Relevant bibliographies by topics / Maximum Debt

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Maximum Debt'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 9 May 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Maximum Debt"

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Onar, Sezi Cevik, Basar Oztaysi, and Cengiz Kahraman. "A FUZZY RULE BASED INFERENCE SYSTEM FOR EARLY DEBT COLLECTION." Technological and Economic Development of Economy 24, no. 5 (October 1, 2018): 1845–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/20294913.2016.1266409.

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Nowadays, unpaid invoices and unpaid credits are becoming more and more common. Large amounts of data regarding these debts are collected and stored by debt collection agencies. Early debt collection processes aim at collecting payments from creditors or debtors before the legal procedure starts. In order to be successful and be able to collect maximum debts, collection agencies need to use their human resources efficiently and communicate with the customers via the most convenient channel that leads to minimum costs. However, achieving these goals need processing, analyzing and evaluating customer data and inferring the right actions instantaneously. In this study, fuzzy inference based intelligent systems are used to empower early debt collection processes using the principles of data science. In the paper, an early debt collection system composed of three different Fuzzy Inference Systems (FIS), one for credit debts, one for credit card debts, and one for invoices, is developed. These systems use different inputs such as amount of loan, wealth of debtor, part history of debtor, amount of other debts, active customer since, credit limit, and criticality to determine the output possibility of repaying the debt. This output is later used to determine the most convenient communication channel and communication activity profile.
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M.A., Isiaka, Adeosun O.T., Talabi A.A., and Lamidi L.O. "Relationship between Public Debt and Exports in Nigeria: A Granger Causality and Threshold Analysis Approach." African Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research 5, no. 5 (December 28, 2022): 108–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.52589/ajsshr-axzif3kd.

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This paper examines the relationship between public debt and exports of Nigeria, ranging from the period 1981 to 2017. It analyses the trend of public debt and its measure of sustainability and how it relates to the export earnings of Nigeria. Granger causality was used to test the causality effect of public debts on Nigeria's exports (oil and non-oil exports). Also, threshold regression analysis was used to investigate the relationship between public debt and exports of Nigeria. Granger causality results show that the export of goods and services of Nigeria granger causes external debt while external debt does not granger cause the export of goods and services. Domestic debt has a statistically significant influence on exports of Nigeria, but a threshold exists for this to avoid the crowding-out effect and higher interest rate, which will influence exports negatively. Hence, for Nigeria as a nation to maintain the sustainability of its domestic debt in relation to exports, there is an existence of a maximum threshold limit of ₦6,538 billion, while external debt should be below ₦3,178 billion.
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de-Córdoba, Gonzalo F., Benedetto Molinari, and José L. Torres. "Public Debt Frontier: A Python Toolkit for Analyzing Public Debt Sustainability." Sustainability 13, no. 23 (November 30, 2021): 13260. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132313260.

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This study proposes a synthetic visual indicator with which to perform debt sustainability analysis using dynamic general equilibrium models. In a single diagram, we summarized the general equilibrium relationships among economic activity, government budget, and the maximum amount of sustainable public debt. Then, we measured sustainability using the distance of actual debt from the model-consistent maximum debt. This indicator can be implemented with any DSGE model; as a backing theory, we used a neoclassical model augmented with endogenous tax revenues, disaggregated public spending, different production technologies for public and private goods, non-atomistic wage setters in public labor (unions), and a fully specified maturity curve for public bonds. We provided an example of its usage using the case of Greece during the last public debt crisis. To perform the numerical analysis, we developed original software, whose advantage is allowing an audience without expertise in DSGE models to perform general equilibrium debt sustainability analyses without requiring an understanding of the technicalities of DSGE models.
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Fitriyani, Yuli, Mufrida Zein, Radna Nurmalina, and Mega Putri Diyani. "Analysis of Financial Statements to Measure Performance at PT. Kino Indonesia, Tbk 2015-2019." International Journal of Research in Vocational Studies (IJRVOCAS) 2, no. 1 (April 13, 2022): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.53893/ijrvocas.v2i1.95.

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This study aims to analyze the financial performance of PT. Kino Indonesia Tbk from 2015-2019 by calculating financial ratios. The type of data used is quantitative data. The data collection methods used were documentation and literature study which were analyzed using financial ratios, namely liquidity ratios, solvency ratios, and profitability ratios. The results show that the liquidity ratio, namely the current ratio, is not yet effective because the company has not been able to pay current debts using assets, while the quick ratio is declared effective because the company is able to pay short-term debt with current assets without taking inventory into account. The solvency ratio, namely the debt to asset ratio, is declared ineffective because the company has not been able to pay all of its debts using assets and the debt to equity ratio is effective because the company is able to pay all its debts using all equity. Profitability ratios, namely return on assets and return on equity, fluctuate every year because the company has not been able to obtain maximum profit.
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Rankin, Neil. "MAXIMUM SUSTAINABLE GOVERNMENT DEBT IN THE PERPETUAL YOUTH MODEL." Bulletin of Economic Research 66, no. 3 (January 22, 2013): 217–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.2012.00475.x.

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Rankin, Neil, and Barbara Roffia. "Maximum Sustainable Government Debt in the Overlapping Generations Model." Manchester School 71, no. 3 (June 2003): 217–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9957.00344.

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Southall, D. "Cancellation of debt must ensure maximum benefit to vulnerable." BMJ 319, no. 7213 (September 25, 1999): 849. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.319.7213.849.

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Gubernat, Ewa, Hanna Kociemska, Bernadeta Dziedziak, and Leszek Patrzalek. "The Impact of Maximum Allowable Debt Level of Local Government Units on their Investment Potential." Lex localis - Journal of Local Self-Government 19, no. 4 (October 31, 2021): 991–1014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4335/19.3.991-1014(2021).

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Keeping local government units’ financial stability to run necessary projects is becoming a severe threat due to the remarkable increase of theirs’ debt level. A question arises whether the application of debt limits excessively restrict municipalities’ investment potential. Using the linear regression model, we proved that increasing the maximum allowable debt level decreases investment potential. We have challenged the relevance of using fiscal rules and presented liberalizing the fiscal rules’ principles to assess the investment potential as an indicator to guarantee optimum use of the local government units’ economic potential from different perspectives.
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Agustini, Sri, Sugeng Iscahyono, and Abdul Yogi Puadudin. "Profitabilitas, Likuiditas, Pertumbuhan Penjualan, dan Ukuran Perusahaan Terhadap Kebijakan Utang pada Perusahaan Sub Sektor Makanan dan Minuman." Journal of Academia Perspectives 2, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.30998/jap.v2i1.901.

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This study aims to determine and analyze the effect of Profitability, Liquidity, Sales Growth, and Company Size on Debt Policy. For this reason, every company that has a goal to get maximum profit requires large capital, one of the sources is from external funds in the form of funds that obtained from other parties or debts. The research method used in this research is associative research method, namely research that aims to determine the influence or relationship between two or more variables. The results of the study show that for food and beverage companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2016-2018 that profitability has no effect on debt policy, as evidenced by the profitability significance value of 0.336 which is greater than the significance value of 0.05. Liquidity has an effect on debt policy, as evidenced by the significance value of 0.023 which is smaller than the value of 0.05. Then, sales growth has no effect on debt policy, as evidenced by a significance value of 0.283 greater than 0.05. And, firm size has no effect on debt policy, as evidenced by a significance value of 0.411 which is greater than 0.05. Partially shows that three variables, namely profitability, sales growth and firm size have no effect on debt policy, and one variable, namely liquidity, which affects debt policy. The results of the research simultaneously show that profitability, liquidity, sales growth and firm size together have no effect on debt policy. And the results simultaneously show that 0.039 is smaller than 0.05 simultaneously profitability, liquidity, sales growth and firm size affect debt policy.
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Karas, Michal, and Mária Režňáková. "A novel approach to estimating the debt capacity of European SMEs." Equilibrium 18, no. 2 (June 30, 2023): 551–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/eq.2023.017.

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Research background: The concept of debt capacity assumes that a maximum value of debt ratio exists that when exceeded triggers unfavourable consequences, such as drop in market value, default or a change in the business' creditworthiness. With the current state of the art there is a priori no theoretical assurance that such a specific value exists, or rather it is represented by an interval of values. Beyond that, our understanding of debt capacity is often limited to a theoretical approximation by firm-specific factors, while the context of macroeconomic factors, especially those critical for SMEs, is neglected. Purpose of the article: The aim of this paper is to present a novel approach to estimating SMEs' debt capacity. Further, the aim is to answer the question of what firm-level and macroeconomy conditions lead to exhausting the SMEs' debt capacity and under what conditions a specific value of maximum debt capacity could be estimated. Methods: To estimate the debt capacity, we suggest a use of an information entropy minimising heuristic and the Minimal Description Length Principle. In this approach, the observed feature space is categorised into several regions. In this case, such a region represents a set of firm- and macroeconomy-specific conditions forming the debt capacity of the SMEs. To the best of our knowledge, such an approach has not yet been used in debt capacity applications. Findings & value added: We found out that the debt ratio itself provides little explanation of exhausted debt capacity, suggesting that high debt levels are compensated for by other factors. By using the suggested approach, a set of more than 100 different regions was analysed. It was found that in case of five regions (sets of conditions) the debt capacity is exhausted, as the high level of debt has significant distress consequences.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Maximum Debt"

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Benzon, Sarah, and Frida Larsson. "Fiscal tools and their potential impacts on Swedish households." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-192166.

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Shen, Shuying. "Consumer Debt, Psychological Well-being, and Social Influence." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1376670509.

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GUASTELLA, ANNE-MARIE. "Debit cardiaque au cours des exercices musculaires sub-maximaux et maximaux chez les paraplegiques." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991CLF13024.

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Faltot, Jean. "Volumes pulmonaires et débits maximaux chez le plongeur sportif." Bordeaux 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989BOR25199.

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JOUAVILLE, LIONEL. "Effet d'une contre-pression des membres inferieurs sur le debit cardiaque au cours de l'exercice musculaire sous-maximal et maximal chez le paraplegique." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993CLF1M039.

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Hägerdal, Erik, and Joakim Sjögren. "Finns det blockpolitiska skillnader i kommunal skattepolitik?" Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statistiska institutionen, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-180523.

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Med denna uppsats har vi försökt modellera sannolikheten för förändringar i den kommunala skattenivån i svenska kommuner givet deras politiska styre, som är kodade enligt definition av Sveriges Kommuner och Landsting (SKL). Genom att göra det försöker vi få svar på frågan om det finns blockpolitiska skillnader i kommunal skattepolitik. Genom att kombinera SKL:s klassificering av kommunala politiska styren 2002-2006 med 2006-2010 har vi skapat så kallade maktskifteskategorier, som vi sedan använder som kategoriska variabler när vi modellerar sannolikheten för olika förändringar i de kommunala skattenivåerna. För att i viss mån renodla politikens inflytande och skilja det från andra strukturer som kan tänkas påverka skattenivån har vi skapat variabler som vi kallar för kontrollvariabler. Dessa försöker spegla strukturella förutsättningar för den kommunala ekonomin. Två av dessa är förändring i befolkningstäthet samt andelen av den kommunala totalbefolkningen som är förvärvsarbetande. För att ge läsaren en beskrivande bild av vårt datamaterial har vi i den deskriptiva delen av uppsatsen använt oss av så kallade markovkedjor för att ge en initial bild av sannolikheten för höjd, sänkt respektive oförändrad skattenivå givet förändringar i det politiska styret före och efter valet 2006. Sannolikheterna för de tre möjliga utfallen höjd, sänkt respektive oförändrad skatt modelleras med två multinominala logistiska regressioner – först utan kontrollvariabler och sedan med. För att tydligare kunna se politikens påverkan har vi valt att utesluta 30 kommuner enligt vissa avgränsningskriterier. Vi har uteslutit kommuner som haft ”hoppande” majoriteter mellan valen. I slutet av resultatdelen provar vi även att estimera en multinominal logistisk modell där vi uteslutit minoritetsstyren. Inom vissa politiska maktskifteskategorier hade vi för få observationer för att kunna modelera sannolikheten för sänkt skatt; data saknas data för att kunna göra en stabil modell med signifikanta parametrar. Efter estimationen av våra modeller jämför vi de koefficienter som blivit signifikanta på 5%-nivån, och jämföra koefficientestimatens värde för att rangordna maktskiften efter vilken påverkan de har på sannolikheten för höjd skatt.  Vi utvärderar sen vårt resultat och vilka faktorer och egenskaper i den kommunala skattepolitiken under 2006-2010 som kan ha påverkat det. Vårt resultat visar att flera typer av maktskiften har en signifikant inverkan på sannolikhetsfördelningen för höjd skatt, och samtidigt som vi inte kan dra några slutsatser om sannolikheten för sänkt skatt hjälper estimationerna ändå oss att analysera blockpolitikens påverkan på den kommunala skattepolitiken.
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Matshaba, Thabiso Donald. "Imprisonment in South Africa under maximum security conditions in the new millenium." Diss., 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/1732.

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The main aim of this study is to obtain the Master of Technologiae degree. Secondly, this study gives more clarity on the conditions of detention in maximum security prisons in South Africa and selected countries, namely the United States of America and Australia. Inmates detained in maximum security prisons are those who were sentenced to serve long terms in prison, including those who show violent behavior at lower security prisons. The development and treatment programs offered for inmates detained at maximum security prisons are taken into consideration, while certain negative aspects unique to maximum security prisons are examined as well. This study is important for the South African correctional system, due to the increase in the number of inmates detained in these facilities.
Penology
M.Tech. (Correctional Services Management)
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Books on the topic "Maximum Debt"

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Rankin, Neil. Maximum sustainable government debt in the overlapping generations model. Coventry: University of Warwick, Department of Economics, 1999.

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American Bar Association. National Institute and American Bar Association. Section of Taxation., eds. Obtaining maximum benefit from the new debt/equity regulations: April 23, 1982, Los Angeles, California [and] April 30, 1982, Washington, D.C. [Chicago?]: American Bar Association, 1994.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Agriculture. Subcommittee on Wheat, Soybeans, and Feed Grains. U.S. General Accounting Office report and U.S. Department of Agriculture report concerning the maximum payment limitation: Hearings before the Subcommittee on Wheat, Soybeans, and Feed Grains of the Committee on Agriculture, House of Representatives, One Hundredth Congress, first session. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1988.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Agriculture. Subcommittee on Wheat, Soybeans, and Feed Grains. U.S. General Accounting Office report and U.S. Department of Agriculture report concerning the maximum payment limitation: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Wheat, Soybeans, and Feed Grains of the Committee on Agriculture, House of Representatives, One Hundredth Congress, first session, April 1, 1987, General Accounting Office; April 23, 1987, Department of Agriculture; April 28, 1987, Farm Organizations. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1988.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Agriculture. Subcommittee on Wheat, Soybeans, and Feed Grains. U.S. General Accounting Office report and U.S. Department of Agriculture report concerning the maximum payment limitation: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Wheat, Soybeans, and Feed Grains of the Committee on Agriculture, House of Representatives, One Hundredth Congress, first session, April 1, 1987, General Accounting Office; April 23, 1987, Department of Agriculture; April 28, 1987, Farm Organizations. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1988.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Agriculture. Subcommittee on Wheat, Soybeans, and Feed Grains. U.S. General Accounting Office report and U.S. Department of Agriculture report concerning the maximum payment limitation: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Wheat, Soybeans, and Feed Grains of the Committee on Agriculture, House of Representatives, One Hundredth Congress, first session, April 1, 1987, General Accounting Office; April 23, 1987, Department of Agriculture; April 28, 1987, Farm Organizations. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1988.

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McBride, Ron. Water Quality Program responsiveness summary: Fiscal year 2005 water cleanup plans TMDLs. Olympia, WA: Washington State Dept. of Ecology, Water Quality Program, 2004.

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McBride, Ron. Water Quality Program responsiveness summary: Fiscal year 1999 TMDL priority list. Olympia, WA (P.O. Box 47600, Olympia, 98504-7600): Washington State Dept. of Ecology, Water Quality Program, 1999.

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McBride, Ron. Water Quality Program responsiveness summary: Fiscal year 2004 TMDL priority list. Olympia, WA: Washington State Dept. of Ecology, Water Quality Program, 2003.

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Robert, Wintgen. Ch.10 Limitation periods, Art.10.4. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0204.

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This commentary analyses Article 10.4 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning new limitation periods by acknowledgement. All major jurisdictions accept that a new limitation period starts to run if the obligor acknowledges the obligee's right. This rule is consistent with the policy considerations underlying limitation periods, since an acknowledgement makes it clear that the obligor is aware of its debt. According to Art 10.4, if the obligor before the expiration of the general limitation period acknowledges the right of the obligee, a new general limitation period begins on the day after the day of the acknowledgement. The maximum limitation period does not begin to run again, but may be exceeded by the beginning of a new general limitation period under Art 10.2(1). This commentary considers the definition of acknowledgement, the time of acknowledgement, burden of proof relating to the new limitation period, and effects of the obligor's acknowledgement of the obligee's right.
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Book chapters on the topic "Maximum Debt"

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Boisits, Anna, and Matthias Schelnast. "Determinants of Maximum Sustainable Government Debt." In Dynamic Approaches to Global Economic Challenges, 75–92. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23324-6_5.

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"Microlending and maximum debt." In Science and sustainable development, 34–35. Marseille: IRD Éditions, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/128f5.

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At the start of the century, the global aid sector was enthusiastic about the concept of microlending, which was awarded a Nobel prize in 2006. This keen interest waned when researchers and NGOs found out about the foibles of these “small loans”.
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Development Bank, African. "The Case of Malawi." In Debt Relief Initiatives, Development Assistance and Service Delivery in Africa, 93–116. Oxford University PressOxford, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199565771.003.0004.

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Abstract Over the years, most developing countries have used external resources to finance development activities in sectors such as edu- cation, health, and infrastructure. In addition to grants, Malawi has relied on borrowing from multilateral institutions to supplement its domestic resources. In the 1990s, grants and external borrowing averaged 30 per cent of Malawi ‘s GDP and even peaked to half of its GDP in 1994. Over time, however, external borrowing became unsustainable due to a combination of low economic growth and structural changes that occurred during the structural adjustment period of the 1980s and 1990s. In spite of a narrow domestic resource base and shrinking exports, Malawi had an obligation to repay its external debt to various insti- tutions. In this context, the advent of debt relief was a welcome opportunity for Malawi. Resources from recent debt relief initiatives, such as the HIPC initiative and the MDRI, were to be channelled to priority areas in order to tackle poverty. To ensure maximum benefits from the HIPC initiative, all countries interested in pursuing the Initiative are required to formulate a country-driven Interim Poverty Reduction Paper (I-PRSP), and lay down macroeconomic policies in a Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF).
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Onyeoma, Sylvester. "PUBLIC FINANCE IN A DIGITAL ECONOMY." In Financial Literacy in Today´s Global Market. IntechOpen, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.1003127.

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This chapter deals with the means by which government raises revenue and expenditure profile. Public finance explains the sources of government revenues and the ways in which revenue is allocated to give maximum benefits on the entire society. It cuts across public treasury operations into economic policies on financial transaction of government bothering on revenue, expenditure and public debts. It also attempts to provide the criteria, with the help of the marginal utility analysis, which determine the revenue and expenditure policies of the government. In response to the advances in technology, the author delves into Public finance in a digital economy to highlight the new trends and emerging issues. Areas covered include: (1) Rationale for government public finance; (2) the functions of theory of public finance (3) sources of government revenue (4) items of government expenditure (4) public debt (5) government budget (6) fiscal federalism and economic growth(7) e-government and e-commerce (8) digital economy (9) emerging trend in digital economy and finance. In response to the advances in technology, the work highlighted the new trends and emerging issues on innovative inclination of sharing advances in the economy using new business models based on big data, cloud computing, virtual reality, artificial intelligence, smart city applications, blockchain technology, online/mobile internet banking and third-party payments. The array of topics covered is recommended for rewarding learning experience.
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Hagan, John, Bill McCarthy, and Daniel Herda. "Two Mothers/Two Sons." In Chicago's Reckoning, 47–62. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197627860.003.0003.

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In 1992, 15-year-old Joseph White shot and killed DeLondyn Lawson about a gambling debt at Tilden High School on Chicago’s South Side. RM Daley’s Automatic Transfer Act fast-tracked White for a homicide trial in adult court. The media portrayed White as a violent gang member, although neither White’s nor Lawson’s mothers saw their sons as involved with gangs. The judge thought White should have sought police assistance, but neighborhood legal cynicism about police violence and torture made White fear the police more than a gang fight. He bought a gun to defend himself. The prosecution refused to plea bargain, and the trial painted White as a gangland killer. At the age of 16, White was sentenced to 45 years in an adult maximum security prison, 300 hundred miles away, in the prison where Fred Hampton served time several decades earlier—on a law enforcement pathway to his assassination.
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Adkison, Danny M., and Lisa McNair Palmer. "Banks and Banking." In The Oklahoma State Constitution, 273–74. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197514818.003.0022.

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This chapter studies Article XIV of the Oklahoma constitution, which concerns banks and banking. Section 1 expresses the state’s public policy of protecting people who deposit money in state banks. It provides for the creation of a banking department to be under the control of a bank commissioner with rights, duties, powers, and privileges defined by statute. Section 2 states that “the Legislature shall have authority to classify loans and lenders, license and regulate lenders, define interest and fix maximum rates of interest.” Meanwhile, Section 3 provides that “the taking, receiving, reserving, or charging a rate of interest greater than is allowed by the preceding section, when knowingly done, shall be deemed a forfeiture of the entire interest which the note, bill, or other evidence of debt carries with it, or which has been agreed to be paid thereon.” The common law remedy to recover for an excessive, illegal interest rate was “assumpsit” or an action for money had and received.
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Plotch, Philip Mark. "An Empty Promise." In Last Subway, 27–48. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9780801453663.003.0003.

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This chapter examines how parks commissioner Robert Moses had been a powerful player in Fiorello La Guardia's administration and a dominant force under William O'Dwyer. Moses simultaneously held multiple public-sector positions that gave him enormous power over public works projects in the New York metropolitan area. During the four years and eight months of the O'Dwyer administration, O'Dwyer and Moses convinced New Yorkers, the media, and even state legislators that the city would soon begin building a Second Avenue subway. However, New York City was in a precarious financial situation. Not only was New York City getting less federal aid, but it was also reaching the maximum amount of money it could borrow, a level defined in the New York State constitution. To generate support for raising fares and building the new subway, O'Dwyer's team lied, claiming the Second Avenue subway would be self-sufficient and that the fare increase would create a financially sustainable and growing subway system. In 1950 and 1951, the state legislature authorized a constitutional amendment that would allow the city to borrow an additional $500 million over and beyond its constitutional debt limit. After the amendment passed, city officials knew that the city could not afford to proceed with the Second Avenue subway. By 1953, the city's business leaders and their allies in the state capital had lost faith in the city's ability to manage the transit system.
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Overbeek, Henk. "Polycentric Governing: A Marxist Interpretation." In Polycentrism, 283–304. Oxford University PressOxford, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192866837.003.0013.

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Abstract A structural, Marxist, Gramscian approach brings a historical materialist understanding to polycentric governing. It highlights the class character of social relations, of the state, and of governing more generally, all within the context of capital accumulation on a world scale. The chapter argues that polycentric governing is historically specific, closely (albeit not exclusively) associated with the countries of advanced capitalism. Moreover, polycentric governing affects some issue areas more than others. Polycentric governing is primarily defined by its social purpose to promote maximum freedom of movement for capital. Polycentric governing has not always had its current prominence, nor will it remain so forever. From a historical-materialist perspective, power is the most fundamental of the three issues highlighted in this volume: the art of governing is the art of reproducing class power. If done skilfully, most people see the resulting social order as legitimate, which following Gramsci entails hegemony. Techniques refers to how polycentric governing is done concretely; and how the ruling class arranges its hegemony. The organization of hegemony enables specific class coalitions to pursue their interests as if they constitute the ‘general interest’. The chapter identifies three exemplary ‘techniques’ class influence over state policy; the role of the (largely corporatized) media (both old and new); and the disciplinary power that control over finance (in particular through debt) allows the ruling class to reproduce its class power. The chapter illustrates how these insights apply in the context of both the national state and the transnational level of the global political economy.
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Peters, Jane Sloan. "Gregory Palamas’ Debt to Maximus the Confessor’s Dyenergist Christology." In Studia Patristica. Vol. CXXIX - Papers presented at the Eighteenth International Conference on Patristic Studies held in Oxford 2019, edited by Tikhon Alexander Pino, 289–304. Peeters Publishers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv27vt5v1.26.

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Hannigan, Brenda. "23. Loan capital—secured creditors and company charges." In Company Law, 584–604. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198848493.003.0023.

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The majority of companies rely on commercial borrowing—loan capital—from high street banks and financial institutions. The lender will need security to cover the amount lent. This chapter discusses: company charges, fixed and floating charges, the approach to categorisation, registration of charges, and enforcement of a floating charge. The key concern for the creditor is to obtain the maximum security while the company is concerned to have the maximum freedom to act. The distinction between fixed and floating charges is considered and the characteristics of a floating charge are discussed with particular regard to charges on book debts. The chapter also considers the registration requirements with the registrar of companies.
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Conference papers on the topic "Maximum Debt"

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Kim, A. E., E. B. Shustov, and A. V. Lemeshchenko. "Justification of the choice of indicators for assessing load hypoxia in humans and laboratory animals." In VIII Vserossijskaja konferencija s mezhdunarodnym uchastiem «Mediko-fiziologicheskie problemy jekologii cheloveka». Publishing center of Ulyanovsk State University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.34014/mpphe.2021-108-111.

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In a study on healthy athletes of the track and field profile, it was shown that the hypoxia of physical activity is most fully reflected by the indicator of specific oxygen debt (maximum oxygen debt divided by 1000 J of work performed). When simulating load hypoxia in laboratory animals, direct registration of the arising oxygen debt is technically difficult to implement, and its indirect signs may be a decrease in peripheral blood saturation, excessive tachycardia, and hyperlactatemia of the post-load period. Key words: hypoxia of physical activity, oxygen debt, athletes, laboratory animals, blood lactate, physical activity.
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Yusupova, O., and V. Vinichenko. "APPLICATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN THE ACTIVITIES OF BANKS." In Digital transformation in the economy of the transport complex, 72–74. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2025. https://doi.org/10.12737/conferencearticle_678931075647d7.34479950.

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During the economic crisis, competition intensifies in the banking market. It is due to the fact that a decrease in the level of income of the population leads to a decrease in the quality of borrowers, both potential and existing. Banks are not interested in deteriorating the quality categories of loans in their loan portfolio and are forced to refuse borrowers with a high level of maximum debt load. To improve the decision-making process on credit products and the processes of monitoring the quality of existing loans, artificial intelligence technologies have been widely used.
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Bratton, Joseph P., Tom Alexander, Thomas A. Bubenik, Shane Finneran, and Hans Olav Heggen. "An Approach for Evaluating the Integrity of Plain Dents Reported by In-Line Inspection Tools." In 2012 9th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2012-90643.

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Current federal regulations in the U.S. require excavation of plain dents identified through in-line inspection surveys based primarily on depth. Industry experience, and previous research, has shown that the depth of the dent, alone, is not sufficient to assess dent severity and that releases could occur at dents below the excavation threshold (Dawson, 2006). Canada’s National Energy Board released a safety advisory on June 18, 2010, to all companies under their jurisdiction regarding two incidents involving shallow dents. The safety advisory stated that all integrity management programs should be reviewed and updated where appropriate to address the threat posed by shallow dents. Similar incidents have raised awareness in the United States and elsewhere around the world. This paper focuses on the fitness for service of dents identified by in-line inspection surveys. The fitness for service assessment provides an estimated remaining life of a dent based on the geometry of the dent and current pressure cycling of the pipeline. Dynamic pressure cycling at each dent location is estimated using the upstream and downstream pressure cycle data, elevation, and distance along the pipe. The dynamic pressure cycle data at each dent is then converted into equivalent stress cycles based on the results of rainflow cycle counting. Maximum strain levels of the dents are calculated based on the geometry of the dent as determined by radial sensor measurements from the in-line inspection survey. The combination of assessment methods provides estimates of remaining fatigue life and peak strain which can be used for prioritizing the investigation and remediation of plain dents in pipelines. Finite element analysis (FEA) is performed for one dent to calculate the maximum strain levels and identify stress concentration areas. These results are compared with the values applied during the fitness for service assessment to validate the accuracy and conservatism of the calculation methods used. An idealized dent will be analyzed to investigate the strain calculations in ASME B31.8 and localize maximum strain values.
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Heggen, Hans Olav, Joe Bratton, David Kemp, Jun Liu, and Jason Austin. "Fitness for Service of Dents Associated With Metal Loss due to Corrosion." In 2014 10th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2014-33646.

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Current federal regulations in the U.S. require excavation of all dents associated with metal loss due to corrosion identified through in line inspection surveys. Once a dent has been found to be associated with metal loss through excavation, there is little guidance to determine the serviceability of the anomaly. Past research has provided methodologies to assess the fatigue life of plain dents, considering the shape of the dent, but there are no widely accepted assessment methodologies to predict the effect of associated metal loss due to corrosion on the fatigue life of dents. This paper focuses on the fitness for service of dents associated with metal loss, particularly corrosion in dents. Currently, fitness for service assessments of plain dents provide an estimated remaining life of a dent based on the geometry of the dent and current pressure cycling of the pipeline. Dynamic pressure cycling at each dent location is estimated using the upstream and downstream pressure cycle data, elevation, and distance along the pipe. The dynamic pressure cycle data at each dent is then converted into equivalent stress cycles based on the results of rainflow cycle counting. Finite element analysis (FEA) of a dent without metal loss and with metal loss is performed to compare the maximum stress concentration areas. The FEA program Abaqus is used with solid elements to model the dents. The differences between maximum stress concentration areas is compared for a matrix of extent of metal loss, and orientation of metal loss to analyze the general effect of metal loss and the interaction of metal loss in a dent. The stress concentration areas of dents without metal loss and with metal loss are then applied to current fatigue assessment methodologies provided in API 579 to analyze the effect of metal loss on the fatigue life of dents.
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Qu, Nianchun, and He Wang. "Dynamic Event Tree Analysis of SGTR Accidents Considering HRA." In 2024 31st International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone31-136092.

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Abstract The development of nuclear power is of significant importance in meeting the growing energy demands. The ongoing trend With a paramount Emphasis if safety is evident. Steam generator tube rupture (SGTR) accidents, characterized by a relatively high frequency and demanding operational requirements for operators, often involve simplified modeling of human factors in dynamic event tree (DET) method. This approach may struggle to depict the impact of operator error probability on DET sequence probabilities under different scenarios. A suitable human reliability analysis (HRA) is crucial for a more accurate assessment of system safety. This paper uses the DET method and standardized plant analysis risk-human reliability analysis (SPAR-H) method to analyze the SGTR accident of the CPR1000 unit, by calculating the operator’s maximum allowable time in different DET sequence scenarios, and studies the impact of extending the maximum allowable time of operator operation on human error probability (HEP) under different DET sequence scenarios, and addresses the limitations of simplified operator modeling in DET method. Analyzing DET sequence probabilities from a more realistic perspective demonstrates the advantages of incorporating SPAR-H for human reliability analysis within the DET method. The work is valuable for nuclear safety assessment.
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Arumugam, Udayasankar, Samarth Tandon, Ming Gao, Ravi Krishnamurthy, Ben Hanson, Hamood Rehman, and Martin Fingerhut. "Portable Laserscan for In-Ditch Dent Profiling and Strain Analysis: Methodology and Application Development." In 2010 8th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2010-31336.

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Traditionally, the pipeline industry and government regulations used a depth based assessment criteria to identify and prioritize dents in the order of severity. This depth based criteria had limitations and could potentially underestimate dent severity. In recent years, strain parameter has been used to characterize dent severity in a pipeline. Dent strain analysis requires dent profile information. In-Line Inspection (ILI) caliper tools provide both longitudinal and circumferential dent profiles that can be used to evaluate strain. However, no comparable technologies are available for in-ditch dent profile measurement. The currently used profile-gauge technology only measures dent profile through its deepest point, which may not capture the maximum strain in the dent and could result in underestimating the severity. A recent study showed that LaserScan 3D mapping technology provides an accurate dent 3D profile that can easily be extracted for “point-to-point” strain analysis and is an ideal tool for verification of ILI performance. Furthermore, LaserScan 3aD mapping accurately measures other associated anomalies such as gouge and metal loss. Most importantly, the advantage of employing dent LaserScan is that strain analysis can be conducted at the excavation site and simultaneously, strain based mitigation decision can be made in real time. In this paper, a portable LaserScan 3D mapping technology for measurement of dents and dents associated with other anomalies in pipelines is introduced. Fundamentals of the technology are briefly discussed in terms of accuracy, resolution and appropriateness for pipeline application. Examples of 3D mapping for dent and dent with other anomalies are presented. Extraction of dent profile and subsequent strain analysis are further demonstrated.
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Li, Yueying, Yong Li, Sherif Hassanien, Chike Okoloekwe, and Samer Adeeb. "Application of Gaussian Process Regression for the Accuracy Assessment of a Three-Dimensional Strain-Based Model." In ASME 2019 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2019-94039.

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Abstract Dents are one of the common integrity threats of long-distance transmission pipelines. The current CSA Z662 standard assesses dents based on the dent depth. However, the severity of dent features is a function of many factors. Most recently, numerical modeling via finite element analysis (FEA) has been utilized to assess dent severity, however the approach is computationally expensive. Recently, the authors’ research group developed a robust but much simplified analytical model to evaluate the strains in dented pipes based on the geometry of the deformed pipe. When the strain distribution predicted using the analytical model is benchmarked against the strains by nonlinear FEA they showed a good agreement with certain error. The procedure, however, predicts more conservative results in terms of the maximum equivalent plastic strain (PEEQ). In order to estimate the accuracy in the recently developed model, a series of nonlinear FEA pipe indentation simulations were conducted using the finite element analysis tool, ABAQUS and compared with the analytical prediction. This paper presents an application of a Bayesian machine learning method named Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) for the accuracy assessment of the developed analytical model for dent strain assessment, quantifying the error in comparison with the FEA in terms of the maximum PEEQ. The Gaussian Process (GP) model holds many advantages such as easy coding, prediction with probability interpretation, and self-adaptive acquisition of hyper-parameters. By varying the dent depth and the indenter radius, this paper provides a model that quantifies the error in the developed analytical model. The proposed model can be utilized to rapidly determine the severity of a dent along with the accuracy of the prediction. This analysis method can also serve as a reference for other analytical expressions.
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Suganuma, Atsushi, Junpei Kono, and Masataka Hayashiguchi. "Compression Capacity and the Seismic Integrity of Locally Deformed Line Pipes." In 2018 12th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2018-78320.

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This paper discusses the effects of local deformation, dent, and strain hardening properties on strain capacity in compression of a line pipe. Compression tests were conducted using two pipes with the nominal diameter of 400mm. These pipes had roundhouse type stress-strain curve, and correspond to L290 grade in Spec 5L of API (American Petroleum Institute) standards. One pipe was a plain pipe without dent, The other was a dented pipe. The depth of the dent was about 3% of the diameter. The test results explain that the strain capacity can be reduced by 25% due to the effect of dent. A series of finite element analyses were conducted to investigate the compression behaviors. The strain capacity in compression was defined as the longitudinal critical remote strain whose strain distribution was free from the effects of a dent. At first, that finite element analyses were verified that they could reproduce the results of compression tests. Next, the size of dent were changed on that finite element analyses model, some different case were analyzed in order to investigate the changes of the strain capacity in compression. The strain capacity, the longitudinal critical remote strain, decreased to about a half in case of 3%-depth dent, compared with a plain pipe. Seismic integrity of the pipeline with a dent is discussed in accordance with the seismic design guideline issued by Japan Gas Association. In case of the strong earthquake, “Ground Motion Level-1”, the dented gas pipeline is safe, even if the depth of the dent is 10% of the diameter. In case of the maximum earthquake, “Ground Motion Level-2”, the gas pipeline might buckle longitudinally in soft ground.
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Arumugam, Udayasankar, Ming Gao, Ravi Krishnamurthy, Rick Wang, and Richard Kania. "Root Cause Analysis of Dent With Crack: A Case Study." In 2012 9th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2012-90504.

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A combined caliper and tri-axial MFL in-line inspection (ILI) reported a bottom side 2.7%OD dent associated with 76% metal loss. The reported dent depth is well below the 6% limit while strain analysis of this ILI dent profile showed a maximum equivalent strain of 17.4%, which exceeds the 6% strain limit for gas pipeline. Due to the high dent strain level, the raw signals of metal loss were revisited, which indicated this associated metal loss appears to be a crack rather than corrosion. In-field investigation revealed that this dent is indeed associated with branched cracks both at internal and external pipe surface but no leak was detected. The primary objective of this case study is to determine the cause for cracking in the dent. As part of this study, detailed investigation was performed including LaserScan based strain analysis, lab pressure-cycle testing and fracture surface examination. An attempt was made to quantify the plastic strain damage of this dent and its susceptibility to cracking using the existing plastic damage models, namely, ductile failure damage indicator (DFDI), strain limit damage (SLD) and minimum elongation limit criterion. The investigation showed that the internal cracks were formed at the time of indentation while the external cracks formed by spring-back (elastic rebounding) due to the removal of rock constraint. Full size fatigue testing of this cracked dent showed leak failure modes rather than rupture. In this paper, the approach, results and the findings are summarized and discussed.
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Tang, Huang, Jialin Sun, and Martin Di Blasi. "Machine Learning-Based Severity Assessment of Pipeline Dents." In 2022 14th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2022-87211.

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Abstract One challenge to pipeline operators is to identify potentially injurious dents among thousands of reported deformation features using limited information (e.g., reported dent’s length, width, and depth) and to prioritize the efforts and allocate the resources to obtain additional more detailed information (e.g., dent profiles) for those potentially severe dents. An innovative approach based on machine learning predictions stemming from a representative dictionary of finite element analysis (FEA) generated prototypes was developed. The proposed approach predicts multiple severity-based indicators for each dent, then combines them in an overall severity score, which finally is used to prioritize the acquisition of dent profiles. Once the dent profiles are available, detailed level 3 FEA quantitative reliability analyses, following previously developed and published methodology (QuAD) [1], is performed allowing pipeline operators to confirm dent’s severity more accurately and perform an integrity risk informed decision (IRIDM) leading to a safer and more efficient integrity management. Three severity indicators were considered herein and intended to address both formation-induced and service-induced failure mechanisms. The maximum dent formation plastic strain and accumulated ductile failure damage were used for evaluating the likelihood of forming a crack during indentation. The third indicator was the stress concentration factors (SCFs) to assess the potential of service-induced failure due to fatigue. A machine learning model, as an emulator, trained and tested using ∼4000 FEA-based dent prototypes was shown to be able to effectively predict dent severity indicators previously referred to. These predicted dent severity indicators are combined to produce an overall severity score, which was finally used to prioritize the acquisition of the detailed dent profiles. Once profiles are obtained, detailed FEA quantitative reliability assessments will ultimately confirm the severity and hence drive repair/no repair decisions, enabling in this way an efficient and effective allocation of resources.
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Reports on the topic "Maximum Debt"

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Valenzuela, Patricio, Eduardo A. Cavallo, and Eduardo Borensztein. Debt Sustainability under Catastrophic Risk: The Case for Government Budget Insurance. Inter-American Development Bank, June 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010977.

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Natural disasters are an important source of vulnerability in the Caribbean region. Despite being one of the more disaster-prone areas of the world, it has the lowest levels of insurance coverage. This paper examines the vulnerability of Belizes public finance to the occurrence of hurricanes and the potential impact of insurance instruments in reducing that vulnerability. The paper finds that catastrophic risk insurance significantly improves Belizes debt sustainability. In addition, the methodology employed makes it possible to estimate the appropriate level of insurance, which for the case of Belize is a maximum coverage of US$120 million per year. International organizations can play a role in assisting countries to overcome distortions in insurance markets, as well as in helping to relax internal political resistance to the purchase of insurance policies.
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Swankie, Martin, and Andrews. L52012 Mechanisms and Kinetics of Crack Growth in Areas of Mechanical Damage. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), March 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011185.

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The project was primarily experimental in nature. It has utilised small scale specimen and ring expansion testing rather than full scale vessel tests to investigate the mechanisms responsible for time-delayed failures. The aim was to perform a series of laboratory experiments to investigate the influence of pre-strain and cyclic frequency on the behaviour of pipeline steels subject to low cycle fatigue and sustained loads. The initial experimental programme consisted of tensile tests and fatigue crack growth tests including tensile dwell periods, carried out on pre-strained and non pre-strained pipe material. Ring expansion tests were then carried out on specimens with dent-gouge defects with varying dent depths. These tests included hold periods at maximum pressure intended to produce time dependent crack growth. Small scale testing to determine isochronous stress-strain curves at ambient temperature was also carried out for one material.
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Rana, Arnav, Sanjay Tiku, and Aaron Dinovitzer. PR-214-203806-R01 Improve Dent-Cracking Assessment Methods. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0012227.

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This work was funded in part, under the Department of Transportation, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration. The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, the Department of Transportation, or the U.S. Government. This project builds on mechanical damage (MD) assessment and management tools, developed on behalf of Pipeline Research Council International (PRCI), Interstate Natural Gas Association of America (INGAA), Canadian Energy Pipeline Association (CEPA), American Petroleum Institute (API), other research organizations and individual pipeline operators and were included in API RP 1183. These include dent shape, restraint condition and interacting feature characterization; operational maximum and cyclic internal pressure characterization, screening tools defining non-injurious dent shapes based on pipe size and operating condition, failure pressure and fatigue assessment tools for dents with/without interacting features (e.g., corrosion, welds, gouges) in the restrained and unrestrained condition, and direction on available remedial action and repair techniques. In completing this development, areas for improvement were identified. The current project enhances previously developed tools being adopted in an industry recommended practice (API RP 1183) for pipeline MD integrity assessment and management considering: - Enhancement of indentation crack formation strain estimation, - Understanding the role of ILI measurement accuracy on dent integrity assessment, and - Quantification of assessment method conservatism to support safety factor definition. Safety factors (Modeling bias) defined in the present study and evaluated for different fatigue life estimation approaches in the present work refer to the conservatism inherent in different in different fatigue life models and is represented as the ratio of experimental lives to predicted lives.
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Rosenfeld. L51741 Development of a Model for Fatigue Rating Shallow Unrestrained Dents. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), September 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010337.

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The ability to fatigue-rate dents in line pipe is important for three reasons. First, field failures give evidence that fatigue crack growth occurs in dents under certain circumstances in spite of the fact that plain dents are generally thought to have little effect on the integrity of natural gas pipelines based on the results of single-cycle burst tests. Second, many operators are discovering large numbers of dents on the bottom quadrants of their pipe associated with rocks and backfill loads. Guidance is needed for discerning dents for which excavation and inspection is economically wasteful and counterproductive to pipeline safety from those dents for which further action would be beneficial. Third, fatigue life may be a more rational basis for rating the severity of a dent than present criteria which rely solely on dent depth with a maximum depth of 6 percent of the pipe diameter as a generally accepted limit. In some cases deeper dents might be permitted to remain in service, while in other cases, shallower dents should be repaired. The goal of this project was to develop guidelines for pipeline operators to assess the severity of dents on the basis of their fatigue life in-service. The assessment uses pipeline operating pressures and simple geometric measurements of the dent.
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Rana, Arnav, and Sanjay Tiku. PR-214-223806-R01 Guidance for Performing Engineering Critical Assessments for Dents on Natural Gas Pipelines. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), November 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0000044.

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This project builds on mechanical damage (MD) assessment and management tools, developed on behalf of Pipeline Research Council International (PRCI), Interstate Natural Gas Association of America (INGAA), Canadian Energy Pipeline Association (CEPA), American Petroleum Institute (API), other research organizations and individual pipeline operators and included in API RP 1183 [1]. These include dent shape, restraint condition and interacting feature characterization; operational maximum and cyclic internal pressure characterization, screening tools defining non-injurious dent shapes based on pipe size and operating condition, failure pressure and fatigue assessment tools for dents with/without interacting features (e.g., corrosion, welds, gouges) in the restrained and unrestrained condition, and direction on available remedial action and repair techniques. The API RP 1183 [1], has not been adopted by the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) by reference in code of federal regulations (CFR) 192.712 (c). CFR 192.712 (c) allows pipeline operators to follow certain prescriptive requirements for responding to mechanical damage features or perform an engineering critical assessment (ECA). The requirements of CFR 192.712 (c) provide minimum requirements for what would comprise an acceptable ECA. The objective of this research project is to develop a guidance document containing a practical and defensible set of guidelines and processes to address the CFR 192.712 (c) requirements. The work included: - Description of various dent fatigue life screening and assessment approaches detailing data requirements for the different approaches, - Developing a simplified method for dent fatigue life assessment using operational severity when detailed pressure spectrum data is not available, - Development of a Level 0.75 and 0.75+ screening approach that incorporates dent depth available from in-line inspection (ILI) data, - Developing a screening level methodology to carry out fatigue life assessment of dents with potential gouge where metal loss is conservatively assumed to be a planar crack-like feature.
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Alexander, Chris. PR652-184505-R01 Evaluating Installation Techniques for Pipeline Repair Methods. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0012029.

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A testing program was conducted to evaluate the effects of internal pressure during the installation of composite and steel sleeves repair systems on pipelines with plain dents. The testing program included cyclic pressure testing a group of 12.75-inch OD x 0.188-inch WT, Grade X42 pipe samples with plain dents having residual dent depths on the order of 3% to 4% of the pipe's outside diameter. The dent samples were repaired using four (4) different composite repair systems, type-A steel sleeves, and steel thermal compression sleeves. The composite repair systems included a carbon fiber wet-layup, an E-glass wet-layup, a system with precured plies, and a hybrid composite-steel repair system. To determine the effect internal pressure has on repair installation for dents, all repairs were installed with an internal pressure of 64% SMYS (793 psig) in the pipe sample. The dent samples were then pressure cycled between 8 - 80% SMSY ( and Delta;P = 900 psig) until failure or reaching the runout condition of 250,000 cycles. Only three (3) out of the fourteen (14) repaired dents reached the 250,000 pressure cycle runout condition and these samples were all repaired using steel sleeves. The maximum number of cycles reached by any composite repair was approximately 200,000 cycles while the least number of cycles reached was approximately 24,000 cycles. In addition to the dent repairs, two (2) 12.75-inch OD x 0.375-inch WT, Grade X42 pipe samples with a 6-inch x 8-inch corrosion defect were repaired with an E-glass wet-layup. These two (2) samples were a continuation of a previous study that investigated the effects of a 50% SMYS (1,235 psig) installation pressure on the fatigue performance of corrosion repairs. Both samples reached the runout condition of 250,000 cycles. The body of work is seminal in that it is the first time that industry was evaluated a wide range of repair technologies to determine the effects of pressure during installation in reinforcing plain dents. It has been speculated for some time that internal pressure present during installation of composite repair technologies has an impact on fatigue performance. Although corrosion features do not appear to be a concern, the reinforcement of dents with internal pressure requires careful consideration. Because gas transmission pipelines do not experience aggressive pressure cycling, the effects of pressure present during installation are not a major concern. However, liquid transmission pipeline operators should be cognizant of the pressure effects and respond accordingly. Namely, pressure should be reduced during installation as much as possible.
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