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Academic literature on the topic 'Maximum genetic diversity (MGD) theory'
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Journal articles on the topic "Maximum genetic diversity (MGD) theory"
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Long, MengPing, and TaoBo Hu. "Tripartite genome of all species." F1000Research 5 (February 19, 2016): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.8008.1.
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Neutral theory has dominated the molecular evolution field for more than half a century, but it has been severely challenged by the recently emerged Maximum Genetic Diversity (MGD) theory. However, based on our recent work of tripartite human genome architecture, we found that MGD theory may have overlooked the regulatory but variable genomic regions that increase with species complexity. Here we propose a new molecular evolution theory named Increasing Functional Variation (IFV) hypothesis. According to the IFV hypothesis, the genome of all species is divided into three regions that are ‘functional and invariable’, ‘functional and variable’ and ‘non-functional and variable’. While the ‘non-functional and variable’ region decreases as species become more complex, the other two regions increase.
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Talekar, S. C., M. Vani Praveena, and R. G. Satish. "Genetic diversity using principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis in rice." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES 17, no. 2 (2022): 191–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/ijps/17.2/191-196.
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A set of 100 germplasm lines with four checks viz., BPT-5204, PSB-68, Siri1253 and MGD-101 were evaluated in augmented block design during Kharif 2020. The observations were documented for 5 quantitative traits viz., days to 50% flowering, panicle length, number of panicles per square meter, 1000 grain weight and grain yield by principal component analysis and cluster analysis to determine the relationship and genetic divergence among the individuals. The cumulative variance of 55.60% was explained by 1st two principal components (PC1 and PC2) with eigen values greater than 1. Component 1 with variance of 32.10% had contribution from days to 50% flowering, panicle length, panicles per square meter and grain yield while principal component 2 accounting 23.50% total variability has contribution from days to 50% flowering and panicles per square meter. The remaining variability of 17.68%, 16.10% and 10.60% was consolidated in PC3, PC4 and PC5. Results from cluster analysis grouped 100 germplasm lines into four clusters with minimum individuals constituted in cluster 1 and maximum individuals were found in cluster 4. The lines in cluster 1 (2.62) showed maximum divergence followed by cluster 3 (2.23). The maximum inter cluster Euclidean distance was observed between clusters 2 and cluster 3 followed by cluster 1 and cluster 2 giving a scope for selection of parents for hybridization programme from these clusters to realize high genetic variation and novel combinations for yield increment.
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Huang, Shi. "The maximum genetic diversity theory of molecular evolution." Communications in Information and Systems 23, no. 4 (2023): 359–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4310/cis.2023.v23.n4.a1.
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Rivera, Diego, Francisco Alcaraz, Diego J. Rivera-Obón, and Concepción Obón. "Phenotypic Diversity in Wild and Cultivated Date Palm (Phoenix, Arecaceae): Quantitative Analysis Using Information Theory." Horticulturae 8, no. 4 (2022): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8040287.
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The quantitative study of genetic diversity requires tools to describe quantitatively and in parallel the whole phenotypic diversity in order to produce meaningful comparisons. The genus Phoenix offers examples of species with very different levels of diversity or heterogeneity. Within Phoenix, date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is a major food crop of global relevance. The concept of information entropy was introduced by Claude Shannon; although initially intended to evaluate data communication systems, it has been used to measure biodiversity in terms of richness, evenness and dominance. In the present work, we will use it to describe heterogeneity within the different taxonomic units in the genus Phoenix. The description of the Phoenix morphological diversity in the present work is based on 596 accessions or populations belonging to 43 mutually exclusive taxonomic units (species, subspecies, varieties, landrace groups and hybrids). As Phoenix is a dioecious palm genus, female and male individuals are described separately. Each accession or sample is described using 116 characters totaling 449 states. The Shannon information entropy index allows the quantitative representation of the different levels of heterogeneity in the various taxonomic units of the genus Phoenix. Morphology, consistency and coloration of fruit and seed, followed by the inflorescences and female flowers, comprise the taxonomic characters that contribute the most to heterogeneity. Vegetative characters contribute less than the characters of the reproductive organs as a whole. Phoenix dactylifera and related Mediterranean and Macaronesian taxa present the maximum heterogeneity. Immediately afterwards we find P. loureiroi and, behind, the group of P. pusilla. At the lower limit of heterogeneity, we find species restricted in their distribution area: P. rupicola, P. theophrasti, P. roebelenii and P. acaulis. Phoenix dactylifera conforms to a complex of landraces and cultivars that coexist as phenotypically well-defined geographical groups with numerous intermediate forms and the long-distance translocation of otherwise local cultivars. This results in high heterogeneity. For the western and eastern groups of Phoenix dactylifera, it is extremely difficult to find a set of well-defined differential characters. However, some of the variables analyzed here allow us to propose a set of their respective syndromes. The high phenotypic heterogeneity in various Phoenix species is related to the genetic diversity, age and ancestry of different taxa, hybridization events and introgressions prior to domestication, and selective pressures after domestication and, again, interspecific crosses after domestication.
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Jones, C. G., J. A. Plummer, E. L. Barbour, and M. Byrne. "Genetic Diversity of an Australian Santalum album Collection – Implications For Tree Improvement Potential." Silvae Genetica 58, no. 1-6 (2009): 279–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sg-2009-0036.
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AbstractThe Forest Products Commission of Western Australia manages a sandalwood (Santalum spp.) core germplasm collection at Kununurra in the states far north. This collection serves as a significant seed source for sandalwood plantations in the area and remains an important resource for ongoing research. The collection contains S. album trees sourced from Indian arboreta, along with a few trees from West Timor, Indonesia. Also present are representatives of S. macgregorii from Papua New Guinea and S. austrocaledonicum from Vanuatu and/or New Caledonia. Despite the apparently diverse seed origins, the genetic background of many of the accessions remains vague. In this study, diversity and relatedness was assessed by nuclear and chloroplast RFLPs and a phylogeny was inferred. Nuclear RFLPs revealed very low levels of genetic diversity for a tree species, with an observed and expected heterozygosity (Ho and He) of 0.047. Nineteen genotypes were identified within the 233 S. album individuals sampled, with only one tree known to have originated from Timor being differentiated from Indian material. Other trees thought to have come from Timor grouped with those believed to be from India, indicating they were either incorrectly labelled or sourced from heavily modified populations. Despite the poor sample size, chloroplast RFLP analysis revealed no genetic distinction between the Timorese and Indian S. album, which supports the theory of human mediated seed dispersal from Timor to India. The structure of the phylogeny and associated relatedness has assisted in the establishment of seed orchards, designed to ensure maximum diversity is maintained through limiting the proximity of highly related trees. Finally, in light of these and other findings, a hypothesis concerning the evolution of S. album is proposed.
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Abedin, Muhammad Sohe, Ananna Ghosh, Abdul Jabber Howlader, and Md Monwar Hossain. "Molecular identification and genetic diversity of ten Pierid butterflies based on mitochondrial COI gene." Bangladesh Journal of Zoology 51, no. 3 (2024): 289–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjz.v51i3.72027.
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The IUCN Bangladesh has documented a total of 31 species belonging to the Pieridae family in Bangladesh. There is currently limited knowledge regarding the genetic diversity and molecular relationships among these butterflies. The present investigation involved the generation of mitochondrial COI (mtCOI) gene sequences for ten species of butterflies belonging to the Pierid family. After that, BLAST analysis showed 96% to 100% similarity, and then the sequences were submitted to NCBI’s GenBank. MEGA10 and BioEdit were used to identify a 584 bp COI gene fragment with 179 variable sites and 128 parsimony-informative sites. The COI sequences' average base compositions were 38.56% T, 17.12% C, 30.18% A, and 14.12% G. While a significant AT bias (68.74%) existed among the Pierid species. The genetic distance between ten Pierid species was assessed using the Kimura 2-Parameter (K2P) algorithm, and the nucleotide differences ranged from 0.00172% to 0.24261%. Afterwards, the Maximum Likelihood (ML) method was used to construct a phylogenetic tree using ten sequences of Pierid species. These species belongs to two subfamilies, Pierinae and Coliadinae in Bangladesh. On the tree, the Pierinae subfamily of Pieridae formed a paraphyletic arrangement whereas the Coliadinae subfamily was shown to be monophyletic. The data analyses support the following relationships between the two subfamilies as follows: [(Appias + Leptosia) + (Pieris + Appias) + (Delias) + (Eurema + Catopsilia) + (Pareronia)]. This supported the theory that Pierinae and Coliadinae are sister taxa. Nonetheless, Pareronia hippia remains outside the main Pierinae group, requiring further study to resolve this issue. Finally, these studies generated ten mtCOI gene sequences that have the potential to serve as valuable references for the accurate identification of Pierid species. In addition, this result could be used in the future to reveal the subfamily relationships within the Pieridae taxonomic classification. Bangladesh J. Zool. 51(3): 289-299, 2023
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NEAL, A. T. "Male gametocyte fecundity and sex ratio of a malaria parasite, Plasmodium mexicanum." Parasitology 138, no. 10 (2011): 1203–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182011000941.
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SUMMARYEvolutionary theory predicts that the sex ratio of Plasmodium gametocytes will be determined by the number of gametes produced per male gametocyte (male fecundity), parasite clonal diversity and any factor that reduces male gametes' ability to find and combine with female gametes. Despite the importance of male gametocyte fecundity for sex ratio theory as applied to malaria parasites, few data are available on gamete production by male gametocytes. In this study, exflagellating gametes, a measure of male fecundity, were counted for 866 gametocytes from 26 natural infections of the lizard malaria parasite, Plasmodium mexicanum. The maximum male fecundity observed was 8, but most gametocytes produced 2–3 gametes, a value consistent with the typical sex ratio observed for P. mexicanum. Male gametocytes in infections with higher gametocytaemia had lower fecundity. Male fecundity was not correlated with gametocyte size, but differed among infections, suggesting genetic variation for fecundity. Fecundity and sex ratio were correlated (more female gametocytes with higher fecundity) as predicted by theory. Results agree with evolutionary theory, but also suggest a possible tradeoff between production time and fecundity, which could explain the low fecundity of this species, the variation among infections, and the correlation with gametocytaemia.
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Kang, Wanmo, GoWoon Kim, and Yongsu Park. "Habitat suitability and connectivity modeling predict genetic population structure and priority control areas for invasive nutria (Myocastor coypus) in a temperate river basin." PLOS ONE 17, no. 12 (2022): e0279082. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0279082.
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The nutria (Myocastor coypus), also known as the coypu, is a semi-aquatic, invasive rodent native to South America that causes damage to natural riverine and wetland habitats in many parts of the world, including South Korea. Understanding habitat use, connectivity, and gene flow of nutria populations is critical for the sound management of local and regional ecosystems. Here, we assessed habitat suitability and connectivity in relation to the genetic structure of nutria populations in the Nakdong River Basin of South Korea. A total of 321 nutria occurrence sites and seven environmental variables were used to perform ensemble habitat suitability modeling using five species distribution models (SDMs), including boosted regression trees, maximum entropy model, random forest, generalized linear model, and multivariate adaptive regression splines. Using graph and circuit theory approaches, we assessed the population gene flow and current flow betweenness centrality (CFBC) of suitable habitats derived from the ensemble SDM. All SDMs performed well with a range of test AUC values from 0.962 to 0.970 (mean = 0.966) with true skill statistic values over 0.8. The minimum temperature of the coldest month, mean temperature of the warmest quarter, precipitation of the driest quarter, and distance from water bodies were important predictors in nutria habitat modeling. Nutria population gene flow was significantly correlated with the least-cost path distance on a cost resistance surface based on ensemble habitat suitability modeling and roads (Mantel’s r = 0.60, p < 0.05). Finally, the CFBC positively correlated with the genetic diversity of nutria populations was used to identify priority control areas. Habitat suitability and connectivity modeling not only revealed environmental conditions and areas that support the survival and spread of nutrias, but also improved our understanding of the animals’ genetic population structure, thereby indicating priority areas to target for eradication.
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Tensen, Laura, Arsalan Emami-Khoyi, Anubhab Khan, Gerrie Camacho, Lourens Swanepoel, and Klaus Fischer. "Mitogenomic Characterization of South African Leopards and the Effect of Past Climatic Events." Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 2024 (May 4, 2024): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2024/2174469.
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Revealing phylogeographic structure is important for accurate subspecies delineation and understanding a species’ evolutionary history. In leopards (Panthera pardus), there are currently nine subspecies recognized. On the African continent, only one subspecies occurs (P. p. pardus), although mitochondrial DNA from historical samples suggests the presence of three putative continental clades: (1) West Africa (WA), (2) Central Africa (CA), and (3) Southern Africa (SA). So far, whole genome data did not recover this phylogeographic structure, although leopards in the southern periphery of their distribution range in Africa have not yet been investigated in detail. The Mpumalanga province of South Africa is of particular interest, as here, the CA and the SA clade possibly meet. The aim of this study was to characterize the first mitogenomes of African leopards from Mpumalanga, to help clarifying how South African leopards fit into continental patterns of genetic differentiation. Complete mitogenomes from nine leopards, including a strawberry leopard, were assembled de novo and included in phylogenetic analysis, in combination with 32 publicly available mitogenomes. Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood analyses identified two deeply diverged putative clades within South Africa, which were more genetically distinct than two subspecies in Asia. The clades dated back to 0.76-0.86 million years ago, indicating that they originated during the climatically unstable Mid-Pleistocene, as seen in other large mammals. The Pleistocene refuge theory states that the maintenance of savanna refugia in East and Southern Africa promoted the divergence between populations. As such, leopards may reflect the unique climatic history of southern Africa, which has resulted in eminent and endemic genetic diversity.
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Lei, Xu, Bin Feng, Guiping Wang, Weiyu Liu, and Yalin Yang. "A Novel FastSLAM Framework Based on 2D Lidar for Autonomous Mobile Robot." Electronics 9, no. 4 (2020): 695. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9040695.
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The autonomous navigation and environment exploration of mobile robots are carried out on the premise of the ability of environment sensing. Simultaneous localisation and mapping (SLAM) is the key algorithm in perceiving and mapping an environment in real time. FastSLAM has played an increasingly significant role in the SLAM problem. In order to enhance the performance of FastSLAM, a novel framework called IFastSLAM is proposed, based on particle swarm optimisation (PSO). In this framework, an adaptive resampling strategy is proposed that uses the genetic algorithm to increase the diversity of particles, and the principles of fractional differential theory and chaotic optimisation are combined into the algorithm to improve the conventional PSO approach. We observe that the fractional differential approach speeds up the iteration of the algorithm and chaotic optimisation prevents premature convergence. A new idea of a virtual particle is put forward as the global optimisation target for the improved PSO scheme. This approach is more accurate in terms of determining the optimisation target based on the geometric position of the particle, compared to an approach based on the maximum weight value of the particle. The proposed IFastSLAM method is compared with conventional FastSLAM, PSO-FastSLAM, and an adaptive generic FastSLAM algorithm (AGA-FastSLAM). The superiority of IFastSLAM is verified by simulations, experiments with a real-world dataset, and field experiments.