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Journal articles on the topic 'Maule Chile 2010 earthquake'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Quezada, Jorge, Edilia Jaque, Nicole Catalán, Arturo Belmonte, Alfonso Fernández, and Federico Isla. "Unexpected coseismic surface uplift at Tirúa-Mocha Island area of south Chile before and during the Mw 8.8 Maule 2010 earthquake: a possible upper plate splay fault." Andean Geology 47, no. 2 (May 29, 2020): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.5027/andgeov47n2-3057.

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The Tirúa-Mocha Island area (38.2°-38.4° S) in southern Chile has been affected by two megaearthquakes in only 50 years: the 1960 Mw=9.5 Valdivia earthquake and 2010 Mw=8.8 Maule earthquake. We studied in the field the vertical ground movements occurred during the interseismic period between both earthquakes and the coseismic period of 2010 Maule earthquake and 2011 Mw=7.1 Araucanía earthquake. During the 1960 earthquake, vertical coseismic ground movements are typical of subduction related earthquakes with Mocha Island, located close to the trench, experienced bigger ground uplift (150 cm) than that occurred in Tirúa (-20 cm), place located in the continental margin at the latitude of Mocha Island. Then during the 1960-2010 interseismic period, the 1960 coseismic uplift remained at Mocha Island unlike the normal interseismic subsidence that occurred northward at Arauco Peninsula and Santa María Island. Also Tirúa experienced the biggest interseismic uplift (180 cm) in all the area affected later by 2010 Maule earthquake. Then during the 2010 Mw=8.8 Maule earthquake an anomalous vertical coseismic ground uplift occurred in the study area, opposite to that of 1960 since Mocha Island experienced lower (25 cm) ground uplift than Tirúa (90 cm). Subsequently, during the Araucanía 2011 earthquake a ground uplift in Mocha Island (50 cm) and subsidence at Tirúa (20 cm) occurred. These unexpected vertical ground movements can be explained by the existence of an upper plate splay fault located below the sea bottom between Tirúa and Mocha Island: the Tirúa-Mocha splay fault. Considering the last seismic cycle, the activity of this fault would have started after the 1960 Valdivia earthquake. During 2010 Maule earthquake, the main slip occurred at Tirúa Mocha splay fault. Finally during 2011 Araucanía earthquake, the slip occurred mainly at the updip of Wadati-Benioff plane with probable normal activity of Tirúa-Mocha splay fault. Simple elastic dislocation models considering the Wadati-Benioff plane and the Tirúa-Mocha splay fault activity, can account for all the vertical ground movements observed during 1960 earthquake, the 1960-2010 interseismic period, the 2010 Maule earthquake and the 2011 Araucanía earthquake.

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2

de la Llera, Juan Carlos, Felipe Rivera, Judith Mitrani-Reiser, Rosita Jünemann, Catalina Fortuño, Miguel Ríos, Matías Hube, Hernán Santa María, and Rodrigo Cienfuegos. "Data collection after the 2010 Maule earthquake in Chile." Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 15, no. 2 (May 11, 2016): 555–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10518-016-9918-3.

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3

Brunet, Santiago, Juan Carlos de la Llera, Andrés Jacobsen, Eduardo Miranda, and Cristián Meza. "Performance of Port Facilities in Southern Chile during the 27 February 2010 Maule Earthquake." Earthquake Spectra 28, no. 1_suppl1 (June 2012): 553–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.4000022.

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This article describes the seismic performance of a group of ports in southern Chile during the 27 February 2010 Maule, Chile, earthquake. Direct costs in damage for these ports have been estimated in slightly less than US$300 million. Similarly to the performance of other ports in previous earthquakes, the most common failures observed were soil related, and include soil liquefaction, lateral spreading, and pile failures. Structural failures were mostly due to short pile effects and natural torsion. This situation is contrasted herein with the performance of the South Coronel Pier, which was seismically isolated in 2007. The isolated portion of this port remained operational after the earthquake, which was the main design goal. Post-earthquake preliminary analyses indicate that the structure was subjected to deformations and forces of approximately 60% to 70% of their design values, respectively. Piles and superstructure remained within elastic range, while the isolators experienced important nonlinear deformations.

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4

Ruiz, Sergio, Raúl Madariaga, Maximiliano Astroza, G. Rodolfo Saragoni, María Lancieri, Christophe Vigny, and Jaime Campos. "Short-Period Rupture Process of the 2010 Mw 8.8 Maule Earthquake in Chile." Earthquake Spectra 28, no. 1_suppl1 (June 2012): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.4000039.

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The 2010 Maule earthquake is one of the largest events ever recorded with modern instruments. We used the continuous GPS (cGPS) records to invert for the kinematic rupture process using an elliptical sub-patch approximation. In agreement with previous inversions, the largest slip is found in the northern part of the rupture zone. By cross-correlating signals from cGPS and strong motion records (SM) located in the northern part of the rupture zone, we identified two distinct seismic pulses. Using the arrival time of these pulses, we propose a short-period (<20 s) rupture process, the zone where these pulses are generated is situated near 35.5°S, in agreement with the area with the highest seismic slip and maximum observed intensity. Finally, we compare the strong motion records at the same sites for the 1985 Mw 8 Valparaíso earthquake and the Maule earthquake. We found that spectral contents and duration of the records of these two events were very similar. Thus, at least in the northern part of the rupture, the Maule earthquake radiated high frequency waves like an Mw 8 earthquake.

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5

Peng, Zhigang, Jacob I. Walter, Richard C. Aster, Andrew Nyblade, Douglas A. Wiens, and Sridhar Anandakrishnan. "Antarctic icequakes triggered by the 2010 Maule earthquake in Chile." Nature Geoscience 7, no. 9 (August 10, 2014): 677–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2212.

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6

Kawashima, Kazuhiko, Shigeki Unjoh, Jun-Ichi Hoshikuma, and Kenji Kosa. "Damage of Bridges due to the 2010 Maule, Chile, Earthquake." Journal of Earthquake Engineering 15, no. 7 (September 2011): 1036–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2011.575531.

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7

Lew, Marshall, Farzad Naeim, Lauren D. Carpenter, Nabih F. Youssef, Fabian Rojas, G. Rodolfo Saragoni, and Macarena S. Adaros. "The significance of the 27 February 2010 offshore Maule, Chile earthquake." Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings 19, no. 8 (November 29, 2010): 826–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tal.668.

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8

Saragoni, G. Rodolfo, Marshall Lew, Farzad Naeim, Lauren D. Carpenter, Nabih F. Youssef, Fabian Rojas, and Macarena Schachter Adaros. "Accelerographic measurements of the 27 February 2010 offshore Maule, Chile earthquake." Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings 19, no. 8 (November 29, 2010): 866–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tal.673.

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9

Melnick, D., M. Moreno, M. Motagh, M. Cisternas, and R. L. Wesson. "Splay fault slip during the Mw 8.8 2010 Maule Chile earthquake." Geology 40, no. 3 (January 23, 2012): 251–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g32712.1.

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10

Tréhu, Anne M., Alexander de Moor, José Mieres Madrid, Miguel Sáez, C. David Chadwell, Francisco Ortega-Culaciati, Javier Ruiz, Sergio Ruiz, and Michael D. Tryon. "Post-seismic response of the outer accretionary prism after the 2010 Maule earthquake, Chile." Geosphere 16, no. 1 (December 11, 2019): 13–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/ges02102.1.

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Abstract To investigate the dynamic response of the outer accretionary prism updip from the patch of greatest slip during the 2010 Mw 8.8 Maule earthquake (Chile), 10 ocean-bottom seismometers (OBSs) were deployed from May 2012 to March 2013 in a small network with an inter-instrument spacing of 7–10 km. Nine were recovered, with four recording data from intermediate-band three-component seismometers and differential pressure gauges, and five recording data from absolute pressure gauges (APGs). All instruments were also equipped with fluid flow meters designed to detect very low rates of flow into or out of the seafloor. We present hypocenters for local earthquakes that have S-P times <17 s (i.e., within ∼125 km of the network), with a focus on events located beneath or near the network. Most of the seismicity occurred either near the boundary between the active accretionary prism and continental basement or in the outer rise seaward of the trench. For many outer-rise earthquakes, the P and S arrivals are followed by a distinctive T-phase arrival. Very few earthquakes, and none located with hypocenters deemed “reliable,” were located within the active accretionary prism or on the underlying plate boundary. Nonvolcanic tremor-like pulses and seafloor pressure transients (but no very-low-frequency earthquakes or fluid flow) were also detected. Many of the tremor observations are likely T-phases or reverberations due to soft seafloor sediments, although at least one episode may have originated within the accretionary prism south of the network. The transient seafloor pressure changes were observed simultaneously on three APGs located over the transition from the active prism to the continental basement and show polarity changes over short distances, suggesting a shallow source. Their duration of several hours to days is shorter than most geodetic transients observed using onshore GPS networks. The results demonstrate the need for densely spaced and large-aperture OBS networks equipped with APGs for understanding subduction zone behavior.

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11

Kelson, Keith, Robert C. Witter, Andrés Tassara, Isabelle Ryder, Christian Ledezma, Gonzalo Montalva, David Frost, Nicholas Sitar, Robb Moss, and Laurie Johnson. "Coseismic Tectonic Surface Deformation during the 2010 Maule, Chile, Mw 8.8 Earthquake." Earthquake Spectra 28, no. 1_suppl1 (June 2012): 39–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.4000042.

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Tectonic deformation from the 2010 Maule (Chile) Mw 8.8 earthquake included both uplift and subsidence along about 470 km of the central Chilean coast. In the south, deformation included as much as 3 m of uplift of the Arauco Peninsula, which produced emergent marine platforms and affected harbor infrastructure. In the central part of the deformation zone, north of Constitución, coastal subsidence drowned supratidal floodplains and caused extensive shoreline modification. In the north, coastal areas experienced either slight uplift or no detected change in land level. Also, river-channel deposition and decreased gradients suggest tectonic subsidence may have occurred in inland areas. The overall north-south pattern of 2010 coastal uplift and subsidence is similar to the average crestal elevation of the Coast Range between latitudes 33°S and 40°S. This similarity implies that the topography of the Coast Range may reflect long-term permanent strain accrued incrementally over many earthquake cycles.

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12

Qu, Wei, Yaxi Han, Zhong Lu, Dongdong An, Qin Zhang, and Yuan Gao. "Co-Seismic and Post-Seismic Temporal and Spatial Gravity Changes of the 2010 Mw 8.8 Maule Chile Earthquake Observed by GRACE and GRACE Follow-on." Remote Sensing 12, no. 17 (August 26, 2020): 2768. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12172768.

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The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and GRACE Follow-on (GRACE-FO) satellites are important for studying regional gravitational field changes caused by strong earthquakes. In this study, we chose Chile, one of Earth’s most active seismic zones to explore the co-seismic and post-seismic gravitational field changes of the 2010 Mw 8.8 Maule earthquake based on longer-term GRACE and the newest GRACE-FO data. We calculated the first-order co-seismic gravity gradient changes (GGCs) and probed the geodynamic characteristics of the earthquake. The earthquake caused significant positive gravity change on the footwall and negative gravity changes on the hanging wall of the seismogenic fault. The time series of gravity changes at typical points all clearly revealed an abrupt change caused by the earthquake. The first-order northern co-seismic GGCs had a strong suppressive effect on the north-south strip error. GRACE-FO results showed that the latest post-seismic gravity changes had obvious inherited development characteristics, and that the west coast of Chile maybe still affected by the post-seismic effect. The cumulative gravity changes simulated based on viscoelastic dislocation model is approximately consistent with the longer-term GRACE and the newest GRACE-FO observations. Our results provide important reference for understanding temporal and spatial gravity variations associated with the co-seismic and post-seismic processes of the 2010 Maule earthquake.

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13

Moreno, M., D. Melnick, M. Rosenau, J. Baez, J. Klotz, O. Oncken, A. Tassara, et al. "Toward understanding tectonic control on the Mw 8.8 2010 Maule Chile earthquake." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 321-322 (March 2012): 152–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.01.006.

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14

Tong, Xiaopeng, David Sandwell, Karen Luttrell, Benjamin Brooks, Michael Bevis, Masanobu Shimada, James Foster, et al. "The 2010 Maule, Chile earthquake: Downdip rupture limit revealed by space geodesy." Geophysical Research Letters 37, no. 24 (December 2010): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010gl045805.

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15

Pritchard, M. E., J. A. Jay, F. Aron, S. T. Henderson, and L. E. Lara. "Subsidence at southern Andes volcanoes induced by the 2010 Maule, Chile earthquake." Nature Geoscience 6, no. 8 (July 1, 2013): 632–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1855.

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16

Boroschek, Rubén L., Víctor Contreras, Dong Youp Kwak, and Jonathan P. Stewart. "Strong Ground Motion Attributes of the 2010 Mw 8.8 Maule, Chile, Earthquake." Earthquake Spectra 28, no. 1_suppl1 (June 2012): 19–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.4000045.

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The Mw 8.8 Maule, Chile, earthquake produced 31 usable strong motion recordings from currently accessible arrays over a rupture distance range of 30 to 700 km. Site conditions range from firm rock to soft soil but are most often competent soil (NEHRP Category C or C/D). Most of the data were recorded on analogue instruments, which was digitized and processed with low- and high-cut filters designed to maximize the usable frequency range of the signals. The stations closest to the fault plane do not exhibit evidence of ground motion polarization from rupture directivity. Response spectra of nearby recordings on firm ground and soft soil indicate pronounced site effects, including several cases of resonance at site periods. A prior GMPE for interface subduction events captures well the distance scaling and dispersion of the data, but under-predicts the overall ground motion level, perhaps due to too-weak magnitude scaling.

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17

Allmendinger, Richard W., Gabriel González, José Cembrano, Felipe Aron, and Gonzalo Yáñez. "Splay fault slip during the Mw 8.8 2010 Maule Chile earthquake: COMMENT." Geology 41, no. 12 (December 2013): e309-e309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g34326c.1.

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18

Melnick, D., M. Moreno, M. Motagh, M. Cisternas, and R. L. Wesson. "Splay fault slip during the Mw 8.8 2010 Maule Chile earthquake: REPLY." Geology 41, no. 12 (November 21, 2013): e310-e310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g34825y.1.

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19

Kiser, Eric, and Haiyang Kehoe. "The hazard of coseismic gaps: the 2021 Fukushima earthquake." Geophysical Journal International 227, no. 1 (May 27, 2021): 54–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggab208.

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SUMMARY Subduction zones are associated with significant seismic hazards around the world and determining the future locations of large earthquakes within these systems is a perpetual challenge of the Earth sciences. This study presents back-projection results from the 2021 Mw 7.1 Fukushima earthquake which show that the rupture area of this event filled a previously identified coseismic gap within the rupture area of the 2011 Mw 9.1 Tohoku-oki earthquake. These results, combined with observations of a similar coseismic gap from the 2010 Mw 8.8 Maule, Chile earthquake that was subsequently filled by a Mw 7.1 aftershock, demonstrate that future assessments of seismic hazards following giant earthquakes should include the identification of coseismic gaps left within main shock rupture areas.

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20

Ostřihanský, L. "Earth's rotation variations and earthquakes 2010–2011." Solid Earth Discussions 4, no. 1 (January 19, 2012): 33–130. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/sed-4-33-2012.

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Abstract. In contrast to unsuccessful searching (lasting over 150 years) for correlation of earthquakes with biweekly tides, the author found correlation of earthquakes with sidereal 13.66 days Earth's rotation variations expressed as length of a day (LOD) measured daily by International Earth's Rotation Service. After short mention about earthquakes M 8.8 Denali Fault Alaska 3 November 2002 triggered on LOD maximum and M 9.1 Great Sumatra earthquake 26 December 2004 triggered on LOD minimum and the full Moon, the main object of this paper are earthquakes of period 2010–June 2011: M 7.0 Haiti (12 January 2010 on LOD minimum, M 8.8 Maule Chile 12 February 2010 on LOD maximum, map constructed on the Indian plate revealing 6 earthquakes from 7 on LOD minimum in Sumatra and Andaman Sea region, M 7.1 New Zealand Christchurch 9 September 2010 on LOD minimum and M 6.3 Christchurch 21 February 2011 on LOD maximum, and M 9.1 Japan near coast of Honshu 11 March 2011 on LOD minimum. It was found that LOD minimums coincide with full or new Moon only twice in a year in solstices. To prove that determined coincidences of earthquakes and LOD extremes stated above are not accidental events, histograms were constructed of earthquake occurrences and their position on LOD graph deeply in the past, in some cases from the time the IERS (International Earth's Rotation Service) started to measure the Earth's rotation variations in 1962. Evaluations of histograms and the Schuster's test have proven that majority of earthquakes are triggered in both Earth's rotation deceleration and acceleration. Because during these coincidences evident movements of lithosphere occur, among others measured by GPS, it is concluded that Earth's rotation variations effectively contribute to the lithospheric plates movement. Retrospective overview of past earthquakes revealed that the Great Sumatra earthquake 26 December 2004 had its equivalent in the shape of LOD graph, full Moon position, and character of aftershocks 19 years earlier in difference only one day to 27 December 1985 earthquake, proving that not only sidereal 13.66 days variations but also that the 19 years Metons cycle is the period of the earthquakes occurrence. Histograms show the regular change of earthquake positions on branches of LOD graph and also the shape of histogram and number of earthquakes on LOD branches from the mid-ocean ridge can show which side of the ridge moves quicker.

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21

D'Ayala, Dina, and Gianmario Benzoni. "Historic and Traditional Structures during the 2010 Chile Earthquake: Observations, Codes, and Conservation Strategies." Earthquake Spectra 28, no. 1_suppl1 (June 2012): 425–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.4000030.

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The Maule, Chile, earthquake of February 2010 affected the Central Valley stretching from north of Santiago to the Rio Bío-Bío in the south. The architectural heritage suffered considerable losses, with some buildings seriously damaged or partially collapsed even in Santiago and Valparaíso, areas less affected by the earthquake. Exposing the vulnerability of Chilean architectural heritage, this event has renewed the debate about the national attitude towards architectural preservation and conservation engineering. From the survey conducted by the authors, it emerged that many retrofit and repair techniques implemented following prior earthquakes in Chile resulted in ineffective performance in the February 2010 earthquake. Safety and preservation requirements that are regulated in countries with similar historic heritage are presented as viable alternatives to past approaches and are compared with the Chilean pre-code for earthen buildings, currently under development, which appears to embrace modern preservation philosophies. Suitable remedial strategies conclude the paper.

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22

Astroza, Maximiliano, Ofelia Moroni, Svetlana Brzev, and Jennifer Tanner. "Seismic Performance of Engineered Masonry Buildings in the 2010 Maule Earthquake." Earthquake Spectra 28, no. 1_suppl1 (June 2012): 385–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.4000040.

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Engineered masonry, namely reinforced and confined masonry, has been widely used for housing construction in Chile over the last few decades. Most one- and two-story single-family masonry dwellings did not experience any damage due to the 27 February 2010 Maule earthquake, with the exception of a few dwellings of pre-1970 vintage, which suffered moderate damage. A similar statement can be made for three- and four-story confined masonry buildings: a large majority of buildings remained undamaged. However, several reinforced and partially confined three- and four-story masonry buildings suffered extensive damage, and two three-story partially confined buildings collapsed. The key damage patterns and the causes of damage are discussed in the paper. The extent of damage observed in the field was correlated with calculated vulnerability indices, and relevant recommendations were made related to the design and construction practices.

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23

Pulido, Nelson, Yuji Yagi, Hiroyuki Kumagai, and Naoki Nishimura. "Rupture process and coseismic deformations of the 27 February 2010 Maule earthquake, Chile." Earth, Planets and Space 63, no. 8 (August 2011): 955–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5047/eps.2011.04.008.

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24

Lew, Marshall, Farzad Naeim, Lauren D. Carpenter, Nabih F. Youssef, Fabian Rojas, Macarena Schachter Adaros, and G. Rodolfo Saragoni. "Seismological and tectonic setting of the 27 February 2010 offshore Maule, Chile earthquake." Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings 19, no. 8 (November 29, 2010): 838–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tal.677.

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25

Saatcioglu, Murat, Dan Palermo, Ahmed Ghobarah, Denis Mitchell, Rob Simpson, Perry Adebar, Robert Tremblay, Carlos Ventura, and Hanping Hong. "Performance of reinforced concrete buildings during the 27 February 2010 Maule (Chile) earthquake." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 40, no. 8 (August 2013): 693–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2012-0243.

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The paper presents observed damage in reinforced concrete buildings during the 27 February 2010 Maule earthquake in Chile. Performance of concrete frame and shear wall buildings are discussed with emphasis on seismic deficiencies in design and construction practices. It is shown that the majority of structural damage in multistorey and high-rise buildings can be attributed to poor performance of slender shear walls, without confined boundary elements, suffering from crushing of concrete and buckling of vertical wall reinforcement. Use of irregular buildings, lack of seismic detailing, and the interference of nonstructural elements were commonly observed seismic deficiencies. A comparison is made between Chilean and Canadian design practices with references made to the applicable code clauses. Lessons are drawn from the observed structural performance.

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26

Vigny, C., A. Socquet, S. Peyrat, J. C. Ruegg, M. Metois, R. Madariaga, S. Morvan, et al. "The 2010 Mw 8.8 Maule Megathrust Earthquake of Central Chile, Monitored by GPS." Science 332, no. 6036 (April 28, 2011): 1417–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1204132.

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27

Pollitz, Fred F., Ben Brooks, Xiaopeng Tong, Michael G. Bevis, James H. Foster, Roland Bürgmann, Robert Smalley, et al. "Coseismic slip distribution of the February 27, 2010 Mw 8.8 Maule, Chile earthquake." Geophysical Research Letters 38, no. 9 (May 6, 2011): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011gl047065.

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28

Hayes, Gavin P., Eric Bergman, Kendra L. Johnson, Harley M. Benz, Lucy Brown, and Anne S. Meltzer. "Seismotectonic framework of the 2010 February 27 Mw 8.8 Maule, Chile earthquake sequence." Geophysical Journal International 195, no. 2 (August 23, 2013): 1034–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggt238.

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29

Kimura, Takeshi, Sachiko Tanaka, and Tatsuhiko Saito. "Ground tilt changes in Japan caused by the 2010 Maule, Chile, earthquake tsunami." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 118, no. 1 (January 2013): 406–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012jb009657.

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30

Naeim, Farzad, Marshall Lew, Lauren D. Carpenter, Nabih F. Youssef, Fabian Rojas, G. Rodolfo Saragoni, and Macarena Schachter Adaros. "Performance of tall buildings in Santiago, Chile during the 27 February 2010 offshore Maule, Chile earthquake." Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings 20, no. 1 (December 9, 2010): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tal.675.

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31

Wilches, José, Hernán Santa Maria, Roberto Leon, Rafael Riddell, Matías Hube, and Carlos Arrate. "Evolution of seismic design codes of highway bridges in Chile." Earthquake Spectra 37, no. 3 (February 10, 2021): 2174–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/8755293020988011.

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Chile, as a country with a long history of strong seismicity, has a record of both a constant upgrading of its seismic design codes and structural systems, particularly for bridges, as a result of major earthquakes. Recent earthquakes in Chile have produced extensive damage to highway bridges, such as deck collapses, large transverse residual displacements, yielding and failure of shear keys, and unseating of the main girders, demonstrating that bridges are highly vulnerable structures. Much of this damage can be attributed to construction problems and poor detailing guidelines in design codes. After the 2010 Maule earthquake, new structural design criteria were incorporated for the seismic design of bridges in Chile. The most significant change was that a site coefficient was included for the estimation of the seismic design forces in the shear keys, seismic bars, and diaphragms. This article first traces the historical development of earthquakes and construction systems in Chile to provide a context for the evolution of Chilean seismic codes. It then describes the seismic performance of highway bridges during the 2010 Maule earthquake, including the description of the main failure modes observed in bridges. Finally, this article provides a comparison of the Chilean bridge seismic code against the Japanese and United States codes, considering that these codes have a great influence on the seismic codes for Chilean bridges. The article demonstrates that bridge design and construction practices in Chile have evolved substantially in their requirements for the analysis and design of structural elements, such as in the definition of the seismic hazard to be considered, tending toward more conservative approaches in an effort to improve structural performance and reliability for Chilean bridges.

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32

Han, Shin-Chan, Jeanne Sauber, and Scott Luthcke. "Regional gravity decrease after the 2010 Maule (Chile) earthquake indicates large-scale mass redistribution." Geophysical Research Letters 37, no. 23 (December 2010): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010gl045449.

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33

Ryder, Isabelle, Andreas Rietbrock, Keith Kelson, Roland Bürgmann, Michael Floyd, Anne Socquet, Christophe Vigny, and Daniel Carrizo. "Large extensional aftershocks in the continental forearc triggered by the 2010 Maule earthquake, Chile." Geophysical Journal International 188, no. 3 (January 10, 2012): 879–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.2011.05321.x.

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34

Zareian, Farzin, Carlos Sampere, Victor Sandoval, David L. McCormick, Jack Moehle, and Roberto Leon. "Reconnaissance of the Chilean Wine Industry Affected by the 2010 Chile Offshore Maule Earthquake." Earthquake Spectra 28, no. 1_suppl1 (June 2012): 503–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.4000048.

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This paper summarizes the EERI reconnaissance team findings on damage to the Chilean wine industry after the 27 February 2010 Offshore Maule Earthquake. Wine production is one of the major industries in Chile, with an annual production of approximately one million metric tons. It is estimated that the total loss to the wine industry is over 125 million liters, with infrastructure damage estimated as high as US$430. Most of the damage was concentrated in older wineries with collapse of adobe walls and timber roofs or ribbed brick vaults. Damage to steel fermentation tanks was widespread among all wineries visited with the severity of such damage depending on the type of tank anchorage. Local buckling of legs in legged tanks or excessive movement followed by the tank falling off the support pad led to toppling that ruptured piping or valves. Stacked barrels, stored bottles of wine, and production lines were also damaged.

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35

Soulé, Bastien. "Post-crisis analysis of an ineffective tsunami alert: the 2010 earthquake in Maule, Chile." Disasters 38, no. 2 (March 6, 2014): 375–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/disa.12045.

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36

Aron, Felipe, Richard W. Allmendinger, José Cembrano, Gabriel González, and Gonzalo Yáñez. "Permanent fore-arc extension and seismic segmentation: Insights from the 2010 Maule earthquake, Chile." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 118, no. 2 (February 2013): 724–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012jb009339.

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37

Saatcioglu, Murat, Robert Tremblay, Denis Mitchell, Ahmed Ghobarah, Dan Palermo, Rob Simpson, Perry Adebar, Carlos Ventura, and Hanping Hong. "Performance of steel buildings and nonstructural elements during the 27 February 2010 Maule (Chile) Earthquake." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 40, no. 8 (August 2013): 722–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2012-0244.

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This paper presents performance of steel buildings and nonstructural elements during the 27 February 2010 Maule Earthquake in Chile. Structural steel buildings are not common in Chile, due to the relatively high cost of material. The majority of damage to steel structures was observed in industrial facilities. In general, the structural steel buildings performed well. Limited damage was observed in some of the older buildings. Extensive damage was sustained by nonstructural elements, including masonry infill walls, suspended ceilings, partition walls, and architectural features. Brick masonry partition walls, commonly used in Chilean buildings, suffered damage when used in frame buildings with little drift control. The paper presents a summary of observed damage and a comparison of Chilean and Canadian design practices for steel buildings, with lessons drawn from observed structural performance.

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Song, Cheng, Santiago Pujol, and Andrés Lepage. "The Collapse of the Alto Río Building during the 27 February 2010 Maule, Chile, Earthquake." Earthquake Spectra 28, no. 1_suppl1 (June 2012): 301–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.4000036.

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The Alto Río Building, a 15-story building located in Concepción, Chile, collapsed during the 2010 Maule earthquake. Construction of the building was completed in 2009 following the Chilean building code of 1996. The building was provided with reinforced concrete structural walls (occupying nearly 7% of the floor area) to resist lateral and vertical loads. The walls failed in the first story, causing the overturning of the entire building. This paper provides detailed field observations and discusses plausible causes of the collapse.

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Kiser, E., and M. Ishii. "The 2010 Maule, Chile, Coseismic Gap and Its Relationship to the 25 March 2012 Mw 7.1 Earthquake." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 103, no. 2A (March 21, 2013): 1148–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120120209.

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40

Buckle, Ian, Matias Hube, Genda Chen, Wen-Huei Yen, and Juan Arias. "Structural Performance of Bridges in the Offshore Maule Earthquake of 27 February 2010." Earthquake Spectra 28, no. 1_suppl1 (June 2012): 533–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.4000031.

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Of the nearly 12,000 highway bridges in Chile, approximately 300 were damaged in this earthquake, including 20 with collapsed spans. Typical failure modes include damage to connections between super- and substructures, unseating of spans in skewed bridges due to in-plane rotation, and unseated spans with some column damage due to permanent ground movement. Unusual failure modes include unseating of spans in straight bridges due to in-plane rotation, plate girder rupture due to longitudinal forces, scour and pier damage due to tsunami action, and collapse of a historic masonry bridge. The most common damage mode was the failure of super-to-substructure connections (shear keys, steel stoppers, and seismic bars), which is the most likely reason for the low incidence of column damage. Whereas the fuse-like behavior of these components is believed to have protected the columns, the lack of adequate seat widths led to the collapse, or imminent collapse, of many superstructures.

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41

Scott, Chelsea, Rowena Lohman, Matthew Pritchard, Patricia Alvarado, and Gerado Sánchez. "Andean earthquakes triggered by the 2010 Maule, Chile (Mw 8.8) earthquake: Comparisons of geodetic, seismic and geologic constraints." Journal of South American Earth Sciences 50 (March 2014): 27–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2013.12.001.

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42

Dueñas-Osorio, Leonardo, and Alexis Kwasinski. "Quantification of Lifeline System Interdependencies after the 27 February 2010 Mw 8.8 Offshore Maule, Chile, Earthquake." Earthquake Spectra 28, no. 1_suppl1 (June 2012): 581–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.4000054.

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Data on lifeline system service restoration is seldom exploited for the calibration of performance prediction models or for response comparisons across systems and events. This study explores utility restoration curves after the 2010 Chilean earthquake through a time series method to quantify coupling strengths across lifeline systems. When consistent with field information, cross-correlations from restoration curves without significant lag times quantify operational interdependence, whereas those with significant lags reveal logistical interdependence. Synthesized coupling strengths are also proposed to incorporate cross-correlations and lag times at once. In the Chilean earthquake, coupling across fixed and mobile phones was the strongest per region followed by coupling within and across telecommunication and power systems in adjacent regions. Unapparent couplings were also revealed among telecommunication and power systems with water networks. The proposed methodology can steer new protocols for post-disaster data collection, including anecdotal information to evaluate causality, and inform infrastructure interdependence effect prediction models.

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Verdugo, Ramon, Nicholas Sitar, J. David Frost, Jonathan D. Bray, Gabriel Candia, Terry Eldridge, Youssef Hashash, Scott M. Olson, and Alfredo Urzua. "Seismic Performance of Earth Structures during the February 2010 Maule, Chile, Earthquake: Dams, Levees, Tailings Dams, and Retaining Walls." Earthquake Spectra 28, no. 1_suppl1 (June 2012): 75–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.4000043.

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The 27 February 2010 Maule, Chile, earthquake occurred during the driest time of the year, which implied that most of the soils in the slopes were not saturated and that the dams had extra freeboard. This may explain the small number of slope failures caused by the earthquake. However, two important earth dams suffered seismically induced permanent ground movements, but no catastrophic damage was reported because the reservoirs levels were low. Five medium-sized mine tailings dams failed due to liquefaction; one of them tragically caused four casualties. Retaining structures of all types performed well and no failures were observed.

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Ding, Min, and Jian Lin. "Post-seismic viscoelastic deformation and stress transfer after the 1960 M9.5 Valdivia, Chile earthquake: effects on the 2010 M8.8 Maule, Chile earthquake." Geophysical Journal International 197, no. 2 (March 5, 2014): 697–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggu048.

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45

Lieser, Kathrin, Ingo Grevemeyer, Dietrich Lange, Ernst Flueh, Frederik Tilmann, and Eduardo Contreras-Reyes. "Splay fault activity revealed by aftershocks of the 2010 Mw 8.8 Maule earthquake, central Chile." Geology 42, no. 9 (September 2014): 823–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g35848.1.

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46

Tréhu, Anne M., Alexander de Moor, José Mieres Madrid, Miguel Sáez, C. David Chadwell, Francisco Ortega-Culaciati, Javier Ruiz, Sergio Ruiz, and Michael D. Tryon. "ERRATUM: Post-seismic response of the outer accretionary prism after the 2010 Maule earthquake, Chile." Geosphere 16, no. 2 (February 5, 2019): 711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/ges02102e.1.

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47

Pollitz, Fred F., Ben Brooks, Xiaopeng Tong, Michael G. Bevis, James H. Foster, Roland Bürgmann, Robert Smalley, et al. "Correction to “Coseismic slip distribution of the February 27, 2010 Mw 8.8 Maule, Chile earthquake”." Geophysical Research Letters 38, no. 14 (July 2011): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011gl048160.

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48

Westenenk, Benjamín, Juan Carlos de la Llera, Juan José Besa, Rosita Jünemann, Jack Moehle, Carl Lüders, José Antonio Inaudi, Kenneth J. Elwood, and Shyh-Jiann Hwang. "Response of Reinforced Concrete Buildings in Concepción during the Maule Earthquake." Earthquake Spectra 28, no. 1_suppl1 (June 2012): 257–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.4000037.

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Detailed observations are reported for eight shear wall buildings from the Concepción region that experienced severe damage during the 27 February 2010 Chile earthquake. The repetitive nature of some of the damage suggests that these field observations may be applicable to similar buildings elsewhere, whereas other damage may be unique. Several shear walls experienced failures that apparently started at the boundaries due to the high compression in these unconfined edges, and propagated into the wall web. Other walls, including horizontal and vertical wall segments in perforated walls, experienced shear failure. Damage also was observed in columns, beams, and coupling slabs. In most cases, the percentage of damaged elements was less than 10% of the lateral force-resisting elements of the building, suggesting that these structures were not capable of distributing damage. Several building indices are calculated, including vibration periods and regularity indices, for comparison with observed behavior.

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Ledezma, Christian, Tara Hutchinson, Scott A. Ashford, Robb Moss, Pedro Arduino, Jonathan D. Bray, Scott Olson, et al. "Effects of Ground Failure on Bridges, Roads, and Railroads." Earthquake Spectra 28, no. 1_suppl1 (June 2012): 119–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.4000024.

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The long duration and strong velocity content of the motions produced by the 27 February 2010 Maule earthquake resulted in widespread liquefaction and lateral spreading in several urban and other regions of Chile. In particular, critical lifeline structures such as bridges, roadway embankments, and railroads were damaged by ground shaking and ground failure. This paper describes the effects that ground failure had on a number of bridges, roadway embankments, and railroads during this major earthquake.

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Chung, A. I., C. Neighbors, A. Belmonte, M. Miller, H. H. Sepulveda, C. Christensen, R. S. Jakka, E. S. Cochran, and J. F. Lawrence. "The Quake-Catcher Network Rapid Aftershock Mobilization Program Following the 2010 M 8.8 Maule, Chile Earthquake." Seismological Research Letters 82, no. 4 (July 1, 2011): 526–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.82.4.526.

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