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Journal articles on the topic 'Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC)'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Shang, Zhihui, Tao Zhang, Yueming Cai, Weiwei Yang, Hao Wu, Yu Zhang, and Liwei Tao. "Secure Transmission in Cognitive Wiretap Networks with Full-Duplex Receivers." Applied Sciences 10, no. 5 (March 7, 2020): 1840. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10051840.

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This paper studies the secure transmission in the dual-hop cognitive wiretap networks, where the secondary transmitter (Alice) aims to transmit confidential information to the secondary receiver (Bob) in the face of a multi-antenna relay (Relay), while the malicious eavesdropper (Eve) is used to eavesdrop the confidential information from Alice and Relay. To improve security, we design two transmission schemes, namely maximal-ratio combining/maximal-ratio transmission-selection combining (MRC/MRT-SC) with half-duplex (HD) receiver and maximal-ratio combining-zero forcing beamforming/maximal-ratio transmission-selection combining-zero forcing beamforming (MRC-ZFB/MRT-SC-ZFB) with full-duplex (FD) receiver. To evaluate the secrecy performance obtained from the proposed schemes comprehensively, the new closed-form and simple asymptotic expressions for the secrecy outage probability (SOP) and secrecy throughput (ST) of our considered networks with MRC-ZFB/MRT-SC-ZFB and MRC/MRT-SC schemes are derived, respectively. Thus, we explore the effect of various schemes on system secrecy performance in terms of SOP and ST. Analytical results and numerical simulations demonstrate that MRC-ZFB/MRT-SC-ZFB achieves better performance in the two proposed schemes. In particular, we show that the FD receiver plays a crucial role in designing the cognitive wiretap networks for protecting the legitimate link against attack from the malicious eavesdropping.
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2

Stefanovic, Mihajlo, Stefan Panic, Jelena Anastasov, Aleksandra Cvetkovic, and Zoran Popovic. "Capacity evaluation for maximal ratio combining over κ-μ fading channels." Serbian Journal of Electrical Engineering 8, no. 2 (2011): 221–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sjee1102221s.

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Analysis of channel capacity per unit bandwidth of L - branch maximal ratio combining (MRC) receiver operating over ?-? fading channels for two adaptive transmission schemes is presented in this paper. Using the proposed system model, the optimal power and rate adaptation and constant transmit power policies are analyzed. New expressions for capacity evaluation are derived in terms of finite sums. The effects of diversity order and fading parameters on the channel capacity for given techniques have been considered and numerically presented.
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3

Khumyat, Tanapong. "On the Performance of the Layered-Division-Multiplexing using Maximal-Ratio Combining." ECTI Transactions on Electrical Engineering, Electronics, and Communications 16, no. 2 (August 20, 2012): 52–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.37936/ecti-eec.2018162.171334.

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This article proposes the diversity gain enhancement in layered division multiplexing (LDM) systems by applying maximal-ratio combining (MRC) technique. LDM systems is adopted as a baseline technology of the ATSC 3.0 systems which the two transmission layers are simultaneously transmitted over two different types of fading channels for fixed and mobile services. Hence, the performance analysis of each layer need to be evaluated on different type of fading channel. Starting with the moment generating function (MGF) of the MRC output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), we propose the new method to derive closed-form expressions for average symbol-error rate (SER) of the proposed systems over Rayleigh and Nakagami-m fading channels in the presence of error propagation (EP) that is generated from the first layer detection. Analytical results show that the specific value of injection level at the transmitter need to be precisely defined to obtain the best mutual benefit for both LDM layers, and the proposed technique has significant performance advantage over conventional LDM systems. Simulation results demonstrate the tightness of the author’s analysis.
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4

Widodo, Slamet, and Sri Anggraeni Kadiran. "RANCANG BANGUN DAN PENGUJIAN TEKNIK MRC PADA PENERIMA TV DVB T2." Just TI (Jurnal Sains Terapan Teknologi Informasi) 11, no. 1 (January 30, 2019): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.46964/justti.v11i1.129.

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Teknik maximal ratio combining (MRC) merupakan salah satu teknik combining diversity yang digunakan untuk mengatasi terjadinya fading pada sistem transmisi radio. Fading pada transmisi TV digital DVB T2 menyebabkan gambar berhenti dan suara terganggu. Dari penelitian sebelumnya menunjukkan bahwa secara simulasi, teknik MRC mempunyai kualitas paling baik dibanding teknik combining lainnya. Pada penelitian ini, telah dibuat rangkaian MRC dengan dua input. Sinyal yang datang dikuatkan kemudian masuk ke rangkaian penggeser fasa. Untuk menghindari pembuatan IC, proses combining dilakukan pada tingkat RF (radio frequency). MRC menggabungkan dua antena penerima TV yang berjarak ¼ λ. Hasil pengukuran di laboratorium menunjukkan bahwa sistem penerima yang dibuat berhasil menggabungkan dua input sinyal pada tingkat RF, dengan penguatan yang lebih besar. Pengujian penerimaan siaran TV digital DVB T2 di daerah semarang pada kondisi diam menunjukkan bahwa sistem dapat menerima seluruh stasiun pemancar TV digital DVB T2 di semarang dengan kualitas yang baik. Pada jarak 9 Km dari stasiun pemancar, daya yang diterima sebelum menggunakan MRC – 77,3 dBm, setelah menggunakan MRC - 71,2 dBm.
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5

Qin, Dong, Yuhao Wang, and Tianqing Zhou. "Performance Analysis of AF Relays with Maximal Ratio Combining in Nakagami-m Fading Environments." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2019 (February 24, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1613690.

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This paper investigates the maximal ratio combining (MRC) performance of an amplify and forward (AF) relay system in Nakagami-m fading environments. The study considers a general scenario with distinct m fading parameters for the following three links, source to relay link, and source to destination link and relay to destination link. We derive new closed form expressions for the statistics of important performance metrics, including the moment generating function, outage probability, higher order moments of equivalent signal to noise ratio (SNR), ergodic capacity, and average symbol error probability (SEP) of common modulation types. In particular, we focus on analytical SEP expressions in the context of an additive white generalized Gaussian noise (AWGGN). As an active area of research, generalized noise receives much attention for its flexible model. However, analytical performance of modulation scheme in generalized noise type has not been found in open literature for AF relaying with MRC despite its practical usefulness. Without the help of analytical solutions, the SEP in generalized noise can only be obtained by a large number of repeated simulation experiments. Therefore, we present the general SEP expression by using special Fox’s H function. Simulation results verify the accuracy of our theoretical analysis and show that the diversity order of MRC criterion linearly depends upon Nakagami parameters of three links.
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6

Agarwal, Rupali, Neelam Srivastava, and Himanshu Katiyar. "Theoretical Investigation of Different Diversity Combining Techniques in Cognitive Radio." Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology 3 (September 28, 2018): 64–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.26636/jtit.2018.124618.

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In this paper, the performance of an energy detector in cognitive radio, using different diversity combining techniques, is evaluated. Among many diversity combining techniques, maximal ratio combining (MRC) gives the best results but at the cost of the highest complexity. To design a simpler receiver, it is suggested to use less complex combining techniques, i.e. switched diversity, which provides one of the least complex solutions to combat fading. The paper analyzes two switched diversity schemes, switch examine combining (SEC), and switch examine combining with post examining selection (SECp). A closed form expression determining the probability of detection using MRC, SEC and SECp is derived for various numbers of branches. Detection performance with different diversity combining techniques is compared and the complexity trade-off is observed.
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7

Tin, Phu Tran, Tan N. Nguyen, Dinh-Hieu Tran, Miroslav Voznak, Van-Duc Phan, and Symeon Chatzinotas. "Performance Enhancement for Full-Duplex Relaying with Time-Switching-Based SWIPT in Wireless Sensors Networks." Sensors 21, no. 11 (June 2, 2021): 3847. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21113847.

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Full-duplex (FD) with simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) in wireless ad hoc networks has received increased attention as a technology for improving spectrum and energy efficiency. This paper studies the outage performance for a SWIPT-based decode-and-forward (DF) FD relaying network consisting of a single-antenna source S, a two-antenna relay R, and a multi-antenna destination D. Specifically, we propose four protocols, namely static time-switching factor with selection combining (STSF-SC), static time-switching factor with maximal ratio combining (STSF-MRC), optimal dynamic time-switching factor with selection combining (ODTSF-SC), and optimal dynamic time-switching factor with maximal ratio combining (ODTSF-MRC) to fully investigate the outage performance of the proposed system. In particular, the optimal time-switching factor from the ODTSF-SC and ODTSF-MRC methods is designed to maximize the total received data at the destination. In this context, we derive exact closed-formed expressions for all schemes in terms of the outage probability (OP). Finally, the Monte Carlo simulations are conducted to corroborate the theoretical analysis’s correctness and the proposed schemes’ effectiveness.
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8

He, Xue Wen, and Yan Meng Wang. "Research and Simulation of Ultra Wideband Based on Rake Receiver." Advanced Materials Research 765-767 (September 2013): 2673–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.765-767.2673.

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The Ultra Wideband signal with multiple multipath component and use the Rake receiver can combine energy of multipath components. Using Rake reception, the performance of three kinds of receiving methods is compared with binary Ultra Wideband signal using the Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC), and got the simulation results.
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9

Shankar, P. M. "Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC) in Shadowed Fading Channels in Presence of Shadowed Fading Cochannel Interference (CCI)." Wireless Personal Communications 68, no. 1 (October 29, 2011): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11277-011-0436-y.

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10

Nguyen, Tan N., Minh Tran, Van-Duc Phan, and Tran Thanh Trang. "Outage probability analysis of dual energy harvesting relay network over rayleigh fading channel using SC and MRC technique." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 16, no. 2 (November 1, 2019): 803. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v16.i2.pp803-811.

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<p><span>In this paper, the system model of dual-energy harvesting relay network over Rayleigh fading channel and the comparison between Selecting Combining (SC) and Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC) technique cases are proposed and investigated. The closed-form expression of the outage probability for the SC case and the integral-form expression of the outage probability for MRC case is derived. Moreover, the influence of the main parameters on the system performance is demonstrated entirely by the Monte Carlo simulation. From the results, we can see that all simulation and analytical results match well with each other.</span></p>
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11

Rajesh, R., P. G. S. Velmurugan, S. J. Thiruvengadam, and P. S. Mallick. "Outage Performance of Bidirectional Full-Duplex Amplify-and-Forward Relay Network with Transmit Antenna Selection and Maximal Ratio Combining." Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology 1 (March 28, 2018): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.26636/jtit.2018.116417.

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In this paper, a bidirectional full-duplex amplify- and-forward (AF) relay network with multiple antennas at source nodes is proposed. Assuming that the channel state information is known at the source nodes, transmit antenna selection and maximal ratio combining (MRC) are employed when source nodes transmit information to the relay node and receive information from the relay node respectively, in order to improve the overall signal-to-interference plus noise ratio (SINR). Analytical expressions are derived for tight upper bound SINR at the relay node and source nodes upon reception. Further, losed form expressions are also derived for end-to-end outage probability of the proposed bidirectional full-duplex AF relay network in the Nakagami-m fading channel environment. Although self-interference at the relay node limits the performance of the full-duplex network, the outage performance of the proposed network is better than that of conventional bidirectional full-duplex and half-duplex AF relay networks, due to the selection diversity gain in TAS and diversity and array gain in MRC.
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12

Panajotovic, Aleksandra, Nikola Sekulovic, Aleksandra Cvetkovic, and Daniela Milovic. "Performance of cooperative multi-hop multiuser relaying networks." Serbian Journal of Electrical Engineering 15, no. 2 (2018): 213–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sjee1802213p.

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This paper presents both capacity and error performances of cooperative multi-hop multiuser relay system. All multi-hop cooperative relays in the system apply maximal-ratio combining (MRC) scheme, while signal transmission to end users is carried out using opportunistic scheduling algorithm. Numerical results for spectral efficiency and average symbol error probability (ASEP) for considered system are presented and discussed.
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13

Hussain, Z., A. ur R. Khan, H. Mehdi, and S. M. A. Saleem. "Analysis of D2D Communication System Over κ-μ Shadowed Fading Channel." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 8, no. 5 (October 13, 2018): 3405–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.2291.

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Outage performance of a device-to-device (D2D) communication system in the presence of co-channel interference (CCI) is analyzed in this paper. Channels for the D2D and CCI signals are assumed to be κ-μ shadowed faded. Maximal ratio combining (MRC) and selection combining (SC) techniques are considered to combat fading conditions. Characteristic function (CF) expression of the D2D system in the presence of CCI is presented. Outage probability and success probability expressions are presented for the MRC and SC schemes. These outage probability and success probability expressions are functions of various CCI, path-loss and channel fading parameters. With the help of numerical results, effects of CCI on the performance of D2D communication system under different channel fading and path-loss conditions are discussed.
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14

Mohammed, Ali Abdulwahhab, Li Yu, Manar Al-Kali, and Desheng Wang. "Analysis of Amplify-and-Forward Cooperative Networks with Nakagami-m fading Channels For MRC Diversity Combining." TELKOMNIKA Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering 16, no. 3 (December 1, 2015): 546. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/tijee.v16i3.1646.

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In this paper we study the effect of diversity combining for Nakagami -m fading Channels in the amplify-and-forward cooperative networks.We derive the cumulative density function (CDF), probability density function (PDF) and moment generating function (MGF) for the multiple relay amplify-and-forward network with single half duplex channel maximal ratio combiner (MRC). In this network we investigate the cases of MRC at the destination, as well derive the exact Symbol Error Rate (SER) of M-ary phase-shift keying (M-PSK), and quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM) in Nakagami -m fading environment. We present a comparison between M-PSK and M-QAM modulation schemes in some representative scenarios where an arbitrary number of cooperative relays is considered.
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15

Akbari, Mohsen, Mohsen Riahi Manesh, Ayman A. El-Saleh, and Ahmed Wasif Reza. "Receiver Diversity Combining Using Evolutionary Algorithms in Rayleigh Fading Channel." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/128195.

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In diversity combining at the receiver, the output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is often maximized by using the maximal ratio combining (MRC) provided that the channel is perfectly estimated at the receiver. However, channel estimation is rarely perfect in practice, which results in deteriorating the system performance. In this paper, an imperialistic competitive algorithm (ICA) is proposed and compared with two other evolutionary based algorithms, namely, particle swarm optimization (PSO) and genetic algorithm (GA), for diversity combining of signals travelling across the imperfect channels. The proposed algorithm adjusts the combiner weights of the received signal components in such a way that maximizes the SNR and minimizes the bit error rate (BER). The results indicate that the proposed method eliminates the need of channel estimation and can outperform the conventional diversity combining methods.
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16

Oni, Phillip Babatunde, Ruifeng Duan, and Mohammed Elmusrati. "Dual Analysis of the Capacity of Spectrum Sharing Cognitive Radio with MRC under Nakagami-m Fading." Conference Papers in Engineering 2013 (May 28, 2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/572383.

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In this study, the maximum achievable information transmission rate of spectrum sharing cognitive radio with maximal ratio combining (MRC) antenna diversity technique is investigated when the channel between the secondary transmitter and the primary receiver and that between the secondary transmitter and the secondary receiver suffer Nakagami-m fading. With an assumption that both channels encounter Nakagami-m fading and the transmission of the secondary transmitter is subject to average interference power constraint, the approximated expressions for analyzing the effective capacity and the ergodic capacity of cognitive radio users with MRC are presented. The two capacity models are compared. In the case of the effective capacity, it is shown that different applications or users with different quality of service (QoS) requirements can be supported in cognitive radio, and when the delay QoS decreases, the effective capacity approaches the ergodic capacity.
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17

Hung, Chia-Chun, Ching-Tai Chiang, Rong-Ching Wu, and C. Lee. "Positive Effect of Severe Nakagami-mFading on the Performance of Multiuser TAS/MRC Systems with High Selection Gain." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2012 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/987631.

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This paper investigates the positive effect of severe Nakagami-mfading on the performance of multiuser transmit antenna selection/maximal-ratio combining (TAS/MRC) systems with high selection gain. Both amount of fading (AF) and symbol error rate (SER) ofM-QAM are derived as closed-form expressions for integerm. For arbitrarym, the AF and the SER are expressible as a single infinite series of Gamma function and Gauss hypergeometric function, respectively. The analytical results lead to the following observations. First, the SER performance can demonstrate the positive effect of severe Nakagami-mfading on multiuser TAS/MRC systems with high selection gain. Second, the AF performance only exhibits the negative impact of severe fading regardless of high selection gain. Last, the benefit of severe fading to the system performance diminishes at high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).
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18

Milentijevic, Vladeta, Dragan Denic, Mihajlo Stefanovic, Stefan Panic, and Dragan Radenkovic. "Relative measurement error analysis in the process of the Nakagami-m fading parameter estimation." Serbian Journal of Electrical Engineering 8, no. 3 (2011): 341–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sjee1103341m.

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An approach to the relative measurement error analysis in the process of the Nakagami-m fading signal moments estimation will be presented in this paper. Relative error expressions will be also derived for the cases when MRC (Maximal Ratio Combining) diversity technique is performed at the receiver. Capitalizing on them, results will be graphically presented and discussed to show the influence of various parameters, such as diversity order and fading severity on the relative measurement error bounds.
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19

Patel, Meher Krishna, Stevan M. Berber, and Kevin W. Sowerby. "Antijamming Performance of Adaptive Chaos Based CDMA System with MRC in Imperfect Channel Estimation Environment." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2017 (2017): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2716949.

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This paper presents the antijamming performance of adaptive multiuser DS-CDMA system using maximal ratio combining technique in slow switching pulse noise jammer. Complex flat fading channel coefficients are assumed to be unknown at the receiver. Pilot symbols are used to estimate the fading coefficients using least mean square (LMS) algorithm, and effect of imperfect channel estimation on bit error rate (BER) is studied. Under the perfect synchronization conditions, probability of error in closed form is derived.
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Patel, Meher Krishna, Stevan M. Berber, and Kevin W. Sowerby. "Maximal Ratio Combining Using Channel Estimation in Chaos Based Pilot-Added DS-CDMA System with Antenna Diversity." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2017 (2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3607167.

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This paper presents an adaptive multiuser transceiver scheme for DS-CDMA systems in which pilot symbols are added to users’ data to estimate complex channel fading coefficients. The performance of receiver antenna diversity with maximal ratio combining (MRC) technique is analyzed for imperfect channel estimation in flat fading environments. The complex fading coefficients are estimated using least mean square (LMS) algorithm and these coefficients are utilized by the maximal ratio combiner for generating the decision variable. Probability of error in closed form is derived. Further, the effect of pilot signal power on bit error rate (BER) and BER performance of multiplexed pilot and data signal transmission scenario are investigated. We have compared the performance of added and multiplexed pilot-data systems and concluded the advantages of both systems. The proposed CDMA technique uses the chaotic sequence as spreading sequence. Assuming proper synchronization, the computer simulation results demonstrate the better bit error rate performance in the presence of channel estimator in the chaotic based CDMA system and the receiver antenna diversity technique further improves the performance of the proposed system. Also, no channel estimator is required if there is no phase distortion to the transmitted signal.
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21

Wang, Li Hong, Fu Min Liu, and Qing Jie Zheng. "Outage Probability of CSI-Assisted Opportunistic Amplify-and-Forward Relaying with MRC Reception." Applied Mechanics and Materials 182-183 (June 2012): 1689–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.182-183.1689.

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The outage probability of the channel state information assisted opportunistic amplify-and-forward relaying system with a maximal ratio combining receiver at the destination is investigated, and the exact outage probability expression is presented. The asymptotic equivalence of two different opportunistic relay selection criterions (maxSNR and maxmin) is proved too. Monte Carlo simulation results show that the derived expression is in excellent agreement with the outage probability of systems based on the maxSNR criterion, and also provides a good approximation to the outage probability of systems based on the maxmin criterion.
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Shi, Hui, Weiwei Yang, Dechuan Chen, Yunpeng Luo, and Yueming Cai. "Secure Transmission for Simultaneous Wireless Information and Power Transfer in AF Untrusted Relay Networks." Sensors 19, no. 1 (December 26, 2018): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19010076.

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This paper investigates secure communications of energy harvesting untrusted relay networks, where the destination assists jamming signal to prevent the untrusted relay from eavesdropping and to improve the forwarding ability of the energy constrained relay. Firstly, the source and the destination transmit the signals to the relay with maximal ratio transmission (MRT) technique or transmit antenna selection (TAS) technique. Then, the destination utilizes maximal ratio combining (MRC) technique or receive antenna selection (RAS) technique to receive the forwarded information. Therefore, four transmission and reception schemes are considered. For each scheme, the closed-form expressions of the secrecy outage probability (SOP) and the connection outage probability (COP) are derived. Besides, the effective secrecy throughput (EST) metric is analyzed to achieve a good tradeoff between security and reliability. In addition, the asymptotic performance of EST is also considered at the high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Finally, simulation results illustrate that: (1) the EST of the system with MRT and MRC scheme are superior to other schemes, however, in the high SNR regime, the EST of the system with MRT scheme is inferior to TAS; and (2) for the source node, there exists an optimal number of antennas to maximize the EST of the proposed schemes.
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23

Tin, Phu Tran, Duy Hung Ha, and Minh Tran. "Physical layer security in hybrid TPSR two-way half-duplex relaying networks over rayleigh fading channel: non-zero secrecy probability analysis." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 19, no. 2 (August 1, 2020): 1095. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v19.i2.pp1095-1104.

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In this paper, we proposed and investigated the Hybrid TPSR Two-Way Half-Duplex (HD) Relaying Communication Networks Over Rayleigh Fading Channel in the presence of the Eavesdropper (E). The system model consists of two sources A and B communicate with each other with helping of intermediate Relay (R). For the system performance analysis, we analyzed and derived the exact and approximate integral-form of the system Non-zero secrecy probability (NZSP) in the case that the E uses the MRC (maximal ratio combining) technique. In addition, the effect of the main system parameters on the system performance is investigated. Finally, all the research results are convinced by the Monte Carlo Simulation. This paper can provide a novel recommendation for relaying communication network manufacture.In this paper, we proposed and investigated the Hybrid TPSR Two-Way Half-Duplex (HD) Relaying Communication Networks Over Rayleigh Fading Channel in the presence of the Eavesdropper (E). The system model consists of two sources A and B communicate with each other with helping of intermediate Relay (R). For the system performance analysis, we analyzed and derived the exact and approximate integral-form of the system Non-zero secrecy probability (NZSP) in the case that the E uses the MRC (maximal ratio combining) technique. In addition, the effect of the main system parameters on the system performance is investigated. Finally, all the research results are convinced by the Monte Carlo Simulation. This paper can provide a novel recommendation for relaying communication network manufacture.
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24

Tran Tin, Phu, Van-Duc Phan, Dong Si Thien Chau, Tan N. Nguyen, and Phu X. Nguyen. "Performance Analysis in DF Energy Harvesting Full-Duplex Relaying Network with MRC and SC at the Receiver under Impact of Eavesdropper." Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2021 (June 26, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5547658.

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This paper investigates the decode-and-forward (DF) full-duplex (FD) relaying system under the presence of an eavesdropper. Moreover, the relay node is able to harvest energy from a transmitter, and then it uses the harvested energy for conveying information to the receiver. Besides, both two-hop and direct relaying links are taking into consideration. In the mathematical analysis, we derived the exact expressions for intercept probability and outage probability (OP) by applying maximal ratio combining (MRC) and selection combining (SC) techniques at the receiver. Next, the Monte Carlo simulation is performed to validate the mathematical analysis. The results show that the simulation curves match the mathematic expressions, which confirms the analysis section.
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Giang, Nguyen Hong, Vo Nguyen Quoc Bao, and Hung Nguyen-Le. "Effect of CSI Imperfection on Cognitive Underlay Transmission over Nakagami-m Fading Channel." Journal of Science and Technology: Issue on Information and Communications Technology 1 (August 31, 2015): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31130/jst.2015.13.

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This paper analyzes the performance of a cognitive underlay system over Nakagami-m fading channels, where maximal ratio combining (MRC) is employed at secondary destination and relay nodes. Under the condition of imperfect channel state information (CSI) of interfering channels, system performance metrics for the primary network and for the secondary network are formulated into exact and approximate expressions, which can be served as theoretical guidelines for system designs. To verify the performance analysis, several analytical and simulated results of the system performance are provided under various system and channel settings.
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Hendre, Vaibhav S., M. Murugan, and Sneha Kamthe. "Performance Analysis of Transmit Antenna Selection with MRC in MIMO for Image Transmission in Multipath Fading Channels Using Simulink." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 5, no. 1 (February 1, 2015): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v5i1.pp119-128.

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<em><span>Multiple antenna configurations can be used to increase the data throughput reducing the effects of multipath fading and interference when channel bandwidth is limited. Orthogonal Space Time Block Codes along with Transmit antenna selection can improve the performance of multiple input multiple output systems. In this paper, we present the Transmit Antenna Selection (TAS) technique based on the Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC) scheme with single antenna selection for image transmission. The performance analysis of the system was carried out under different fading channels i.e. Rayleigh and Rician channel for image input. We design end to end TAS/MRC system in Simulink with advancements in the channel designs and receive diversity techniques along with the feedback models. The Bit Error Rate (BER) analysis was performed for the combinations of number of transmit and receive antennas for TAS/MRC system for various fading environments.</span></em>
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27

Chopra, Khyati, Ranjan Bose, and Anupam Joshi. "Secrecy Outage Performance of Cognitive Radio Network with Selection Combining at Eavesdropper." Recent Advances in Computer Science and Communications 13, no. 5 (November 5, 2020): 987–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2213275912666190807122631.

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Background:: Based on the idea of cooperative communication, recently a lot of attention has been drawn to cooperative spectrum access for the secure information transmission in a Cognitive Radio Network (CRN). Security is one of the most important aspects of these networks, as due to their open and dynamic nature, they are extremely vulnerable to malicious behavior. Cooperative cognitive radio has emerged as a dynamic spectrum access technique, where an unlicensed (secondary) user is allowed to simultaneously access the licensed channels dedicated to a Primary User (PU), as long as the Quality of Service (QoS) of primary communication is not affected. Method:: This paper investigates the secrecy outage performance of threshold-based cognitive decode-andforward relay network, with interference constraints from primary licensed user. Threshold-based relaying is considered where; the source message is successfully decoded by the relay, only if the received SNR satisfies the particular threshold. Outage probability expressions have been derived for the worst-case scenario, where only the eavesdropper can achieve the advantage of diversity. The Selection Combining (SC) diversity scheme is employed only at the secondary eavesdropper. Results:: The system secrecy performance is better for SC diversity scheme at the eavesdropper than Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC) diversity scheme, as MRC has better diversity performance than SC. We have shown that the improvement in desired secrecy rate, predetermined threshold, eavesdropper channel quality and interference constraints affect the secrecy performance of the cognitive radio system. The outage probability decreases accordingly with an increase in the maximum tolerable interference level at primary destination. The outage probability of Optimal relay Selection (OS) scheme is derived for a multi-relay system, when either the Instantaneous Channel State Information (ICSI) or the Statistical Channel State Information (SCSI) is available. We have shown that the secrecy performance of the OS with ICSI of the system is better than with SCSI. Also, the OS improves the performance of the multi-relay system, when the number of relays is increased. Conclusion:: The secrecy outage probability of threshold-based DF underlay cognitive relay network is evaluated. Both interference and maximum transmit power constraints are considered at secondary source and secondary relay. Also, the relay can successfully decode the message, only if it meets the pre-defined threshold. We have investigated the performance of MRC and SC diversity schemes at the secondary eavesdropper and have shown that the system secrecy performance is better for SC than MRC, as MRC has better diversity performance than SC. We have shown that the system secrecy performance is significantly affected by the required secrecy rate, pre-defined threshold, interference constraints and choice of diversity scheme (MRC/SC) at the eavesdropper. The outage probability of OS scheme is derived for a multi-relay system, when either the ICSI or the SCSI is available. We have shown that the secrecy performance of the OS with ICSI of the system is better than with SCSI. Also, the OS improves the performance of the multi-relay system, when the number of relays is increased.
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Kansal, Lavish, Gurjot Singh Gaba, Naveen Chilamkurti, and Byung-Gyu Kim. "Efficient and Robust Image Communication Techniques for 5G Applications in Smart Cities." Energies 14, no. 13 (July 2, 2021): 3986. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14133986.

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A wide range of multimedia applications must be supported by the modern fifth generation (5G) wireless communication systems for realizing the diverse applications in smart cities. The diverse applications such as real-time monitoring of roads, smart homes, smart industries, etc., for a sustainable smart city emphasizes a robust and efficient image transmission. In this paper, the influence of maximal ratio combining (MRC) on the reception of images with different orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) versions is studied. The different OFDM versions considered here are the fast Fourier transform (FFT) based OFDM and discrete cosine transform (DCT) based OFDM. A comparison between diverse modulation levels for the images transmitted through different OFDM methodologies, along with variation in a number of receiving antennas for MRC, is proposed for additive white gaussian noise (AWGN) and Rayleigh fading channels. The diverse modulation levels used are binary phase shift keying (BPSK), quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK), 8-PSK, and 16-PSK. The parameters that are used to compare different versions of OFDM for MRC antenna configurations are signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) vs. bit error rate (BER) and peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) at the receiver as an estimation parameter for the received image quality.
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Lin, Jia-Chin, and Chun-Lin Lin. "Second-Order Statistics of MRC Reception With a Transparent Amplify-and-Forward Relay." International Journal of Interdisciplinary Telecommunications and Networking 12, no. 1 (January 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijitn.2020010101.

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Achievable spatial diversity supported by a single transparent amplify-and-forward (AF) relay relies on disintegrated channel state information (CSI) that can be acquired at the destination. This paper studies the impact of the quantization of the source-relay (SR) CSI in terms of the first- and second-order statistics of maximal-ratio combining (MRC) reception with the incomplete SR CSI at the destination. Probability density functions (PDFs) of the upper and lower bounds of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) achieved at the destination are derived. Corresponding level-crossing rate (LCR) and average fade-duration (AFD), which are undoubtedly required to choose parameters of forward error correcting (FEC) mechanisms across the transparent AF relay network, are evaluated via Monte Carlo simulations. The simulations show that the SNR PDF, LCR and AFD highly depends not only on the accuracy of SR CSI at the destination but also on the location of the AF relay.
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Fathollahi, Hadi, and Mohammad H. Madani. "Performance Analysis of Multi-Hop Multi-Branch Amplify-and-Forward Cooperative Communication Over Rician Fading Channels." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 29, no. 09 (December 9, 2019): 2050148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126620501480.

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Performance of multi-hop multi-branch amplify and forward (AF) cooperative communication over Rician fading channels is presented in this paper by a novel analysis method. Rician distribution is used to analyze the system because this channel model is useful in aerospace wireless communication channels. We derive an asymptotic expression for the statistics of the received signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in the system under study with well-known moment-generating function (MGF)-based approach with maximal ratio combining (MRC) scheme. Moreover, for comparative analysis in different branches and hops, outage probability and symbol error ratio are derived. Finally, numerical simulation results are provided to confirm the theoretical results. These results are presented to illustrate the considerable performance improvement achieved by the increasing number of branches and hops.
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31

Lee, In-Ho. "SER Performance of Enhanced Spatial Multiplexing Codes with ZF/MRC Receiver in Time-Varying Rayleigh Fading Channels." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/537272.

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We propose enhanced spatial multiplexing codes (E-SMCs) to enable various encoding rates. The symbol error rate (SER) performance of the E-SMC is investigated when zero-forcing (ZF) and maximal-ratio combining (MRC) techniques are used at a receiver. The proposed E-SMC allows a transmitted symbol to be repeated over time to achieve further diversity gain at the cost of the encoding rate. With the spatial correlation between transmit antennas, SER equations forM-ary QAM and PSK constellations are derived by using a moment generating function (MGF) approximation of a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), based on the assumption of independent zero-forced SNRs. Analytic and simulated results are compared for time-varying and spatially correlated Rayleigh fading channels that are modelled as first-order Markovian channels. Furthermore, we can find an optimal block length for the E-SMC that meets a required SER.
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32

Tang, Xuanxuan, Wendong Yang, Yueming Cai, and Weiwei Yang. "Analyzing Power Beacon Assisted Transmission with Imperfect CSI in Wireless Powered Sensor Networks." Sensors 19, no. 4 (February 20, 2019): 882. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19040882.

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This paper proposes the maximal ratio transmission (MRT) and maximal ratio combining (MRC) protocols for the power beacon (PB) assisted wireless powered sensor networks and analyzes the impact of the imperfect channel state information (CSI) on the performance using the Markov chain theory. The wireless powered sensor chooses to transmit information to the destination or harvest energy from the PB when its energy can or cannot supply a transmission, respectively. The energy arrival and departure of the sensor is characterized, and the analytical expressions of the network transmit probability, and effective and overall ergodic capacities are formulated and derived. We also optimize the sensor transmit power to maximize the overall ergodic capacity. Our results reveal that the transmit probability and the effective ergodic capacity can be greatly improved with increasing the number of antennas at the PB and the destination, and can also be significantly degraded by decreasing the channel correlation factors. We also demonstrate the effectiveness of the sensor transmit power optimization in improving the overall ergodic capacity.
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33

Farahneh, Hasan, and Xavier Fernando. "The Leaky Feeder, a Reliable Medium for Vehicle to Infrastructure Communications." Applied System Innovation 2, no. 4 (November 8, 2019): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/asi2040036.

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Reliable vehicular communications is fast becoming a necessity. Vehicle to infrastructure (V2I) communication, which is critical for safety, is often interrupted when vehicles travel in tunnels. Leaky Feeder (LF) or radiating cable have been the primary solution to provide wireless access in tunnels and mines, but being overlooked until now. The LF is a natural multi antenna transceiver ideal for broadband short rage access. In this work, we model the LF as a linear antenna array and derive the average bit error rate (BER) in Rayleigh fading channel considering Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) and M-Array Quadrature Amplitude (M-QAM) Modulations. We consider maximal ratio transmission (MRT) at the transmission end and coherent detection and maximal ratio combining (MRC) at the receiving end. Analytical expressions are derived for the BER. The effects of slot spacing and carrier frequency on the BER are also studied. Numerical evaluations show that the LF is a strong candidate for tunnels with much lower BER than a single antenna transmitter with the same SNR.
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Adeyemo, Z. K., and R. O. Abolade. "Comparative Analysis of Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying and Binary Differential Phase Shift Keying Signalling Schemes with Maximal Ratio Combiner over Rayleigh Environment." Advanced Materials Research 367 (October 2011): 205–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.367.205.

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This paper presents the investigation of two transmission schemes with a diversity combining technique over Rayleigh fading channels. Each of Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK) and Binary Differential Phase Shift Keying (BDPSK) transmission schemes was considered with a diversity combining technique known as Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC). Rayleigh fading channel is used statistically to model the communication channel where there is no direct line of sight, which is the attribute of mobile communication. Mobile communication industry is faced with the problem of providing the technology that will be able to support a wide variety of services irrespective of distance, other signals interferences, noise, and objects in the medium of transmission. The system model for the received signal was developed using Jakes model under two propagation paths. The developed model was simulated based on the developed algorithms using MATLAB application package. Two different types of data, randomly generated symbols and image data, were used as the information signal. The results obtained showed that the GMSK scheme had higher average Bit Error Rate (BER) values than the corresponding BDPSK scheme which indicates better performance of BDPSK when the same numbers of bits were transmitted over this channel. Consequently, the quality of the images received with both signalling schemes was in agreement with the BER results. The results obtained showed that though GMSK scheme is comparatively more immune to noise and other interfering signals in this type of fading environment but BDPSK scheme has the advantage of feeding back the output signal to form differential with the input signal which invariably resulted in better average BER of the signal.
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Peña-Martín, Juan P., and Juan M. Romero-Jerez. "An Analytical Study of the Impact of Arbitrary Receive Antenna Correlation in TAS/MRC." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/798015.

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Novel closed-form expressions are derived for the performance analysis of a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system in Rayleigh fading using transmit antenna selection (TAS) at the transmitter and maximal ratio combining (MRC) at the receiver. Receive antennas are assumed to be arbitrarily correlated, as no restriction is imposed on the correlation matrix. General exact and asymptotic expressions to evaluate the bit error rate (BER) of different modulation schemes are presented for uncoded transmission, and a closed-form expression is presented for the channel capacity. It is demonstrated that channel capacity may improve due to correlation at the receive antennas if the transmit array size is large enough as a result of a higher signal variability and the antenna selection performed at the transmitter. Monte Carlo simulations have been carried out to validate the analysis, showing an excellent agreement with the theoretical results.
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Liang, Tao, Ya Jun Zhang, Guo Bin Yuan, and Li Guo. "Joint Transmit Antenna Selection and Artificial Noise for Security in MIMO Wiretap Channels." Applied Mechanics and Materials 541-542 (March 2014): 1452–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.541-542.1452.

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In this paper, We propose a effective method which joint transmit antenna selection (TAS) and artificial noise to promote communication security in MIMO wiretap channels. Firstly, based on TAS protocol, the transmitter selects one antenna (the max-antenna) that maximizes the instantaneous signal-noise-ratio (SNR) at the receiver. Secondly, the transmitter uses the max-antenna to transmit valid data, and simultaneously, uses the remaining antennas to transmit artificial noise which only affects the eavesdropper. Thirdly, The receiver and the eavesdropper employ maximal-ratio combining (MRC) to combine the received signals. We focus on the practical scenario where the transmitter does not have any channel state information (CSI) of the eavesdroppers channel. Our joint TAS and artificial noise scheme (TAS-AN) have low complexity, and can enhance the systems security. The numerical simulation results verify our analysis.
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Hoang An, Ngo, Minh Tran, Tan N. Nguyen, and Duy-Hung Ha. "Physical Layer Security in a Hybrid TPSR Two-Way Half-Duplex Relaying Network over a Rayleigh Fading Channel: Outage and Intercept Probability Analysis." Electronics 9, no. 3 (March 4, 2020): 428. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9030428.

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In this paper, the system performance of a hybrid time–power splitting relaying (TPSR) two-way half-duplex (HD) relaying network over a Rayleigh fading channel is investigated in terms of the outage probability (OP) and intercept probability (IP). The proposed model has two sources, A and B, which communicate with each other with the help of an intermediate relay (R) under the presence of an eavesdropper (E). The physical layer security (PLS) was considered in this case. Firstly, we derived the closed-form expressions of the exact and asymptotic IP in two cases, using MRC (maximal ratio combining) and SC (selection combining) techniques. The closed-form expressions of the system OP was then analyzed and derived. All the analytical expressions of the OP and IP of the system model were verified by a Monte Carlo simulation in connection with all the main system parameters. In the research results, the analytical and simulation values were in total agreement, demonstrating the correctness of the system performance analysis.
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38

Dixit, Saurabh, Himanshu Katiyar, and Arun Kumar Singh. "MIMO Modes in LTE." International Journal of e-Collaboration 15, no. 2 (April 2019): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijec.2019040101.

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The multiple input multiple output (MIMO) technology is a key technology for fourth generation (4G) and beyond wireless communications. The MIMO exploits the space diversity to improve performance as well as augment its capacity. Long term evolution (LTE), the dominant 4G standard, operates in diverse MIMO modes, including spatial multiplexing, spatial diversity, and beamforming techniques to combine the advantages of spatial diversity and spatial multiplexing. This article discusses the various modes in LTE and analyses the performance of the single input single output (SISO) and the single input multiple output (SIMO) modes with selection combining (SC) and maximal ratio combining (MRC) at the receiver end. multiplexing (OFDM) is the multiple. The analysis was done on different values of power decay factor and the different number of channel taps. The performance of MIMO configurations for varying power delay profiles and resolvable paths has been analyzed. It is inferred that the higher number of resolvable paths and a low scattering propagating environment augments the performance.
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39

Gupta, Kapil, and Rachna Mehta. "Moment-Generating Function Based Symbol Error Probability Comparison of M-ary Modulation Techniques in Fading Environment." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 17, no. 11 (November 1, 2020): 5085–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2020.9344.

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This paper analyses and compare Symbol Error Probability (SEP) of M-ary modulation in different fading environment. Maximal ratio combining (MRC) technique with N branch receiver diversity is taken into consideration for the analysis. Expression for probability of symbol error for M-ary frequency shift keying/M-ary phase shift keying/M-ary differential phase shift key/and M-Level Quadrature Amplitude Modulation are obtained through moment-generating function (MGF) approach. Conventional integration process has probability of uncertainty and erroneousness because of composite mathematical calculations and infinite integration bounds. MGF method is used to avoid complex numerical computation for calculation of SEP. Comparison of SEP for diverse values of Rician factor “K”, Nakagami-M factor, modulation order “M” and diversity order “N” has been carried out.
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40

Jovanovic, Predrag, Dragan Mitic, Aleksandar Lebl, and Radoslav Rajkovic. "Display probability of symbol errors for MQAM on Rician fading channel based on MGF method." Yugoslav Journal of Operations Research 25, no. 1 (2015): 93–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/yjor130128036j.

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In this paper, we present a method to calculate the probability of error per symbol (Symbol Error Probability, SEP) of M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (MQAM) over a slow, flat, identically independently distributed Rician fading channels. Since the fading is one of the major constraints in wireless communications, then diversity modulation technique is used for the efficient transfer of message signals. Exact analysis of error probability per symbol for MQAM, transmitted over Rician fading channels, is performed by N branches of diversity reception using maximum ratio of signal-to-noise power (maximal-ratio-combining, MRC), where the information in the channel on the receiver side is known. The performances of MQAM over Rician fading channels are here also analyzed. Approximate formula is used to represent SEP for MQAM transmitted over Gaussian channels. Boundary condition for the approximation is M?4 and 0?SNR?30 dB.
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41

Zheng, Guoqiang, Bing Li, Jishun Li, Huahong Ma, and Baofeng Ji. "An Efficient Data Collection Protocol Based on Multihop Routing and Single-Node Cooperation in Wireless Sensor Networks." Journal of Sensors 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/186806.

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Considering the constrained resource and energy in wireless sensor networks, an efficient data collection protocol named ESCDD which adopts the multihop routing technology and the single-node selection cooperative communication is proposed to make the communication protocol more simple and easy to realize for the large-scale multihop wireless sensor networks. ESCDD uses the greedy strategy and the control information based on RTS/CTS to select forwarding nodes. Then, the hops in the multihop data transmission are reduced. Based on the power control in physical layer and the control frame called CoTS in MAC layer, ESCDD chooses a single cooperative node to perform cooperative transmission. The receiving node adopts maximal ratio combining (MRC) to recover original data. The energy consumption per hop is reduced. Furthermore, the total energy consumption in data collection process is shared by more nodes and the network lifetime is extended. Compared with GeRaF, EERNFS, and REEFG protocol, the simulation results show that ESCDD can effectively reduce the average delay of multihop data transmission, improve the successful delivery rate of data packets, significantly save the energy consumption of network nodes, and make the energy consumption more balanced.
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42

Tiwari, Keerti, Davinder S. Saini, and Sunil V. Bhooshan. "Symbol error rate of MIMO single and double-Weibull fading channels with OSTBC and MRC." World Journal of Engineering 15, no. 4 (August 6, 2018): 498–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wje-04-2017-0090.

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Purpose This paper aims to exploit an orthogonal space-time block code (OSTBC) and maximal ratio combining (MRC) techniques to evaluate error rate performance of multiple-input multiple-output system for different modulation schemes operating over single- and double-Weibull fading channels. Design/methodology/approach The authors provided a novel analytical expression for cumulative distribution function (CDF) of double-Weibull distribution in the form of Meijer-G function. They also evaluated probability density function (PDF) and CDF for single- and double-Weibull random variables. CDF-based closed-form expressions of symbol error rate (SER) are computed for the proposed systems’ design. Findings Based on simulation and analytical results, the authors have shown that double-Weibull fading which shows the cascaded nature of channel gives significantly poor SER performance compared to that of single-Weibull fading. Moreover, MRC offers an improved error rate performance compared to that of OSTBC. As the fading parameter increases for any modulation technique, the required signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) gap between single- and double-Weibull fading decreases. Finally, it is observed that the analytical results are a good approximation to simulation results. Practical implications For practical implication, the authors use a number of antennas at the base station, but solely to maximize performance, one can use receive diversity, i.e. MRC. Originality/value Using higher-order modulation (i.e. 16-QAM), 4 and 1 dB less SNR is required at high and less fading, respectively, in single-Weibull fading as compared to double-Weibull fading. Hence, at higher-order modulation, double-Weibull channel model performs better as compared to lower-order modulation.
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43

Asif, Muhammad, Wuyang Zhou, Qingping Yu, Saifullah Adnan, Md Sadek Ali, and Muhammad Shahid Iqbal. "Jointly designed quasi-cyclic LDPC-coded cooperation with diversity combining at receiver." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 16, no. 7 (July 2020): 155014772093897. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550147720938974.

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This correspondence proposes a jointly-designed quasi-cyclic (QC) low-density parity-check (LDPC)-coded multi-relay cooperation with a destination node realized by multiple receive antennas. First, a deterministic approach is utilized to construct different classes of binary QC-LDPC codes with no length-4 cycles. Existing methods put some limitations in terms of code length and rate in order to provide high error-correction performance. Therefore, this article gives three classes of QC-LDPC codes based on a combinatoric design approach, known as cyclic difference packing (CDP), with flexibility in terms of code-length and rate selection. Second, the proposed CDP-based construction is utilized to jointly-design QC-LDPC codes for coded-relay cooperation. At the receiver, the destination node is realized by multiple receive antennas, where maximal-ratio combining (MRC) and sum-product algorithm (SPA)-based joint iterative decoding are utilized to decode the corrupted sequences coming from the source and relay nodes. Simulation results show that the proposed QC-LDPC coded-relay cooperations outperform their counterparts with a coding gain of about 0.25 dB at bit-error rate (BER) [Formula: see text] over a Rayleigh fading channel in the presence of additive white Gaussian noise. Furthermore, the extrinsic-information transfer (EXIT) chart analysis has been used to detect the convergence threshold of proposed jointly-designed QC-LDPC codes. Numerical analysis shows that the proposed jointly-designed QC-LDPC codes provide a better convergence as compared to their counterparts under the same conditions.
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44

Islam, MS, M. Morshed, RC Roy, and MHA Begum. "Analytical approach of an FSO Link with alamouti- type STBC considering weak atmospheric turbulence." Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 53, no. 3 (September 18, 2018): 205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v53i3.38267.

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An analytical approach is proposed to evaluate the bit error rate (BER) performance of a direct detection on-off keying (OOK) free space optical link over log-normal atmospheric turbulence-induced fading channels based on modified Alamouti code presented by Simon and Vilnrotter and maximal ratio combining (MRC) at the receiver. Simulations show that due to coding and diversity at the receiver, a significant improvement in the BER performance is obtained at a given BER. For diversity order of 2 in both transmitter and in receiver, the amount of BER improvement is 6.6dB at BER 10-5. Further increment of the receiver diversity from 2 to 4 gives additional 3dB improvement at the same BER. A drastic improvement of the BER performance is also possible for increasing number of receiver diversity which may increase hardware complexity. Simulation results are demonstrated to confirm the analytical results.Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res.53(3), 205-210, 2018
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45

Karaboikis, M., V. Papamichael, C. Soras, and V. Makios. "A Multiband Diversity Antenna System for Compact Mobile/Wireless Devices: Modeling and Performance Evaluation." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2008 (2008): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/782153.

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A novel compact multiband diversity antenna system appropriate for integration onto space-limited devices is presented. It comprises three pairs of printed fractal Minkowski and Koch monopole antennas which resonate in the 1.67–2, 2.3–2.56 and 4.55–5.55 GHz bands, respectively, supporting thus a large variety of wireless technologies for mobile and wireless local area networks (WLANs) applications. The operational characteristics of the antenna system were extracted by simulation using a method-of-moment- (MoM-) based electromagnetic field solver. The diversity performance in a uniform multipath environment under the maximal-ratio combining (MRC) scheme is also evaluated for the two extreme modes of operation, that is, when all three antenna pairs operate simultaneously (worst case) and when only one pair is active while the others being open-circuited (best case). The calculated effective diversity gain (EDG) for the worst/best case is 5.8/6.4, 5.8/7.2 and 7.1/7.5 dB for the 1.8, 2.4 and 5.2 GHz frequencies, respectively.
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Khan, Muhammad Sajjad, Muhammad Jibran, Insoo Koo, Su Min Kim, and Junsu Kim. "A Double Adaptive Approach to Tackle Malicious Users in Cognitive Radio Networks." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2019 (March 27, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2350694.

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Cognitive radio (CR) is being considered as a vital technology to provide solution to spectrum scarcity in next generation network, by efficiently utilizing the vacant spectrum of the licensed users. Cooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio network has a promising performance compared to the individual sensing. However, the existence of the malicious users’ attack highly degrades the performance of the cognitive radio networks by sending falsified data also known as spectrum sensing data falsification (SSDF) to the fusion center. In this paper, we propose a double adaptive thresholding technique in order to differentiate legitimate users from doubtful and malicious users. Prior to the double adaptive approach, the maximal ratio combining (MRC) scheme is utilized to assign weight to each user such that the legitimate users experience higher weights than the malicious users. Double adaptive threshold is applied to give a fair chance to the doubtful users to ensure their credibility. A doubtful user that fails the double adaptive threshold test is declared as a malicious user. The results of the legitimate users are combined at the fusion center by utilizing Dempster-Shafer (DS) evidence theory. Effectiveness of the proposed scheme is proved through simulations by comparing with the existing schemes.
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47

The Hung, Dang, Tran Trung Duy, Phuong T. Tran, Do Quoc Trinh, and Tan Hanh. "Performance Comparison between Fountain Codes-Based Secure MIMO Protocols with and without Using Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access." Entropy 21, no. 10 (October 9, 2019): 982. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e21100982.

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In this paper, we propose and evaluate the performance of fountain codes (FCs) based secure transmission protocols in multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) wireless systems, in presence of a passive eavesdropper. In the proposed protocols, a source selects its best antenna to transmit fountain encoded packets to a destination that employs selection combining (SC) or maximal ratio combing (MRC) to enhance reliability of the decoding. The transmission is terminated when the destination has a required number of the encoded packets to reconstruct the original data of the source. Similarly, the eavesdropper also has the ability to recover the source data if it can intercept a sufficient number of the encoded packets. To reduce the number of time slots used, the source can employ non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) to send two encoded packets to the destination at each time slot. For performance analysis, exact formulas of average number of time slots (TS) and intercept probability (IP) over Rayleigh fading channel are derived and then verified by Monte-Carlo simulations. The results presented that the protocol using NOMA not only reduces TS but also obtains lower IP at medium and high transmit signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs), as compared with the corresponding protocol without using NOMA.
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Javaid, Nadeem, Hammad Maqsood, Abdul Wadood, Iftikhar Azim Niaz, Ahmad Almogren, Atif Alamri, and Manzoor Ilahi. "A Localization Based Cooperative Routing Protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks." Mobile Information Systems 2017 (2017): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/7954175.

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Localization is one of the major aspects in underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs). Therefore, it is important to know the accurate position of the sensor node in large scale applications like disaster prevention, tactical surveillance, and monitoring. Due to the inefficiency of the global positioning system (GPS) in UWSN, it is very difficult to localize a node in underwater environment compared to terrestrial networks. To minimize the localization error and enhance the localization coverage of the network, two routing protocols are proposed; the first one is mobile autonomous underwater vehicle (MobiL-AUV) and the second one is cooperative MobiL (CO-MobiL). In MobiL-AUV, AUVs are deployed and equipped with GPS and act as reference nodes. These reference nodes are used to localize all the nonlocalized ordinary sensor nodes in order to reduce the localization error and maximize the network coverage. CO-MobiL is presented in order to improve the network throughput by using the maximal ratio combining (MRC) as diversity technique which combines both signals, received from the source and received from the relay at the destination. It uses amplify-and-forward (AF) mechanism to improve the signal between the source and the destination. To support our claims, extensive simulations are performed.
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Dixit, Saurabh, Himanshu Katiyar, and Arun Kumar Singh. "MIMO-OFDM in a Cooperative Frequency Selective Fading Channel: An Analysis." Journal of Computer Networks and Communications 2019 (November 3, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9107505.

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Diversity is an integral technique in the advancement of wireless communications. Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology continues to occupy a pivotal position in the fourth-generation (4G) standards and beyond. With the advent of full-dimension (FD) MIMO and massive MIMO, new paradigms are being targeted in the disruptive technology. Third-generation partnership project (3GPP) has also emphasized the advanced MIMO technology for achieving its vision of International Mobile Telephony (IMT) 2020. However, implementing multiple antennas can be cumbersome due to limiting factors such as size, cost, and hardware limitations. In such a scenario, where implementing many antennas is not feasible, the benefits of diversity can be reaped by employing cooperative communication. Single antenna mobiles can share their mobile stations giving rise to a virtual MIMO system. In this paper, the authors have analyzed the performance of cooperative mobile stations in a frequency selective channel. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), known for its robustness against multipath fading, is the modulation technique employed to circumvent the hazardous effects of intersymbol interference (ISI). MIMO is the key technology for achieving capacity advantage and improving link reliability. The blend of these two cutting edge technologies in a cooperative relay system presents encouraging results and inferences. Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC) is employed at the relay and the receiver to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Decode and forward (DF) protocol is used at the relay node owing to its regenerative nature and adaptability. The closed-form expressions for bit error rate (BER) and outage probability (Pout) are derived and compared with the experimental results. The effect of power decay factor is analyzed and simulation is done for 2 × 2, 2 × 3, and 2 × 4 transmit and receive antennas. The number of antennas at the relay is kept as 2. The analytical results agree with the simulation results.
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Xia, J., and T. Lv. "DST-based combining scheme outperforms maximal-ratio combining." Electronics Letters 46, no. 7 (2010): 536. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el.2010.3518.

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