Academic literature on the topic 'Maximal graded exercise test'

The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not differences exist in heart rate (HR) between jogging on the track and jogging on the treadmill at the same speed. Twenty-four college-age (19-31 years old) male (n = 12) and female (n = 12) recreational runners volunteered to participate in this study. Each participant performed a maximal graded exercise test (GXT) and four exercise sessions. During the first exercise session, participants completed a 1-mile steady-state jog on either the track or treadmill at a self-selected submaximal pace that could be maintained for 30 minutes. The following three exercise sessions were completed at the same pace as the first exercise session. Two of the exercise sessions were performed on the treadmill and two were performed on an indoor track. The order of the four sessions were counterbalanced. Participants were randomly assigned to an order of sessions. Heart rate was recorded every minute and the participants were asked to give an RPE at the end of every session. Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences in pace (mph) between the trials within the two track or two treadmill trials (p = 0.5812), in the HR response. Therefore, gender and trials were excluded from the final model, and the final model included only the treatment effect (track, treadmill). There was a significant treatment effect (F 1,94 = 39.126, p < 0.0001) indicating that significant differences in the HR responses between track and treadmill jogging at the same pace. Jogging on the treadmill elicited an average HR of 5.16 bpm (S.E. = 0.82) less than that observed while jogging on an indoor track at the same pace. We conclude that jogging on the treadmill and track at the same, self-selected speed results in HR values that differ significantly by 5 bpm. Differences in air resistance, biomechanics, and muscle activity most likely contributed to the observed differences in HR. The results of this study are applicable to various individuals who often train or exercise on the treadmill or overground. Use of a HR monitor is recommended to determine personal responses to exercise on a treadmill and overground.

To assess the relationships of body mass index (BMI) on arterial stiffness at rest and post-maximal treadmill graded exercise testing (GXT). Forty-four apparently healthy, young adult males (22.1 ± 0.48 years) were recruited and divided into either a healthy weight (H, ≤24.9 kg/m2), overweight (OV, 24.9-29.9 kg/m2) or obese (OB, ≥29.9 kg/m2) group based on BMI. All subjects underwent arterial stiffness (carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, cfPWV), blood pressure (BP), pulse pressure (PP), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and body composition (bioelectrical impedance analysis, BIA) measurements at rest. Following the GXT, measures of arterial stiffness (cfPWV) and BP were acquired. Resting measures of cfPWV, BMI, systolic BP, diastolic BP, MAP, and PP were significantly (p <0.05) greater in OV and OB compared with H. Compared with OV, OB had a greater BMI. Relative peak oxygen consumption (VP2peak) was greater in H compared with OV and OB (p<0.05). systolic BP was positively associated, whereas VO2peak was inversely related to cfPWV (p<0.05). No significant inter-group interactions were observed with cfPWV after the GXT. However, interactions were observed for SBP, DBP and PP (p<0.05). In young men with varying BMI, SBP and VO2peak were associated with resting cfPWV. However, similar cardiovascular responses were observed between groups after a maximal GXT.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Akron, Dept. of Sport Science and Wellness Education-Physical Education, 2009.<br>"August, 2009." Title from electronic thesis title page (viewed 10/7/2009) Advisor, Ronald Otterstetter; Committee members, James Rosneck, Laura Richardson; Department Chair, Victor Pinheiro; Dean of the College, Mark D. Shermis; Dean of the Graduate School, George R. Newkome. Includes bibliographical references.

The Borg 6–20 rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scale is a common measure reported during exercise testing and training, and is usually taken as a response measurement to provide a subjective assessment of exercise intensity. A lesser used application of the scale is for regulating exercise intensity, referred to as its ‘production mode’. Recent research on this topic initiated by Eston et al. (2005) has led to a novel application of this procedure as a means of predicting an individual’s maximal oxygen uptake ( O2max) via a perceptually-regulated exercise test (PRET). The PRET could play a significant role in guiding exercise prescription and monitoring cardiorespiratory fitness levels in situations where the normal heart rate response is affected. The aim of this thesis is to develop further and test the integrity of the PRET technique. Firstly, a review of the evidence on the validity and reliability of the Borg RPE scale when used to regulate exercise intensity in healthy and unhealthy adults is presented, as to-date, no scholarly publication has synthesised the body of knowledge on this specific application of the scale. Subsequently, four studies were completed to investigate the effects of different methodological variations on the predictive capabilities of the PRET, including an examination (for the first time) of its utility among heart failure patients (Study 4). Study 1 re-visited the validity and reliability of the PRET technique utilising a modified protocol of differing durations (2 and 4 min bouts), with revised instructions and placing the graded exercise test (GXT) as the final trial during cycle ergometry. Superior results were observed to those reported in previous investigations (Eston et al., 2008; Faulkner et al. 2007; Eston et al., 2006) during the 3 min trial, further reinforcing the validity and reliability of this technique. Accordingly, Study 2 was the first to investigate the reliability and validity of a treadmill PRET protocol with a ceiling intensity of RPE 15, rather than RPE 17, and observed that a safer modified PRET (with practice) provides acceptably valid and reliable predictions of O2max in healthy adults. In addition, Study 3 extended the research thus far by investigating the PRET protocol during cycle exercise, once again with a ceiling intensity of RPE 15, and demonstrated that (with practice) a cycle-based PRET can yield reliable and valid predictions of O2max that compare favourably to previous investigations. Finally, given that the research employing a PRET has unanimously alluded to its likely value in clinical populations among whom heart rate as a physiological response to exercise is affected (e.g. via medication) and precluded as a means predicting O2max, Study 4 investigated the utility of a PRET in a beta-blocked population of heart failure patients. In the event, it was observed that a PRET (up to RPE 15) was too strenuous and needs to be capped at an intensity of RPE 13 in this population. In addition a continuous protocol seemed unsuitable due to its length and it was recommended that a discontinuous PRET protocol be investigated. Future research needs to investigate the utilisation of the PRET (i) in different exercise modes; (ii) determine the optimum number of practice trials required; (iii) whether a discontinuous or continuous protocol is more appropariate; (iv) whether the extrapolation should be made to RPE 19 or 20 and; (v) whether the PRET can be employed succesfully in other clinical populations.

In order for sport scientists and conditioning coaches to construct sport and position specific training regimens for players, they need to understand the physiological demands different playing positions face during rugby union matches. Despite the inaccuracy of timemotion, heart rate and blood lactate analyses, no researchers have to date attempted to determine the demands of tertiary institution rugby union games by using heart rate and graded maximal test values. It is against this background, that the purposes of this study were firstly, to determine the intensities of tertiary institution rugby union games, using heart rates and graded maximal test values, and secondly, to determine the positional differences in tertiary institution rugby game intensities, using heart rates and graded maximal test values. In the weeks between three rugby matches, ten forwards and eleven backs, who were selected from the first and second teams of the North–West University (Potchefstroom Campus, South Africa) performed a standard incremental maximal oxygen uptake ( 2max VO ? ) test to the point of exhaustion. The test was used to determine two ventilatory threshold points by means of which the low, moderate and high–intensity heart rate zones were identified for each of the players. These heart rate zones were used to determine the amount of time that each player spent in the different intensity zones during matches, whilst heart rate telemetry data was used. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were found between the amount of time each player spent in the low and high–intensity zones (23.2% vs. 37.4%) during the second halves, between the low and moderate (22.8% vs. 33.6%) as well as between the low and high–intensity zones (22.8% vs. 43.6%) for the matches overall. When the independent t–test values were calculated, the study revealed that forwards spent significantly more time in the highintensity zone compared to the backs (54.6% vs. 32.7%), whereas the backs spent significantly more time in the low–intensity zone during the match compared to the forwards (34.2% vs. 11.3%). Results also indicated that the duration of different intensity bouts were 29 sec for the low, 29 sec for the moderate and 1 min:17 sec for the high–intensity bouts, respectively. The results of this study showed that the combined use of heart rate and graded maximal test values enabled the researcher to determine the intensities of tertiary institution rugby union games as well as to investigate the significant differences between the game intensities of backs and forwards. The conclusion that can therefore be drawn from the results of this study are that in–game and graded maximal test heart rates as well as other respiratory–related variables will enable sport scientists and other sport–related professionals to draw more valid and accurate conclusions with regard to the demands of rugby union play. It also showed that players, and especially forwards, spent significantly more time in the high–intensity zone than was previously reported.<br>Thesis (M.Sc. (Sport Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

Durant l’exercici aeròbic, la temperatura cutània (Tsk) juga un rol fonamental en la regulació de la temperatura corporal. La temperatura ambiental és el major determinant de la Tsk, la qual és el resultat de l’equilibri entre la producció metabòlica de calor i la dissipació de calor cap a l’entorn. Durant l’exercici, la resposta de la Tsk pot estar influenciada pel consum d’oxigen (VO2peak) i per la flexibilitat metabòlica, ambdós potents predictors del rendiment aeròbic. La capacitat elevada de termoregulació cutània i la tassa de FATox són característiques en atletes altament entrenats, mentre que una capacitat oxidativa disminuïda, menors valors de Tsk i major concentració de [La-] són característics d’individus amb una baixa capacitat aeròbica, en una mateixa d’exercici sub-màxim absolut. L’objectiu d’aquest projecte va ser el d’analitzar i comparar la dinàmica de la Tsk en diferents poblacions amb diferents respostes metabòliques durant una proba d esforç incremental màxima sobre una cinta de córrer. Per aquest propòsit es desenvoluparen dos estudis. El primer estudi analitzà i va comparar la correlació entre la Tsk i les variables cardio-respiratòries en homes corredors de fons amb una alta condició física (HF) (n= 35; VO2peak = 56.62 ± 4.31 ml/kg/min) i amb una condició física moderada (MF) (n = 44; VO2peak = 47.86 ± 5.29 ml/kg/min) durant un test incremental amb períodes de 2 minuts fins l’ esgotament, seguit d’un període de recuperació de 5 minuts. El segon estudi analitzà i va comparar la correlació entre la Tsk i la flexibilitat metabòlica mesurant la concentració de [La-] juntament amb la tassa de FATox i CHOox en corredors de competició altament entrenats (HT) (n= 22; VO2peak = 58.57 ± 2.33 ml/kg/min), corredors moderadament actius (MA) (n= 20; VO2peak = 49.07 ± 4.67 ml/kg/min) i jugadors de futbol (SP) (n= 23; VO2peak = 53.34 ± 3.67 ml/kg/min) durant un test màxim incremental amb períodes de 3 minuts fins l’esgotament, seguit d’un període de recuperació de 5 minuts. Els resultats del primer estudi mostraren que el grup MF presentava menor VO2peak, velocitat màxima (speedpeak), ventilació (VE) i major índex de massa corporal (BMI) i % de massa grassa que el grup HF (tots p < 0.001). La Tsk va ser significativament major en el punt de partida, als 60% i 70% de la càrrega màxima (tots p < 0.05). Els resultats del segon estudi mostraren que el grup MA presentava menor VO2peak, speedpeak, i major BMI i % massa grassa (all p < 0.05) que els grups HT y SP. Existien correlacions entre Tsk amb les tasses de FATox i CHOox i la concentració de [La-] en tots els punts de dades de tots els grups (tots p < 0.001). Aquests resultats indiquen que el major VO2peak i la major tassa de FATox i menor concentració de [La-] estaven associades amb un augment de Tsk durant un exercici incremental màxim entre individus amb una ampla diferència de la seva capacitat aeròbica. Aquestes diferències haurien de tenir-se en consideració a les estratègies nutricionals i d’entrenament per millorar els esports aeròbics i d’equip.<br>Durante el ejercicio aeróbico, la temperatura cutánea (Tsk) juega un rol fundamental en la regulación de la temperatura corporal. La temperatura ambiental es el mayor determinante de la Tsk, la cual es el resultado del equilibrio entre la producción metabólica de calor y la disipación de calor hacia el ambiente. Durante el ejercicio, la respuesta de la Tsk puede estar influenciada por el consumo de oxígeno (VO2peak) y por la flexibilidad metabólica, ambos potentes predictores del rendimiento aeróbico. La capacidad elevada de termorregulación cutánea y la tasa de FATox son características en atletas altamente entrenados, mientras que una capacidad oxidativa disminuida, menores valores Tsk y mayor concentración de [La-] son característicos de individuos con una baja capacidad aeróbica, en una misma intensidad de ejercicio sub-máximo absoluto. EL objetivo de este proyecto fue el de analizar y comparar la dinámica de la Tsk en diferentes poblaciones con diferentes respuestas metabólicas durante una prueba de esfuerzo incremental máxima sobre una cinta de correr. Para este propósito se desarrollaron dos estudios. El primer estudio analizó y comparó la correlación entre la Tsk y las variables cardio-respiratorias en varones corredores de fondo con una alta condición física (HF) (n= 35; VO2peak = 56.62 ± 4.31 ml/kg/min) y con una condición física moderada (MF) (n = 44; VO2peak = 47.86 ± 5.29 ml/kg/min) durante un test incremental con periodos de 2 minutos hasta el agotamiento, seguido de un periodo de recuperación de 5 minutos. El segundo estudio analizó y comparó la correlación entre la Tsk y la flexibilidad metabólica midiendo la concentración de [La-] junto con la tasa de FATox y CHOox corredores de competición altamente entrenados (HT) (n= 22; VO2peak = 58.57 ± 2.33 ml/kg/min), corredores moderadamente activos (MA) (n= 20; VO2peak = 49.07 ± 4.67 ml/kg/min) y jugadores de futbol (SP) (n= 23; VO2peak = 53.34 ± 3.67 ml/kg/min) durante un test máximo incremental con periodos de 3 minutos hasta el agotamiento, seguido de un periodo de recuperación de 5 minutos. Los resultados del primer estudio mostraron que el grupo MF presentaba menor VO2peak, velocidad máxima (speedpeak), ventilación (VE) y mayor índice de masa corporal (BMI) y % de masa grasa que el grupo HF (todos p < 0.001). La Tsk fue significativamente mayor en el punto de partida, a los 60% y 70% de la carga máxima (todos p < 0.05). Los resultados del segundo estudio mostraron que el grupo MA presentaba menor VO2peak, speedpeak, y mayor BMI y % masa grasa (all p < 0.05) que los grupos HT y SP. Existían correlaciones entre Tsk con las tasas de FATox y CHOox y la concentración de [La-] en todos los puntos de datos de todos los grupos (todos p < 0.001). Estos resultados indican que el mayor VO2peak y mayor tasa de FATox y menor concentración de [La-] estaban asociadas con un aumento de Tsk durante un ejercicio incremental máximo entre individuos con una amplia diferencia de su capacidad aeróbica. Estas diferencias deberían tenerse en cuenta en las estrategias nutricionales y de entrenamiento para mejorar los deportes aeróbicos y de equipo.<br>During endurance exercise, Tsk plays a fundamental role in body temperature regulation. Environmental temperature is the biggest determinant of Tsk, which is the result of the balance between metabolic heat production and heat dissipation to the environment. During exercise, Tsk response might be influenced by oxygen consumption (VO2peak) and the metabolic flexibility, both powerful predictors of aerobic performance. Increased skin thermoregulatory capacity and FATox rates are characteristics of highly trained athletes, while decreased oxidative capacity and Tsk rates and higher [La-] concentrations are characteristics of individuals with low aerobic capacity, at the same absolute submaximal exercise intensities. The purpose of this project was to analyze and compare the dynamic of Tsk in different populations with different metabolic responses during an incremental maximal stress treadmill test. For this purpose, we performed two studies. The first study analyzed and compared the correlation between Tsk and cardiorespiratory variables in high fit (HF) (n= 35; VO2peak = 56.62 ± 4.31 ml/kg/min) and moderately fit MF (n = 44; VO2peak = 47.86 ± 5.29 ml/kg/min) male endurance runners during an incremental test with stages of 2 mins until exhaustion, followed by a recovery period of five minutes. The second study analyzed and compared the correlation between Tsk and metabolic flexibility by measuring [La-] concentrations along with FATox and CHOox rates in high trained (HT) (n= 22; VO2peak = 58.57 ± 2.33 ml/kg/min) competitive endurance runners, moderately active (MA) (n= 20; VO2peak = 49.07 ± 4.67 ml/kg/min) runners and professional soccer (PS) (n= 23; VO2peak = 53.34 ± 3.67 ml/kg/min) players during an incremental maximal test with stages of 3 mins until exhaustion, followed by a recovery period of five minutes. Results of the first study revealed that the MF group exhibited lower VO2peak, speedpeak, Ventilation (VE) and higher body mass index (BMI) and fat mass % than the HF group (all p < 0.001). Tsk was significantly higher at baseline, and at 60% and 70% of peak workload (all p < 0.05). Results of the second study revealed that MA group exhibited lower VO2peak, speedpeak, and higher BMI and fat mass % (all p < 0.05) than both HT and SP groups. There were correlations between Tsk with FATox and CHOox rates and [La-] concentrations for all data points of all groups (all p < 0.001). These findings indicate that higher VO2peak and FATox rates and lower [La-] concentrations were associated with increased Tsk during incremental maximal exercise across individuals of widely different metabolic capabilities. These differences should be taken into account in the training and nutritional strategies for enhancing endurance and team sports.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of an upper respiratory illness (URI) on running mechanics during a maximal VO2 exercise treadmill test. The specific measurements assessed were stride length (SL), stride frequency (SF), range of motion (ROM) of the hip, knee, and ankle, and the displacement of the center of mass (COM) during the stride cycle. Fifty-three subjects (female=25, male=28) between 18 and 30 years of age completed the study. The participants in the study were characteristically non-smokers, drank fewer than five alcoholic drinks per week, had no orthopedic problems, were not pregnant, did not suffer from hay fever or chronic colds, and were not allergic to penicillin. Rhinovirus Type 16 was used in the inoculation of the individuals. The subjects performed two maximal V02 treadmill test. The first test was before the inoculations and the second test was during the height of the illness. Stride length and SF data were derived from accelerometer data. Statistical analysis using ANOVA revealed no significant changes in SL or SF between pre- and post-inoculation treadmill tests. Based on the results of this study it was concluded that Rhinovirus Type 16 does not effect running mechanics during a maximal V02 treadmill test.<br>School of Physical Education

Despite the need to investigate the match characteristics of junior rugby union players in order to determine the physical demands that are placed on these players, only three studies have thus far focussed on the match characteristics of adolescent rugby players. It is against this problem, that the purposes of this study were firstly, to determine the heart rate and standard graded maximal oxygen uptake test values of u/15 high school rugby players; Secondly, to determine the intensities of u/15 high school rugby union games when making use of heart rates and standard graded maximal oxygen uptake test values; Thirdly, to determine if the absolute and relative total match time that is spent in each heart rate intensity zone during u/15 high school rugby games are significantly different when making use of heart rates and standard graded maximal oxygen uptake test values; Fourthly, to determine the significant positional differences in the heart rate and standard incremental maximal oxygen uptake test values of u/15 high school rugby players; Lastly, to determine the significant positional differences in the intensities of u/15 high school rugby union games when making use of heart rates and standard incremental maximal oxygen uptake test values. The heart rates (HR) of twenty-four u/15 rugby union players (15 forwards and 9 backs) from the 1st and 2nd teams of a high school in the Potchefstroom area of the North-West Province in South Africa were monitored for the duration of several home games during the 2012 season. Furthermore, the body stature and body mass of each player were measured and each player was subjected to a standard graded maximal oxygen uptake test in the periods between rugby games. The individual heart rate intensity zones were determined by making use of this test: heart rates that corresponded to the exercise intensities below the ventilatory threshold (VT) were classified as low intensity heart rates; heart rates that corresponded to the exercise intensities between VT and the respiratory compensation point (RCP) were classified as moderate intensity heart rates and heart rates that corresponded to the exercise intensities above RCP were classified as high intensity heart rates. The results firstly indicated that adolescent rugby players showed an average VO2max value of 49.20 ml∙kg-1∙min-1, which they obtained at an average VO2max HR value of 196.94 bpm; a VT of 77.67% (154.33 bpm) of the HRmax that was reached at a VO2 of 31.08 ml∙kg-1∙min-1; a RCP at 87.38% of VO2max (42.80 ml∙kg-1∙min-1) at an average heart rate of 184.4 bpm which was determined to be 92.72% of the HRmax during a standard graded maximal oxygen uptake test. Secondly, the heart rate for the three intensity zones (low (LIZ), moderate (MIZ) and high (HIZ)) were determined to be: <154.33 bpm, 154.33-184.35 bpm and >184.35 bpm, respectively. The majority of match time was spent in the MIZ (27 min and 49 s, 56.34% of the total match time), followed by the HIZ (10 min and 55 s, 23.03% of the total match time) and the LIZ (9 min and 6 s, 19.95% of the total match time). However, the average duration of low intensity bouts was higher (67 s) compared to the low (40 s) and high (39 s) intensity bouts, respectively. Lastly, significant differences were observed for all the above-mentioned values between the LIZ and MIZ as well as between the MIZ and the HIZ. Positional comparison revealed that the backs obtained significantly higher average HR at the VT and HR’s for the LIZ and MIZ as well as significantly lower average VO2 at RCP compared to the forwards. With regard to the match analysis related results, the forwards obtained significantly lower values for the total time and relative total time spent in the LIZ compared to the backs (forwards: 05 min 22 s; backs: 15 min 11 s and forwards: 12.5%; backs: 26.4%). From the results with regard to the duration of different intensity bouts, it is also clear that forwards spent less time on low intensity bouts (33 s versus 51 s), although the average time period that was spent on high intensity bouts was more or less the same between forwards and backs (39 s versus 37 s). This may be an indication of a higher work to rest ratio and less recovery time during rugby union games for the adolescent forwards compared to the backs. To conclude, the results of this study seem to suggest that the positional specific intensities of u/15 high school rugby union games can be determined and compared by making use of these players’ heart rates and standard graded maximal oxygen uptake test values. This is an important finding due to the limitations that have been identified with regard to the use of other match analysis methods. It also stresses the need for more rugby union match analysis studies on junior rugby players which make use of the last-mentioned method in order to determine the energy requirements and match demands of this group of players more accurately.<br>Thesis (MA (Sport Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

The purpose of the current study was two-fold: (1) To examine the variation in velocity and power with increasing intensity in the back squat among subjects; and (2) To explore individual subject characteristics as possible explanations for variations of velocity in the back squat. Fourteen recreationally trained male subjects with experience in the back squat agreed to participate in the study (age = 25.0 ± 2.6 years, height = 178.9 ± 8.1 cm, body mass = 88.2 ± 15.8 kg). One-repetition maximums (1RM) were performed for each subject on force platforms with four linear position transducers attached to the barbell. The 1RM assessment was immediately preceded by warm-up sets at 65%, 75%, 85%, and 95% of estimated 1RM for 5, 3, 2, and 1 repetitions, respectively. Mean concentric velocity (MCV) and mean power were recorded for each intensity condition and were analyzed using Pearson correlation to determine the relationship between each variable and relative intensity (%1RM). Statistically significant negative relationships existed between %1RM and MCV (r = −0.892) and mean power (r = −0.604). Between-subject coefficient of variation tended to increase as %1RM increased for both MCV and mean power. These results suggest that MCV is superior to mean power as an indicator of relative intensity in the back squat. Additionally, the between-subject variation observed at higher intensities for MCV and mean power support the use of velocity ranges by strength and conditioning coaches.