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Academic literature on the topic 'Maximum Contamination Level'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Maximum Contamination Level"

1

Sorokin, Ph G. "Gamma background level in the western districts of the Bryansk region." "Radiation and Risk" Bulletin of the National Radiation and Epidemiological Registry 34, no. 2 (2025): 63–68. https://doi.org/10.21870/0131-3878-2025-34-2-63-68.

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Dosimetric monitoring of external gamma radiation in radioactively contaminated areas is an essential measure to ensure public safety. Accumulated data on radioactive contamination from different periods can be used for scientific forecasting. This study was conducted in July 2024 as part of research on agricultural ecosystems in radioactively contaminated areas of the Bryansk region. The surveyed settlements are among the most affected in Russia following the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant accident. They are located either in the zone of residence with the right to relocation, where the curren

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Baziene, Kristina, Ina Tetsman, and Ramune Albrektiene. "Level of Pollution on Surrounding Environment from Landfill Aftercare." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 6 (2020): 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17062007.

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This work examines how the pollution from landfill aftercare effect the surrounding area and water basins. The subject of the study was a closed landfill where waste was disposed of without any accounting and operation of the landfill. During the study, soil, surface water, and sediment samples were taken over a two-year period. The data obtained compared with the maximum allowable concentrations established in the Northern part of Lithuania. The water sampling sites were selected taking into account the direction of the water flow, and the landfill was found to influence the water quality. Wi

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Padmini, K., and L. B. Naik. "Studies on the Extent of Genetic Contamination in Seed Production of Ridge Gourd (Luffa acutangula Roxb.)." Journal of Horticultural Sciences 1, no. 1 (2006): 55–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.24154/jhs.v1i1.675.

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Studies were conducted during 2002-2005 (Rabi season) to evaluate the extent of genetic contamination in round fruited ridge gourd (recessive) vehen grown for seed production under open field conditions. The round fruited ridge gourd was sown at 200 m, 400 m, 600 m and 800 m distance from Arlia Sumeet (long fruited) which acted as the local marker (dominant). The highest percentage of genetic contamination was recorded at a distance of 200 m from the contaminator (Arka Sumeet) (28.62% and 88.1%, respectively, in the years 2003 and 2005). It was also observed that there was a gradual reduction

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Bounouar, Julien, Thi Quynh Nguyen, Olivier Le-Barillec, et al. "FOUP Material Influence on HF Contamination during Queue-Time." Solid State Phenomena 219 (September 2014): 251–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.219.251.

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Airborne Molecular Contamination (AMC) concentrations become critical during queue-time (between two successive process steps) when wafers are degassing inside Front Opening Unified Pod (FOUP), a confined environment [1]. In that case, AMC concentrations can reach maximum level.

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Ed, Nwobodo, C. Ezeasouba Oluchukwu, Chibuike Ikwuka David, Ejike Igbokwe Gabriel, Egwuatu Chinyelu, and Eluemunor Nwaefulu Kester. "Evaluation of Microbial and Elemental contaminants of Open Market Sachet Water in Nnewi Metropolis." International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Analysis 04, no. 02 (2021): 172–80. https://doi.org/10.47191/ijmra/v4-i2-11.

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This Study Assessed Microbial And Elemental Constituents Of Sachet Drinking Water In Nnewi Metropolis. 100 Questionnaires Were Administered To Get Responses Of Individuals Who Frequently Drink Sachet Water And Cross-Sectional Study Was Conducted Using 10 Sachet Water Samples Collected From Nnewi. Each Sample Was Subjected To Physicochemical Examinations And Microbiological Examination. Data Were Analyzed Using Descriptive And ANOVA. 29% Respondents Reported Developing Some Symptoms After Drinking A Particular Brand Or Different Brands. 60% Of Samples Had Mercury Levels Exceeding The Maximum Co

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Kulmakova, N., T. Magomadov, N. Kostomakhin, V. Semenov, and R. Mudarisov. "Safety and quality of feed for piglets." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 935, no. 1 (2021): 012012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/935/1/012012.

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Abstract The results of research on the safety and quality of compound feed of domestic producers for piglets have been presented in the article. The materials for the investigation were 4 samples of the starting complete feed for piglets of main domestic producers. Organoleptic characteristics of compound feed for piglets met the requirements of Federal standard 34109-2017. The assessment of the total bacterial contamination showed that sample No. 3 (the feed plant “VEGA”) has the maximum level of contamination, and the lowest level in sample No. 1 - new feeding technologies plant. The conten

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Saha, Subrota Kumar, Md Yousuf Gazi, Mahir Tajwar, and Suzal Kumar. "Soil Contamination Assessment by Trace Elements in Barapukuria Coal Mine Region, Bangladesh." Environmental and Earth Sciences Research Journal 8, no. 1 (2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/eesrj.080101.

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Coal mining areas in Bangladesh are exposing to extreme environmental problems due to the mobilization of heavy metals in the surrounding region. To assess the persisting risk, several soil samples were collected from the nearby coal mine areas. The amount of pollution of heavy metal has been calculated to determine the extent of the contamination. Soil contamination assessment was carried out using pollution evaluation indices such as heavy metal pollution index (HPI), the degree of contamination (Cd), and the contamination factor (CF). The concentration of S, As, Ba and, F exceeded the maxim

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Ham, Youn-Kyung, Dong-Heon Song, and Hyun-Wook Kim. "Effects of Toxic Heavy Metal Salts on Oxidative Quality Deterioration in Ground Pork Model during Aerobic Display Storage." Antioxidants 11, no. 7 (2022): 1310. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox11071310.

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The contamination of toxic heavy metals in meat production and processing can cause the oxidative deterioration of processed meat products. Aside from the possible mechanisms of toxic heavy metals on pro-oxidative reaction, little is known about the potential impacts of toxic heavy metal contamination on meat quality attributes within permitted maximum residual levels. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the influence of the intentional contamination of toxic heavy metals on the oxidative deterioration in ground pork models during aerobic display storage. Four types of toxi

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De Santis, Paola, Dejene K. Mengistu, Yosef Gebrehawaryat Kidane, et al. "Negligible Levels of Mycotoxin Contamination in Durum Wheat and Groundnuts from Non-Intensive Rainfed Production Systems." Sustainability 13, no. 18 (2021): 10309. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131810309.

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Mycotoxins are chemical contaminants that are invisible, tasteless, chemically stable and survive food processing. Contamination along the agri-food chain is difficult to control since their production and spreading are due to numerous factors including temperature, relative humidity, insect infestation, and susceptibility of the host plant. This is a pilot study which aims at assessing the contamination level of deoxynivalenol (DON), and its plant metabolites (3AcDON, 15 AcDON, DON 3G), nivalenol, T-2 and HT-2 toxins, and ochratoxin A in thirty-seven traditional varieties of Ethiopian durum w

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Krnjaja, Vesna, Slavica Stankovic, Ana Obradovic, et al. "Fungal and mycotoxin contamination of maize hybrids in different maturity groups." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 32, no. 1 (2016): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah1601071k.

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In the present study, the frequency of toxigenic fungi and occurrence of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), deoxynivalenol (DON) and total fumonisins (FBs) in the kernels of six maize hybrids from different FAO maturity groups (ZP 341, ZP 427, ZP 434, ZP 560, ZP 606, ZP 666) in three localities (Belosavci, Ladjevci and Divci) in Serbia, during the harvest in 2013, was investigated. Using standard mycological tests of maize kernels, the presence of potentially toxigenic fungi species from the genera Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium was found. In the studied localities, species Fusarium verticillioides w

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Books on the topic "Maximum Contamination Level"

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New Jersey Drinking Water Quality Institute. Maximum contaminant level recommendations for hazardous contaminants in drinking water. The Institute, 1995.

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New Jersey Drinking Water Quality Institute. Maximum contaminant level recommendations for hazardous contaminants in drinking water. The Institute, 1987.

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Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. and Joint Meeting of the FAO Panel of Experts on Pesticide Residues in Food and the Environment and the WHO Expert Group on Pesticide Residues., eds. Submission and evaluation of pesticide residues data for the estimation of maximum residue levels in food and feed. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2002.

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Food Safety After Nuclear Accidents (Food). Nordic Council of Ministers,Denmark, 1993.

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Britain, Great. Food and Feed (Maximum Permitted Levels of Radioactive Contamination) (Amendment) (EU Exit) Regulations 2019. Stationery Office, The, 2019.

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Britain, Great. Food and Feed (Maximum Permitted Levels of Radioactive Contamination) (Amendment) (EU Exit) Regulations 2019. Stationery Office, The, 2019.

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Book chapters on the topic "Maximum Contamination Level"

1

Malisch, Rainer, Björn Hardebusch, Ralf Lippold, et al. "Time Trends in Human Milk Derived from WHO- and UNEP-Coordinated Exposure Studies, Chapter 2: DDT, Beta-HCH and HCB." In Persistent Organic Pollutants in Human Milk. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-34087-1_13.

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AbstractTemporal trends of DDT (“DDT complex” as sum of p,p′-DDT, o,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDD and p,p′-DDE), beta-hexachlorocyclohexane (beta-HCH) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) were assessed using pooled human milk samples from 44 countries from all United Nations Regional Groups based on their repeated participation in WHO/UNEP-coordinated exposure studies performed between 2000 and 2019. In contrast to a general estimation of time trends based on results from all countries, this is a more precise approach, because levels among countries are often highly variable. The primary objective of these temporal

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Malisch, Rainer, Alexander Schächtele, Ralf Lippold, et al. "Overall Conclusions and Key Messages of the WHO/UNEP-Coordinated Human Milk Studies on Persistent Organic Pollutants." In Persistent Organic Pollutants in Human Milk. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-34087-1_16.

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AbstractBuilding on the two rounds of exposure studies with human milk coordinated by the World Health Organization (WHO) in the mid-1980s and 1990s on polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF), five expanded studies on persistent organic pollutants (POPs) were performed between 2000 and 2019. After the adoption of the Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Convention) in 2001, WHO and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) collaborated in joint studies starting in 2004. The collaboration aimed at provision of POPs d

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Saka, Gunay. "Preservation and Storage of Food." In Food Safety. Nobel Tip Kitabevleri, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.69860/nobel.9786053358787.36.

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In order to meet their nutritional needs, people have developed methods to store food without spoiling since time immemorial. Today, different methods are being developed with new technologies. In this article, it is aimed to examine food preservation and storage methods and to make suggestions to consumers. The World Health Organisation states that safe food is the primary determinant of human health and access to safe, nutritious and healthy food is a basic human right. Unsafe food leads to infectious diseases and poisoning, creating a vicious cycle of disease, malnutrition and disability, e

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Bilinmis, Izem, Senanur Ozsoy, and Hilal Ozgunes. "Ochratoxins." In Food Safety. Nobel Tip Kitabevleri, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.69860/nobel.9786053358787.6.

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In this section, ochratoxins are described in general, and their effects on human health and the toxic effects are particularly discussed. Ochratoxins are considered to be among the mycotoxins with significant health implications due to their widespread presence in food and feed. Among the ochratoxin types, Ochratoxin A was mainly mentioned, because Ochratoxin A is the most prevalent and relevant fungal toxin of this group. Ochratoxins are a group of naturally occurring mycotoxins produced by fungi belonging to the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium. These toxins are known to contaminate vario

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Malisch, Rainer, Karin Kypke, Benjamin Dambacher, et al. "WHO- and UNEP-Coordinated Exposure Studies 2000–2019: Findings of Organochlorine Pesticides and Industrial Chemicals." In Persistent Organic Pollutants in Human Milk. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-34087-1_8.

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AbstractThe concentrations of a number of organochlorine pesticides and related chemicals and two organochlorine industrial chemicals were determined in 163 pooled human milk samples from 82 countries from all United Nations regions. These countries participated in one or more of the five exposure studies on persistent organic pollutants coordinated by the World Health Organization and the United Nations Environment Programme between 2000 and 2019. The compounds included were aldrin, chlordane, chlordecone, DDT, dicofol, dieldrin, endosulfan, endrin, heptachlor, hexachlorobenzene, hexachlorobu

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Brázová, Tímea, Tomáš Faragó, and Jozef Hančuľák. "Relationship between Heavy Metal Accumulation in Freshwater Fish Hosts and Parasites in Aquatic Environments." In Heavy Metals in the Environment [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.1006612.

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Certain parasitic species may enhance fish fitness in contaminated environments by bioaccumulating pollutants from their hosts. The fate of trace elements and the combined effects of parasitism and pollution were studied in European perch infected with acanthocephalans Acanthocephalus lucii and cestodes Proteocephalus percae from the water reservoir Ružín in Slovakia. Most trace elements were found at higher levels in parasites than in fish matrices, except for mercury, with the highest levels in the fish muscle. The concentration of toxic mercury in fish muscle exceeded the maximum level allo

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Lamine Komara, Mohamed, and Kandé Bangoura. "Determination of the Physicochemical and Bacteriological Parameters of the Waters of Lake Sonfonia Commune of Ratoma (Republic of Guinea) 2021." In Environmental Sciences. IntechOpen, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.1005400.

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Lake Sonfonia located in the commune of Ratoma in the Republic of Guinea is under the influence of various anthropogenic activities. Field visits and interviews with the local population made it possible to identify the sources of pollution and the different stations for taking water samples. The results of the analysis of physicochemical and bacteriological parameters showed that the chemical oxygen demand (COD) is >20 mg/l WHO limit value for surface waters indicating the presence of a high material load organic and a drop in the dissolved oxygen level < 10 mg/l, the WHO limit value. T

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Mudassir Usman, Muhammad, Shamsu Shuaibu Bala, and K. Hamza. "Environmental Impact of Heavy Metals." In Heavy Metals - Recent Advances. IntechOpen, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.108973.

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Heavy metals cause toxicity in biological systems by bonding to Sulfhydryl groups and producing reactive oxygen species (ROS). Many international organizations established a standard regarding the presence of heavy metals in the environment, food, and drinking water as a result of numerous harmful effects on humans and animals observed. This study aimed to determine the level of heavy metal concentrations and water quality in the Romi River, where some heavy metals concentrations (Iron 0.89 mg/L and Nickel 0.36 mg/L) exceeded the WHO maximum standard limits (Nickel 0.02 mg/L and 0.030 mg/L). T

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"Distribution of radionuclide contamination in water bodies at the excavation explosions areas at the territory of the Semipalatinsk test site." In Book of Abstracts - RAD 2025 Conference. RAD Centre, Niš, Serbia, 2025. https://doi.org/10.21175/rad.abstr.book.2025.40.8.

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Excavation explosions are underground nuclear tests with the ejection of soil. At the Semipalatinsk Test Site (STS), excavation explosions carried out between 1965 and 1968 resulted in the formation of reservoirs with water. These include the “Telkem-1” and “Telkem-2” craters at the “Telkem” test site, the crater (borehole 1003) at the “Sary-Uzen” test site, and the “Atomic” Lake at the “Balapan” test site. As a result of the excavation explosions, the vegetation in these areas was destroyed and currently is represented by various stages of restoration of some plant communities. To conduct res

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Wigle, Donald T. "Metals—Lead." In Child Health and the Environment. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195135596.003.0004.

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Abstract The twentieth century saw greatly expanded use and environmental dispersion of lead, a dense metal valued since antiquity because of its low melting point, pliability, and durability. Analysis of a Swiss peat bog showed that annual average lead deposition increased 1600-fold between 5000 B.C. and the maximum in 1979. Recognition of adult lead poisoning with abdominal colic can be traced to Hippocrates in about 370 B.C. (in metal workers) and Baker in 1767 (who linked Devonshire colic to consumption of lead-contaminated cider) (Table 4–1). Childhood lead poisoning was recognized as a d

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Conference papers on the topic "Maximum Contamination Level"

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Lee, Chul-Hwan, Sung-Mo Son, Yun-Ho Baek, and Dae-Young Kim. "Soluble Salt Criteria of Epoxy Coatings for Ship’S Water Ballast Tank." In CORROSION 2010. NACE International, 2010. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2010-10017.

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Abstract Soluble salt contamination of the substrate prior to coating application will cause premature coating failure at the coating/steel interface as well as underfilm corrosion of the steel substrate, especially when the surface concentration of the soluble salts exceeds a critical level. So, in order to prevent this salt-induced premature coating failure IMO’s PSPC regulation adopted recently for ship’s water ballast tank specified the allowable NaCl limit to be 50 mg/m2 or less for primary and secondary surface preparation. The finalized criterion on the salt contamination, however, can

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Mitschke, Howard. "Effects of Chloride Contamination on Performance of Tank and Vessel Linings." In SSPC 2000. SSPC, 2000. https://doi.org/10.5006/s2000-00033.

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Abstract Nine, commercially available, ambient cured, thin-film lining systems were evaluated for their tolerance to various levels of natural and artificially applied chloride contamination on steel substrates. The linings were tested by immersion in water or hydrocarbon/water at various temperatures for a duration of 13 and 6 months respectively. The tolerances to chloride were found to vary significantly among the linings. In addition, the maximum service temperatures of the linings were progressively reduced as the chloride levels increased.

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Pilecka-Ulcugaceva, Jovita, Anda Bakute, Maris Bertins, Kristaps Siltumens, and Inga Grinfelde. "ASSESSMENT OF HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATION IN URBAN SNOW: A CASE STUDY OF NICKEL AND COPPER IN JELGAVA, LATVIA." In 24th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2024. STEF92 Technology, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2024v/4.2/s18.25.

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Snow water pollution, especially from heavy metals, is a growing global environmental concern, as urbanization and industrial activities increasingly contribute to the contamination of precipitation. Snow, acting as a natural filter, accumulates atmospheric pollutants, which are subsequently released during snowmelt, entering stormwater systems and surface water bodies. This issue has been observed across Europe, North America, and other industrialized regions, where heavy metals such as nickel (Ni) and copper (Cu) are prevalent contaminants. In Latvia, studies on snow pollution remain limited

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Lecaj, Elida, Bahri Sinani, Adelina Haskaj, Berat Sinani, Majlinda Ramadani, and Blerta Retkoceri. "ASSESSING THE AGRICULTURAL CONSEQUENCES OF LANDFILL KELMEND-ASSOCIATED HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATION IN RAHOVE VILLAGE." In 24th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 24. STEF92 Technology, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2024/1.1/s01.04.

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Soil contamination near waste dumps is a complex problem, landfills are major contributors to environmental pollution, causing continuous degradation of land surfaces and significant environmental consequences. The challenge in question is to combat soil degradation and heavy metal pollution by implementing targeted soil protection measures and policies. Soil pollution disrupts the delicate balance of nutrients within the soil. This study focuses on assessing the impact of heavy metals by collecting soil samples in 5 different locations at a depth of 50 cm around a landfill and subsequently de

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Boffardi, B. P., and A. M. Sherbondy. "Control of Lead Corrosion by Chemical Treatment." In CORROSION 1991. NACE International, 1991. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1991-91445.

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Abstract Laboratory corrosion studies with lead pipe in the presence of orthophosphate or polyphosphate show that orthophosphate ions are most effective in controlling lead leaching. XPS analysis indicates that the mechanism differs for the two phosphate species; orthophosphate interacts directly with the lead surface whereas polyphosphates require calcium ions to develop a self limiting protective barrier. Pilot plant testing using a pipe loop fabricated from lead, soft solder, copper and a brass faucet simulating household water usage with typical on-off cycles, established equilibrium corro

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Valujeva, Kristine, Jovita Pilecka-Ulcugaceva, Sindija Liepa, Oskars Purmalis, and Inga Grinfelde. "ASSESSMENT OF HEAVY METAL POLLUTION IN SNOW SAMPLES COLLECTED AT VARIOUS DISTANCES FROM ROAD SECTIONS: CASE STUDY JELGAVA." In 24th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 24. STEF92 Technology, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2024/4.1/s19.49.

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The increasing flow of traffic passing through cities on a daily basis, especially those cities that have a difficult situation with bypass, raises concerns about the air quality in sections of the transport corridors, as well as in the city as a whole. Heavy metal pollution is a serious environmental concern, especially in urban and suburban areas where vehicle emissions contribute to air and soil pollution. The aim of the study is to assess the extent of heavy metal contamination in snow samples collected at different distances from roads in different areas of the city. Snow samples were col

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Sumanathilake, R. M. S. B. D., N. Jegatheeswaran, K. G. M. Pabanda, and A. V. P. Vijitha. "Heavy metals in agricultural soils and level of contamination with crop production." In International Symposium on Earth Resources Management & Environment - ISERME 2023. Department of Earth Resources Engineering, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31705/iserme.2023.25.

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Heavy metals (HM) can be defined as metallic elements that are greater than 40 in atomic weight and above 5 g/cm3 in specific gravity and cause abnormal effects on the biota at low concentrations. This study aimed to assess the levels of HM contamination in soils and unpolished rice grains (Oryza sativa) at three separated paddy cultivation fields in Anuradhapura, Gampaha, and Jaffna over one consecutive season. The concentrations of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) were detected using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). According to the results, HM concentrations o

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Gubasheva, B. E., M. A. Khassenova, and E. K. Akkereyeva. "Monitoring of technogenic soil pollution in manufacture." In General question of world science. Наука России, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/gq-31-03-2021-21.

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The growth of production zones in the city of Aksai in the West Kazakhstan region leads to contamination of the soil cover, which, in turn, causes a chain reaction of pollution. Due to soil contamination, soil moisture and the underground surface are polluted. As a result, the processes in the soil change, the vital activity of plants, animals and microorganisms are disrupted. The article presents data on the study of changes in soil cover under the influence of human activity. The results of the conducted studies on the determination of the humus content and pH level, the content of heavy met

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Kaglyan, A. E., D. I. Gudkov, S. I. Kireev, L. P. Yurchuk, and M. A. Menkovska. "LEVELS OF RADIONUCLIDE CONTAMINATION OF FISH OF VERSHYNA LAKE IN THE CHORNOBYL EXCLUSION ZONE." In 22nd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2022. STEF92 Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2022v/4.2/s16.59.

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The levels of specific activity of 90Sr and 137Cs in fish of one of the most polluted reservoirs of the Chornobyl Exclusion Zone (ChEZ) - Vershyna Lake. During the research period from 2011 to 2021 for all studied fish of the lake. The peak ranges of the specific activity of radionuclides are noted at the level of 32960-213300 (average value 67832-22936) Bq/kg for 90Sr and 838-25907 (4811-569) Bq/kg for 137Cs. It is shown that at the current stage, the specific activity of 90Sr in the ichthyofauna of the lake exceeds the permissible levels, which are accepted in Ukraine for fish products in mo

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Fasoro, Abiodun A., Praveen Pandojirao-S., Dan O. Popa, Harry E. Stephanou, and Dereje A. Agonafer. "Die and Wafer-Level Hermetic Sealing for MEMS Applications." In ASME 2007 InterPACK Conference collocated with the ASME/JSME 2007 Thermal Engineering Heat Transfer Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2007-33850.

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Two of the primary causes of MEMS failure are stiction of the moving microparts due to moisture from environment and particulate contamination due to the degradation of organic materials. The use of getters such as sputtered Ti and Ba to maintain a moisture free environment within the MEMS package has been proposed and is well documented. Though getters ensure a moisture free environment within the package, they do not ensure hermeticity over long periods of time. Hermetic packaging is sometimes desirable for MEMS and optical MEMS (especially those that require long shelf lives) in order to gu

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Reports on the topic "Maximum Contamination Level"

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Anderson, Andrew, and Mark Yacucci. Inventory and Statistical Characterization of Inorganic Soil Constituents in Illinois. Illinois Center for Transportation, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-006.

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This report presents a statistical analysis of the Regulated Substances Library (RSL) developed by the Illinois Department of Transportation. The RSL is comprised of surficial soil chemistry data obtained from rights-of-way subsurface soil sampling conducted for routine preliminary site investigations. The 3.7-million-record RSL database is compared with four independent studies of inorganic soil constituents of naturally occurring soils in Illinois. A selection of 22 inorganic soil analytes are examined in this study: Al, Sb, As, Ba, Be, Cd, Ca, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mg, Mn, Hg, Ni, K, Se, Na,

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