of Toronto Press) 62.3 (2006), 423–447.07–32Greidanus, Tine (Vrije U Faculteit der Letteren De Boelelaan, the Netherlands; dt.greidanus@let.vu.nl), Bianca Beks & Richard Wakely, Testing the development of French word knowledge by advanced Dutch- and English-speaking learners and native speakers. The Canadian Modern Language Review (University of Toronto Press) 62.4 (2006), 509–532.07–33Howard, Martin (U Cork, Ireland), Variation in advanced French interlanguage: A comparison of three (socio)linguistic variables. The Canadian Modern Language Review (University of Toronto Press) 62.3 (2006), 379–400.07–34Hsieh, Shu-min (Yuanpei Institute of Science and Technology, Taiwan; floramouse@yahoo.com.tw), Problems in preparing for the English impromptu speech contest: The case of Yuanpei Institute of Science and Technology in Taiwan. RELC Journal (Sage) 37.2 (2006), 216–235.07–35Kaschak, Michael, P. (Florida State U., USA) & Jenny R. Saffran, Idiomatic syntactic constructions and language learning. Cognitive Science: A Multidisciplinary Journal (Lawrence Erlbaum) 30.1 (2006), 43–63.07–36Kissau, Scott (U Windsor, Canada), Gender differences in motivation to learn French. The Canadian Modern Language Review (University of Toronto Press) 62.3 (2006), 401–422.07–37Knutson, Elizabeth (U Pennsylvania, USA), Focus on the classroom. The Canadian Modern Language Review (University of Toronto Press) 62.4 (2006), 591–610.07–38Kobayashi, Yoko (Iwate U, Morioka, Japan), Interethnic relations between ESL students. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development (Multilingual Matters) 27.3 (2006), 181–195.07–39Kuhl, Patricia, K. (U Washington, USA; pkkuhl@u.washington.edu), Erica Stevens, Akiko Hayashi, Toshisada Deguchi, Shigeru Kiritani & Paul Iverson, Infants show a facilitation effect for native language phonetic perception between 6 and 12 months. Developmental Science (Blackwell) 9.2 (2006), F13.07–40Ladegaard, Hans. J (U Southern Denmark) & Itesh Sachdev, ‘I like the Americans… but I certainly don't aim for an American accent’: Language attitudes, vitality and foreign language learning in Denmark. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development (Multilingual Matters) 27.2 (2006), 91–108.07–41Lafontaine, Marc (U Laval, Canada; marc.lafontaine@lli.ulaval.ca), L'utilisation de stratégies d'apprentissage en fonction de la réussite chez des adolescents apprenant l'anglais langue second [Learning strategy use in relation to success with L2 English adolescents]. The Canadian Modern Language Review (University of Toronto Press) 62.4 (2006), 533–562.07–42Liao, Posen (National Taipei U, Taiwan; posen@mail.ntpu.edu.tw), EFL learners' beliefs about and strategy use of translation in English learning. RELC Journal (Sage) 37.2 (2006), 191–215.07–43Little, Deborah, M. (U Illinois & U Brandeis, USA; little@uic.edu), Lauren M. Mcgrath, Kristen J. Prentice & Arthur Wingfield, Semantic encoding of spoken sentences: Adult aging and the preservation of conceptual short-term memory. Applied Psycholinguistics (Cambridge University Press) 27.3 (2006), 487–511.07–44Loucky, John Paul (Seinan Women's U, Japan), Combining the benefits of electronic and online dictionaries with CALL web sites to produce effective and enjoyable vocabulary and language learning lessons. 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AbstractA model proposed for the atomic structure of the new hexagonal Al-Fe(V)-Si phase which was found in rapidly solidified Al-Fe(V)-Si alloys is discussed in terms of relation this phase to approximants. The structure of this new phase was described as hexagonal packing of double Mackay icosahedral units similar to those of which the cubic α-(AlFeSi) approximant phase is built up. On the basis of this model the experimental high resolution electron microscopic (HREM) images of the hexagonal phase were successfully interpreted. Like the á phase this structure is characterized by the local icosahedral ordering and can be regarded as an approximant.

ABSTRACTThe stoichiometry of boron suboxide (B6O1-x) synthesized at high pressure lies closer to the nominal composition (x = 0) than materials obtained at atmospheric pressure. The crystallinity of materials obtained in the presence of molten B2O3 is also higher than for sintered powders. Further, for syntheses at 1700–1800 °C between 4 and approximately 5–6 GPa, the well-crystallized particles are dominated by large (up to ∼40 μm in diameter) icosahedral multiply-twinned particles. This unusual morphology is obtained by Mackay packing; i.e., by assembly of successive shells of icosahedral B12 units around a central icosahedral nucleus. The result is a multiply-twinned particle in which each of the 20 elements has the R 3 m space group of the α-B structure.

AbstractFormation of icosahedral quasicrystalline phase (i-phase) was investigated for Mg-Al-X (X=Co, Ni, Cu, Rh, Ag, Pt and Au) ternary systems. A Mackay-icosahedron (MI) type i-phase was found to form in the Mg-Al-Rh system at the composition Mg8Al68Rh24. The i-phase has the F-type ordered structure and the quasilattice constant is 0.447nm. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) studies showed that the i-phase has a high stability. On the other hand, the formation of a Frank-Kasper (FK) type i-phase was found in the Mg-Al-Pt system at the composition Mg45Al42Pt13. The conditions necessary for the formation of the i-phases are discussed in terms of the atomic radius ratio and the electronegativity as well as the electron-per-atom ratio.

AbstractA Rietveld refinement confirmed by ab initio calculations [1] has shown that the structure of the related W-phase [2] 1/1 approximant consists of Bergman clusters connected by “glue” sites. To investigate if the quasicrystal structure contains the same cluster we construct two constrained icosahedral glass models using the Bergman or Mackay cluster, respectively. A comparison with neutron diffraction data yields better agreement if the Bergman cluster is used, suggesting that this is a frequently occurring element in the quasicrystalline structure. Since absorbed hydrogen is known to locate preferentially in tetrahedral interstitial sites in many metals, the tetrahedral sites in the constrained glass were filled with hydrogen. The calculated powder neutron diffraction spectra are similar to the experimental data. It was not possible, however, to differentiate between possible tetrahedral sites where the hydrogen atoms sit. Hydrogen site energies from ab initio calculations indicate preferences that are consistent with fillings of non-Ni bearing tetrahedral sites.

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AbstractBy combining the powdered x-ray Rietveld analysis and the High Angle Annular Dark Field Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (HAADF-STEM), we have made the detailed structural analysis for the Mackay-type Al55Si7Cu25.5Fe12.5, 1/1-cubic approximant. Electron diffraction measurements revealed its space group to be Pni3. Both position and occupancy in every atomic site are refined by means of the Rietveld analysis. The factors Rwp and Riwhich are taken as measures for the precision of the Rietveld analysis, are reduced to 2.57 and 3.89 %, respectively. The refined structure of this approximant is a simple cubic with the lattice constant of 12.31916(2) Å. Two different icosahedral clusters consisting of triply stacked atomic shells exist at the vertex and body centered positions in the CsCl-type unit cell. In addition, we propose that there exists most likely a “structural disorder” in the first shell of the cluster in one of the sublattices. The HAADF images taken along [100] and [111] directions agree with the projection images calculated from the Rietveld-refined structure, lending a strong support to the validity of the present atomic structure model deduced from the Rietveld analysis.

AbstractCrystal approximant phases are important because they are believed to have a similar local atomic structure to corresponding quasicrystals. Interstitial hydrogen is used as a probe of the local structures of the Ti-based quasicrystals and crystal approximants. Phase pure samples of ct(TiCrSiO), a Mackay type 1/1 crystal approximant, which were plasma etched and coated with a thin layer of Pd, were loaded with deuterium from the gas phase to a maximum deuterium atom to metal atom ratio (D/M) of 0.26. After deuteration, the sample becomes a fine powder and remains single-phase. A Rietveld structural refinement of powder x-ray and neutron diffraction data was made to determine the location of the interstitial sites. For the fully deuterated sample the deuterium atoms sit at both octahedral and tetrahedral sites. The octahedral sites are formed by six Ti atoms in the first and second shells of the icosahedra. Deuterium atoms are also located at the tetrahedral interstitial sites formed between the clusters along <100> directions. In the partially loaded samples with DiM = 0.11, the deuterium atoms occupy only octahedral sites, demonstrating a preference for these sites.

Die Idee zu einem Heft mit dem Schwerpunkt Ethnopsychoanalyse ist schon zur Zeit der Neulancierung des Journals beim Psychosozialverlag entstanden, damals als das Konzept von Schwerpunktheften aufkam und wir uns überlegten, was denn eigentlich all das Spezifische des PSZ ausmacht. Wir besannen uns auf die Gründergeneration und stiessen, wen wunderts, auf das Dreiergespann Goldy Parin-Matthèy, Paul Parin und Fritz Morgenthaler, welches die Ethnopsychoanalyse entwickelte. Wann wir uns des – aus dieser Sicht dem PSZ ureigenem – Themas annehmen würden, war offen. Klar war uns lediglich, dass wir nicht eine Aufsatzsammlung zusammenstellen wollten, die sich nahtlos in eine Reihe von vielen, wenn auch interessanten Publikationen mit diesem Schwerpunkt einordnen würde. Wir wollten nicht offene Türen einrennen und schon gar nicht eine Festschrift herausgeben. Nach heftigen Debatten innerhalb des Redaktionskollektivs darüber, was denn Ethnopsychoanalyse eigentlich sei und welche Relevanz sie aktuell habe, einigten wir uns darauf, sie für unser Schwerpunktheft als Erkenntnismethode zu begreifen, die auf verschiedenste Fragestellungen angewandt werden kann. Sei es, um im Rahmen einer Feldforschung fremde Ethnien in weit entfernten Weltgegenden oder Fasnachtsrituale in der Innerschweiz verstehen zu lernen, sei es, um den vielschichtigen Konflikten in unserer globalisiert-multikulturellen Gesellschaft oder um unseren Klienten in interkulturellen Therapiesettings gedanklich anders begegnen zu können oder sei es, um uns zu befähigen, das allzu Bekannte, Alltägliche mit dem fremden Blick anders einzuordnen – eine, wie könnte es anders sein, an sich sehr psychoanalytische Tätigkeit. Kurz: es geht uns darum, die aktuelle Relevanz der Ethnopsychoanalyse als Methode auszuleuchten.Als Vorgabe zum Verfassen eines Artikels in diesem Heft haben wir gewagt, Ethnopsychoanalyse folgendermassen zu definieren: Es handelt sich um eine (sozial-)wissenschaftliche Methode, die nebst theoretischen Kenntnissen in beiden Disziplinen eine persönliche Analyse und Felderfahrung voraussetzt und die im Sinne der qualitativen Sozialforschung mit empirischem Material und Einzelfallstudien arbeitet.*Paul Parin feiert in diesem Jahr den 90. Geburtstag. Ihm ist dieses Heft gewidmet. Das von Claudio Raveane auf Grundlage einer Fotografie von Isolde Ohlbaum (München) gestaltete Titelbild steht für seine im Verbund mit Goldy Parin-Matthèy und Fritz Morgenthaler vorwärts getriebenen Afrikaforschungen, sozusagen als Symbol für die Wurzel der Ethnopsychoanalyse, welche mit diesen Forschungen Gestalt annahm.Die Fotografie von Christian Lanz (Zürich), die dem Interview von Emilio Modena mit Paul Parin den Bildrahmen gibt, vermittelt einen Eindruck des unverändert wachen Geistes des 90-jährigen Mitbegründers der Ethnopsychoanalyse, wie er einem in eben diesem Interview begegnet. Es ist, wie wenn er an unseren Redaktionssitzungen teilgenommen hätte, wenn er im Interview sagt: „Man muss die Ethnopsychoanalyse sehr intensiv auf heutige soziale und politische Erscheinungen anwenden. Sonst wird man die Menschen nicht verstehen.“ Und er präzisiert: „Vor 20 Jahren hatte ich noch gedacht, die Freudschen Psychoanalyse habe schon alles geleistet, was sie leisten könne und werde einfach wieder vergessen werden. Heute nicht mehr. Der wichtigsten Ansatz, den wir geliefert haben, ist wohl der, dass wir die Ethnopsychoanalyse nicht nur bei den exotischen Ethnien, sondern auch auf unsere eigenen sozialen Verhältnisse angewandt haben. Das wird auch in Zukunft notwendig bleiben.....“ Es sind aber nicht nur diese aktuellen Bezüge, die das Interview zu einem Lesegenuss machen, sondern es ist insbesondere der wunderbare zeitliche Bogen, den er von seinen beruflichen Anfängen und den Afrikaforschungen bis in die heutigen Tage spannt. Dabei fehlen weder Stellungsnahmen zu aktueller Kritik an seiner Art von Ethnopsychoanalyse, noch mangelt es an pointierten Einschätzungen der verschiedenen psychoanalytischen Schulen. Was leider fehlt, ist die geplante Würdigung von Paul Parins Werk durch Maya Nadig. Krankheitshalber musste sie diese absagen.*Der Aufbau dieses Heftes folgt der Logik der Bewegung vom Fremden zum Eigenen. Die ersten drei Aufsätze befassen sich mit Entwicklungen in Afrika. Stephan Steiner beleuchtet in seinem Beitrag die historische Entwicklung einer der wohl beunruhigendsten Zeiterscheinungen: die verschiedenen Etappen des Völkermordes in Ruanda. Beunruhigend u.a., weil sich derart Ungeheuerliches im Schatten der Weltöffentlichkeit, weitab vom Klamauk der Medien und der kritischen Auseinandersetzung der Intelligenz abspielte. Markus Weilenmann, der über langjährige profunde Forschungserfahrung in der Region verfügt (siehe Buchbesprechung im Forumsteil), bezieht sich kritisch auf Steiners Thesen und versucht aus ethnopsychoanalytischer und rechtsethnologischer Perspektive der Pervertierung kulturspezifischer Zuordnung Sinn abzugewinnen und Verständnis in das Unfassbare der physischen und psychischen Entgrenzung zu bringen. Gerhard Kubik`s Betrachtungen über das „Tabu“ stehen für eine eher klassische ethnologische und ethnopychoanalytische Forschung - nicht nur in Afrika. Ausgehend von seiner Lektüre von Freuds „Totem und Tabu“ in jungen Jahren, gibt er einen umfassenden Einblick in seine Beschäftigung mit dem Thema seit 1965 in Angola bis 2004 in Malawi.Die darauf folgenden Artikel beschäftigen sich mit unterschiedlichen sub- und interkulturellen Kontexten bei uns. Heidi Schär-Sall und Peter Burschter berichten aus ihrer in vielerlei Hinsicht schmerzlichen Praxis im Ethnologisch-Psychologischen Zentrum der Asyl-Organisation Zürich. Sie stellen nicht nur auf eine anschauliche Art ihre ethnopsychoanalytische Arbeit mit Flüchtlingen unterschiedlicher Nationen dar, ihr Ringen um Verständnis für Menschen, die in allen anderen Institutionen „untragbar“ geworden sind, sondern sie berichten auch vom Aufstieg und Fall des Zentrums und geben uns damit einen verfremdeten Einblick in kulturelle Gepflogenheiten unseres Sozialwesens und damit in unsere aktuelle gesellschaftliche Verfassung. Dagmar Ambass setzt sich aus Lacanscher Sicht mit einer Müttergruppe aus Kosovo auseinander. Durch ihren spezifischen Umgang mit dem „kulturellen Material“ löste sie in unserer Redaktionsgruppe einiges Befremden aus. Der Eindruck der Verflüchtigung des Kulturellen kam auf. Unser Befremden schien uns allerdings gut zur Idee dieses Heftes zu passen, unterschiedliche Auslegungen von Ethnopsychoanalyse als Methode zur Sprache zu bringen.Die letzten zwei Beiträge beleuchten Prozesse der Unbewusstmachung, resp. das Auftauchen von Befremden in einheimischen kulturellen Kontexten. Silvia Heizmann beschreibt ihre Erfahrung in einem Regionalen Arbeitsvermittlungszentrum als arbeitslose Ethnologin unter Berücksichtigung des Gegen-Übertragungsgeschehens, in welches sie ungewollt und zwangsläufig involviert wurde. Zu guter Letzt leuchtet Franziska Lang anhand semistrukturierter Gespräche unterschiedliche Umgangsarten mit formeller und informeller Struktur innerhalb einer Gruppe von Frauen aus, welche in den 90er Jahren einen Verein zum Zwecke der „Ausbildungs- und Laufbahnberatung“ gegründet hatten. Sie versucht mit Hilfe der ethnopsychoanalytischen Methode zu verstehen, wie es nach einigen prosperierenden Jahren zur Auflösung des Vereines kam.

Alex Abou-Chebl, MD Michael Abraham, MD Joseph E. Acker, III, EMT-P, MPH Robert Adams, MD, MS, FAHA Eric Adelman, MD Opeolu Adeoye, MD DeAnna L. Adkins, PhD Maria Aguilar, MD Absar Ahmed, MD Naveed Akhtar, MD Rufus Akinyemi, MBBS, MSc, MWACP, FMCP(Nig) Karen C. Albright, DO, MPH Felipe Albuquerque, MD Andrei V. Alexandrov, MD Abdulnasser Alhajeri, MD Latisha Ali, MD Nabil J. Alkayed, MD, PhD, FAHA Amer Alshekhlee, MD, MSc Irfan Altafullah, MD Arun Paul Amar, MD Pierre Amarenco, MD, FAHA, FAAN Sepideh Amin-Hanjani, MD, FAANS, FACS, FAHA Catherine Amlie-Lefond, MD Aaron M. Anderson, MD David C. Anderson, MD, FAHA Sameer A. Ansari, MD, PhD Ken Arai, PhD Agnieszka Ardelt, MD, PhD Juan Arenillas, MD PhD William Armstead, PhD, FAHA Jennifer L. Armstrong-Wells, MD, MPH Negar Asdaghi, MD, MSc, FRCPC Nancy D. Ashley, APRN,BC, CEN,CCRN,CNRN Stephen Ashwal, MD Andrew Asimos, MD Rand Askalan, MD, PhD Kjell Asplund, MD Richard P. Atkinson, MD, FAHA Issam A. 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Obscured in contemporary climate change discourse is the fact that under even the most serious mitigation scenarios being envisaged it will be virtually impossible to avoid runaway ecosystem collapse; so great is the momentum of global greenhouse build-up (Anderson and Bows). And under even the best-case scenario, two-degree warming, the ecological, social, and economic costs are proving to be much deeper than first thought. The greenhouse genie is out of the bottle, but the best that appears to be on offer is a gradual transition to the pro-growth, pro-consumption discourse of “ecological modernisation” (EM); anything more seems politically unpalatable (Barry, Ecological Modernisation; Adger et al.). Here, I aim to account for how cheaply EM has managed to allay ecology. To do so, I detail the operations of the co-optive, definitional strategy which I call the “high-ground” strategy, waged by a historic bloc of actors, discourses, and institutions with a common interest in resisting radical social and ecological critique. This is not an argument about climate laggards like the United States and Australia where sceptic views remain near the centre of public debate. It is a critique of climate leaders such as the United Kingdom, Germany, and the Netherlands—nations at the forefront of the adoption of EM policies and discourses. With its antecedent in sustainable development discourse, by emphasising technological innovation, eco-efficiency, and markets, EM purports to transcend the familiar dichotomy between the economy and the environment (Hajer; Barry, ‘Towards’). It rebuts the 1970s “limits to growth” perspective and affirms that “the only possible way out of the ecological crisis is by going further into the process of modernisation” (Mol qtd. in York and Rosa 272, emphasis in original). Its narrative is one in which the “dirty and ugly industrial caterpillar transforms into an ecological butterfly” (Huber, qtd. in Spaargaren and Mol). How is it that a discourse notoriously quiet on endless growth, consumer culture, and the offshoring of dirty production could become the cutting edge of environmental policy? To answer this question we need to examine the discursive and ideological effects of EM discourse. In particular, we must analyse the strategies that work to continually naturalise dominant institutions and create the appearance that they are fit to respond to climate change. Co-opting Environmental Discourse Two features characterise state environmental discourse in EM nations: an almost universal recognition of the problem, and the reassurance that present institutions are capable of addressing it. The key organs of neoliberal capitalism—markets and states—have “gone green”. In boardrooms, in advertising and public relations, in governments, and in international fora, climate change is near the top of the agenda. While EM is the latest form of this discourse, early hints can be seen in President Nixon’s embrace of the environment and Margaret Thatcher’s late-1980s green rhetoric. More recently, David Cameron led a successful Conservative Party “detoxification” program with an ostentatious rhetorical strategy featuring the electoral slogan, “Vote blue, go green” (Carter). We can explain this transformation with reference to a key shift in the discursive history of environmental politics. The birth of the modern environmental movement in the 1960s and 70s brought a new symbolic field, a new discourse, into the public sphere. Yet by the 1990s the movement was no longer the sole proprietor of its discourse (Eder 203). It had lost control of its symbols. Politicians, corporations, and media outlets had assumed a dominant role in efforts to define “what climate change was and what it meant for the world” (Carvalho and Burgess 1464). I contend that the dramatic rise to prominence of environmental issues in party-political discourse is not purely due to short-term tactical vote-winning strategy. Nor is it the case that governments are finally, reluctantly waking up to the scientific reality of ecological degradation. Instead, they are engaged in a proactive attempt to redefine the contours of green critique so as to take the discourse onto territory in which established interests already control the high ground. The result is the defusing of the oppositional element of political ecology (Dryzek et al. 665–6), as well as social critique in general: what I term the gentrification of climate change. If we view environmentalism as, at least partially, a cultural politics in which contested definitions of problem is the key political battleground, we can trace how dominant interests have redefined the contours of climate change discourse. We can reveal the extent to which environmentalism, rather than being integrated into capitalism, has been co-opted. The key feature of this strategy is to present climate change as a mere aberration against a background of business-as-usual. The solutions that are presented are overwhelmingly extensions of existing institutions: bringing CO2 into the market, the optimistic development of new techno-scientific solutions to climate problems, extending regulatory regimes into hitherto overlooked domains. The agent of this co-optive strategy is not the state, industry, capital, or any other manifest actor, but a “historic bloc” cutting across divisions between society, politics, and economy (Laclau and Mouffe 42). The agent is an abstract coalition that is definable only to the extent that its strategic interests momentarily intersect at one point or another. The state acts as a locus, but the bloc is itself not reducible to the state. We might also think of the agent as an assemblage of conditions of social reproduction, in which dominant social, political, and economic interests have a stake. The bloc has learned the lesson that to be a player in a definitional battle one must recognise what is being fought over. Thus, exhortations to address climate change and build a green economy represent the first stage of the definitional battle for climate change: an attempt to enter the contest. In practical terms, this has manifest as the marking out of a self-serving division between action and inaction. Articulated through a binary modality climate change becomes something we either address/act on/tackle—or not. Under such a grammar even the most meagre efforts can be presented as “tackling climate change.” Thus Kevin Rudd was elected in 2007 on a platform of “action on climate change”, and he frequently implored that Australia would “do its bit” on climate change during his term. Tony Blair is able to declare that “tackling climate change… need not limit greater economic opportunity” and mean it in all sincerity (Barry, ‘Towards’ 112). So deployed, this binary logic minimises climate change to a level at which existing institutions are validated as capable of addressing the “problem,” and the government legitimised for its moral, green stand. The Hegemonic Articulation of Climate Change The historic bloc’s main task in the high-ground strategy is to re-articulate the threat in terms of its own hegemonic discourse: market economics. The widely publicised and highly influential Stern Review, commissioned by the British Government, is the standard-bearer of how to think about climate change from an economic perspective. It follows a supremely EM logic: economy and ecology have been reconciled. The Review presents climate change, famously, as “the greatest market failure the world has ever seen” (Stern et al. viii). The structuring horizon of the Stern Review is the correction of this failure, the overcoming of what is perceived to be not a systemic problem requiring a reappraisal of social institutions, but an issue of carbon pricing, technology policy, and measures aimed at “reducing barriers to behavioural change”. Stern insists that “we can be ‘green’ and grow. Indeed, if we are not ‘green’, we will eventually undermine growth, however measured” (iv). He reassures us that “tackling climate change is the pro-growth strategy for the longer term, and it can be done in a way that does not cap the aspirations for growth of rich or poor countries” (viii). Yet Stern’s seemingly miraculous reconciliation of growth with climate change mitigation in fact implies a severe degree of warming. The Stern Review aims to stabilise carbon dioxide equivalent concentrations at 550ppm, which would correspond to an increase of global temperature of 3-4 degrees Celsius. As Foster et al. note, this scenario, from an orthodox economist who is perceived as being pro-environment, is ecologically unsustainable and is viewed as catastrophic by many scientists (Foster, Clark, and York 1087–88). The reason Stern gives for not attempting deeper cuts is that they “are unlikely to be economically viable” (Stern et al. 231). In other words, the economy-ecology articulation is not a meeting of equals. Central to the policy prescriptions of EM is the marketising of environmental “bads” like carbon emissions. Carbon trading schemes, held in high esteem by moderate environmentalists and market economists alike, are the favoured instruments for such a task. Yet, in practice, these schemes can do more harm than good. When Prime Minister Kevin Rudd tried to legislate the Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme as a way of addressing the “greatest moral challenge of our generation” it represented Australia’s “initial foray into ecological modernisation” (Curran 211). Denounced for its weak targets and massive polluter provisions, the Scheme was opposed by environmental groups, the CSIRO, and even the government’s own climate change advisor (Taylor; Wilkinson). While the Scheme’s defenders claimed it was as a step in the right direction, these opponents believed it would hurt more than help the environment. A key strategy in enshrining a particular hegemonic articulation is the repetition and reinforcement of key articulations in a way which is not overtly ideological. As Spash notes of the Stern Review, while it does connect to climate change such issues as distributive justice, value and ethical conflicts, intergenerational issues, this amounts to nothing but lip service given the analysis comes pre-formed in an orthodox economics mould. The complex of interconnected issues raised by climate change is reduced to the impact of carbon control on consumption growth (see also Swyngedouw and While, Jonas, and Gibbs). It is as if the system of relations we call global capitalism—relations between state and industry, science and technology, society and nature, labour and capital, North and South—are irrelevant to climate change, which is nothing but an unfortunate over-concentration of certain gases. In redrawing the discursive boundaries in this way it appears that climate change is a temporary blip on the path to a greener prosperity—as if markets and capitalism merely required minor tinkering to put them on the green-growth path. Markets are constituted as legitimate tools for managing climate change, in concert with regulation internalised within neoliberal state competition (While, Jonas, and Gibbs 81). The ecology-economy articulation both marketises “green,” and “greens” markets. Consonant with the capitalism-environment articulation is the prominence of the sovereign individual. Both the state and the media work to reproduce subjects largely as consumers (of products and politics) rather than citizens, framing environmental responsibility as the responsibility to consume “wisely” (Carvalho). Of course, what is obscured in this “self-greening” discourse is the culpability of consumption itself, and of a capitalist economy based on endless consumption growth, exploitation of resources, and the pursuit of new markets. Greening Technology EM also “greens” technology. Central to its pro-growth ethos is the tapering off of ecosystem impacts through green technologies like solar, wind, tidal, and geothermal. While green technologies are preferable to dependence upon resource-intensive technologies of oil and coal, that they may actually deliver on such promises has been shown to be contingent upon efficiency outstripping economic growth, a prospect that is dubious at best, especially considering the EM settlement is one in which any change to consumption practices is off the agenda. As Barry and Paterson put it, “all current experience suggests that, in most areas, efficiency gains per unit of consumption are usually outstripped by overall increases in consumption” (770). The characteristic ideological manoeuvre of foregrounding non-representative examples is evident here: green technologies comprise a tiny fraction of all large-scale deployed technologies, yet command the bulk of attention and work to cast technology generally in a green light. It is also false to assume that green technologies do not put their own demands on material resources. Deploying renewables on the scale that is required to address climate change demands enormous quantities of concrete, steel, glass and rare earth minerals, and vast programs of land-clearing to house solar and wind plants (Charlton 40). Further, claims that economic growth can become detached from ecological disturbance are premised on a limited basket of ecological indicators. Corporate marketing strategies are driving this green-technology articulation. While a single advertisement represents an appeal to consume an individual commodity, taken collectively advertising institutes a culture of consumption. Individually, “greenwash” is the effort to spin one company’s environmental programs out of proportion while minimising the systemic degradation that production entails. But as a burgeoning social institution, greenwash constitutes an ideological apparatus constructing industry as fundamentally working in the interests of ecology. In turn, each corporate image of pristine blue skies, flourishing ecosystems, wind farms, and solar panels constitutes a harmonious fantasy of green industry. As David Mackay, chief scientific advisor to the UK Government has pointed out, the political rhetoric of green technology lulls people into a false sense of security (qtd. in Charlton 38). Again, a binary logic works to portray greener technologies—such as gas, “clean coal”, and biomass combustion—as green. Rescuing Legitimacy There are essentially two critical forces that are defused in the high-ground strategy’s definitional project. The first is the scientific discourse which maintains that the measures proposed by leading governments are well below what is required to reign in dangerous climate change. This seems to be invisible not so much because it is radical but because it is obscured by the uncertainties in which climate science is couched, and by EM’s noble-sounding rhetoric. The second is the radical critique which argues that climate change is a classic symptom of an internal contradiction of a capitalist economy seeking endless growth in a finite world. The historic bloc’s successful redefinition strategy appears to jam the frequency of serious, scientifically credible climate discourse, yet at the level of hegemonic struggle its effects range wider. In redefining climate change and other key signifiers of green critique – “environment”, “ecology”, “green”, “planet”—it expropriates key properties of its antagonist. Were it not that climate change is now defined on the cheery, reassuring ground of EM discourse, the gravity of the alarming—rather than alarmist (Risbey)—scientific discourse may just have offered radical critique the ammunition it needed to provoke society into serious deliberations over its socioeconomic path. Radical green critique is not in itself the chief enemy of the historic bloc. But it is a privileged element within antagonistic discourse and reinforces the critical element of the feminist, civil rights, and student movements of the 1960s and 1970s. In this way ecology has tended to act as a nodal point binding general social critique: all of the other demands began to be inscribed with the green critique, just as the green critique became a metaphor for all of the others (Laclau). The metaphorical value of the green critique not only relates to the size and vibrancy of the movement—the immediate visibility of ecological destruction stood as a powerful symbol of the kernel of antagonistic politics: a sense that society had fundamentally gone awry. While green critique demands that progress should be conditional upon ecology, EM professes that progress is already green (Eder 217n). Thus the great win achieved by the high-ground strategy is not over radical green critique per se but over the shifting coalition that threatens its legitimacy. As Stavrakakis observes, what is novel about green discourse is nothing essential to the signifiers it deploys, but the way that a common signifier comes to stand in and structure the field as a whole – to serve as a nodal point. It has a number of signifiers: environmental sustainability, social justice, grassroots democracy, and peace and non-violence, all of which are “quilted” around the master-signifiers of “ecology”, “green”, or “planet”. While these master-signifiers are not unique to green ideology, what is unique is that they stand at the centre. But the crucial point to note about the green signifier at the heart of political ecology is that its value is accorded, in large part, through its negation of the dominant ideology. That is to say, it is not that green ideology stands as merely another way of mapping the social; rather, the master-signifier "green" contains an implicit refutation of the dominant social order. That “green” is now almost wholly evacuated of its radical connotations speaks to the effectiveness of the redefinitional effort.The historic bloc is aided in its efforts by the complexity of climate change. Such opacity is characteristic of contemporary risks, whose threats are mostly “a type of virtual reality, real virtuality” (Beck 213). The political struggle then takes place at the level of meaning, and power is played out in a contest to fix the definitions of key risks such as climate change. When relations of (risk) definition replace relations of production as the site of the effects of power, a double mystification ensues and shifts in the ground on which the struggle takes place may go unnoticed. Conclusion By articulating ecology with markets and technology, EM transforms the threat of climate change into an opportunity, a new motor of neoliberal legitimacy. The historic bloc has co-opted environmentalist discourse to promote a gentrified climate change which present institutions are capable of managing: “We are at the fork in the road between order and catastrophe. Stick with us. 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