Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Maturation de l'ARN'
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Robert-Grenon, Jean-Philippe. "Étude de l'ARN polysomal durant la maturation de l'ovocyte bovin." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30125/30125.pdf.
Full textJaeger, Sophie. "Étude de la maturation de l'extrémité 3' non traduite et de la traduction de l'ARN messager codant pour l'histone H4." Phd thesis, Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00126923.
Full textLors d'une première étude, nous avons étudié l'étape initiale de la réaction de maturation qui consiste en la fixation de la protéine HBP sur une structure de l'ARN pré-messager. À partir de mutants de HBP abolissant la fixation sur l'ARN nous avons sélectionné par la technique du triple hybride dans la levure des suppresseurs intragéniques permettant de restaurer cette fixation. La plupart des mutations isolées se situaient dans les domaines N- et C-terminaux de la protéine, en dehors du domaine central impliqué dans l'interaction avec l'ARN. Cette restauration s'effectuait sans perte de spécificité pour la séquence de fixation à l'ARN, suggérant que les domaines N- et C-terminaux sont impliqués dans le processus de reconnaissance de l'ARN.
Dans un second volet de notre étude portant sur la réaction de maturation de l'extrémité 3' de l'ARNm d'histone, nous avons examiné l'impact structural induit par la protéine HBP lors de sa fixation sur les extrémités 3' non traduites des ARNs pré-messagers des histones H4-12, H1t et H2a-614. En utilisant les techniques de sondage en solution nous avons montré que ces extrémités présentent de fortes structures secondaires qui pourraient empêcher l'accès à la particule snRNP U7. Puis, nous avons montré que la fixation de la protéine HBP engendrait des changements de conformation de l'ARN au niveau de la séquence d'hybridation au snRNA U7. Enfin, nous avons pu montrer que ces changements de conformation étaient associés à une amélioration de l'ancrage du snRNA U7 à l'ARN pré-messager. Cependant, ce mécanisme n'est pas généralisable à l'ensemble des gènes d'histones puisque aucune modification importante n'a pu être détectée à l'extrémité 3' non traduite du gène d'histone H2a-614.
Enfin, nous avons étudié la traduction in vitro de l'ARNm H4-12 et montré qu'elle s'effectuait de façon très efficace en l'absence des régions 5' et 3' non codantes, suggérant que l'initiation de la traduction s'effectuerait par recrutement des ribosomes à l'intérieur de la phase codante. Par sondage en solution de l'ARNm entier, nous avons proposé un modèle de repliement secondaire dans lequel la séquence codante est circularisée par l'hybridation de ses extrémités. À l'aide d'ARNs anti-sens nous avons identifié un certain nombre de nucléotides essentiels pour le maintien d'une haute efficacité de traduction. L'ensemble des résultats obtenus lors des expériences de sondage en solution associés à ceux issus des études de traduction in vitro, de « toe print » et de microscopie électronique, ont conduit à l'établissement d'un modèle original permettant d'expliquer la traduction atypique de l'ARNm H4-12. La phase codante recruterait directement deux ribosomes à la manière de 2 sites d'entrée interne du ribosome ou « IRES ». Le premier ribosome serait recruté au niveau du codon d'initiation, le second près de la fin de la phase codante. Par le jeu de changements de conformation et grâce à la circularisation de l'ARNm, le deuxième ribosome pourrait être dirigé très efficacement sur le codon d'initiation. Cet enchaînement des deux ribosomes sur la phase codante permettrait d'expliquer d'une part, la grande efficacité de traduction observée dans le cas de notre modèle H4-12 et d'autre part, le rôle accessoire des séquences non traduites.
Benzaghou, Ines Lilia. "Caractérisation des protéines virales impliquées dans la replication et la maturation de l'ARN des virus de la famille des Flaviviridae." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2006. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/3832.
Full textJaeger, Sophie. "Etude de la maturation de l'extrémité 3' non traduite et de la traduction de l'ARN messager codant pour l'histone H4." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2005. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2005/JAEGER_Sophie_2005.pdf.
Full textFirst we studied HBP protein interaction with the hairpin structure of histone H4-12 pre-mRNA. Starting from loss-of binding mutants of HBP, we selected by the yeast three hybrid system, HBP suppressors that restored the interaction for a wild-type hairpin RNA. Most of the selected mutations were located in both N- and C terminal domains of the protein, suggesting that these domains are involved in RNA recognition. Next we analyzed the structural effect of HBP binding to the 3'UTR of several histone pre-mRNA. Structural probing revealed strong secondary structures in the 3'UTR molecules that could prevent U7 snRNP anchoring to the RNA. We also showed that in some cases HBP-binding induced conformational changes at the level of U7 hybridization sequence. These changes were associated to a better annealing of a U7 snRNA transcript. However, this mechanism is not general to all histone-genes. Lastly, we focused on histone translation mechanism. We found that in vitro translation of H4-12 mRNA is highly efficient. Surprisingly, we found that 5' and 3' UTR are dispensable, which suggests that the Open Reading Frame (ORF) alone is able to recruit the ribosome. Using enzymatic and chemical probing we solved the secondary structure of the whole mRNA. The molecule appears to be circular due to hybridization of 5' and 3' sequences. With non-sense RNA designed to inhibit translation we identified essential nucleotides required for a highly efficient translation mechanism. Altogether, the data from in vitro translation, mutagenesis, toe print and electron-microscopy led us to propose a model that explains the highly efficient mechanism of histone translation. First, the ORF might efficiently recruit two ribosomes on Internal Ribosome Entry Sites (IRES). Second, after translation of the histone circular histone-mRNA an efficient recycling process would channel the ribosomes onto the initiation-codon for a new round of translation
Duquesne, Sophie. "Peptides antimicrobiens des entérobactériesEtude de la voie de maturation et du mécanisme d'import de la microcine J25, peptide antimicrobien inhibiteur de l'ARN polymérase." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00193192.
Full textProuteau, Manoël. "Contribution à l'étude des protéines de la famille des tristétraprolines : rôle de la protéine CTH2 de saccharomyces cerevisae dans le contrôle de la maturation et de la dégradation de certains ARN messagers." Paris 11, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA112183.
Full textAlmost 8 % of mammalian mRNAs display AU-rich element (ARE) in their3’ untranslated region (UTR). Many are specifically bound by ARE-binding proteins, such as the members of the tristetrapolin family (TTP), that act to modulate mRNA decay and/or translation. HTTP contains a characteristic tandem repeat CCCH zinc finger domain involved in ARE binding. Upon binding hTTP destabilizes its targets such as cytokines encoding mRNAs, but its precise mechanism of action remains poorly understood. In budding yeast, Cth2, has recently been shown as a functional homologue of TTP. Under iron deprivation conditions, Cth2 is expressed, binds to ARE of its mRNAs targets, encoding iron metabolism related proteins, and finally stimulates their decay. To understand the mode of action of Cth2, we undertook a structure-function analysis of this factor. Our analysis identified a conserved region (CR1) that is essential to Cth2 activity but unessential for the ARE binding capacity. Interesting, mutants lacking this region exhibited a novel molecular phenotype with accumulation of 3’ elongated forms of target mRNAs. The analysis of mutants affecting the polyadénylation machinery together with the observation of a predominant nuclear localization of Cth2 indicate that Cth2 has also a function in regulating 3’ end processing of ARE containing mRNAs. For the time, our results show that a TTp-related protein can affect mRNA decay and also regulate the 3’ end processing of its ARE-containing mRNA targets
Le, Sommer Caroline. "Identification de facteurs régulant en trans la maturation différentielle de la région 3' terminale de l'ARN pré-messager tropomyosine α chez Xenopus laevis." Rennes 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006REN1S009.
Full textRevil, Timothée. "Régulation de l'épissage alternatif du gène apoptotique bcl-x." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2008. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/4298.
Full textBouasker, Samir. "Participation de l'activité endonucléasique des protéines argonautes ALG-1 et ALG-2 dans la maturation des miARN chez C. Elegans." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29019/29019.pdf.
Full textBaudin-Baillieu, Agnès. "Contribution a l'etude systematique du genome de la levure saccharomyces cerevisiae et analyse fonctionnelle d'un nouveau gene implique dans la maturation de l'arn ribosomique." Paris 11, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA112085.
Full textSavaheli, Sara. "Analysis of SMN-1 protein role in neuronal development/survival by cell-specific transcriptomic and proteomic analyses in C. elegans." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BORD0357.
Full textSpinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a neuromuscular disease mainly caused by mutations in the SMN1 gene (Survival of Motor Neuron 1). SMN1 is ubiquitously expressed and controls the assembly of small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), essential for pre-mRNA splicing. What makes some MNs more sensitive to SMN1 depletion is still not fully understood. We are exploring the molecular origins of the distinct sensitivity of different neurons to loss of SMN1 in a C. elegans model using three approaches:-We used neuron-specific RNAi to selectively knock-down the SMN1 homolog, smn-1, in motor neurons or in touch receptor neurons (TRNs) in strains that express fluorescent reporters in the desired cells. In both neuron types, we observed that when smn-1 is silenced, neurons that are born post embryonically appear less robustly than in controls, while neurons which are born embryonically display axonal degeneration that precedes neuronal disappearance. The results suggest the role of SMN both in neural development, and maintenance.-We expressed SMN-1 fused to TurboID in MNs and TRNs to identify potential differential protein interactions involved in neuron development/survival We captured some of the known interactions of SMN-1 in both neuron types as well as other proteins knowns to participate in RNA processing. Analysis of the mass spectrometry results are still ongoing.-Targeted TRN and VD/DD neurons have been isolated to generate cell-specific cDNA libraries for transcriptome sequencing using Nanopore. We are in the process of preparing sufficient cDNAs from isolated cells to reach the needed input for Nanopore sequencing, and identifying downstream transcriptomic changes following SMN-1 depletion
Grégoire, Anne. "Le petit ARN nucléolaire U3 de la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae, structure et maturation du précurseur, structure de l'ARN mature libre et au sein de la particule ribon." Nancy 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996NAN10303.
Full textDupin, Adrien. "Etudes biophysiques du facteur de maturation 3’ des ARN pré-messagers CF IA." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0189/document.
Full textDuring this major process which is mRNA biogenesis, the formation of the polyA tail is a key step involving numerous enzymatic activities and protein complex. CF IA (Cleavage Factor IA) is a macromolecular complex essential for both cleavage and polyadenylation steps during the formation of the 3'-end poly(A) tail of the yeast mRNA. Composed by RNA14, RNA15, Pcf11 and CLP1 yeast proteins in an assumed stochiometry of 2:2:1:1. However, unlike CPF (Cleavage and Polyadenylation Factor) complex hosting the both cleavage and polyadenylation activities, no enzymatic activity has been associated to CF IA, suggesting a scaffolding and/or positioning activity through the binding on the one hand to the RNA and on the other hand to other complexes. In this work, I was able to cross-use different biophysical technics to get insights on the structural organization within the CF IA as well as studying the biological importance of some specifics sequences
Raoelijaona, Raivoniaina. "Compréhension des rôles des complexes Nob1/Pno1 et RPS14/Cinap dans la maturation cytoplasmique de la petite sous-unité ribosomique (pré-40S) chez les eucaryotes." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0221/document.
Full textRibosomes are translational machineries universally responsible of protein synthesis. In eukaryote, ribosome assembly is a complex and highly regulated process that requires coordinated action of more than 200 biogenesis factors. Ribosome assembly is initiated in the nucleolus, continues in the nucleoplasm and terminates in the cytoplasm. The cytoplasmic maturation events of the small ribosomal subunit are associated with sequential release of the late assembly factors and concomitant maturation of the pre-rRNA. During final maturation of the small subunit, the pre-18S rRNA is cleaved off by the endonuclease Nob1, which activity is coordinated by its binding partner Pno1. Detailed information on pre-ribosomal particle architectures have been provided by structural snapshots of maturation events. However, key functional aspects such as the architecture required for pre-rRNA cleavage have remained elusive. In order to better understand these late steps of cytoplasmic pre-40S maturation, we first redefine the domain organization of Nob1, then study its binding mode with Pno1 using different tools such as sequence analysis, structure prediction and biochemical experiments and, we then performed functional assay to elucidate the role played by Pno1 during the pre-18S rRNA maturation.Our results have shown that eukaryotic Nob1 adopts an atypical PIN domain conformation: two fragments (res 1-104 and 230-255) separated by an internal loop, which is essential for Pno1 recognition. We also found out that Pno1 inhibits Nob1 activity likely by masking the cleavage site. Our findings further support the recently published cryo-EM structure of the pre-40S, where Nob1 displays an inactive conformation. Moreover, 18S rRNA 3’-end cleavage has to happen and this implies structural rearrangement or requirement of some accessory proteins such as Cinap, an atypical kinase involved in pre-18S processing. Studying the interplay between proteins localized in the pre-40S platform (RPS14, RPS26, Nob1/Pno1 complex) has shown that Cinap is able to form a trimeric complex with Nob1 and its binding partner Pno1. Furthermore, Cinap can recognize RPS26 in a RPS14-dependent manner, which had already been studied with its yeast counterpart. It is important to note that RPS26 is the ribosomal protein replacing Pno1 in the mature ribosome. Our finding clearly suggests a mechanism where RPS26 recruitment to the ribosome requires Pno1 dissociation. This exchange would be carried out by Cinap. Therefore, we can suggest a simplified model as follow: upon binding with Pno1, the newly formed complex (Cinap/Pno1) will trigger a conformational change, which will allow the endonuclease Nob1 to reach its substrate (D-site) and perform its cleavage resulting in mature 18 rRNA generation
Sfaxi, Rym. "Régulation de la maturation en 3' des pré-ARNm en réponse aux dommages de l'ADN." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS358.
Full textThe 3’-end processing of pre-mRNA, a key step in the post-transcriptional gene expression regulation, is essential for mRNA stability, export and translation. This process is a two-step reaction composed of a cleavage at the 3’-end followed by the addition of a poly(A) tail. Studies have shown that pre-mRNA 3’-end processing is inhibited in response to DNA damage. However, compensatory mechanisms exist to allow some pre-mRNA to be properly processed at their 3’-end in order to maintain cell integrity. For instance, in response to DNA damage, the 3’-end processing of the pre-mRNA coding for the tumor suppressor p53 is able to escape from its inhibition. In the present work, we have shown that the underlying mechanism involves the DHX36 helicase that unwinds a secondary structure called G-quadruplex located downstream of the cleavage site of the p53 pre-mRNA. Moreover, in a second study, we have shown that the maintained p53 pre-mRNA 3’-end processing in response to DNA damage is uncoupled from the transcription process, unlike the inhibited TBP pre-mRNA 3’-end processing. This uncoupling takes place through a co-transcriptional cleavage of p53 pre-mRNA from the chromatin and its release in the nucleoplasm where it undergoes its 3’-end processing. A genome-wide study allowed us to show that the pre-mRNA 3’-end processing occurring in the nucleoplasm is associated with a maintained 3’end processing in response to DNA damage
Gardès, Pauline. "Implication du système de réparation des mésappariements dans la maturation terminale des anticorps chez l'homme." Paris 7, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA077229.
Full textAntibody (Ab) maturation relies on two mechanisms: Class Switch Recombination (CSR) and Somatic Hypermutations (SHM), both occuring through DNA rearrangements in the gene encoding Ab. The CSR results in the production of different isotypes of Ab and the introduction of SHM leads to the production of Ab with increased affinity for the antigen. The analysis of patients suffering from Ab maturation defects has provided new insights into the mechanisms underlying CSR and SHM. The study of knockout mice suggested that the Mismatch Repair (MMR) machinery is involved in these mechanisms, however very little is known about this in humans. The aim of this work was to study the involvement of MMR factors in the human Ab maturation process. We analysed 18 patients carrying homozygous or biallelic mutations of different MMR genes : PMS2, MLH1 or MSH6. We showed that CSR is defective in these patients in vivo and in vitro, leading to the conclusion that MMR factors are actors of the CSR mechanism. The study of the different steps of CSR showed that PMS2 is responsible for the introduction of DNA breaks, whereas MSH6 could play an additional role downstream of this step. Moreover, our data reveal that MSH6, unlike PMS2 and MLH1, is involved in the introduction of SHM. The study of natural human mutants, though complex, provide evidence that MMR factors play a role in the Ab maturation mechanisms
Attaiech, Laetitia. "Déterminants de stabilité et de maturation de l'ADN internalisé lors de la transformation génétique naturelle chez Streptococcus pneumoniae." Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/707/.
Full textDuring my doctorate, I studied different aspects of genetic transformation in the human pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae. This bacterium can naturally develop a transient physiological state, named competence, in which it is able to internalize and integrate exogenous DNA into its chromosome by homologous recombination. We showed that antibiotic treatment can induce competence and transformation, thus enabling genetic plasticity and increasing pathogenicity of S. Pneumoniae (Prudhomme, Attaiech et al. Science 2006). Then, my work concentrates on the fate of DNA after internalization during the process of transformation. First, I have analysed several mutants with the aim of identifying the nuclease(s) that can degrade internalized DNA. So far, I have been unable to identify this nuclease. However, among the tested candidates, CoiA and Pms have been implied in the mismatch repair process and we showed that, despite the original annotation, there is no evidence of a role of RadC in connection with repair and/or recombination. This permitted a revision of the Pfam annotation (Attaiech et al. J. Bact. 2008). Finally, we focused on the protection of internalized DNA and showed that the major protein component of the eclipse complex (EC, a nucleocomplex in which internalized DNA is protected) is the competence-induced protein SsbB (Morrison et al. J. Bact. 2007). I have done further biochemical experiments on the characteristics of EC and show that the support used during purification exhibits strong affinity for a lot of protein. That implies that the real nature of the EC has to be discovered
Kong, Junhua. "Analysis of genomic DNA methylation variations and roles during grape berry ripening." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0095.
Full textGrapevine is a worldwide cultivated fruit crop with high economic importance mainly because of its usage for vine production. Grape berry is also one of the main models for non-climacteric fruits to study the mechanisms controlling the ripening process. Grape berry development is characterized by two phases of rapid size increase separated by a lag phase at the time of ripening induction. Grape berries are composed of three main tissues, the peel, the pulp and the seeds. Peel and pulp present distinct structure and metabolite composition and contribute in a different way to wine quality, the pulp providing sugar, amino and organic acids whereas the peel is important for anthocyanins and other phenolic compound abundance. At the present time, the molecular mechanisms involved in the control of grape berry ripening are still poorly understood. Recent results indicate that both ABA and sugar may be important signals together with various transcription factors. In addition, epigenetic mechanisms are now emerging as important regulators of fleshy fruit development, DNA methylation being critically important for tomato, sweet range and strawberry ripening.The present project aims at analyzing the potential role of DNA methylation in the control grape berry ripening. It also investigates the potential role of DNA methylation in the synthesis of anthocyanins, a compound of primary importance in peel of red grape berries, using in vitro grown fruit cells. To address these questions, grape berries cultivated in vitro were treated with DNA methylation inhibitors. Treatments resulted in delayed and reduced grape berry ripening, therefore sustaining the idea that DNA methylation plays critical roles at this developmental step. Grape berries harvested at various developmental stages were then dissected and each tissue was separately analyzed for transcriptomic, metabolic and DNA methylation variations. Main results indicate significant and distinct metabolic and transcriptomic variations consistent with each tissue following specific modifications during ripening. In addition, analysis of DNA methylation variations at two developmental stages in each tissue indicates both common and tissue specific changes in DNA methylation patterns during fruit ripening. A very small proportion of DMRs is found similarly in the pup and the peel, but most are tissue specific, also consistent with tissue specific control at this developmental phase. Of note, among the different DMRs identified in each tissue, only a few were associated with differentially expressed genes (DEG) during ripening, whereas most were not, questioning the general role of DNA methylation in the control of gene expression at this developmental transition in grape.As Anthocyanins are the most abundant polyphenolic compounds in the skin of red grape berries, we used grape cell suspensions of the Gamay Teinturier genotype, that are known to accumulate anthocyanins when grown in light conditions, to analyze the potential role of DNA methylation in their synthesis. GT cells cultivated in light conditions were treated with the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor zebularine, they accumulate higher quantities of anthocyanins. Of note, GT cells grown in the absence of light do not accumulate anthocyanins. However, zebularine was sufficient to induce anthocyanin accumulation in the absence of light. Zebularine treatments had significant additional effects on grape cells including, cell growth limitation, and modification of soluble sugar, organic acid or stilbene accumulation, together with important transcriptomic reprogramming, consistent with a general effect on cells rather than a specific effect on anthocyanin accumulation.Taken together, results are consistent with DNA methylation being important in the control of grape fruit ripening, although the precise mechanisms underlying methylation variations and roles in grape berries remain to be deciphered
Savino, Tulia Maria. "NOP 52, une nouvelle protéine impliquée dans la maturation de l'ARNR : séquence, localisation, recrutement en fin de mitose de nucléole." Paris 5, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA05S010.
Full textEl, Khoury Victoria. "Etude de modifications épigénétiques corrélées à l'expression du gène MDR1 et à la texture nucléaire dans des cellules de carcinome pulmonaire H69 sensibles et résistantes à la chimiothérapie." Reims, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006REIMP203.
Full text@Multidrug resistance often results from the expression of P-gp, an efflux pump encoded by the MDR1 gene. However molecular mechanisms that regulate MDR1 gene remain poorly understood. This study examined the consequences of epigenetic modifications on nuclear phenotype and MDR1 gene expression in lung carcinoma cell lines sensitive (H69WT) and resistant to chemotherapy (H69VP). H69VP resistant cells overexpressing MDR1 gene display nuclear texture alterations, as compared with H69WT sensitive cells, underlining a more uniform distribution of chromatin. Treatment with trichostatin A (TSA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor, induces a progressive and transient chromatin decondensation in sensitive and resistant cells respectively. These modifications seem to reflect variations of H3 acetylation levels on the MDR1 promoter. TSA up-regulates MDR1 gene expression in H69WT cells and down-regulates its expression in H69VP cells through a transcription mechanism without affecting MDR1 mRNA stability and independently of MDR1 promoter methylation and PCAF recruitment to the MDR1 inverted CCAAT box. Translation inhibition reduces these modulations without suppressing them, suggesting that TSA modifies the expression and DNA binding of transcription factors implicated in the regulation of MDR1 gene. These findings indicate that HDAC inhibitors may represent potential anticancer drugs in multidrug resistant tumors
Nicolle, Jean-Claude. "Evolution de l'ADN et des nucléoprotéines au cours de la maturation des cellules germinales du bélier : influence du séjour des spermatozoides dans les voies génitales mâles et femelles : étude cytophotométrique." Tours, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988TOUR4007.
Full textNicolle, Jean-Claude. "Evolution de l'ADN et des nucléoprotéines au cours de la maturation des cellules germinales du Bélier influence du séjour des spermatozoïdes dans les voies génitales mâles et femelles : étude cytophotométrique /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37616967s.
Full textPayros, Delphine. "Étude de l'effet de la colonisation des nouveau-nés par des souches de Escherichia coli génotoxiques sur le développement et la fonctionnalité de la barrière intestinale." Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2639/.
Full textDuring early development, intestinal microbiota intimately interacts with the host gastrointestinal (GI) tract and modulates epithelial cell differentiation and immune system maturation. Escherichia coli is one of the first bacteria colonizing the GI tract of mammals and humans within a few days after birth and become the predominant facultative anaerobic bacteria in the adult microbiota. Certain commensal E. Coli are able to induce DNA damage in eukaryotic cells. Genotoxicity of such E. Coli strains is known to result from Colibactin synthesis, an hybrid peptide polyketide product able to induce DNA double strand breaks in enterocytes. The biosynthesis pathway of Colibactin is encoded by a genomic island called pks. Several recent epidemiologic studies showed that more thirty per cent of three days old infants are colonized by E. Coli pks+. To analyze the long-term effects of colonization early in life by genotoxic E. Coli strains, we developed an animal model that mimics the natural transmission of E. Coli from the mother' to the neonate through direct contact with the maternal microbiota. Pregnant WISTAR rats were fed with a human genotoxic wild-type commensal E. Coli (E. Coli WT), an isogenic non-genotoxic mutant (E. Coli DeltaclbA), or an isogenic complemented mutant (E. Coli DeltaclbA+clbA) for which genotoxicity was restored. After delivery, pups' colonization and DNA-damages in enterocytes were monitored during 100 days. In addition, we analyzed gut development and maturation over the same period. E. Coli strains, producing or not Colibactin, were transmitted to the offspring and stably colonized the gut. DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) were observed in enterocytes of newborn rats colonized by E. Coli WT or E. Coli DeltaclbA+clbA complemented strain but were absent in newborn rats colonized by E. Coli DeltaclbA mutant. Interestingly, such genotoxicity was not detected in adults but a mitotic cells pool present signs of DSBs' persistence: with an an increased in number of anaphasic bridges was observed unin adult animals colonized since birth by genotoxic strains. In adult animals, tThe numbers of proliferating and apoptotic cells along were also significantly increased in the intestinal crypts of rats exposed to genotoxic E. Coli strains as compared to non-genotoxic E. Coli DeltaclbA mutant and this was correlated with an increase of intestinal epithelial cells migration along the crypt-villus axis in rats colonized with the genotoxic E. Coli strains. MoreoverIn addition, the numbers of enteéroendocrines cells and Paneth cells were increased in small intestine of the same animals. Finally, ex-vivo analysis of the intestinal barrier using Ussing chambers demonstrated that paracellular permeability to 4kDa dextran-FITC flux was increased in rats colonized by the genotoxic E. Coli strains as compared to rats colonized by the isogenic non-genotoxic DeltaclbA mutant. The genotoxicity of commensal E. Coli colonizing the newborns has long-lasting consequences on intestinal epithelium integrity, development and maturation at adulthood. These bacteria could be of major concerns since they are increasingly isolated from neonates in Europe and the USA
Rainieri, Massimo. "Caractérisation de la diversité épigénétique chez différentes espèces cultivées et sauvages de tomate." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR14502/document.
Full textTomato (Solanum lycopsersicum) which forms a small monophyletic clade within the large Solanaceae family has been chosen as a model system for studying the Solanaceae genome, fruit development and ripening. At that time, many efforts have been devoted to the analysis of the genetic diversity of tomato species, little work has focused on the analysis epigenetic diversity in this clade, although there is a general agreement that epigenetic processes play essential role in the phenotypic diversity in animal and plant system. As first step, DNA methylation level was analyzed in leaves and fruits of various wild and cultivated tomato species.Additionally, the Enhancer of zest (E(z)) gene family has been analyzed. In tomato, the E(z) family consists in two functional genes (SlEZ1, SlEZ2) and in a pseudogene (SlEZ3). In addition, the epigenetic stability is an important consideration that could have a significant on strategies for crop breading. Finally, we made a fine characterization of the different aspects of fruit development and ripening
All’interno della grande famiglia delle Solanacee è stato scelto il pomodoro (Solanum lycopsersicum) come sistema modello per studio dello sviluppo e maturazione del frutto. Molti sforzi sono stati fatti per analizzare la diversità genetica delle specie di pomodoro, pochi lavori invece riguardano l’analisi della diversità epigenetica, sebbene ci sia accordo sul fatto che processi epigenetici giochino un ruolo essenziale nella diversità fenotipica dei sistemi animali e vegetali. Inizialmente è stato analizzato il livello di metilazione del DNA in foglie e frutti delle diverse specie di pomodoro selvatico e coltivato. Inoltre, è stata analizzata la famiglia genica Enhancer of Zeste (E (z)). In pomodoro la famiglia E(z) consiste di 2 geni funzionali SlEZ1, SlEZ2 e di uno pseudogene SlEZ3. Inoltre la stabilità epigenetica è importante in quanto può avere un impatto sulle strategie di miglioramento genetico delle specie coltivate. Infine è stata condotta una attenta caratterizzazione dei meccanismi cellulari dello sviluppo del frutto e della sua maturazione