Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Maximal graded exercise test'

The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not differences exist in heart rate (HR) between jogging on the track and jogging on the treadmill at the same speed. Twenty-four college-age (19-31 years old) male (n = 12) and female (n = 12) recreational runners volunteered to participate in this study. Each participant performed a maximal graded exercise test (GXT) and four exercise sessions. During the first exercise session, participants completed a 1-mile steady-state jog on either the track or treadmill at a self-selected submaximal pace that could be maintained for 30 minutes. The following three exercise sessions were completed at the same pace as the first exercise session. Two of the exercise sessions were performed on the treadmill and two were performed on an indoor track. The order of the four sessions were counterbalanced. Participants were randomly assigned to an order of sessions. Heart rate was recorded every minute and the participants were asked to give an RPE at the end of every session. Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences in pace (mph) between the trials within the two track or two treadmill trials (p = 0.5812), in the HR response. Therefore, gender and trials were excluded from the final model, and the final model included only the treatment effect (track, treadmill). There was a significant treatment effect (F 1,94 = 39.126, p < 0.0001) indicating that significant differences in the HR responses between track and treadmill jogging at the same pace. Jogging on the treadmill elicited an average HR of 5.16 bpm (S.E. = 0.82) less than that observed while jogging on an indoor track at the same pace. We conclude that jogging on the treadmill and track at the same, self-selected speed results in HR values that differ significantly by 5 bpm. Differences in air resistance, biomechanics, and muscle activity most likely contributed to the observed differences in HR. The results of this study are applicable to various individuals who often train or exercise on the treadmill or overground. Use of a HR monitor is recommended to determine personal responses to exercise on a treadmill and overground.

To assess the relationships of body mass index (BMI) on arterial stiffness at rest and post-maximal treadmill graded exercise testing (GXT). Forty-four apparently healthy, young adult males (22.1 ± 0.48 years) were recruited and divided into either a healthy weight (H, ≤24.9 kg/m2), overweight (OV, 24.9-29.9 kg/m2) or obese (OB, ≥29.9 kg/m2) group based on BMI. All subjects underwent arterial stiffness (carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, cfPWV), blood pressure (BP), pulse pressure (PP), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and body composition (bioelectrical impedance analysis, BIA) measurements at rest. Following the GXT, measures of arterial stiffness (cfPWV) and BP were acquired. Resting measures of cfPWV, BMI, systolic BP, diastolic BP, MAP, and PP were significantly (p <0.05) greater in OV and OB compared with H. Compared with OV, OB had a greater BMI. Relative peak oxygen consumption (VP2peak) was greater in H compared with OV and OB (p<0.05). systolic BP was positively associated, whereas VO2peak was inversely related to cfPWV (p<0.05). No significant inter-group interactions were observed with cfPWV after the GXT. However, interactions were observed for SBP, DBP and PP (p<0.05). In young men with varying BMI, SBP and VO2peak were associated with resting cfPWV. However, similar cardiovascular responses were observed between groups after a maximal GXT.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Akron, Dept. of Sport Science and Wellness Education-Physical Education, 2009.<br>"August, 2009." Title from electronic thesis title page (viewed 10/7/2009) Advisor, Ronald Otterstetter; Committee members, James Rosneck, Laura Richardson; Department Chair, Victor Pinheiro; Dean of the College, Mark D. Shermis; Dean of the Graduate School, George R. Newkome. Includes bibliographical references.

The Borg 6–20 rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scale is a common measure reported during exercise testing and training, and is usually taken as a response measurement to provide a subjective assessment of exercise intensity. A lesser used application of the scale is for regulating exercise intensity, referred to as its ‘production mode’. Recent research on this topic initiated by Eston et al. (2005) has led to a novel application of this procedure as a means of predicting an individual’s maximal oxygen uptake ( O2max) via a perceptually-regulated exercise test (PRET). The PRET could play a significant role in guiding exercise prescription and monitoring cardiorespiratory fitness levels in situations where the normal heart rate response is affected. The aim of this thesis is to develop further and test the integrity of the PRET technique. Firstly, a review of the evidence on the validity and reliability of the Borg RPE scale when used to regulate exercise intensity in healthy and unhealthy adults is presented, as to-date, no scholarly publication has synthesised the body of knowledge on this specific application of the scale. Subsequently, four studies were completed to investigate the effects of different methodological variations on the predictive capabilities of the PRET, including an examination (for the first time) of its utility among heart failure patients (Study 4). Study 1 re-visited the validity and reliability of the PRET technique utilising a modified protocol of differing durations (2 and 4 min bouts), with revised instructions and placing the graded exercise test (GXT) as the final trial during cycle ergometry. Superior results were observed to those reported in previous investigations (Eston et al., 2008; Faulkner et al. 2007; Eston et al., 2006) during the 3 min trial, further reinforcing the validity and reliability of this technique. Accordingly, Study 2 was the first to investigate the reliability and validity of a treadmill PRET protocol with a ceiling intensity of RPE 15, rather than RPE 17, and observed that a safer modified PRET (with practice) provides acceptably valid and reliable predictions of O2max in healthy adults. In addition, Study 3 extended the research thus far by investigating the PRET protocol during cycle exercise, once again with a ceiling intensity of RPE 15, and demonstrated that (with practice) a cycle-based PRET can yield reliable and valid predictions of O2max that compare favourably to previous investigations. Finally, given that the research employing a PRET has unanimously alluded to its likely value in clinical populations among whom heart rate as a physiological response to exercise is affected (e.g. via medication) and precluded as a means predicting O2max, Study 4 investigated the utility of a PRET in a beta-blocked population of heart failure patients. In the event, it was observed that a PRET (up to RPE 15) was too strenuous and needs to be capped at an intensity of RPE 13 in this population. In addition a continuous protocol seemed unsuitable due to its length and it was recommended that a discontinuous PRET protocol be investigated. Future research needs to investigate the utilisation of the PRET (i) in different exercise modes; (ii) determine the optimum number of practice trials required; (iii) whether a discontinuous or continuous protocol is more appropariate; (iv) whether the extrapolation should be made to RPE 19 or 20 and; (v) whether the PRET can be employed succesfully in other clinical populations.

In order for sport scientists and conditioning coaches to construct sport and position specific training regimens for players, they need to understand the physiological demands different playing positions face during rugby union matches. Despite the inaccuracy of timemotion, heart rate and blood lactate analyses, no researchers have to date attempted to determine the demands of tertiary institution rugby union games by using heart rate and graded maximal test values. It is against this background, that the purposes of this study were firstly, to determine the intensities of tertiary institution rugby union games, using heart rates and graded maximal test values, and secondly, to determine the positional differences in tertiary institution rugby game intensities, using heart rates and graded maximal test values. In the weeks between three rugby matches, ten forwards and eleven backs, who were selected from the first and second teams of the North–West University (Potchefstroom Campus, South Africa) performed a standard incremental maximal oxygen uptake ( 2max VO ? ) test to the point of exhaustion. The test was used to determine two ventilatory threshold points by means of which the low, moderate and high–intensity heart rate zones were identified for each of the players. These heart rate zones were used to determine the amount of time that each player spent in the different intensity zones during matches, whilst heart rate telemetry data was used. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were found between the amount of time each player spent in the low and high–intensity zones (23.2% vs. 37.4%) during the second halves, between the low and moderate (22.8% vs. 33.6%) as well as between the low and high–intensity zones (22.8% vs. 43.6%) for the matches overall. When the independent t–test values were calculated, the study revealed that forwards spent significantly more time in the highintensity zone compared to the backs (54.6% vs. 32.7%), whereas the backs spent significantly more time in the low–intensity zone during the match compared to the forwards (34.2% vs. 11.3%). Results also indicated that the duration of different intensity bouts were 29 sec for the low, 29 sec for the moderate and 1 min:17 sec for the high–intensity bouts, respectively. The results of this study showed that the combined use of heart rate and graded maximal test values enabled the researcher to determine the intensities of tertiary institution rugby union games as well as to investigate the significant differences between the game intensities of backs and forwards. The conclusion that can therefore be drawn from the results of this study are that in–game and graded maximal test heart rates as well as other respiratory–related variables will enable sport scientists and other sport–related professionals to draw more valid and accurate conclusions with regard to the demands of rugby union play. It also showed that players, and especially forwards, spent significantly more time in the high–intensity zone than was previously reported.<br>Thesis (M.Sc. (Sport Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

Durant l’exercici aeròbic, la temperatura cutània (Tsk) juga un rol fonamental en la regulació de la temperatura corporal. La temperatura ambiental és el major determinant de la Tsk, la qual és el resultat de l’equilibri entre la producció metabòlica de calor i la dissipació de calor cap a l’entorn. Durant l’exercici, la resposta de la Tsk pot estar influenciada pel consum d’oxigen (VO2peak) i per la flexibilitat metabòlica, ambdós potents predictors del rendiment aeròbic. La capacitat elevada de termoregulació cutània i la tassa de FATox són característiques en atletes altament entrenats, mentre que una capacitat oxidativa disminuïda, menors valors de Tsk i major concentració de [La-] són característics d’individus amb una baixa capacitat aeròbica, en una mateixa d’exercici sub-màxim absolut. L’objectiu d’aquest projecte va ser el d’analitzar i comparar la dinàmica de la Tsk en diferents poblacions amb diferents respostes metabòliques durant una proba d esforç incremental màxima sobre una cinta de córrer. Per aquest propòsit es desenvoluparen dos estudis. El primer estudi analitzà i va comparar la correlació entre la Tsk i les variables cardio-respiratòries en homes corredors de fons amb una alta condició física (HF) (n= 35; VO2peak = 56.62 ± 4.31 ml/kg/min) i amb una condició física moderada (MF) (n = 44; VO2peak = 47.86 ± 5.29 ml/kg/min) durant un test incremental amb períodes de 2 minuts fins l’ esgotament, seguit d’un període de recuperació de 5 minuts. El segon estudi analitzà i va comparar la correlació entre la Tsk i la flexibilitat metabòlica mesurant la concentració de [La-] juntament amb la tassa de FATox i CHOox en corredors de competició altament entrenats (HT) (n= 22; VO2peak = 58.57 ± 2.33 ml/kg/min), corredors moderadament actius (MA) (n= 20; VO2peak = 49.07 ± 4.67 ml/kg/min) i jugadors de futbol (SP) (n= 23; VO2peak = 53.34 ± 3.67 ml/kg/min) durant un test màxim incremental amb períodes de 3 minuts fins l’esgotament, seguit d’un període de recuperació de 5 minuts. Els resultats del primer estudi mostraren que el grup MF presentava menor VO2peak, velocitat màxima (speedpeak), ventilació (VE) i major índex de massa corporal (BMI) i % de massa grassa que el grup HF (tots p < 0.001). La Tsk va ser significativament major en el punt de partida, als 60% i 70% de la càrrega màxima (tots p < 0.05). Els resultats del segon estudi mostraren que el grup MA presentava menor VO2peak, speedpeak, i major BMI i % massa grassa (all p < 0.05) que els grups HT y SP. Existien correlacions entre Tsk amb les tasses de FATox i CHOox i la concentració de [La-] en tots els punts de dades de tots els grups (tots p < 0.001). Aquests resultats indiquen que el major VO2peak i la major tassa de FATox i menor concentració de [La-] estaven associades amb un augment de Tsk durant un exercici incremental màxim entre individus amb una ampla diferència de la seva capacitat aeròbica. Aquestes diferències haurien de tenir-se en consideració a les estratègies nutricionals i d’entrenament per millorar els esports aeròbics i d’equip.<br>Durante el ejercicio aeróbico, la temperatura cutánea (Tsk) juega un rol fundamental en la regulación de la temperatura corporal. La temperatura ambiental es el mayor determinante de la Tsk, la cual es el resultado del equilibrio entre la producción metabólica de calor y la disipación de calor hacia el ambiente. Durante el ejercicio, la respuesta de la Tsk puede estar influenciada por el consumo de oxígeno (VO2peak) y por la flexibilidad metabólica, ambos potentes predictores del rendimiento aeróbico. La capacidad elevada de termorregulación cutánea y la tasa de FATox son características en atletas altamente entrenados, mientras que una capacidad oxidativa disminuida, menores valores Tsk y mayor concentración de [La-] son característicos de individuos con una baja capacidad aeróbica, en una misma intensidad de ejercicio sub-máximo absoluto. EL objetivo de este proyecto fue el de analizar y comparar la dinámica de la Tsk en diferentes poblaciones con diferentes respuestas metabólicas durante una prueba de esfuerzo incremental máxima sobre una cinta de correr. Para este propósito se desarrollaron dos estudios. El primer estudio analizó y comparó la correlación entre la Tsk y las variables cardio-respiratorias en varones corredores de fondo con una alta condición física (HF) (n= 35; VO2peak = 56.62 ± 4.31 ml/kg/min) y con una condición física moderada (MF) (n = 44; VO2peak = 47.86 ± 5.29 ml/kg/min) durante un test incremental con periodos de 2 minutos hasta el agotamiento, seguido de un periodo de recuperación de 5 minutos. El segundo estudio analizó y comparó la correlación entre la Tsk y la flexibilidad metabólica midiendo la concentración de [La-] junto con la tasa de FATox y CHOox corredores de competición altamente entrenados (HT) (n= 22; VO2peak = 58.57 ± 2.33 ml/kg/min), corredores moderadamente activos (MA) (n= 20; VO2peak = 49.07 ± 4.67 ml/kg/min) y jugadores de futbol (SP) (n= 23; VO2peak = 53.34 ± 3.67 ml/kg/min) durante un test máximo incremental con periodos de 3 minutos hasta el agotamiento, seguido de un periodo de recuperación de 5 minutos. Los resultados del primer estudio mostraron que el grupo MF presentaba menor VO2peak, velocidad máxima (speedpeak), ventilación (VE) y mayor índice de masa corporal (BMI) y % de masa grasa que el grupo HF (todos p < 0.001). La Tsk fue significativamente mayor en el punto de partida, a los 60% y 70% de la carga máxima (todos p < 0.05). Los resultados del segundo estudio mostraron que el grupo MA presentaba menor VO2peak, speedpeak, y mayor BMI y % masa grasa (all p < 0.05) que los grupos HT y SP. Existían correlaciones entre Tsk con las tasas de FATox y CHOox y la concentración de [La-] en todos los puntos de datos de todos los grupos (todos p < 0.001). Estos resultados indican que el mayor VO2peak y mayor tasa de FATox y menor concentración de [La-] estaban asociadas con un aumento de Tsk durante un ejercicio incremental máximo entre individuos con una amplia diferencia de su capacidad aeróbica. Estas diferencias deberían tenerse en cuenta en las estrategias nutricionales y de entrenamiento para mejorar los deportes aeróbicos y de equipo.<br>During endurance exercise, Tsk plays a fundamental role in body temperature regulation. Environmental temperature is the biggest determinant of Tsk, which is the result of the balance between metabolic heat production and heat dissipation to the environment. During exercise, Tsk response might be influenced by oxygen consumption (VO2peak) and the metabolic flexibility, both powerful predictors of aerobic performance. Increased skin thermoregulatory capacity and FATox rates are characteristics of highly trained athletes, while decreased oxidative capacity and Tsk rates and higher [La-] concentrations are characteristics of individuals with low aerobic capacity, at the same absolute submaximal exercise intensities. The purpose of this project was to analyze and compare the dynamic of Tsk in different populations with different metabolic responses during an incremental maximal stress treadmill test. For this purpose, we performed two studies. The first study analyzed and compared the correlation between Tsk and cardiorespiratory variables in high fit (HF) (n= 35; VO2peak = 56.62 ± 4.31 ml/kg/min) and moderately fit MF (n = 44; VO2peak = 47.86 ± 5.29 ml/kg/min) male endurance runners during an incremental test with stages of 2 mins until exhaustion, followed by a recovery period of five minutes. The second study analyzed and compared the correlation between Tsk and metabolic flexibility by measuring [La-] concentrations along with FATox and CHOox rates in high trained (HT) (n= 22; VO2peak = 58.57 ± 2.33 ml/kg/min) competitive endurance runners, moderately active (MA) (n= 20; VO2peak = 49.07 ± 4.67 ml/kg/min) runners and professional soccer (PS) (n= 23; VO2peak = 53.34 ± 3.67 ml/kg/min) players during an incremental maximal test with stages of 3 mins until exhaustion, followed by a recovery period of five minutes. Results of the first study revealed that the MF group exhibited lower VO2peak, speedpeak, Ventilation (VE) and higher body mass index (BMI) and fat mass % than the HF group (all p < 0.001). Tsk was significantly higher at baseline, and at 60% and 70% of peak workload (all p < 0.05). Results of the second study revealed that MA group exhibited lower VO2peak, speedpeak, and higher BMI and fat mass % (all p < 0.05) than both HT and SP groups. There were correlations between Tsk with FATox and CHOox rates and [La-] concentrations for all data points of all groups (all p < 0.001). These findings indicate that higher VO2peak and FATox rates and lower [La-] concentrations were associated with increased Tsk during incremental maximal exercise across individuals of widely different metabolic capabilities. These differences should be taken into account in the training and nutritional strategies for enhancing endurance and team sports.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of an upper respiratory illness (URI) on running mechanics during a maximal VO2 exercise treadmill test. The specific measurements assessed were stride length (SL), stride frequency (SF), range of motion (ROM) of the hip, knee, and ankle, and the displacement of the center of mass (COM) during the stride cycle. Fifty-three subjects (female=25, male=28) between 18 and 30 years of age completed the study. The participants in the study were characteristically non-smokers, drank fewer than five alcoholic drinks per week, had no orthopedic problems, were not pregnant, did not suffer from hay fever or chronic colds, and were not allergic to penicillin. Rhinovirus Type 16 was used in the inoculation of the individuals. The subjects performed two maximal V02 treadmill test. The first test was before the inoculations and the second test was during the height of the illness. Stride length and SF data were derived from accelerometer data. Statistical analysis using ANOVA revealed no significant changes in SL or SF between pre- and post-inoculation treadmill tests. Based on the results of this study it was concluded that Rhinovirus Type 16 does not effect running mechanics during a maximal V02 treadmill test.<br>School of Physical Education

Despite the need to investigate the match characteristics of junior rugby union players in order to determine the physical demands that are placed on these players, only three studies have thus far focussed on the match characteristics of adolescent rugby players. It is against this problem, that the purposes of this study were firstly, to determine the heart rate and standard graded maximal oxygen uptake test values of u/15 high school rugby players; Secondly, to determine the intensities of u/15 high school rugby union games when making use of heart rates and standard graded maximal oxygen uptake test values; Thirdly, to determine if the absolute and relative total match time that is spent in each heart rate intensity zone during u/15 high school rugby games are significantly different when making use of heart rates and standard graded maximal oxygen uptake test values; Fourthly, to determine the significant positional differences in the heart rate and standard incremental maximal oxygen uptake test values of u/15 high school rugby players; Lastly, to determine the significant positional differences in the intensities of u/15 high school rugby union games when making use of heart rates and standard incremental maximal oxygen uptake test values. The heart rates (HR) of twenty-four u/15 rugby union players (15 forwards and 9 backs) from the 1st and 2nd teams of a high school in the Potchefstroom area of the North-West Province in South Africa were monitored for the duration of several home games during the 2012 season. Furthermore, the body stature and body mass of each player were measured and each player was subjected to a standard graded maximal oxygen uptake test in the periods between rugby games. The individual heart rate intensity zones were determined by making use of this test: heart rates that corresponded to the exercise intensities below the ventilatory threshold (VT) were classified as low intensity heart rates; heart rates that corresponded to the exercise intensities between VT and the respiratory compensation point (RCP) were classified as moderate intensity heart rates and heart rates that corresponded to the exercise intensities above RCP were classified as high intensity heart rates. The results firstly indicated that adolescent rugby players showed an average VO2max value of 49.20 ml∙kg-1∙min-1, which they obtained at an average VO2max HR value of 196.94 bpm; a VT of 77.67% (154.33 bpm) of the HRmax that was reached at a VO2 of 31.08 ml∙kg-1∙min-1; a RCP at 87.38% of VO2max (42.80 ml∙kg-1∙min-1) at an average heart rate of 184.4 bpm which was determined to be 92.72% of the HRmax during a standard graded maximal oxygen uptake test. Secondly, the heart rate for the three intensity zones (low (LIZ), moderate (MIZ) and high (HIZ)) were determined to be: <154.33 bpm, 154.33-184.35 bpm and >184.35 bpm, respectively. The majority of match time was spent in the MIZ (27 min and 49 s, 56.34% of the total match time), followed by the HIZ (10 min and 55 s, 23.03% of the total match time) and the LIZ (9 min and 6 s, 19.95% of the total match time). However, the average duration of low intensity bouts was higher (67 s) compared to the low (40 s) and high (39 s) intensity bouts, respectively. Lastly, significant differences were observed for all the above-mentioned values between the LIZ and MIZ as well as between the MIZ and the HIZ. Positional comparison revealed that the backs obtained significantly higher average HR at the VT and HR’s for the LIZ and MIZ as well as significantly lower average VO2 at RCP compared to the forwards. With regard to the match analysis related results, the forwards obtained significantly lower values for the total time and relative total time spent in the LIZ compared to the backs (forwards: 05 min 22 s; backs: 15 min 11 s and forwards: 12.5%; backs: 26.4%). From the results with regard to the duration of different intensity bouts, it is also clear that forwards spent less time on low intensity bouts (33 s versus 51 s), although the average time period that was spent on high intensity bouts was more or less the same between forwards and backs (39 s versus 37 s). This may be an indication of a higher work to rest ratio and less recovery time during rugby union games for the adolescent forwards compared to the backs. To conclude, the results of this study seem to suggest that the positional specific intensities of u/15 high school rugby union games can be determined and compared by making use of these players’ heart rates and standard graded maximal oxygen uptake test values. This is an important finding due to the limitations that have been identified with regard to the use of other match analysis methods. It also stresses the need for more rugby union match analysis studies on junior rugby players which make use of the last-mentioned method in order to determine the energy requirements and match demands of this group of players more accurately.<br>Thesis (MA (Sport Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

The purpose of the current study was two-fold: (1) To examine the variation in velocity and power with increasing intensity in the back squat among subjects; and (2) To explore individual subject characteristics as possible explanations for variations of velocity in the back squat. Fourteen recreationally trained male subjects with experience in the back squat agreed to participate in the study (age = 25.0 ± 2.6 years, height = 178.9 ± 8.1 cm, body mass = 88.2 ± 15.8 kg). One-repetition maximums (1RM) were performed for each subject on force platforms with four linear position transducers attached to the barbell. The 1RM assessment was immediately preceded by warm-up sets at 65%, 75%, 85%, and 95% of estimated 1RM for 5, 3, 2, and 1 repetitions, respectively. Mean concentric velocity (MCV) and mean power were recorded for each intensity condition and were analyzed using Pearson correlation to determine the relationship between each variable and relative intensity (%1RM). Statistically significant negative relationships existed between %1RM and MCV (r = −0.892) and mean power (r = −0.604). Between-subject coefficient of variation tended to increase as %1RM increased for both MCV and mean power. These results suggest that MCV is superior to mean power as an indicator of relative intensity in the back squat. Additionally, the between-subject variation observed at higher intensities for MCV and mean power support the use of velocity ranges by strength and conditioning coaches.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of nonexercise (N-EX) data, specifically, the Perceived Functional Ability (PFA) and Physical Activity Rating (PA-R) questionnaires, with the treadmill walk-jog-run protocol to estimate VO2max in 12 to 17 year old boys and girls. Ninety-one participants (49 males and 42 females) took part in this study. Data were collected via PFA and PA-R questionnaires, a walk-jog-run submaximal treadmill test, and a maximal graded exercise test (GXT). Data collected included gender, age, height, weight, PFA and PA-R scores, heart rate (HR), treadmill speed, maximal treadmill grade, respiratory exchange ratio (RER), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and VO2max. Regression analysis resulted in the development of two valid and reliable models to predict VO2max. Nonexercise and submaximal exercise test data were used to build the following model: VO2max (mL∙kg-¹∙min-¹) = 11.201 + (6.877 x Gender; 0 = female; 1 = male) + (3.573 x treadmill speed; mph) – (0.174 x kg) + (0.405 x PFA score) + (0.653 x PA-R score) + (1.019 x age). The model resulted in an R2 = 0.69 and a SEE = 5.16 mL∙kg-¹∙min-¹. Maximal exercise test data were used to build the following model: VO2max (mL∙kg-¹∙min-¹) = -3.264 + (3.359 x Gender; 0 = female; 1 = male) – (0.082 x kg) + (7.351 x treadmill speed; mph) + (1.750 x maximal treadmill grade). The model resulted in an R2 = 0.88 and a SEE = 3.16 mL∙ kg-¹∙min-¹. The cross-validation PRESS statistics for both models demonstrated minimal shrinkage in the accuracy of the regression model. The results of this study demonstrate, for the first time, that N-EX data can be used to accurately predict VO2max in youth. The submaximal and maximal exercise tests validated in this study can be used to assess cardiorespiratory fitness of youth having a wide range on interests and fitness levels. In addition, the use of PFA and PA-R questionnaires enforces initiatives to increase physical activity among youth. Both exercise tests use a self-selected treadmill speed that elicits a steady-state HR of 70% of the participants age-predicted maximal HR. The use of a self-selected walking, jogging, or running speed accommodates youth with different levels of physical fitness, motivation, and interests. The exercise test protocol presented in this study is practical for use in schools, athletic facilities, and community fitness centers. The equipment required to administer the exercise test presented in this study is limited to a treadmill and a HR monitor. Together with the use of PFA and PA-R questionnaires, the submaximal and maximal exercise tests are efficacious to coaches, fitness professionals, and physical educators in a variety of settings.

Background: The end-product of glycolysis is lactate, which is subsequently oxidised to produce more energy. With increasing intensity, the rate of lactate production exceeds the capacity to eliminate lactate, leading to an exponential accumulation of blood lactate. Clinicians use incremental graded exercise tests to induce this blood lactate curve. Two distinct thresholds can then be determined from the curve, of which the second threshold is highly correlated with competitive endurance performance. The exact threshold intensities depend on the threshold concept used as well as on variations in the test protocol. Aim: To evaluate how the Finnish lactate threshold concept is affected by using stage durations of 5 minutes instead of the recommended 3, and to determine how this affects the maximal oxygen uptake. Methods: Seven well-trained adults were recruited to perform two separate incremental graded exercise tests with 3- and 5-minute stages, respectively. Lactate thresholds were determined directly by blood lactate measurements and according to the instructions of the Finnish Society of Sport Sciences. Breath-by-breath gas exchange was measured throughout the tests.  Results: No significant differences occurred at the first lactate threshold. At the second lactate threshold, heart rate, oxygen uptake and blood lactate remained unchanged, while speed dropped (-0.81 ±0.81 km/h; p=0.037) when comparing the 5-minute protocol with the 3-minute protocol. Both protocols resulted in similar peak oxygen uptakes, while speed at peak oxygen uptake decreased (-1.07 ±0.89 km/h; p=0.015) for the 5-minute protocol. Conclusion: This study showed that the chosen stage duration does not affect the blood lactate at the first or second lactate threshold, while a longer stage duration does affect the work intensity corresponding to the second lactate threshold of the Finnish lactate threshold concept. As the work intensity at LT2 is often used to prescribe endurance training and to predict competitive endurance performance, these findings can be of interest to the endurance testing community. It enables an extended understanding when designing test protocols and when analysing the results of a lactate threshold test. This might in turn contribute to more accurate exercise intensity prescriptions and thereby faster development among endurance athletes. Further research with more subjects as well as research into the validity of the Finnish lactate threshold concept is recommended.<br>Bakgrund: Vid glykolys bildas laktat som biprodukt som sedan oxideras för att producera mera energi. Vid högre träningsintensitet produceras mer laktat i kroppen än kroppen hinner oxidera och därmed börjar laktat ackumuleras i blodet. Kliniskt används inkrementella träningstester för att framkalla en blodlaktatkurva. Vanligtvis bestäms två distinkta trösklar ur kurvan, av vilka den andra laktattröskeln är starkt korrelerad med uthållighetsprestation i tävlingssammanhang. Den exakta träningsintensiteten vid trösklarna beror på metoden som använts för att bestämma trösklarna ur blodlaktatkurvan samt variationer i testprotokollet. Syfte: Att bedöma hur den finska metoden för att bestämma laktattrösklarna påverkas då ett testprotokoll med 5-minutersnivåer används istället för de rekommenderade 3-minutersnivåerna, samt att bedöma hur detta påverkar den maximala syreupptagningsförmågan. Metoder: Sju vältränade vuxna utförde två separata inkrementella träningstester, med 3-minuters- respektive 5-minutersnivåer. Laktattrösklarna bestämdes med hjälp av blodlaktatmätningar och enligt instruktionerna av the Finnish Society of Sport Sciences. Försökspersonernas gasutbyte loggades under hela testernas gång.  Resultat: Inga signifikanta skillnader fanns vid första laktattröskeln. Vid den andra laktattröskeln var puls, syreupptagning och laktatnivå samma för båda protokollen, medan löphastigheten var lägre (-0.81 ±0.81 km/h; p=0.037) för 5-minutersprotokollet jämfört med 3-minutersprotokollet. Båda protokollen resulterade i liknande maximalt syreupptag, men löphastigheten vid maximalt syreupptag var lägre (-1.07 ±0.89 km/h; p=0.015) vid 5-minutersprotokollet.  Slutsatser: Studien visade att nivåernas varaktighet inte påverkade laktatvärdet vid första eller andra laktattröskeln, men att en längre nivålängd påverkar arbetsintensiteten vid den andra laktattröskeln då den finska metoden för att bestämma trösklarna används. Eftersom arbetsintensiteten vid den andra laktattröskeln ofta används för att förutse uthållighetsprestation i tävlingssammanhang samt för att ordinera arbetsintensitet för uthållighetsträning kan studien bidra med en värdefull förståelse för individer som jobbar med uthållighetstester. De kan utnyttja denna förståelse både då de utvecklar testprotokoll och då de analyserar resultat från tröskeltester. I längden kan detta leda till noggrannare ordineringar vad gäller arbetsintensitet och därmed en snabbare utveckling bland uthållighetsidrottare. Ytterligare forskning med fler försökspersoner samt forskning för att validera den finska metoden för att bestämma laktattrösklar behövs.

Populations that utilize deep water running (DWR) are described in Chapter I. A review of the literature concerning maximal and submaximal responses during DWR, shallow water running and swimming is presented in Chapter II. The protocols to elicit maximal responses during DWR and treadmill running (TMR), subject characteristics, and statistical methods employed are described in Chapter III. The results, presented in Chapter IV, indicate that the DWR protocol is a reliable test for eliciting peak oxygen consumption and heart rate. Furthermore, the metabolic responses during DWR are lower than TMR. Chapter V discusses factors which might limit maximal responses during DWR. Chapter VI contains suggestions for further research. Raw data are presented in Appendix A.

Healthcare practitioners, whom perform accurate sub-maximal exercise tests in healthy individuals, need to understand the physiological demands and normal cardiovascular (CV) responses with exercise. Exercise testing delivers valid information about the physiological systems of individuals that may identify healthy individuals at risk of developing future cardiovascular disease (CVD). Exercise is a common way to assess physiological stress experienced by an individual, because CV abnormalities that are not present at rest, can be elicited during exercise testing and be used to determine the adequacy of cardiac function. Cardiovascular markers like, resting heart rate (HR) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) have been used as simple non-invasive and useful biomarkers of the fundamental status of blood circulation and the CV system in healthy individuals. Studies have contributed to exercise under sub-maximal and maximal stress testing. Modern- day literature lacks information on the safe HR and SBP responses to an increase in workload during a sub-maximal exercise protocol in healthy individuals. Consequently, the first purpose of this study was to identify the current evidence in the literature on CV response during a sub-maximal incremental exercise protocol. Different protocols and modalities contribute to various CV responses over a wide age group and gender. Heart rate and SBP increases in a linear fashion with an increase in workload, irrespective of protocol and modality. The amount of this increase, or the response of these markers, is still a grey area in the literature, especially in healthy individuals. The second purpose of this study was to analyse the HR and SBP response in healthy adults during a sub-maximal incremental exercise test, with an increase in workload (watt). The systematic review found mean changes from baseline for HR and SBP to be 75.7% and 63.5% respectively, on bicycle protocols (N = 3). The treadmill protocols (N = 2) found similar mean changes from baseline of 113.3% for HR and 36.1% for SBP. Descriptive measures as well as Linear regression analyses were performed, using Generalised estimated equations (GEE). An independent t-test was used to compare the males with the female participants: HR and SBP response to an increase in workload (watt). GEE adjustments were made for age, body mass index (BMI) and workload (watt). Significant difference levels were set at p ≤ 0.05. The present once-off subject availability results revealed that male subjects were heavier and taller than their female counterparts (p ≤ 0.05). They also had a noteworthy higher SBPrest, as well as BMI (p ≤ 0.05). The results from the GEE analyses we presented prediction equation, with all variables significant, except for the BMI (p = 0.972 females; p = 0.169 males). In conclusion, the literature review indicated a lack of information on the HR and SBP response with workload in healthy adults. It is advised that further research is needed to test the prediction equations in healthy individuals to determine the validity and reliability. They need to be tested in a controlled clinical environment, where the participants are monitored more thoroughly. By putting these predicted equations to the test, healthcare practitioners will be able to identify an exaggerated HR and SBP response with an increase in workload. If the individual’s response is exaggerated, the healthcare practitioner can intervene to prevent future cardiovascular events.<br>Thesis (MSc (Biokinetics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

The direct effect of spouse presence during graded exercise testing on anxiety and performance has not been previously delineated. Therefore, the purposes of this study were to (a) ascertain if spouse presence during graded exercise testing affects state anxiety or physiological performance variables, and (b) determine differences in psychological status between cardiac patients and healthy adults.

The purpose of this dissertation was to evaluate the effects of changing body position on the execution of the isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP). Furthermore, while there is evidence to suggest that there is an effect of familiarization on performance of maximal strength tests, there has been no known research evaluating the effect of learning on the IMTP. The effect of familiarization was assessed by evaluating changes in variables obtained from the IMTP. Subjects did not statistically improve over the five IMTP testing sessions, regardless of the body position used, or if subjects had previous experience with weightlifting derivatives. This may indicate that little familiarization is needed for subjects to perform the IMTP before acute increases due to learning stabilize. When body positions were compared, there were differences in force production whether subjects had or did not have experience with weightlifting movements. The magnitude of difference between body position was affected by weightlifting movement experience; lifters with >6 months experience with weightlifting had larger differences in force production between position. Average muscle activation for a variety of muscles, evaluated with surface EMG, appeared to differ between body positions, although these positions are idiosyncratic to experience level. In particular, lumbar erector spinae activation was higher in the bent position for both groups, which may have implications for low back injury risk.In entirety, it appears that if maximizing force production is the goal, the upright positon is optimal. Furthermore, the differing body positions have meaningfully different effects on how 3 much individual muscles are activated between positions. Lastly, substantial familiarization does not appear to be necessary before subjects perform the IMTP.

Objetivos: O exercício físico regular em pacientes com fibrose cística (FC) auxilia no condicionamento aeróbico e diminui a progressão da doença, proporcionando melhor qualidade de vida. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de um programa de exercício físico aeróbico baseado na orientação verbal e instrumental na capacidade funcional e na qualidade de vida. Métodos: O Estudo constituiu-se de um ensaio clínico, randomizado, de orientações para o exercício físico realizado em um centro de FC. Os pacientes foram alocados em dois grupos, intervenção e controle, sendo 17 pacientes no grupo intervenção (G1) e 17 para o grupo controle (G2). A coleta de dados ocorreu durante o período de outubro de 2010 a outubro de 2011, e a população em estudo consistiu em crianças e adolescentes com FC e idade entre sete e 20 anos.A intervenção foi um manual de orientações com exercícios físicos aeróbicos e reforço das orientações por meio de contato telefônico a cada duas semanas. Resultados: Foram estudados 34 pacientes com FC, sendo que 20 pacientes (58,8)% eram do sexo masculino. Os grupos eram semelhantes no momento basal, sendo que no G1 seis pacientes (35,2%) referiram praticar exercício físico regularmente, a média de idade foi de 13,40±2,81 anos, do percentual do previsto do volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo (VEF1%) foi de 95,53±17,94 % e do consumo de oxigênio de pico relativo a massa corporal (VO2pico) foi de 34,93±9,09 ml/kg-1.min-1 . No G2, quatro pacientes (23,5%) referiram praticar exercício físico regularmente, a média de idade foi de 12,76±3,37 anos, do VEF1 foi de 100,13±21,27 % e do VO2pico foi de 33,21±8,26 ml/kg-1.min. Houve aumento significativo do G1 na prática de exercício físico relatada pelos pacientes após os três meses de intervenção comparado ao G2 (p=0,013). Nas demais variáveis não foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significativas. Conclusão: Esse estudo demonstrou que a orientação verbal e instrumental para o exercício aeróbico, acoplado com supervisão telefônica teve impacto positivo no relato das crianças e adolescentes quanto a prática do exercício físico regular. Porém, não foram observados melhora nos parâmetros fisiológicos, nem nos domínios do questionário de qualidade de vida.<br>Objectives: Regular physical activity in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) improves aerobic conditioning and delays disease progression, which results in better quality of life. This study evaluated the effect on functional capacity and quality of life of an aerobic physical activity program based on verbal and written guidelines. Methods: This randomized clinical trial used guidelines for physical exercise in a CF center. Patients were assigned to two groups: intervention (G1), with 17 patients; and control (G2), also with 17 patients. Data were collected from October 2010 to October 2011, and the study population comprised children and adolescents with CF aged 7 to 20 years. The intervention consisted of handing out a manual with guidelines for aerobic physical exercises and reinforcing recommendations in contacts by phone every two weeks. Results: Thirty-four patients were included in the study, 20 of whom were boys (58.5%). The groups were similar at baseline. In G1, 6 patients (35.2%) reported practicing physical exercises regularly; mean age was 13.40±2.81 years, mean percent predicted forced expiratory flow at one second (FEV1%) was 95.53±17.94% and mean peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) relative to body mass was 34.93±9.09 ml/kg-1.min-1. In G2, four patients (23.5%) reported practicing physical exercises regularly. Mean age was 12.76±3.37 years, mean FEV1 was 100.13±21.27% and mean VO2peak was 33.21±8.26 ml/kg-1.min. In G1, there was a significant increase of physical exercise practice as reported by patients after three months of intervention when compared with G2 (p=0.013). No statistically significant differences were found for the other variables. Conclusion: Verbal and written guidelines for aerobic exercise, together with supervision over the phone, had a positive impact on the report of regular physical exercise practice by children and adolescents. However, no improvement was found in physiological parameters or domains of the quality of life questionnaire.

Background: Working within the military as a ground combat solider is very physically demanding. Soldiers are required to handle situations ranging from peacekeeping to counterinsurgency and combat, while faced with the task of load carriage either in form of the military gear or other additional loads. Therefore, a good aerobic and anaerobic fitness is necessary. The aerobic and anaerobic fitness can be assessed with a wide range is methods such as measuring the peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), ventilator threshold, blood lactate concentration and heart rate. However research is rather spares regarding the effects of load carriage on the aerobic capacity. Aim: The aim of the current study was to investigate if military gear affects VO2peak, ventilatory threshold, blood lactate concentration and heart rate in ground combat soldiers. Methods: A total of eight soldiers (seven men and one woman) participated in the current study. All participants completed two biological calibrations and VO2max tests (one without and one with military gear) using a modified Bruce protocol, where VO2 (L/min), absolute and relative VO2peck (L/min and ml/kg/min respectively), heart rate (beats/min) and blood lactate concentration (mM/L) were assessed. After the completion of the tests, the soldier’s individual ventilatory threshold (VT) was visually located using the V-slope method. The Wilcoxon test was used for the not normally distributed variables (blood lactate concentration and stage when VT occurred) and the paired sample t-test for the others. The significance level was set to 0.05. Results: The results showed that the soldier had 10.6 % lower absolute VO2peak and 23.7 % lower relative VO2peak while wearing military gear compared to without (p=0.002 and p=0.001 respectively). The soldiers also had 11.8 % higher VO2 at VT with military gear (p=0.003) and reached a higher percentage of the VO2peak (p=0.023) at VT. The blood lactate concentration was significantly higher when marching at 5.4 km/h and a trend of a higher blood lactate concentration while standing was observed without military gear compared to with military gear. Conclusion: The findings from the present study shows that performing load carriage in form of the military gear significantly decreased the VO2peak. Wearing a military gear also increased the VO2 at the individual VT and made the soldier reach a higher percentage of the VO2peak at VT. These results can act as guidance when recruiting and training soldiers, along with providing important information to other professions and sports that involve load carriage.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-22T20:49:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-01-26<br>Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o perfil da densidade do transportador dopaminérgico utilizando SPECT em pacientes com Movimento Periódico das Pernas (MPP) e a influência do exercício físico agudo na concentração do DAT após um teste de esforço máximo (TEM). Métodos: Para isso 16 pacientes (8 grupo CTRL e 8 grupo Experimental) realizaram uma polissonografia (PSG) basal para a avaliação do padrão de sono e do índice do MPP. Após a PSG basal foi realizado o SPECT basal. Posteriormente os voluntários realizaram um TEM no período da manhã, após 2 horas, um novo exame de SPECT, e na mesma noite uma PSG para avaliar o efeito do exercício físico agudo no DAT e no padrão do sono. Resultados: Os resultados encontrados demonstraram que o grupo experimental apresentou valores menores no perfil da densidade do DAT no momento basal na região do estriado (p=0,03), foi demonstrado também uma redução do índice de MPP no grupo experimental (p=0,01) e um aumento da porcentagem do estagio 1 do sono NREM em ambos os grupos após o TEM (p=0,02). O estagio 2 do sono (p=0,02) e sono de ondas lentas (p=0,01) apresentaram diferenças entre os grupos no momento basal. Conclusão: Nossos resultados mostram que pacientes com MPP apresentaram uma menor densidade de DAT na região do putâmen esquerdo comparado ao grupo CTRL e uma sessão de exercício físico agudo (TEM) não alterou este perfil. Esses achados sugerem que alterações na densidade do DAT, talvez estejam relacionados a prática de exercício físico crônico.<br>Restless legs syndrome and periodic leg movement are sleep-related movement disorders and studies have shown changes in striatal dopaminergic activity in patients with these disorders. Physical exercise has been shown to improve the symptoms of restless legs syndrome and periodic leg movement, as has treatment with dopamine agonists. However, the mechanism by which physical exercise acts as a nonpharmacological treatment in improving symptoms of restless legs syndrome and periodic leg movement remains unknown. We evaluated dopamine transporter density profiles in 16 sedentary patients (control and experimental - with periodic leg movement, groups) and the influence of acute physical exercise on its concentration after a maximal exercise test. Each patient underwent baseline polysomnography to evaluate sleep patterns and periodic leg movement index values. After obtaining the polysomnography baseline, the single photon emission computer tomography baseline was determined. Subsequently, the volunteers performed a maximal exercise test in the morning, followed by a single photon emission computer tomography two hours later and polysomnography that night, to assess the effect of acute physical exercise on dopamine transporter and sleep patterns. The results showed significant lower dopamine transporter baseline densities in the striatum region for the experimental group. The results also showed a significant reduction in the periodic leg movement rate in the experimental group and a significant increased percentage of stage-1 non-REM sleep in both groups after maximal exercise test. Significant differences between the groups were only observed for Stage 2 sleep and slow wave sleep. Our results show that patients with periodic leg movement had a lower dopamine transporter density in the left putamen region compared to the control group and an acute physical exercise (maximal exercise test) did not alter this profile, providing evidence that this improvement is the result of chronic physical exercise.<br>TEDE<br>BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

碩士<br>國立臺灣體育運動大學<br>體育研究所<br>104<br>The purposes of this study were to investigate the relationship between maximum oxygen uptake and 1.5 mile run/walk, 1600 meter run/walk and 12-minute run/walk. Regression equations were obtained from the relationship between oxygen uptake and run/walk test. Fifty-four male university students (age 20.15 ± 0.76 yrs; body height 173.02 ± 4.60 cm; body weight 63.99 ± 6.89 kgw) were recruited in this study. The results showed that 12-minute run/walk was significantly correlated with maximum oxygen uptake, compared with 1.5 mile run/walk, and 1600 meter run/walk (correlation coefficient r=0.897). This study provided new best regression equations to predict maximum oxygen uptake from the run/walk tests. These findings will provide the guidelines of training program design for the coaches and the reference for the research.

碩士<br>國立勤益科技大學<br>工業工程與管理系<br>106<br>There are more and more cardiopulmonary training equipment for upper extremities these years. Such as rowing machine, hand bike and so on. Exercise with various muscle groups of upper limbs and lower limbs might cause variant physiological workload. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the physiologic workload between hand bike and bicycle under the graded exercise test. Ten healthy adults (4 males and 6 females) were recruited. Their average age was 20.4 years (SD = 0.58). All subjects were ask to perform the hand bike and bicycle exercise with incremental exercise mode which was added resistance 5 or 10 watt per minutes respectively until subject subjective feeling exhausted. A portable energy metabolism system (K5 Wearable Metabolic Technology) was applied to record oxygen uptake and respiratory exchange rate and a Garmin heart rate sensor was used to measure heart rate changes. The Borg CR-20 perceived exertion scale(RPE) rated subjective exhaustion assessment. The results showed that there were significant difference in the oxygen uptake, heart rate, respiratory exchange rate and RPE (p <.05) between hand bike and bicycle. Bicycle has higher maximum oxygen uptake and maximum heart rate than hand bike. However, hand bike show significantly higher maximum respiratory exchange rate and maximum rating score in subjective perceived exertion than bicycle. Moreover, exercise load has remarkably effect on oxygen uptake, heart rate, respiratory exchange rate and RPE (p <.05). Exercise with 80% relative load, there were higher oxygen uptake, heart rate, respiratory exchange rate and RPE than 70%, and with 50% relative load, oxygen uptake, heart rate, respiratory exchange rate and RPE were higher than 30% relative load. Regression analysis of exercise type and physiology workload showed that oxygen uptake and RPE of hand bike and bicycle were moderately correlated (hand bike: R2=0.87; bicycle: R2=0.82) ; oxygen uptake and respiratory exchange rate of hand bike and bicycle were moderately correlated (R2=0.82; R2=0.78) ; oxygen uptake and heart rate of hand bike and bicycle were moderately correlated and highly correlated (R2=0.87; R2=0.91) ; heart rate and RPE were moderately correlated between hand bike and bicycle (R2=0.80; R2=0.83) ; heart rate and respiratory exchange rate of hand bike and bicycle were moderately correlated (R2=0.80; R2=0.82) ; respiratory exchange rate and RPE of hand cycling and bicycle cycling were moderately correlated (R2=0.66; R2=0.76). According to the research results, the physiological workload of upper and lower limbs exercise are not the same, and research results will provide future reference for the prediction and strength design of hand bike and bicycle exercise.

碩士<br>國立體育學院<br>運動科學研究所<br>95<br>Purpose: To develop an in-place thigh-raising exercise test for the prediction of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) in young females. Methods: Sixty-four healthy females aged 16–25 yr (Height = 161.9 ± 5.6 cm, Weight = 57.5 ± 10.4 kg, VO2max = 36.7 ± 5.7 mL•min-1•kg-1, mean ± SD) participated voluntarily in the study. In-place thigh-raising exercise required the subject to raise up her thigh alternately with frequency increasing 10 b•min-1 every minute from an initial frequency of 80 b•min-1 until reaching a target heart rate of 75-80% of age-predicted maximal heart rate or reaching exercise time of six minute (80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130 b•min-1). The height raised was set at 53% of body height at which the thigh was in a horizontal position. Heart rate was measured during and after exercise (in a seated position) using Polar heart rate monitor. VO2max was measured using Douglas bag technique with progressive treadmill protocol. Skinfold thickness was measured with a Lange skinfold caliper. Physical activity rating (PAR) and physical function ability (PFA) questionnaires were obtained from each subject. Multiple linear regression statistics was utilized to generate a VO2 max estimation equation which was then validated by predicted residual sum of square (PRESS) statistic. Results: VO2max (mL•min-1•kg-1) = 8.11 + 0.28•thigh-raising height (cm) – 0.09•sum of triceps, abdominal, and thigh skinfold (mm) + 0.79•thigh-raising recovery index (exercise time•frequency / recovery heart rate at 1’30”) + 0.65•PAR + 0.29•PFA (R2 = 0.69, SEE = 3.19 mL•min-1•kg-1). A simpler model using body mass index (BMI) to replace skinfold thickness was: VO2max (mL•min-1•kg-1) = 11.54 + 0.25•thigh-raising height (cm) – 0.36•BMI (kg•m-2) + 0.92•thigh-raising recovery index + 0.73•PAR + 0.33•PFA (R2 = 0.66, SEE = 3.34 mL•min-1•kg-1). PRESS result showed that both models yielded %SEE of less than 10%. Conclusions: The in-place thigh-raising exercise test provided a valid method for estimating VO2max in young females.

碩士<br>國防大學<br>運籌管理學系<br>104<br>In recent years, the military keep improving the physical training requirements. Having good physical fitness is a basic essential request for soldiers. But in the meantime of the physical training, we had always ignored how to estimate the physical conditions and the fitness. This is why sports injuries and training security risks had happened, so the military must take it as an important issue. Maximal oxygen uptake is the key indicator for assessing cardiovascular function. The measuring process, however, takes a large amount of time, cost and manpower. The Non-motion Mode develpoed in recent years uses personal physiological data to estimate the personal Maximal oxygen uptake . Based on above-mention, the research used body compositions and the degree of exercise of military servicemen as variable, studying the effects on Maximal oxygen uptake and establishing forecasting mode, and also researched the applicability of current related forecasting mode to military servicemen. The experiment recruited 46 military students and staff memebers from National Defense University (Male:36, Female:10). The ages of participants range from 18 to 34. The experiment measured Maximal oxygen uptake with Bruce Protocol of continuous graded exercise, the research found that Maximal oxygen uptake of military students and staff memebers was 47.51(ml/kg/min), which is significantly different from related forecasting mode. The average of absolute error was up to 26.2(ml/kg/min), which is not applicable to assess military students and staff memebers, Another multiple regression analysis of relevant variables and performed multiple regression analysis. The regression model is as follows Maximal oxygen uptake =55.99 - 0.54（FAT%）+ 6.4（Gender）+ 0.3（PFA）- 0.17（Age）-0.33（PA-R） Gender = F=0, M=1 (R2=0.644, R2adj=0.60, SEE=3.27) The reasearch applied the established forecasting mode to verify its stability and accuracy, using a proportionate stratified random sampling, and the average of error was 1.27, which is lower than forecasting mode SEE=3.27 established in the research. In addition, the average value of R^2 reached up to 75%, which is higher than the square multiple correlation of forecasting mode R^2=.64. The forecasting mode can reach, to an extent, stability and accuracy, and can also predict Maximal oxygen uptake of military servicemen as a basis for assessment and training standatd of cardiovascular function.

L’insuffisance cardiaque est une pathologie provoquant une diminution importante des capacités fonctionnelles des patients ainsi qu’une diminution drastique de la qualité de vie. L’évaluation des capacités fonctionnelles est généralement effectuée par une épreuve d’effort maximal. Cependant pour plusieurs patients, cet effort est difficile à compléter. Les objectifs de l’étude présentée dans ce mémoire sont : (1) valider trois méthodes d’évaluation de la capacité fonctionnelle et aérobie des sujets souffrant d’insuffisance cardiaque avec un complexe QRS élargi; (2) chercher à établir le profil des patients démontrant une meilleure tolérance à l’exercice malgré une consommation maximale d’oxygène identique; et (3) démontrer les conséquences de la présence et de la magnitude de l’asynchronisme cardiaque dans la capacité fonctionnelle et la tolérance à l’exercice. Tous les sujets ont été soumis à un test de marche de six minutes, un test d’endurance à charge constante sur tapis roulant et à une épreuve d’effort maximal avec mesure d’échanges gazeux à la bouche. Les résultats ont montré une association significative entre les épreuves maximale et plus spécifiquement sous-maximale. De plus, une meilleure tolérance à l’exercice serait associée significativement à une plus grande masse du ventricule gauche. Finalement, les résultats de notre étude n’ont pas montré d’effet d’un asynchronisme cardiaque sur la performance à l’effort tel qu’évalué par nos protocoles.<br>Heart failure is a pathology that significantly decreases functional capacity and life quality. Maximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing is usually used to evaluate the functional capacity. However, the intensity of this test is very high and difficult to complete for some patients. The objectives of the study presented in this master are: (1) to validate three different protocols that evaluate functional and aerobic capacity for patients with congestive heart failure and presenting a large QRS complex; (2) to establish the characteristics of the patients that demonstrate a better exercise tolerance despite an identical aerobic capacity; (3) to identify the consequences of the presence and the magnitude of cardiac asynchrony on the exercise tolerance and the functional capacity. All patients underwent a six minute walk test, an endurance exercise test on treadmill and also a maximal cardiopulmonary test. The results show a significant association between all tests, more importantly between submaximal tests. Also, patients with better exercise tolerance demonstrate a left ventricular mass increased compared to low exercise tolerance patients. Finally, there is no significant effect of cardiac asynchrony on exercise tolerance examined by our protocols.