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Journal articles on the topic 'Maxim gun'
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1
Fisher, Richard. "Provisioning the Requirement: Machine Gun Needs of the British Expeditionary Force in France, 1914-1916." Armax: The Journal of Contemporary Arms IX, no. 2 (December 31, 2023): 21–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.52357/armax02039.
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At the outbreak of the First World War, the British Army was in the process of replacing its Maxim machine guns with the Vickers machine gun it had adopted in 1912. Although both weapons were of the same calibre and shared some common accessories, they were not wholly compatible. Furthermore, with the expansion of the British Expeditionary Force and the concomitant need to increase its automatic firepower, the introduction of more machine guns had to be managed with increased demand and complexity, with additional new models introduced as the war progressed. By analysing the war diaries of the lines of communication, this article evaluates the rollout of the Vickers and later models, and the implications their introduction had on logistics, personnel, and organisation across the Force. It is hoped this approach will offer an insight into the prioritisation and decision-making of this critical period, as well as an opportunity to understand the growing importance of the machine gun ahead of the formation of the Machine Gun Corps in October 1915.
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Reynolds, MichaelA. "Return of the Maxim Gun? Technology and empire in an age of austerity." Global Discourse 3, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 120–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23269995.2013.807603.
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Ibhawoh, Bonny. "Stronger than the Maxim Gun Law, Human Rights and British Colonial Hegemony in Nigeria." Africa 72, no. 1 (February 2002): 55–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/afr.2002.72.1.55.
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AbstractThis article examines the tensions and contradictions in the use of law as an instrument of coercion to consolidate British control in Nigeria and the legitimising rhetoric of human rights and social justice employed within the context of the operation of the law. The article explores the effects of laws introduced mainly to foster British colonial hegemony against the background of the aspiration to guarantee social justice and forge a ‘modern’ regime of rights and liberties for native subjects in the colony. It probes the circumstances that made the rhetoric of rights and liberty imperative for both the colonial regime that employed it to legitimise empire and the African elites who appropriated it to strengthen their demands for representation and self-rule. The aim is not so much to show how the colonial state fell short of its own liberal agenda as to examine the appeal ofthat agenda and the conditions that made it so central to the colonial project.
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Akinyeye, Yomi. "The Air Factor in West Africa's Colonial Defence 1920–1945: A Neglected Theme." Itinerario 25, no. 1 (March 2001): 9–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300005544.
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The colonial military history of British and French West Africa has received copious attention from historians and soldiers. The role of the region in the two world wars has also been discussed in one way or the other. However, in the discussion of West Africa's colonial military history and the role of the colonies in the two world wars, hardly any reference is made to the air factor. While discussions of colonial military history concentrate on infantry and naval exploits, those on the role of the colonies in the world wars concentrate on their importance as sources of raw materials and manpower for British and French war efforts in other theatres of the wars. The wrong impressions thus given are that the air factor was alien to West Africa's colonial defence and that the region was largely outside the strategic manoeuvres of the two world wars. This is understandable in that the Maxim gun and the gunboat had largely been responsible for the conquest and policing of West Africa. Moreover, while infantry and naval warfare had been the mode of combat in all societies from time immemorial the air as a factor of warfare is largely a phenomenon of the twentieth century. Lastly, strategists in British West Africa ignored the air factor for a very long time because of its capital intensity.
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Lee, Da Hyun, Chung Youl Park, Jun Hyeok Kim, Hyeon Min Kim, Jun Gi Byeon, Wan Geun Park, Sun Hee Hong, and Chae Sun Na. "Seed Conservation Methods According to the Prediction of Suitable Distribution of Endangered Conifer Abies nephrolepis Maxim." Forests 15, no. 6 (June 20, 2024): 1067. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f15061067.
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This study predicted habitat distribution changes according to the current distribu seedtion 14 and future climate using the MaxEnt model for endangered Abies nephrolepis Maxim., which is vulnerable to 15 climate change and is a least-concerned species. This study aimed to predict the current distribution and future habitat distribution changes of the endangered A. nephrolepis under climate change using the MaxEnt model. The purpose was to predict the future habitat of the declining A. nephrolepis, to identify the necessity of in situ conservation, and to devise appropriate ex situ seed storage methods. The study utilized climate data from 513 GPS coordinates of A. nephrolepis habitats in South Korea to predict the changes in habitat distribution using the MaxEnt model. The seeds used in the seed experiment were collected from Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea in 2019. After confirming an initial seed filling, germination tests were performed under constant temperatures of 15, 20, and 25 °C and alternating day/night temperatures of 25/5, 25/10, 25/10, 20/15, 25/15, 30/15, and 35/15 °C. The seed germination conditions were investigated under 10 different temperature settings. For the determination of storage behavior, seeds were dried at a consistent temperature of 15 °C and relative humidity (eRH) levels of 15, 20, 30, 40, and 50%. Subsequently, the seeds were stored for three months at temperatures of −20 °C and 5 °C, and the vitality tests of the seeds were conducted. Based on these experiments, the storage characteristics of seeds were identified. The results indicated that in all SSP scenarios, it is predicted that A. nephrolepis will become extinct in its habitat by the 2090s. Therefore, it has been shown that on-site and ex situ conservation is necessary. As a result of the seed germination characteristics, the highest germination rate (52.5 ± 16.01%) was achieved at a constant temperature of 20 °C, followed by 25 °C (50.0 ± 10.81%) and 25/10 °C (47.5 ± 4.79%). The highest viability was obtained under 20% eRH (64.0 ± 0%) but was not statistically different from that determined immediately after seed collection. The moisture content was approximately 4.33% fresh weight under 15% eRH at 15 °C. A. nephrolepis seeds are classified as orthodox-type seeds, which do not lose viability at 3%–7% moisture content and after drying under 15% eRH conditions at 15 °C. In conclusion, it can be observed that the seeds can be stored long-term at −20 °C. This research was conducted as a basic study to predict the habitat distribution of the endangered species A. nephrolepis and to establish seed conservation methods. According to the results, it is deemed necessary to conduct both domestic and international analyses of the habitat of A. nephrolepis. In addition, the germination and storage characteristics of A. nephrolepis seeds were confirmed, and based on this, effective seed conservation methods were suggested.
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Li, Zixuan, V. I. Oleshko, and L. V. Vorobjeva. "Luminescence control of LED heterostructures Grown by method metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy on sapphire." Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Fizika, no. 11 (2022): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/00213411/65/11/77.
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The paper presents the results of spectral and cardinal characteristics of AlGaN/GaN and InGaN/GaN LED heterostructure pulsed cathodes and photoluminescence grown on sapphire by metal organic vapor phase epitaxy are introduced. The effects of high current electron beam energy density on the luminescence spectra and amplitude characteristics of heterostructures are studied. The spatial distribution of fluorescence characteristics on the wafer surface was studied. It is found that in InGaN/GaN heterostructures, the maxim shifts of stimulated cathodoluminescence spectra measured at different points of the sample. This result is due to the changes in the composition and thickness of the quantum dimensional active region, and this change is not due to the ideality of the plate growth process.
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Landrø, Martin, and Lasse Amundsen. "Is it optimal to tow air guns shallow to enhance low frequencies?" GEOPHYSICS 79, no. 3 (May 1, 2014): A13—A18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2013-0348.1.
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In marine seismic acquisition, it used to be commonly accepted that it is optimal to tow the source deep to enhance the low-frequency content in the seismic data. However, Mayne and Quay found in 1971 that the low-frequency response of air guns actually improves as the source depth decreases. We evaluated a simple ad hoc theory that demonstrates that two effects are counteracting each other: The free-surface effect favors deep-towed sources, whereas the bubble time period (increasing with decreasing source depth) favors shallower tow depths. From a fjord test, we found that combining several source depths in an air gun array might flatten and improve the low-frequency part of the source spectrum. The experiment confirms that various source depths result in local, characteristic maxima in the low-frequency spectrum, corresponding to the bubble time period of the air gun.
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Costache, Doru. "Sfântul Maxim Mărturisitorul despre gen, căsătorie și sfințenie (Ambigua 10 și 41)." Altarul Reîntregirii 2, no. 2 (August 31, 2020): 41–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.29302/ar.2020.2.3.
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LI, DE-WEI, SUI-GAI WEI, and GUO-QUAN WANG. "A new genus and four new species of Phyllocoptinae (Acari: Eriophyoidea) from China." Zootaxa 1303, no. 1 (August 28, 2006): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1303.1.2.
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A new genus and four new Phyllocoptinae species are described and illustrated from Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China. They are: Asetiabacarus n. gen. and Asetiabacarus maesae n. sp. (infesting Maesa japonica (Thunb.) Moritzi and Zll.), Abacarus virosae n. sp. (infesting Fluggea virosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) Baill.), Tetra sinicae n. sp. (infesting Coriaria sinica Maxim.), and Leipothrix guangxiensis n. sp. (infesting Alocasia macrorrhiza (L.) Schott).
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Li, Jianan, Jun Zou, Guangwen Yin, Xianyong Liu, and Xun Suo. "Plasmid DNA could be delivered into Eimeria maxima unsporulated oocyst with gene gun system." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 60, no. 4 (December 1, 2012): 431–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/avet.2012.037.
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Eimerian coccidia are the most common parasitic organisms infecting chickens. The feasibility of genetic manipulation of these parasites via electroporation is proven, but this method is cumbersome and time consuming. Here we report our endeavour to develop a rapid and simple transfection method by gene gun. Tungsten particles coated with plasmid DNA encoding enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP) were used for the bombardment of Eimeria maxima unsporulated oocysts. Seven Mpa (1015 psi) helium pressure, 65 mm target distance and −0.098 Mpa (24.8″ Hg) chamber vacuum were the optimised parameters for bombardment. After sporulation, the bombarded oocysts were inoculated into chickens, and the progeny oocysts were checked under fluorescent microscope and subjected to genomic DNA extraction, which was used either for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification or plasmid rescue assay. Although the expression of EYFP was not observed, the gene was amplified from both genomic DNA and the rescued plasmid, suggesting that the plasmid DNA existed in the form of episome. These results are encouraging for the genetic processing of the sporogony stage of eimerian parasites.
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Nicolescu, Valeriu-Norocel, Gheorghe Mihăilescu, Ion Andronic, Roxana-Mihaela Siladi, Radu Tampa, Constantin Belețescu, and Remus-Georgian Bogdan. "Un arboret cu duglas verde (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco) și molid de Sitka (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) din Ocolul silvic Obștea Săliște (Vâlcea)." Bucovina Forestiera 21, no. 1 (May 17, 2021): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4316/bf.2021.006.
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Articolul prezintă rezultatele unui exercițiu de inventariere pe scară mică, realizat într-un arboret (u.a. 34B, U.P. I Săliște, Ocolul silvic Obștea Săliște) care include duglas verde (DF) și molid de Sitka (MOS, specie exotică utilizată foarte rar în România), instalat prin plantare (1,5 x 1,5 m) în anul 1962 în completarea regenerării naturale a fagului. La 60 de ani, duglasul se comportă mai bine decât molidul de Sitka în sens biometric, iar cele mai relevante caracteristici ale celor două specii sunt după cum urmează:
- diametrul de bază maxim: 67,1 cm (DU) și 37,7 cm (MOS);
- diametrul mediu al suprafeței de bază dg: 41,81 cm (DU) și 27,43 cm (MOS);
- înălțimea maximă: 39,5 m (DU) și 30,5 m (MOS);
- înălțimea corespunzătoare lui dg: 32,00 m (DU) și 24,95 m (MOS);
- indicele de zveltețe mediu: 84 (DU) și 90 (MOS);
- diametrul mediu al coroanei: 462 cm (DU) și 361 cm (MOS);
- ambele specii prezintă un elagaj natural imperfect, ca și în alte culturi instalate în întreaga Europă.
Duglasul verde s-a adaptat la condițiile locale ca și în alte părți din România, unde se întâlnește pe cca 12.700 ha, și prezintă un potențial ridicat de producție de lemn. Molidul de Sitka a fost capabil să supraviețuiască în condiții locale dificile (spre exemplu, altitudine mare, climat temperat-continental, foarte diferit de cel oceanic din arealul natural și de pe coastele nordice și vestice ale Europei), fără a produce la fel de mult lemn ca în alte țări europene gen Marea Britanie și Irlanda.
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Ma, Xiaocui, Rui Xu, Yang Mei, Leiying Ying, Baoping Zhang, and Hao Long. "Crystalline anisotropy of β-Ga2O3 thin films on a c-plane GaN template and a sapphire substrate." Semiconductor Science and Technology 37, no. 3 (January 19, 2022): 035003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6641/ac3b3c.
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Abstract In this work, crystalline anisotropy of heteroepitaxial ( 2 ˉ 01 ) β-Ga2O3 films on a c-plane sapphire substrate and a GaN template was investigated using x-ray diffraction. The ( 2 ˉ 01 ) ω-scan broadening of β-Ga2O3 on GaN exhibited six-fold rotational symmetric anisotropy along different azimuths, with maxima along the [010] direction and minima along the [102] direction, respectively. However, in β-Ga2O3 on sapphire, it was nearly isotropic. Smaller lattice mismatch between β-Ga2O3 and GaN were taken into account to explain the discrepancy, which also explained the better quality of β-Ga2O3 deposited on GaN. Our results present a new viewpoint of the crystallographic anisotropy of ( 2 ˉ 01 ) β-Ga2O3 thin films.
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Bohlen, Thomas, Simone Kugler, Gerald Klein, and Friedrich Theilen. "1.5D inversion of lateral variation of Scholte‐wave dispersion." GEOPHYSICS 69, no. 2 (March 2004): 330–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1707052.
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Reliable models of in‐situ shear‐wave velocities of shallow‐water marine sediments are important for geotechnical applications, lithological sediment characterization, and seismic exploration studies. We infer the 2D shear‐wave velocity structure of shallow‐water marine sediments from the lateral variation of Scholte‐wave dispersion. Scholte waves are recorded in a common receiver gather generated by an air gun towed behind a ship away from a single stationary ocean‐bottom seismometer. An offset window moves along the common receiver gather to pick up a local wavefield. A slant stack produces a slowness–frequency spectrum of the local wavefield, which contains all modes excited by the air gun. Amplitude maxima (dispersion curves) in the local spectrum are picked and inverted for the shear‐wave velocity depth profile located at the center of the window. As the window continuously moves along the common receiver gather, a 2D shear‐wave velocity section is generated. In a synthetic example the smooth lateral variation of surficial shear‐wave velocity is well reconstructed. The method is applied to two orthogonal common receiver gathers acquired in the Baltic Sea (northern Germany). The inverted 2D models show a strong vertical gradient of shear‐wave velocity at the sea floor. Along one profile significant lateral variation near the sea floor is observed.
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Feng, Jinbao, Jinhui Wu, Yu Si, Yubin Gao, Ji Liu, and Gao Wang. "Reconstruction of Velocity Curve in Long Stroke and High Dynamic Range Laser Interferometry." Sensors 21, no. 22 (November 12, 2021): 7520. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21227520.
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To study the law that governs the complex movements of the mechanism in the process of automatic weapon operation, the velocity tracking test technology of photon Doppler velocimetry is introduced to accurately measure velocity, displacement and acceleration, on the condition that there are long displacement and rapid velocity change. In the traditional way, out of interference signal time-frequency (TF) transformation draws TF distribution, and then by modulus maxima frequency extraction, comes to the law of velocity change. Due to the influence resulting from the change of fundamental signal as well as that of light intensity signal in the test, based on the TF distribution obtained by TF transformation, the traditional modulus maxima frequency extraction can extract frequency signals, but they show abnormal sudden changes at some moments, making the velocity discontinuous, unsmooth and unreal, which brings obvious errors to the subsequent calculation of acceleration and accurate displacement. Addressing the above-mentioned problems, this paper proposes a ridge extracting correction algorithm based on modulus maxima frequency extraction; this method, based on a large number of experiments where rodless cylinders are used to simulate the motion of a gun automatic mechanism, conducts a detailed calculation and analysis of the experimental results. A comparison of the two algorithms’ processing results, in terms of the speed, displacement and acceleration, suggests that the ridge extracting correction algorithm successfully corrects the frequency selection error, which draws a more continuous and, therefore, effective curve of the velocity change, and by so doing, the error of the displacement test (within 1.36 m displacement) is reduced from more than 3.6% to less than 0.58%, and the uncertainty dropped 97.07%. All these show that the accurate measurement of velocity, displacement and acceleration, with sudden and rapid velocity changes considered, is realized successfully.
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Adriansyah, Agung, Kuswanto Kuswanto, and Darmawan Saptadi. "Analisis Genetik Sifat Ketahanan terhadap Tomato Leaf Curl New Delhi Virus (ToLCNDV) pada Hasil Persilangan Interspesifik Squash dengan Pumpkin." Agrikultura 33, no. 3 (December 30, 2022): 402. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/agrikultura.v33i3.42564.
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Perakitan varietas tahan melalui kegiatan persilangan interspesifik antara Cucurbita maxima (squash) dengan Cucurbita moschata (pumpkin) merupakan upaya untuk mendapatkan squash tahan Tomato Leaf Curl New Delhi Virus (ToLCNDV). Persilangan interspesifik tersebut menghasilkan individu yang berkarakter squash dan juga individu yang berkarakter gabungan squash dengan pumpkin. Pengujian dengan penanda SSR dilakukan guna mengetahui keberhasilan perilangan interspesifik pada masing-masing individu tanaman P1 (SQ), P2 (PK), F1 (SQ) dan F1 (PK). Pool DNA sampel diamplifikasi dengan 10 pasang primer SSR polimorf yang dapat membedakan pola DNA P1(SQ) dan P2 (PK) pada pengujian sebelumnya yaitu CMTm7, CMTm48, CMTm52, CMTm54, CMTm60, CMTm65, CMTm102, CMTp175, CMTp201, dan CMTp245. Hasil amplifikasi kemudian divisualisasi dengan 2% gel agarosa. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa hasil persilangan squash dengan pumpkin (F1) terdapat pola heterozigot di 10 lokus SSR. Analisis segregasi dengan menggunakan Uji Khi-kuadrat menunjukkan bahwa terdapat pola interaksi gen memiliki nisbah 3 Tahan-(AABB, AaBB) : 1 Rentan-(aaBB), yang mengindikasikan bahwa sifat tahan dikendalikan satu pasang gen dominan penuh. Selain itu pola interaksi gen-gen pengendali ketahanan hasil persilangan antara tetua rentan (squash) dan tetua tahan (pumpkin) mengikuti pola 13 Tahan-(A---, --bb) : 3 Rentan-(aaB-), yang mengindikasikan bahwa sifat tahan dikendalikan satu gen dominan dan satu gen resesif yang berinteraksi secara epistasis.
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Domingues, Margarete Oliveira, and Odim Mendes Jr. "Introdução a programas físico-matemáticos livres." Revista Brasileira de Ensino de Física 25, no. 2 (June 2003): 148–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1806-11172003000200003.
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Atualmente encontram-se disponíveis excelentes programas de livre distribuição e/ou de distribuição gratuita para a realização das mais diversas atividades de pesquisa, de ensino ou mesmo de produtividade. Entre esses existem programas físico-matemáticos poderosos. Com o objetivo de motivar professores e estudantes, de vários níveis, e pesquisadores a trabalharem com tais ferramentas, neste trabalho são apresentados os programas GNU/OCTAVE, que lida fundamentalmente com cálculos numéricos; GNU/MAXIMA, que também lida com computação simbólica; OPENDX, que executa visualizações 3D; e RCS, que auxilia o gerenciamento de códigos fontes. Exceto pela última, essas ferramentas são capazes de gerar gráficos e permitem ainda, em decorrência da habilidade crescente do usuário interessado, alcançar níveis de programação avançados e utilizações gráficas sofisticadas.
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Sherf, Z., P. Hopstone, G. Ostrovski, R. Klein, and D. Yehuda. "Problems in the Analysis of a Shock Sequence with Application to Gunfire Analysis and Simulation." Journal of the IEST 45, no. 1 (September 14, 2002): 161–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.17764/jiet.45.1.p2q37w26674406r8.
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In the planning of a laboratory simulation based on a transient sequence, non-conventional techniques must be applied to the analysis of the sequence, due to the non-stationary character of the signals. This paper deals with the specific analysis problems of a transient sequence. The RMS and spectral content analysis of a single transient elucidates the distortion in the characterization of the sequence, when stationary time-series analysis methods are implemented. The way this distortion affects the simulation of the sequence is presented next. From this presentation, it can be concluded that the best method for the laboratory simulation of a transient sequence is the application of a measured time-history, while preserving the statistical features of the sequence. This conclusion has been implemented in the planning of the laboratory simulation of a gunfire-generated sequence of transients, produced by a gun installed on a helicopter. Statistics of the maximum values of each transient were calculated, for the sequences measured under changing firing conditions. Based on these statistics and on the knowledge of the total number of rounds, the number of transients of different maxima during the entire life cycle could be evaluated. Also a life-cycle representative sequence that could be simulated by a shaker was generated. A second method for the gun firing sequence simulation was also tested. In this case, the shot with maximal peak value was used and the number of equivalent shocks representing the entire lifecycle calculated, using a fatigue accumulation model. The weakness of the method is in the fatigue model.
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Abbas, Sanatang, Sri Anggarini Rasyid, and Tiara Mayang Pratiwi Lio. "DETEKSI GEN IL-6 DAN TNF-α DENGAN METODE PCR PADA PENDERITA HEPATITIS B DI LABORATORIUM KLINIK MAXIMA KOTA KENDARI." BIOMA : JURNAL BIOLOGI MAKASSAR 7, no. 1 (December 28, 2021): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/bioma.v7i1.18627.
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Penyakit Hepatitis B adalah inflamasi yang terjadi pada organ hati yang dapat disebabkan oleh virus hepatitis B. Pada saat terjadi inflamasi sitokin yang ada dalam tubuh akan merespon atau mengenali jenis patogen berupa virus yang masuk ke dalam tubuh. Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF-α) adalah salah satu sitokin pro-inflamasi yang berperan dalam proses inflamasi hati, dan Interleukin-6 (IL-6) adalah sitokin yang disekresikan dari jaringan tubuh pada fase infeksi akut atau kronik. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeteksi gen TNF-α dan IL-6 pada penderita hepatitis B dengan metode polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Jenis penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah semi kuantitatif, dengan desain penelitian eksperimental. Populasi pada penelitian adalah seluruh penderita suspek yang melakukan pemeriksaan rapid Hepatitis B (HbsAg) di Laboratorium Klinik Maxima Kota Kendari sebanyak 7 orang. Teknik penarikan sampel menggunakan total sampling dengan kriteria inklusi sampel yaitu pasien yang tidak memiliki riwayat penyakit lain selain hepatitis B. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa dari ketujuh sampel penderita hepatitis B yang diperiksa menggunakan metode PCR 3 sampel dengan hasil positif (45%) terhadap gen TNF-α dan 7 (100%) hasil negative terhadap gen Interleukin 6 (IL-6). Sehingga dapat di simpulkan bahwa jenis sitokin yang berperan saat terjadi inflamasi ketika seseorang terinfeksi Virus Hepatitis B adalah Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-α).
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Andersen, Trond, and Humberto Fonseca Mendes. "Maximberus maxi n. gen., n. sp. from Southern and Southeastern Brazil (Diptera: Chironomidae, Orthocladiinae)." Biota Neotropica 12, no. 1 (March 2012): 117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1676-06032012000100011.
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Maximberus maxi n. gen., n. sp. is described and illustrated based on adult males from Mata Atlântica in Southern and Southeastern Brazil. This genus can be separated from other Orthocladiinae on the combination of bare eyes, wing, and squama; no acrostichals; R4+5 ending proximal to M3+4; comb of setae on hind tibiae composed of few thin setae; well developed anal point; and virga composed of bundles of flattened spines attached to the oral part of the penis cavity.
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Sakamoto, Shinobu, Haruo Yoshino, Yaeko Shirahata, Kazuo Shimodairo, and Ryohei Okamoto. "Pharmacotherapeutic Effects of Kuei-chih-fu-ling-wan (Keishi-bukuryo-gan) on Human Uterine Myomas." American Journal of Chinese Medicine 20, no. 03n04 (January 1992): 313–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x92000333.
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Kuei-chih-fu-Iing-wan (Keishi-bukuryo-gan; KBG), a traditional Chinese herbal remedy contains five components: bark of Cinnamomum cassia Bl. (Lauraceae ), root of Paeonia lactiflora Pall. (Paeoniaceae), seed of Prunus persica Batsch. or P. persiba Batsch. var. davidiana Maxim. (Rosaceae), carpophores of Poria cocos Wolf. (Polyporaceae), and root bark of Paeonia suffruticosa Andr. (Paeoniaceae ). This prescription has been frequently used in the treatment of gynecological disorders such as hypermenorrhea, dysmenorrhea and sterility. We previously reported that KBG might act as a LH-RH antagonist and a weak anti-estrogen on the uterine DNA synthesis in immature rats. In the present study, we investigated the effects of KBG on 110 premenopausal patients with uterine myomas. Clinical symptoms of hypermenorrhea and dysmenorrhea were improved in more than 90% of the cases with shrinking of uterine myomas in roughly 60% of the cases.
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Liu, Jun, and Fernando Abdala. "The tetrapod fauna of the upper Permian Naobaogou Formation of China: 5. Caodeyao liuyufengi gen. et sp. nov., a new peculiar therocephalian." PeerJ 8 (May 28, 2020): e9160. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9160.
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The upper Permian Naobaogou Formation has been the goal of recent contributions that notably increased the knowledge of its terrestrial vertebrate fauna and unravelled a hidden late Permian therocephalian diversity in China. Two very different species of therocephalians have been documented in the Naobaogou Formation and they were recovered as basal akidnognathids in cladistic analyses. In this contribution we describe Caodeyao liuyufengi gen. et sp. nov., represented by a partial skull and mandible, and a humerus. The new taxon features a short, high snout and a wide temporal opening with the coronoid process of the mandible separated by a wide space medially to the zygomatic arch. The latter feature is only recognized in the Russian therocephalian Purlovia maxima and it is also characteristic of non-mammaliaform cynodonts. Phylogenetic analysis indicates a close relationship of the new Chinese taxon with Purlovia maxima, producing a monophyletic Laurasian group in therocephalian phylogeny. With the representation of three different species, the Naobaogou Formation is now the most prolific unit documenting therocephalian late Permian diversity in China.
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Martianova, Aleksandra. "Using free softwear for solving one problem of mathematical physics." Vestnik of Astrakhan State Technical University. Series: Management, computer science and informatics 2020, no. 1 (January 27, 2020): 84–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.24143/2072-9502-2020-1-84-93.
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The article presents the solution of Laplace equation with Dirichlet conditions using free software: computer mathematics systems Maxima, Scilab, GNU Octave and general-purpose programming language Python. The algorithm for solving Laplace difference equation with Dirichlet conditions is realized by using the iterative method of successive over-relaxation and helps to obtain the solution in the form of a two-dimensional array of values and 3D-graphs. The resulting solution in the form of a two-dimensional array is compared with the test values. The resulting array was found to match the test values. The choice of a free software depends on the type
of task and on personal preferences.
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Copello, J., F. Wehner, and L. Reuss. "Artifactual expression of maxi-K+ channels in basolateral membrane of gallbladder epithelial cells." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 264, no. 5 (May 1, 1993): C1128—C1136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1993.264.5.c1128.
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To patch clamp the basolateral cell membrane, sheets of Necturus gallbladder epithelium were stripped of the subepithelial tissue layers and affixed apical side down on cover slips coated with Cell-Tak [F. Wehner, L. Garretson, K. Dawson, Y. Segal, and L. Reuss. Am. J. Physiol. 258 (Cell Physiol. 27): C1159-C1164, 1990]. In 90% of the patches we observed K+ channels identical to the maxi-K+ channels previously demonstrated in the apical membrane (Y. Segal and L. Reuss. J. Gen. Physiol. 95: 791-818, 1990). To ascertain whether these channels were present in the native tissue, we carried out intracellular-microelectrode studies. We tested for activation of basolateral membrane K+ conductance by depolarization or by elevation of intracellular Ca2+ and for tetraethylammonium sensitivity of the basolateral membrane voltage and fractional resistance. The results were negative, indicating that maxi-K+ channels are not expressed in the basolateral membrane of the "intact" epithelium. Using the same intracellular-microelectrode protocol on the apical membrane, we demonstrated the presence of an apical K+ conductance attributable to maxi-K+ channels. Additional experiments revealed a Ba(2+)-sensitive basolateral K+ conductance in the native epithelium. We conclude that in the stripped preparation there is artifactual expression of maxi-K+ channels. In addition, the native basolateral membrane K+ channels either are not expressed in this preparation or have a low conductance and cannot be discerned from the background noise.
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Кобильник, Тарас Петрович, Уляна Петрівна Когут, and Наталія Володимирівна Винницька. "CAS MAXIMA AS A TOOL FOR FORMING RESEARCH SKILLS IN THE PROCESS OF PRE-SERVICE INFORMATICS TEACHERS TRAINING." Information Technologies and Learning Tools 80, no. 6 (December 22, 2020): 58–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.33407/itlt.v80i6.3801.
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The article looks at the means of forming the research skills of students of pedagogical universities. Considerable attention is paid to the formation of students' creative thinking in the process of solving problems with parameters. A large number of applied problems, economic, physical, chemical, biological, technical, medical, etc., involve solving problems with parameters (within the framework of the constructed mathematical model). Tasks with parameters require more general research than ordinary equations, inequalities and their systems. In the article, solving problems with parameters is accompanied by graphical visualization followed by the use of the analytical method. CAS Maxima is used for graphical visualization (animation). The choice of tasks with parameters is due to the fact that mathematical, logical thinking and the ability to analyze, compare, synthesize, develop research skills evolve in the course of their solution. All this should lead to the search and introduction of new forms of pedagogy and technologies in education. The main component of the methodology here is computer-oriented, namely the use of a computer mathematics system. Using systems of computer mathematics, the student can improve the programming technique and ability to focus on the analysis of methods, immerse in the features of such concepts as the conditionality of the problem, the stability of the method, evaluation of the results of calculations. In this paper, we used the CAS Maxima animation tools with the wxMaxima graphical shell to investigate the problems with the parameters. The choice of the Maxima system is due to the following reasons: it is a freely distributed system, distributed under the GNU/GPL license; there are implementations under various operating systems, including Windows, Linux, MacOS; it offers intuitive interface and is easy and reliable in operation. The results of the study show that training of modern specialists, the development of their professional potential can only be effective provided that students are involved in research activities throughout their course of study.
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Du, Hui-Jing, Yu-Qin Zhang, Hong-Yu Liu, Jing Su, Yu-Zhen Wei, Bai-Ping Ma, Bao-Lin Guo, and Li-Yan Yu. "Allonocardiopsis opalescens gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the suborder Streptosporangineae , from the surface-sterilized fruit of a medicinal plant." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 63, Pt_3 (March 1, 2013): 900–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.041491-0.
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An endophytic actinomycete, designated strain I10A-01259T, was isolated from a surface-sterilized fruit of Lonicera maackii (Rupr.) Maxim., a medicinal plant, which was collected from a suburb of Beijing, China. Whole-cell hydrolysates of the isolate contained galactose and meso-diaminopimelic acid. The predominant phospholipids were phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol; the menaquinones consisted mainly of MK-9, MK-11 and MK-12, with a minor amount of MK-10. The major fatty acids were iso-C16 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0 and iso-C15 : 0. Comparative analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain I10A-01259T was most closely related to Nocardiopsis arabia S186T (93.2 % sequence similarity), Thermobifida halotolerans YIM 90462T (93.0 %) and other strains of genera within the families Nocardiopsaceae and Thermomonosporaceae . On the phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, strain I10A-01259T fell within the radius of the suborder Streptosporangineae , in which the strain formed a distinct lineage next to the genera of the families Nocardiopsaceae and Thermomonosporaceae . Based on the data from our polyphasic taxonomic study, a novel genus and species, Allonocardiopsis opalescens gen. nov., sp. nov., are proposed within the suborder Streptosporangineae . The type strain of Allonocardiopsis opalescens is strain I10A-01259T ( = CPCC 203428T = DSM 45601T = KCTC 19844T).
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Yueh, A. Y., C. S. Chung, and Y. K. Lai. "Purification and molecular properties of malate dehydrogenase from the marine diatom Nitzschia alba." Biochemical Journal 258, no. 1 (February 15, 1989): 221–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2580221.
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Malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.37) was purified to homogeneity from the marine diatom Nitzschia alba. The purification steps consisted of (NH4)2SO4 precipitation, ion-exchange chromatography, Blue Sepharose affinity chromatography and gel filtration. A typical procedure provided 685-fold purification with 58% yield. The Mr of the holoenzyme was estimated to be 322,000 by gel filtration and 316,000 by ultracentrifugation. The enzyme migrated as a single polypeptide spot on two-dimensional polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis with an Mr of 38,500, suggesting that the holoenzyme consists of eight identical subunits. This is the first case where malate dehydrogenase has been shown to be a homo-octamer; malate dehydrogenases from other sources are predominantly homodimers, with two homotetramers reported so far. The amino acid composition of the enzyme was determined and the N-terminal sequence of the subunit polypeptide was found to be Arg-Lys-Val-Ala-Val-Met-Gly-Ala-Ala-Gly-Gly-Ile-Gly-Gln-Pro-Leu-Ser-Leu- Leu-Leu - Lys-Leu-Ser-Pro-Gln-Val-Thr-Glu-Leu-Ser-Lys-Tyr-. For the first 21 amino acid residues, near-identical sequences were reported for the enzymes isolated from pig heart, Escherichia coli, yeast and watermelon. Other physicochemical and catalytic properties, such as sedimentation coefficient, partial specific volume, Stokes radius, excitation and emission maxima, Michaelis constants, pH optima, pH stability range and activation energy, of this enzyme are also presented.
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Antoko, Bambang S., Bakhdal Bakhdal, and M. Salman Zuhri. "KARAKTERISTIK HABITAT DAN POPULASI WALET SARANG HITAM (Collocalia maxima Hume, 1878) DI GUA SUNGAI PINANG, MANDAILING NATAL, SUMATERA UTARA." Jurnal Penelitian Hutan dan Konservasi Alam 2, no. 4 (2005): 377–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.20886/jphka.2005.2.4.377-385.
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Wang, W. J., K. Sugita, Y. Nagai, Y. Houchin, A. Hashimoto, and A. Yamamoto. "High-resolution X-ray diffraction analysis of InN films grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy." Powder Diffraction 22, no. 3 (September 2007): 219–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/1.2756061.
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The growth temperature dependence of the InN film’s crystalline quality is reported. InN films are grown on sapphire substrates from 570 to 650 °C with low-temperature GaN buffers by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE). The X-ray rocking curves and reciprocal space mappings of the symmetric reflection (0 0 0 2) and asymmetric reflection (1 0 1 2) are measured with high resolution X-ray diffraction. The results indicate that the crystallinity is sensitive to the growth temperature for MOVPE InN. At growth temperature 580 °C, highly crystalline InN film has been obtained, for which the full-width-at-half-maxima of (0 0 0 2) and (1 0 1 2) rocking curves are 24 and 28 arcmin, respectively. The crystalline quality deteriorates drastically when the growth temperature exceeds 600 °C. Combined with the carrier concentration and mobility, the approach to improve the quality of InN film by MOVPE is discussed.
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Li, Qing Fen, Li Zhu, Sheng Yuan Yan, and Xiao Nan Zhang. "Computational Analysis of the AFM Specimen on Mixed-Mode I+II+III Fracture." Key Engineering Materials 488-489 (September 2011): 258–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.488-489.258.
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The computational analysis of an all fracture modes (AFM) specimen on mixed-mode I+II+III fracture is presented in this paper. The separated energy release rates (SERRs) along the crack front of the AFM-model are calculated by the modified virtual crack closure integral (MVCCI)-method and the commercially available software ANSYS. A transition model is built by adopting several 3D elements of SOLID45 and one point element of MASS21 in the ANSYS program. Under the related constraint conditions, the separate force and moments are respectively applied on the point element of the transition model, so the corresponding desired reaction forces can be obtained. When the desired loads are superimposed and applied on the AFM-model, the mixed-mode I+II+III fracture can then be achieved. Thereby, the SERR results are calculated. The calculation results show that the facture behavior of GII and GIII appears complex due to the global deformation and Poisson’s ratio, although the distribution of SEERs GI is symmetrical with respect to the middle point along the crack front. The total SERRs, GTn-values increase along the crack front with the minim value at one corner and the maxim value at the other corner. It can therefore be predicted that the fracture will occur initially at one corner on the crack front of the AFM-specimen in this case.
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Romanenko, Victor G., Kurt S. Roser, James E. Melvin, and Ted Begenisich. "The role of cell cholesterol and the cytoskeleton in the interaction between IK1 and maxi-K channels." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 296, no. 4 (April 2009): C878—C888. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00438.2008.
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Recently, we demonstrated a novel interaction between large-conductance (maxi-K or KCa1.1) and intermediate-conductance (IK1 or KCa3.1) Ca2+-activated K channels: activation of IK1 channels causes the inhibition of maxi-K activity (Thompson J and Begenisich T. J Gen Physiol 127: 159–169, 2006). Here we show that the interaction between these two channels can be regulated by the membrane cholesterol level in parotid acinar cells. Depletion of cholesterol using methyl-β-cyclodextrin weakened, while cholesterol enrichment increased, the ability of IK1 activation to inhibit maxi-K channels. Cholesterol's stereoisomer, epicholesterol, was unable to substitute for cholesterol in the interaction between the two K channels, suggesting a specific cholesterol-protein interaction. This suggestion was strengthened by the results of experiments in which cholesterol was replaced by coprostanol and epicoprostanol. These two sterols have nearly identical effects on membrane physical properties and cholesterol-rich microdomain stability, but had very different effects on the IK1/maxi-K interaction. In addition, the IK1/maxi-K interaction was unaltered in cells lacking caveolin, the protein essential for formation and stability of caveolae. Finally, disruption of the actin cytoskeleton restored the IK1-induced maxi-K inhibition that was lost with cell cholesterol depletion, demonstrating the importance of an intact cytoskeleton for the cholesterol-dependent regulation of the IK1/maxi-K interaction.
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Najjar, Fadi, Hao Zhou, Tetsuji Morimoto, James B. Bruns, Hai-Sheng Li, Wen Liu, Thomas R. Kleyman, and Lisa M. Satlin. "Dietary K+ regulates apical membrane expression of maxi-K channels in rabbit cortical collecting duct." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 289, no. 4 (October 2005): F922—F932. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00057.2005.
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The cortical collecting duct (CCD) is a final site for regulation of K+ homeostasis. CCD K+ secretion is determined by the electrochemical gradient and apical permeability to K+. Conducting secretory K+ (SK/ROMK) and maxi-K channels are present in the apical membrane of the CCD, the former in principal cells and the latter in both principal and intercalated cells. Whereas SK channels mediate baseline K+ secretion, maxi-K channels appear to participate in flow-stimulated K+ secretion. Chronic dietary K+ loading enhances the CCD K+ secretory capacity due, in part, to an increase in SK channel density (Palmer et al., J Gen Physiol 104: 693–710, 1994). Long-term exposure of Ambystoma tigrinum to elevated K+ increases renal K+ excretion due to an increase in apical maxi-K channel density in their CDs (Stoner and Viggiano, J Membr Biol 162: 107–116, 1998). The purpose of the present study was to test whether K+ adaptation in the mammalian CCD is associated with upregulation of maxi-K channel expression. New Zealand White rabbits were fed a low (LK), control (CK), or high (HK) K+ diet for 10–14 days. Real-time PCR quantitation of message encoding maxi-K α- and β2–4-subunits in single CCDs from HK animals was greater than that detected in CK and LK animals ( P < 0.05); β1-subunit was not detected in any CCD sample but was present in whole kidney. Indirect immunofluorescence microscopy revealed a predominantly intracellular distribution of α-subunits in LK kidneys. In contrast, robust apical labeling was detected primarily in α-intercalated cells in HK kidneys. In summary, K+ adaptation is associated with an increase in steady-state abundance of maxi-K channel subunit-specific mRNAs and immunodetectable apical α-subunit, the latter observation consistent with redistribution from an intracellular pool to the plasma membrane.
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Wintermantel, W. M. "Pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima and C. pepo), a new host of Beet pseudo yellows virus in California." Plant Disease 88, no. 1 (January 2004): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2004.88.1.82c.
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In the summer of 2002, pumpkin plants (Cucurbita pepo L. and C. maxima Duchesne) with extensive leaf chlorosis similar to those observed in crinivirus infections were found in fields at two locations in Monterey County, California. Leaves of diseased plants were observed to have large populations of the greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) present. Double-stranded RNA was extracted from symptomatic leaves of these plants and tested by northern hybridization for numerous criniviruses. A positive signal was identified exclusively with probes against the HSP70h gene of Beet pseudo yellows virus (BPYV) and confirmed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) amplification of a 335-nucleotide section of the BPYV minor coat protein (CPm) gene (3). Similar symptoms were observed in additional fields in 2003, and BPYV was again confirmed. In addition, the CPm RT-PCR product was cloned into a TOPO pCR2 vector (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) and sequenced. BLAST analysis of the cloned CPm RT-PCR product sequence corresponded to the published sequence of the CPm gene of BPYV (98%) (3) and Cucumber yellows virus (CuYV), a recently sequenced crinivirus considered to be a strain of BPYV (97%) (2). Incidence of BPYV in pumpkin appears to be variable and probably corresponds to the incidence of viruliferous whiteflies. On the basis of foliar symptoms, BPYV incidence varied from less than 50% in these fields in 2002 to nearly 100% infection of a large commercial field in 2003. BPYV is transmitted semipersistently by the greenhouse whitefly and has an extensive host range (1). The virus causes economic losses worldwide for greenhouse vegetable production and is becoming an increasing problem for field crops in areas of high greenhouse whitefly incidence (3). The impact of BPYV on pumpkin production remains to be determined; however, grower data suggests an increased incidence of fruit abortion and a substantial decrease in fruit weight. To our knowledge, this is the first report of BPYV infecting pumpkin. References: (1) J. E. Duffus. Phytopathology 55:450, 1965. (2) S. Hartono et al. J. Gen. Virol. 84:1007, 2003. (3) I. E. Tzanetakis et al. Plant Dis. 87:1398, 2003.
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GERSHWIN, LISA-ANN. "Two new species of jellyfishes (Cnidaria: Cubozoa: Carybdeida) from tropical Western Australia, presumed to cause Irukandji Syndrome." Zootaxa 1084, no. 1 (November 22, 2005): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1084.1.1.
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Two new jellyfishes are described from the waters off northwestern Australia. The first, Carukia shinju n. sp., is similar to the common Queensland Irukandji Carukia barnesi, but differs from the latter in having a larger body size, branched velarial canals, nematocyst warts on both the velarial canals and the perradial lappets, fully-spined tentacular nematocyst shafts, about 14 naked ringlets between adjacent tentacular nematocyst bands, and long, narrow, capitate rhopaliar horns. The second, Malo maxima n. gen. n. sp., is distinctive from other known cubozoan species by its unique combination of having a tall, narrow, robust body with a flattened apex; frown-shaped rhopaliar niche ostia; short, broad, straight rhopaliar horns; small, narrow pedalia with a single row of nematocyst patches on the outer keel and fine, cylindrical unmodified tentacles; moderately developed perradial mesenteries; 4 simple to bifurcated velarial canals per octant arising from a single base; and lacking both gastric phacellae and a thorn-like diverticulum of the pedalial canals. Both species are thought to be dangerous to humans, causing Irukandji syndrome.
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Biebl, Hanno, Martin Allgaier, Brian J. Tindall, Michal Koblizek, Heinrich Lünsdorf, Rüdiger Pukall, and Irene Wagner-Döbler. "Dinoroseobacter shibae gen. nov., sp. nov., a new aerobic phototrophic bacterium isolated from dinoflagellates." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 55, no. 3 (May 1, 2005): 1089–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.63511-0.
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A novel group of aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria was isolated from marine dinoflagellates, and two strains were characterized in detail. Cells were Gram-negative cocci or ovoid rods and were motile by means of a single, polarly inserted flagellum. They were obligate aerobes requiring 1–7 % salinity. The optimal pH range for growth was 6·5–9·0 and the temperature optimum was 33 °C. The bacteria contained bacteriochlorophyll a and spheroidenone as the only carotenoid. The in vivo absorption spectrum displayed two maxima in the infrared region at 804 and 868 nm. The distinct 804 nm band indicates the presence of light-harvesting system 2. Various organic carbon sources were assimilated, including many carboxylic acids, glucose and glycerol, but not butyrate, ethanol or methanol. Dissimilatory nitrate reduction was found for both strains. The physiological characteristics of the new strains resembled those of Roseobacter denitrificans, but there were differences in the lipid composition. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis the new strains are relatively distant from other recognized species, with the closest relatives Jannaschia helgolandensis, Ruegeria atlantica and Rhodobacter veldkampii showing 94·1–93·4 % similarity. Similarity to Roseobacter denitrificans was only 92·2 %, in line with numerous other species of the Roseobacter group. Therefore, it is proposed to classify the strains in a new genus and species within the Roseobacter clade, Dinoroseobacter shibae gen. nov., sp. nov. The type strain is DFL 12T (=DSM 16493T=NCIMB 14021T).
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Domenico Prisa and Giordano Menci. "Innovative fertilizers with added plant extracts in the cultivation of Valeriana officinalis and Raphanus sativus and in the control of Botrytis and powdery mildew." GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 27, no. 2 (May 30, 2024): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2024.27.2.0172.
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Research objective: The main objective of this article is to report the results obtained from the use of innovative fertilisers with added plant extracts in agriculture. In particular, this article will deal with two important topics: i) study of the effect of innovative fertilisers on the biomass of vegetable plants; ii) possible control on mortality due to diseases such as Botrytis and powdery mildew. The information reported in this research work can support the design of cultivation systems in which agricultural sustainability is fundamental due to the presence of plant extracts as an alternative to synthetic plant protection products. Materials and Methods: The plants were grown in pots under controlled conditions; 30 seedlings per thesis, divided into 3 replications of 10 plants each, were planted in early January 2024. The plants used in the trial were Valeriana officinalis L. and Raphanus sativus. The five experimental groups in cultivation were: i) group control, irrigated with water and previously fertilised substrate; ii) group with Aktigen, irrigated with water and previously fertilised substrate, (3 ml per plant once a week); iii) group with Lifegen, irrigated with water and previously fertilised substrate, (3 ml per plant once a week); iv) group with QI-gen, irrigated with water and previously fertilised substrate, (3 ml per plant once a week); v) Group with Ecklonia maxima (EK): (peat 70% + pumice 20%), irrigated with water and previously fertilised substrate, (3 ml per plant once a week). On 5 May 2024, plant height, number of leaves, primary root length (mm), biomass of the aerial and root system, and number of dead plants (Botrytis and powdery mildew) were recorded. Results and Discussion: The experiment showed that the use of innovative fertilisers enriched with plant extracts can indeed significantly improve the vegetative and root growth of Valeriana officinalis L. and Raphanus sativus. All treatments showed a significant improvement over the untreated control and the commercial Ecklonia maxima treatment for the agronomic parameters analysed, but the Qi-gen treatment was significantly the best for increasing vegetative and root biomass. Improvements were also found in plant height, leaf number and root length. The trial also revealed the significant effect on Botrytis control of the product Aktigen and on powdery mildew of the product Lifegen, in fact they reduced the mortality of Valeriana officinalis and Raphanus sativus seedlings. Conclusions: A number of scientific studies have shown that the application of biofertilizers can improve plant growth, productivity, quality, and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Because of their multiple properties, they have become increasingly important as advanced agricultural techniques in global agriculture. This type of product, which includes natural substances, will contribute significantly to ecologically and economically sustainable agricultural production systems in the coming years, as well as serving as the foundation for large-scale sustainable agriculture in the future.
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Jana, Sanjay Kr, Saptarsi Ghosh, Syed Mukulika Dinara, Apurba Chakraorty, and D. Biswas. "Comparative High-Resolution X-Ray Diffraction Analysis of GaN/AlGaN Heterostructure on Al2O3 and Si (111) Substrate Grown by Plasma Assisted Molecular Beam Epitaxy." MRS Proceedings 1754 (2015): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2015.401.
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AbstractThe work presents a comparative study on GaN/AlGaN type-II heterostructures grown on c-plane Al2O3 and Si (111) substrates by Plasma Assisted Molecular Beam Epitaxy. The in-depth structural characterizations of these samples were performed by High-Resolution X-Ray Diffraction, X-ray Reflectivity and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy. The in-plane and out-of plane strains were determined from measured c- and a-lattice parameters of the epilayers from reciprocal space mapping of both symmetric triple axis (002) and asymmetric grazing incidence (105) double axis mode. The mosaicity parameters like tilt and correlation lengths were also calculated from reciprocal space mapping. Moreover, the twist angle was measured from skew symmetric off axis scan of (102), (103), and (105) planes along with (002) symmetric plane. The defect density were measured from the full width at half maxima of skew symmetric scan of (002) and (102) reflection planes. Also, the strained states of all the layers were analyzed and corresponding Al mole fraction was calculated based on anisotropic elastic theory. The thicknesses of the layers were measured from simulation of the nominal structure by fitting with X-ray Reflectivity experimental curves and also by comparing with cross sectional Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy micrographs.
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Yáñez de la Rivera, René, Moisés Soto-Bajo, and Andrés Fraguela-Collar. "Electrocardiogram Fiducial Points Detection and Estimation Methodology for Automatic Diagnose." Open Bioinformatics Journal 11, no. 1 (September 28, 2018): 208–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1875036201811010208.
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Background:The estimation of fiducial points is specially important in the analysis and automatic diagnose of Electrocardiographic (ECG) signals.Objective:A new algorithm which could be easily implemented is presented to accomplish this task.Methods:Its methodology is rather simple, and starts from some ideas available in the literature combined with new approachs provided by the authors. First, aQRScomplex detection algorithm is presented based on the computation of energy maxima in ECG signals which allow the measurement of cardiac frequency (in beats per minute) and the estimation of R peaks temporal positions (in number of samples). From these ones, an estimation of fiducial points Q, S, J, P and T waves onset and offset points are worked out, supported in a simple modified slope method with constraints.The location process of fiducial points is assisted with the help of the so called curvature filters, which allow to improve the accuracy in this task.Results:The procedure is simulated in Matlab and GNU Octave by using test signals from the MIT medical database, Cardiosim II equipment patterns and synthetic signals developed by the authors.Conclusion:One of the novelties of this work is the global strategy. Also, another significant innovation is the introduction of the curvature filters. We think this concept will prove to be a useful tool in signal processing, not only in ECG analysis.
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Rodionov, Alexander V., Armen R. Kotsinyan, Alexander A. Gnutikov, Marina A. Dobroradova, and Eduard M. Machs. "The ITS1-5.8S rRNA gene -ITS2 sequence variability during the divergence of sweet-grass species (gen us Glyceria R. Br.)." Ecological genetics 9, no. 4 (December 15, 2011): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ecogen9463-69.
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Comparative analysis of the sequence ITS1-5.8S rRNA gene-ITS2 of the nuclear genome of 13 species of genus Glyceria, 4 species of Melica and a species of monotypic genus Pleuropogon showed that the species of the genus Glyceria have 3 haplotypes: 1) Haplotype A was found only in species of the subgenus Glyceria section Glyceria (G. septentrionalis, G. fluitans, G. declinata, G. occidentalis, G. notata, G. borealis, G. leptostachya) and in Pleuropogon sabinii; 2) Haplotype C is characteristic of the subgenus Hydropoa, section Hydropoa (G. grandis, G. х amurensis, G. triflora, G. maxima) and sect. Lithuanicae (G. leptolepis); 3) Haplotype B is found in the species of the subgenus Hydropoa sections Striatae (G. elata, G. striata, G. neogaea, G. canadensis), Scolochloiformes (G. alnasteretum, G. spiculosa) and G. lithuanica of sect. Lithuanicae. Species carring haplotype B are located at the base of the phylogenetic tree of the genus Glyceria and/or clustered with low bootstrap indices. On the phylogenetic trees inferred by the analysis of the sequences ITS and 5.8S rDNA both sect. Glyceria and sect. Hydropoa represented two sister monophyly branches. The species Pleuropogon sabinii belong to the branch of subgenus Glyceria as a sister monotypic branch to the branch of the sect. Glyceria.
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Fu, Minhao, Stephanie A. Collins, and Derek M. Anderson. "Maxi-Gen™ Plus: A nucleotide-containing product that reduces stress indicators and improves growth performance during smoltification in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)." Aquaculture 473 (April 2017): 20–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2017.01.023.
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Pophristic, Milan, Frederick H. Long, Chuong Tran, and Ian T. Ferguson. "Time-Resolved Spectroscopy of InGaN." MRS Internet Journal of Nitride Semiconductor Research 5, S1 (2000): 803–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s109257830000510x.
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We have used time-resolved photoluminescence (PL), with 400 nm (3.1 eV) excitation, to examine InxGa1−xN/GaN light-emitting diodes (LEDs) before the final stages of processing at room temperature. We have found dramatic differences in the time-resolved kinetics between dim, bright and super bright LED devices. The lifetime of the emission for dim LEDs is quite short, 110 ± 20 ps at photoluminescence (PL) maximum, and the kinetics are not dependent upon wavelength. This lifetime is short compared to bright and super bright LEDs, which we have examined under similar conditions. The kinetics of bright and super bright LEDs are clearly wavelength dependent, highly non-exponential, and are on the nanosecond time scale (lifetimes are in order of 1 ns for bright and 10 ns for super bright LED at the PL max). The non-exponential PL kinetics can be described by a stretched exponential function, indicating significant disorder in the material. Typical values for β, the stretching coefficient, are 0.45 − 0.6 for bright LEDs, at the PL maxima at room temperature. We attribute this disorder to indium alloy fluctuations.From analysis of the stretched exponential kinetics we estimate the potential fluctuations to be approximately 75 meV in the super bright LED. Assuming a hopping mechanism, the average distance between indium quantum dots in the super bright LED is estimated to be 20 Å.
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BAU, NGUYEN QUANG, and BUI DINH HOI. "INVESTIGATION OF THE HALL EFFECT IN RECTANGULAR QUANTUM WELLS WITH A PERPENDICULAR MAGNETIC FIELD IN THE PRESENCE OF A HIGH-FREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE." International Journal of Modern Physics B 28, no. 03 (January 22, 2014): 1450001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979214500015.
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The Hall effect is theoretically studied in a rectangular quantum well (RQW) with infinite barriers subjected to a crossed dc electric field and magnetic field (the magnetic field is oriented perpendicularly to the barriers) in the presence of a high-frequency electromagnetic wave (EMW). By using the quantum kinetic equation for electrons interacting with acoustic phonons at low temperatures, we obtain analytical expressions for the conductivity tensor as well as the Hall coefficient (HC). Numerical results for the AlGaN/GaN RQW show the Shubnikov–de Haas (SdH) oscillations in the magnetoresistance (MR) whose period does not depend on the temperature and amplitude decreases with increasing temperature. In the presence of the EMW, the MR shows maxima at Ω/ω c = 1, 2, 3, … and minima at Ω/ω c = 3/2, 5/2, 7/2, … (Ω and ω c are the EMW and the cyclotron frequencies, respectively), and with increasing of the EMW amplitude the MR approaches zero. Obtained results are in accordance with recent experimental data and in good agreement with other theories in two-dimensional (2D) electron systems. The results for the HC show a saturation of the HC as the magnetic field or the EMW frequency increases. Furthermore, in the region of large magnetic field the HC depends weakly on the well-width.
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Pan, Sai, Chenhong Sun, Yugang Zhou, Wei Chen, Rong Zhang, and Youdou Zheng. "Investigation of the Electroluminescence Mechanism of GaN-Based Blue and Green Light-Emitting Diodes with Junction Temperature Range of 120–373 K." Applied Sciences 10, no. 2 (January 8, 2020): 444. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10020444.
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Junction temperature (Tj) and current have important effects on light-emitting diode (LED) properties. Therefore, the electroluminescence (EL) spectra of blue and green LEDs were investigated in a Tj range of 120–373 K and in a current range of 80–240 mA based on accurate real-time measurements of Tj using an LED with a built-in sensor unit. Two maxima of the emission peak energy with changing Tj were observed for the green LED, while the blue LED showed one maximum. This was explained by the transition between the donor-bound excitons (DX) and free excitons A (FXA) in the green LED. At low temperatures, the emission peak energy, full width at half maximum (FWHM), and radiation power of the green LED increase rapidly with increasing current, while those of the blue LED increase slightly. This is because when the strong spatial potential fluctuation and low exciton mobility in the green LED is exhibited, with the current increasing, more bonded excitons are found in different potential valleys. With a shallower potential valley and higher exciton mobility, excitons are mostly bound around the potential minima. The higher threshold voltage of the LEDs at low temperatures may be due to the combined effects of the band gap, dynamic resistance, piezoelectric polarization, and electron-blocking layer (EBL).
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LEE, YOUNG JUNE. "Cicadas (Insecta: Hemiptera: Cicadidae) of Mindanao, Philippines, with the description of a new genus and a new species." Zootaxa 2351, no. 1 (February 4, 2010): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2351.1.2.
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This paper provides the first faunal checklist for the family Cicadidae (Insecta: Hemiptera) from Mindanao, Philippines, comprising 17 species belonging to 13 genera. A new species, Chremistica kyoungheeae sp. nov., is described. Platypleura elizabethae Lee and Nelcyndana tener (Stål) are newly added to the cicada fauna of Mindanao. Dokuma Distant syn. nov. is treated as a junior synonym of Oncotympana Stål, which is redefined to include four species: O. pallidiventris Stål, O. viridicincta Stål, O. nigristigma (Walker) comb. nov., and an undescribed Oncotympana sp., all from the Philippines. Dokuma consobrina Distant syn. nov. is synonymized with O. viridicincta. A new genus, Sonata gen. nov., is described to include the following species previously placed in Oncotympana: Sonata fuscata (Distant), Sonata maculaticollis (De Motschulsky), Sonata ella (Lei & Chou), Sonata expansa (Walker), Sonata mahoni (Distant), Sonata melanoptera (Distant), Sonata obnubila (Distant), Sonata stratoria (Distant), and Sonata virescens (Distant) (nine species comb. nov.). The genus Champaka Distant stat. rev. is resurrected from junior synonymy with Platylomia Stål to include the following species previously placed in the Platylomia spinosa group: Champaka spinosa (Fabricius), Champaka abdulla (Distant), Champaka viridimaculata (Distant), Champaka nigra (Distant), Champaka virescens (Distant), Champaka meyeri (Distant), Champaka wallacei (Beuk), Champaka celebensis Distant, Champaka aerata (Distant), Champaka constanti (Lee), and Champaka maxima (Lee) (eleven species comb. nov.). The genus Nelcyndana Distant, 1906 is transferred to Cicadettini from Taphurini. A key to the species of Oncotympana and information on geographic distributions of the 17 Mindanao species are provided.
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Triandiza, Teddy, Agus Kusnadi, Hawis Madduppa, Neviaty P. Zamani, Udhi E. Hernawan, Rosmi N. Pesillette, Abdul Kadir Yamko, et al. "Identifikasi dan Analisis Filogentik Kerang Kima (Genus Tridacna) dari Pulau Kur Menggunakan DNA Barcoding." Al-Kauniyah: Jurnal Biologi 15, no. 1 (June 21, 2022): 96–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/kauniyah.v15i1.17631.
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AbstrakPeran penting kerang Kima secara ekologis sebagai salah satu spesies kunci dalam ekosistem terumbu karang menyebabkan biota laut ini mengalami tekanan antropogenik di sebagian besar wilayah di Indo-Pasifik, termasuk Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi spesies Kima genus Tridacna asal Pulau Kur menggunakan markea gen COI dan menganalisis hubungan filogenetiknya. Sampel jaringan Kima diekstrak menggunakan kit ekstraksi komersial. Primer universal (LCO1490; HCO2198) dan primer spesifik Kima (LCO: 5’-GGG TGA TAA TTC GAA CAG AA-3’; RCO: 5’-TAG TTA AAG CCC CAG CTA AA-3’) digunakan untuk mengamplifikasi DNA target. Analisis data dilakukan terhadap 26 sekuen Kima asal Pulau Kur dengan panjang fragmen 479 bp menggunakan software MEGA6 meliputi analisis jarak genetik dan pohon filogenetik. Hasil analisis homologi menggunakan BLASTn mendapatkan empat jenis Kima, yaitu Tridacna maxima, T. crocea, T. noae, dan T. squamosa dengan similaritas 99–100%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jarak genetik dalam spesies sangat rendah berkisar 0,0000–0,0103 sedangkan jarak genetik antar spesies berkisar antara 0,0112–0,1729. Hasil konstruksi pohon filogenetik kerang Kima menunjukkan adanya dua klad utama yang kohesif dan jelas terpisah, yaitu kelompok Tridacna yang monofiletik dan Hippopus hippopus. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, teknik DNA Barcoding sangat efektif untuk identifikasi dan mengkonfirmasi fenomena cryptic spesies.Abstract The role of the giant clam as the key and ecologically important species in coral reef ecosystem has led them to experience anthropogenic pressure in the most of Indo-pacific region including Indonesia. This research aimed to identify the species of giant clam Tridacna from Kur Island, Southeast Maluku by using COI gene marker and to analyze their phylogenetic relationship. The tissue sample of giant clam was extracted with a commercial extraction kit. Universal primer (LCO1490; HCO2198) and specific primer for giant clam (LCO: 5’-GGG TGA TAA TTC GAA CAG AA-3’; RCO: 5’-TAG TT AAG CCC CAG CTA AA-3’) was used to amplify DNA target. Twenty-six sequences from Kur Island with 479 bp fragment length were analyzed by using MEGA6 software. Homological analysis on BLASTn found four species i.e Tridacna maxima, T. crocea, T. noae, and T. squamosa with 99–100% similarity. The result also showed that genetic distance value intraspecies was very low ranging from 0.000 to 0.0105, while genetic distance inter-species ranged from 0.0112 to 0.1729. Reconstruction of phylogenetic tree of giant clam revealed two main group that cohesive and clearly separated i.e Tridacna group which monophyletic and Hippopus hippopuxs. Based on the result, the DNA barcoding technique was effective for identification and confirmation of the occurrence of cryptic species phenomenon.
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Trivedi, Tithi, Siva Kumar, Archana Mankad, Saumya Patel, Rakesh Rawal, and Himanshu Pandya. "IN SILICO SCREENING OF MAJOR CANCER DRUG TARGETS (GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTORS) FOR NATURE DERIVED PHYTOCHEMICALS." International Association of Biologicals and Computational Digest 1, no. 2 (October 5, 2022): 173–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.56588/iabcd.v1i2.66.
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Cancer i s a group of abn ormal cells. The unregulated gro wth factor recepto r t yrosin e kinase ( GFR- TK) proteins are implicated in the proliferation o f mo re than 60 % o f all can cer t ypes. Screenin g o f ph ytoch emicals for their anti - angiogenic potential has b een a gro wing area o f research in the mod ern d ecad e. There i s a well - kno wn principle that natural co mpounds are active against several diseases, includin g variou s t yp es of can cer. Th e present research work fo cuses on kno wn gro wth factor receptors ( GFRs) as an important target fo r co mputation al s tudies. In this stud y, 96 curated anti - can cer co mpounds were virtu ally screened against the EGFR, FGFR, IGFR, and HGFR usin g molecular dockin g so ftware. For each GFR, we h ave considered ten top most results as potential hits. Among them, co mmon f i ve results are: Spiro solan e, Ginkgetin, Fangchinoline, Theaflavin and Ursolic acid. These co mpounds have b een reported to show antican cer activities in the l i t erature. With the help of different interaction analysis tools, the protein - l i gand inter action patterns between th e functional groups o f these co mpounds were analyzed. Hydro gen bonding and h ydrophobic forces are th e main co mponents o f th e interactions o f th ese hits, similar to those exp erimental fo r th e kno wn inhibitors. Fro m the maximu m nu mb ers o f hits, i t could be indicated that co mpounds Spirosolan e, Ginkgetin, Fan gchinoline, Th eaflavin and Ursolic acid are pro miscuous l ead s in the drug disco very process.
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Haug, Trude, Daniel Sigg, Sergio Ciani, Ligia Toro, Enrico Stefani, and Riccardo Olcese. "Regulation of K+ Flow by a Ring of Negative Charges in the Outer Pore of BKCa Channels. Part I." Journal of General Physiology 124, no. 2 (July 26, 2004): 173–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.200308949.
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The pore region of the majority of K+ channels contains the highly conserved GYGD sequence, known as the K+ channel signature sequence, where the GYG is critical for K+ selectivity (Heginbotham, L., T. Abramson, and R. MacKinnon. 1992. Science. 258:1152–1155). Exchanging the aspartate residue with asparagine in this sequence abolishes ionic conductance of the Shaker K+ channel (D447N) (Hurst, R.S., L. Toro, and E. Stefani. 1996. FEBS Lett. 388:59–65). In contrast, we found that the corresponding mutation (D292N) in the pore forming α subunit (hSlo) of the voltage- and Ca2+-activated K+ channel (BKCa, MaxiK) did not prevent conduction but reduced single channel conductance. We have investigated the role of outer pore negative charges in ion conduction (this paper) and channel gating (Haug, T., R. Olcese, T. Ligia, and E. Stefani. 2004. J. Gen Physiol. 124:185–197). In symmetrical 120 mM [K+], the D292N mutation reduced the outward single channel conductance by ∼40% and nearly abolished inward K+ flow (outward rectification). This rectification was partially relieved by increasing the external K+ concentration to 700 mM. Small inward currents were resolved by introducing an additional mutation (R207Q) that greatly increases the open probability of the channel. A four-state multi-ion pore model that incorporates the effects of surface charge was used to simulate the essential properties of channel conduction. The conduction properties of the mutant channel (D292N) could be predicted by a simple ∼8.5-fold reduction of the surface charge density without altering any other parameter. These results indicate that the aspartate residue in the BKCa pore plays a key role in conduction and suggest that the pore structure is not affected by the mutation. We speculate that the negative charge strongly accumulates K+ in the outer vestibule close to the selectivity filter, thus increasing the rate of ion entry into the pore.
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Haug, Trude, Riccardo Olcese, Ligia Toro, and Enrico Stefani. "Regulation of K+ Flow by a Ring of Negative Charges in the Outer Pore of BKCa Channels. Part II." Journal of General Physiology 124, no. 2 (July 26, 2004): 185–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.200308950.
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Neutralization of the aspartate near the selectivity filter in the GYGD pore sequence (D292N) of the voltage- and Ca2+-activated K+ channel (MaxiK, BKCa) does not prevent conduction like the corresponding mutation in Shaker channel, but profoundly affects major biophysical properties of the channel (Haug, T., D. Sigg, S. Ciani, L. Toro, E. Stefani, and R. Olcese. 2004. J. Gen. Physiol. 124:173–184). Upon depolarizations, the D292N mutant elicited mostly gating current, followed by small or no ionic current, at voltages where the wild-type hSlo channel displayed robust ionic current. In fact, while the voltage dependence of the gating current was not significantly affected by the mutation, the overall activation curve was shifted by ∼20 mV toward more depolarized potentials. Several lines of evidence suggest that the mutation prevents population of certain open states that in the wild type lead to high open probability. The activation curves of WT and D292N can both be fitted to the sum of two Boltzmann distributions with identical slope factors and half activation potentials, just by changing their relative amplitudes. The steeper and more negative component of the activation curve was drastically reduced by the D292N mutation (from 0.65 to 0.30), suggesting that the population of open states that occurs early in the activation pathway is reduced. Furthermore, the slow component of the gating current, which has been suggested to reflect transitions from closed to open states, was greatly reduced in D292N channels. The D292N mutation also affected the limiting open probability: at 0 mV, the limiting open probability dropped from ∼0.5 for the wild-type channel to 0.06 in D292N (in 1 mM [Ca2+]i). In addition to these effects on gating charge and open probability, as already described in Part I, the D292N mutation introduces a ∼40% reduction of outward single channel conductance, as well as a strong outward rectification.
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Kulichevskaya, Irina S., Olga V. Danilova, Vera M. Tereshina, Vadim V. Kevbrin, and Svetlana N. Dedysh. "Descriptions of Roseiarcus fermentans gen. nov., sp. nov., a bacteriochlorophyll a-containing fermentative bacterium related phylogenetically to alphaproteobacterial methanotrophs, and of the family Roseiarcaceae fam. nov." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 64, Pt_8 (August 1, 2014): 2558–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.064576-0.
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A light-pink-pigmented, microaerophilic bacterium was obtained from a methanotrophic consortium enriched from acidic Sphagnum peat and designated strain Pf56T. Cells of this bacterium were Gram-negative, non-motile, thick curved rods that contained a vesicular intracytoplasmic membrane system characteristic of some purple non-sulfur alphaproteobacteria. The absorption spectrum of acetone/methanol extracts of cells grown in the light showed maxima at 363, 475, 505, 601 and 770 nm; the peaks at 363 and 770 nm are characteristic of bacteriochlorophyll a. However, in contrast to purple non-sulfur bacteria, strain Pf56T was unable to grow phototrophically under anoxic conditions in the light. Best growth occurred on some sugars and organic acids under micro-oxic conditions by means of fermentation. The fermentation products were propionate, acetate and hydrogen. Slow chemo-organotrophic growth was also observed under fully oxic conditions. Light stimulated growth. C1 substrates were not utilized. Strain Pf56T grew at pH 4.0–7.0 (optimum pH 5.5–6.5) and at 15–30 °C (optimum 22–28 °C). The major cellular fatty acids were 19 : 0 cyclo ω8c and 18 : 1ω7c; quinones were represented by ubiquinone Q-10. The G+C content of the DNA was 70.0 mol%. Strain Pf56 displays 93.6–94.7 and 92.7–93.7 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to members of the families Methylocystaceae and Beijerinckiaceae , respectively, and belongs to a large cluster of environmental sequences retrieved from various wetlands and forest soils in cultivation-independent studies. Phenotypic, genotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics of strain Pf56T suggest that it represents a novel genus and species of bacteriochlorophyll a-containing fermentative bacteria, for which the name Roseiarcus fermentans gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. Strain Pf56T ( = DSM 24875T = VKM B-2876T) is the type strain of Roseiarcus fermentans, and is also the first characterized member of a novel family within the class Alphaproteobacteria , Roseiarcaceae fam. nov.
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Huang, J. H., P. J. Ann, Y. H. Chiu, and J. N. Tsai. "First Report of Phytophthora cambivora Causing Leaf and Stem Blight and Root Rot on Taiwan Cherry (Prunus campanulata) in Taiwan." Plant Disease 96, no. 7 (July 2012): 1065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-01-12-0025-pdn.
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Taiwan cherry or Formosan cherry (Prunus campanulata Maxim.) is a beautiful ornamental tree that is native to Taiwan. In spring 2005, a severe disease was observed on 1- to 3-year-old seedlings of Taiwan cherry in a garden in Tungshih, Taichung, Taiwan. Infected plants showed symptoms of greenish water-soaked spots on leaves that became dark brown, 2 to 3 cm in diameter. Infected leaves withered and fell to the ground in 3 to 5 days and young shoots showed symptoms of withering and drooping. Infected roots showed symptoms of necrosis. Severely infected plants eventually died. A Phytophthora sp. was isolated consistently from diseased samples of Taiwan cherry and associated soil. Six isolates of Phytophthora, of the A1 mating type (1), were isolated from single zoospores. Two of these isolates, Tari 25141 (deposited as BCRC34932 in Bioresource Collection and Research Center, Shinchu, Taiwan) and Tari 25144 (BCRC34933), were used for pathogenicity tests on 1-year-old seedlings of Taiwan cherry to fulfill Koch's postulates. Inoculation was done by placing a cotton swab containing zoospore suspension on leaves or stem, or by soaking seedlings in the zoospore suspension. Inoculated seedlings were kept in a greenhouse at 20 to 25°C for 30 days and examined for appearance of symptoms. Results showed that both isolates were pathogenic on seedlings of Taiwan cherry, causing symptoms similar to those observed on naturally infected seedlings. The temperature range for growth of the six isolates of Phytophthora was 8 to 32°C with optimum temperature at 24°C. The linear growth rate was 72 mm per day on V8A culture (5% V8 vegetable juice, 0.02% CaCO3, and 2% Bacto agar) at 24°C. The colonies on potato dextrose agar produced sparse aerial mycelia with conspicuous radiate patterns. Sporangia were sparse on V8A agar blocks, but abundant when the agar blocks were placed in water under continuous white fluorescent light (average 2,000 lux) for 2 days. Sporangiophores branched sympodially. Sporangia were pear shaped, nonpapillate and nondeciduous, 50 to 75 (62) × 30 to 48 (40) μm, with a length/width ratio of 1.2 to 2.2 (1.6). New internal nested proliferate sporangia were formed inside the empty sac of old matured sporangia after releasing zoospores. No chlamydospores were formed on V8A. Hyphal swellings with distinctive irregular catenulation were produced on V8A and in water. The pathogen was stimulated to form its own oospores by the A2 tester using the method described by Ko (1). Oogonia were 28 to 50 (40) μm in diameter with smooth or irregularly protuberant walls. Oospores were mostly aplerotic and 18 to 42 (31) μm in diameter. Antheridia were amphigynous, mostly two-celled, and 10 to 42 (29) × 12 to 24 (19) μm. The sequence of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) region of nuclear ribosomal DNA of isolate Tari 25141 (GenBank Accession No. GU111589) was 831 bp and had 99% sequence identity with a number of Phytophthora cambivora isolates such as GenBank Accession Nos. HM004220 (2), AY787030, and EF486692. Based on the morphological characteristics of sporangia and sexual structures and the molecular analysis of ITS sequences, the pathogen from Taiwan cherry was identified as P. cambivora (Petri) Buis. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. cambivora on native Taiwan cherry in Taiwan and, so far, no other natural hosts have been reported. References: (1) W. H. Ko. J. Gen. Microbiol. 116:459, 1980. (2) P. W. Reeser et al. Mycologia 103:225, 2011.
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Quemin, M. F., B. S. M. Lebas, S. Veerakone, S. J. Harper, G. R. G. Clover, and T. E. Dawson. "First Molecular Evidence of Citrus psorosis virus and Citrus viroid III from Citrus spp. in New Zealand." Plant Disease 95, no. 6 (June 2011): 775. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-12-10-0881.
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In December 2008, a collection of Citrus spp. in Kerikeri, New Zealand was surveyed for virus and viroid diseases. Symptoms characteristic of virus or viroid infection were not observed other than Citrus tristeza virus (CTV)-associated stem pitting when examined with the bark removed. Total RNA was extracted from bark samples of 273 trees using RLT buffer (Qiagen Inc., Chatsworth, CA) on a KingFisher mL workstation (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA) and tested by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR). Samples from three trees, two from sweet orange, Citrus × sinensis (L.) Osbeck (pro sp.) (maxima × reticulate) and one from tangerine, Citrus reticulata Blanco, tested positive for Citrus psorosis virus (CPsV), and two samples, one each from lemon, Citrus × limon (L.) Burm. F. (pro sp.) (medica × aurantifolia) and sweet orange, tested positive for Citrus viroid III (CVd-III) using previously published primers and PCR cycling conditions (2,4) in a one-step RT-PCR system. The 20-μl RT-PCR reaction was done with Verso Reddymix reagents (Thermo Scientific) containing 250 nM of specific primers and 300 μg/μl of bovine serum albumin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO). The CVd-III genome was completed using specific internal primers (forward: 5′-AACGCAGAGAGGGAAAGGGAA-3′, reverse: 5′-TAGGGCTACTTCCCGTGGTC-3′) with the following cycling conditions: 50°C for 15 min, 94°C for 2 min, then 40 cycles of 94°C for 10 s, 57°C for 30 s, and 68°C for 30 s. The three CPsV amplicons of 419 bp from the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene (GenBank Accession Nos. GQ388241 to GQ388243) had 96 to 100% nucleotide identity to each other. A 276-bp (nt position 48 to 323) fragment of the 419-bp sequence was used for comparison with sequences available on GenBank. The three 276-bp CPsV sequences had 89 to 97% nucleotide identity to other CPsV available in GenBank at the time of the analysis. The CVd-III genomes of 291 bp (GenBank Accession Nos. HQ219183 and JF521494) are identical and showed 94 to 99% nucleotide identity to other CVd-III available in GenBank. The presence of CPsV was confirmed in the three samples by a CPsV-specific double-antibody sandwich-ELISA kit (Agritest S.r.l., Valenzano, Italy), while the presence of CVd-III was confirmed only in the lemon sample by r-PAGE (3). The concentration of the viroid in the sweet orange sample may have been below the detection limit of the test. The incidence of the diseases is probably low since CPsV and CVd-III were detected in only a few trees which were planted between 1998 and 2002 at Kerikeri from budwoods of unknown sources imported between the 1970s and 1990s. New Zealand's growing conditions generally do not favor viroid replication in plants, whereas the temperatures may be suitable for CPsV disease. However, symptom characteristics to CPsV and CVd-III have never been observed on the infected trees. This is most likely because of the presence of CTV in the trees (data not shown). CPsV symptoms were thought to have been observed in the 1950s in New Zealand (1) but the causal agent had not been identified. To our knowledge, this is the first molecular and serological evidence of CPsV and the first report of the presence of CVd-III in New Zealand. References: (1) W. A. Fletcher. Orchard. N. Z. 30:33, 1957. (2) T. Ito et al. J. Virol. Methods 106:235, 2002. (3) C. Jeffries and C. James. OEPP/EPPO Bull. 35:125, 2005. (4) S. Martin et al. J. Gen. Virol. 87:3097, 2006.