Journal articles on the topic 'Mayas. 00'

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a ocorrência de flebotomíneos em matas de galeria do Distrito Federal (DF), em diferentes estações climáticas, estratos verticais e condições de preservação das matas. As capturas foram realizadas em três áreas na Fazenda Água Limpa da Universidade de Brasília. Em cada área foi analisada a ocorrência de flebotomíneos em 20 pontos visitados em dois meses, novembro de 2012 (estação chuvosa) e maio de 2013 (estação seca). Armadilhas luminosas HP foram instaladas a 1,5 m e a 10 m de altura do solo, operando entre 17:00 e 07:00 h, por três dias consecutivos. Foram instaladas 359 armadilhas-noite na estação chuvosa e 291 na seca. Nenhum flebotomíneo foi capturado na estação chuvosa. Na estação seca foram capturados 250 exemplares. As espécies identificadas foram Psathyromyia runoides (Fairchild & Hertig) (79,9%), Pintomyia monticola (Costa Lima) (9,7%), Micropygomyia quinquefer (Dyar) (3,7%), Psathyromyia shannoni (Dyar) (3%), Bichromomyia flaviscutellata (Mangabeira) (0,7%), Brumptomyia sp. (0,7%), Pintomyia kuscheli (Le Pont, Martinez, Torrez-Espejo & Dujardin) (0,7%), Psathyromyia lutziana (Costa Lima) (0.7%) e Sciopemyia sordellii (Shannon & Del Ponte) (0,7%). Os resultados indicam que em matas de galeria do DF há uma maior ocorrência de flebotomíneos na estação seca, no nível do solo e em áreas preservadas. Registra-se pela primeira vez Pa. runoides, Pi. kuscheli e Mi. quinquefer no DF.
 Occurrence of Phlebotomine Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in the Gallery Forests of the Federal District, Brazil
 
 Abstract. We analyzed the occurrence of phlebotomine sand flies in the gallery forests of the Federal District (FD), in different seasons, forest strata and conservation status. The samples were collected in three areas in the Água Limpa Farm, University of Brasília. In each area the occurrence data were analyzed in 20 collection sites visited on two months, November 2012 (rainy season) and May 2013 (dry season). HP light traps were installed at 1.5 m and 10 m above the ground operating from 17:00 to 7:00 h, during three consecutive days. We set 359 trap-nights during the rainy season and 291 during the dry season. None sand fly was caught during the rainy season. In the dry season 250 sand flies were captured. The identified species were Psathyromyia runoides (Fairchild & Hertig) (79.9%), Pintomyia monticola (Costa Lima) (9.7%), Micropygomyia quinquefer (Dyar) (3.7%), Psathyromyia shannoni (Dyar) (3%), Bichromomyia flaviscutellata (Mangabeira) (0.7%), Brumptomyia sp. (0.7%), Pintomyia kuscheli (Le Pont, Martinez, Torrez-Espejo & Dujardin) (0.7%), Psathyromyia lutziana (Costa Lima) (0.7%), and Sciopemyia sordellii (Shannon & Del Ponte) (0.7%). The results indicated that in the gallery forests of the FD there is a higher occurrence of sand flies in the dry season, at ground level and in preserved areas. Pa runoides, Pi. kuscheli and Mi. quinquefer were recorded for the first time in the FD.

<p align="left">El objetivo de esta investigación fue identificar los orígenes de las masas de aire en cuatro ciudades colombianas (Bogotá, Cartagena de Indias, Pasto y Leticia) que tienen el potencial de afectar la calidad del aire urbano al transportar material particulado a largas distancias desde diferentes puntos geográficos. Metodológicamente se utilizó información proporcionada por el modelo HYSPLIT versión 4, con el cual se midieron retro-trayectorias para un periodo de análisis de un año (desde el 01 de enero a 31 de diciembre de 2012). El cálculo de retrotrayectorias es de gran utilidad para determinar la zona de partida de las masas de aire que llegan en un momento determinado, a un lugar concreto y a una altura definida. De esta forma se obtuvieron retro-trayectorias diarias registradas a las 12:00 UTC (tiempo universal coordinado), con cálculos a intervalos de seis horas, representando el transporte realizado por la masa de aire los cinco días anteriores (120 h). Las alturas isentrópicas consideradas fueron de 750, 1500 y 2500 m medidas desde el nivel del suelo. Según los resultados obtenidos, el origen de masas de aire más frecuente en Cartagena de Indias durante 2012 fue Caribe (45%), seguido por Continental (36%). En Bogotá fue Continental (77%), seguido por Atlántico Este (19%). En Pasto fue Pacífico (72%), seguido por Continental (23%). Y en Leticia fue Continental (99%) seguido por el origen Atlántico Este (1%).</p>

A Província Pegmatítica da Borborema é uma das mais importantes áreas geoeconômicas dos estados do Rio Grande do Norte e Paraíba, decorrente das inúmeras ocorrências minerais. Esta atividade econômica induz a produção de uma enorme quantidade de dados espaciais e não-espaciais, porém de maneira isolada e em diversos formatos. Desta forma, se faz necessário a organização destes dados visando armazenar, consultar, visualizar, manipular e gerar informações para variados fins. Assim, este trabalho tem como objetivos específicos: gerar mapas temáticos contendo informações dos componentes dos meios físico, biótico e antrópico, a partir da adequação de dados já existentes (mapas temáticos), da carta topográfica e da fotointerpretação de imagens de satélites que possa subisidiar na estruturação e implementação de um Banco de Dado Georreferenciado (BDG) com potencialidade de armazenar, integrar, consultar, visualizar, plotar e analisar, numa única base de dados, de informações espaciais e não-espaciais provenientes de vários tipos e escalas da área de estudo, visando concentrar todas as informações necessárias com vistas a subsidiar o desenvolvimento sustentável, nas questões sócio-econômicas e ambientais. Para tal, foi utilizado o programa de geoprocessamento SPRING (Sistema de Processamento de Informações Georreferenciadas); as ferramentas geotecnológicas, como Sensoriamento Remoto, Cartografia Temática, Sistema de Posicionamento Global e imagens de satélite. A área de estudo compreende a Folha Jardim do Seridó (SB.24-Z-B-V), escala 1:100.000, delimitada pelos paralelos 6º 30’ a 7º 00’ de latitude Sul e pelos meridianos 37º 00’ a 36º 30’ de longitude Oeste, situada na porção extremo sul da meso-região Central do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte e porção extremo Centro - Norte do Estado da Paraíba. Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que os objetivos deste trabalho foram atingidos, ou seja, estruturar e implementar um BDG (Banco de Dado Georreferenciado) com potencialidade de integrar e analisar, numa única base de dados, informações espaciais e não-espaciais provenientes de vários tipos e escalas e realizar uma análise preliminar geoambiental da área de estudo.

A composição, abundância e mudanças sazonais da fauna de Euglossini foram determinadas pela atração de machos por iscas de cineol, eugenol e vanilina. O estudo foi realizado em duas Reservas do Estado de São Paulo: Estação Experimental de Zootecnia (EEZ), município de Sertãozinho, e Fazenda Santa Carlota, Secção Itaoca (SI), município de Cajuru. As coletas foram realizadas a cada 15 dias, das 08:00 às 17:00h, durante um ano, em cada localidade. Machos de 10 e 14 espécies foram atraídos na EEZ e SI, respectivamente. Todas as espécies amostradas na EEZ ocorreram também na SI proporcionando um coeficiente de similaridade entre as áreas de 0,83. Eulaema nigrita Lepeletier, Euglossa pleosticta Dressler e Euglossa fimbriata Rebêlo & Moure foram as espécies mais abundantes em ambas as áreas, correspondendo a 80.3% da amostra total na SI e 90,6% na EEZ. Em ambas as áreas os machos foram mais abundantes no outono (53.8% da amostragem da EEZ e 46.3% da SI) e menos no inverno (0.7% da EEZ e 4.8% da SI). A abundância de machos e o número de espécies amostradas por estação não foram significantemente correlacionados. Cineol foi a isca mais atrativa tanto na EEZ (58,7% do total de machos coletados e 9 espécies) como na SI (71,5% dos machos e 13 espécies) seguido por eugenol e vanilina.

La introducción de ganado en las áreas tradicionalmente agrícolas en el territorio Miskitu Indian Tasbaiska Kum ha influido en una modificación en su orden territorial para dar cabida a éste nuevo rubro por parte de sus habitantes. Es comúnmente conocido que la ganadería es una de las actividades productivas más incompatibles con el bosque y la conservación de los elementos dentro de éste último, pero la rotación de las áreas de cultivo y pastoreo, y el uso de sistemas silvopastoriles podría reducir el impacto hacia los ambientes naturales. Con este estudio se plantea determinar la diversidad biológica de avifauna en los sistemas silvopastoriles ubicados en las cercanías de ocho comunidades del territorio Miskitu Indian Tasbaiska Kum, con el fin de determinar su potencial para preservar aves, en especial, aves de importancia para la conservación nacional. Para lograr los objetivos se realizó conteos de aves mediante el uso de puntos de conteo por comunidad, en las áreas donde suele llevarse a pastorear al ganado. En el estudio se invirtieron tres días por comunidad y se realizaron al menos dos observaciones por día, una entre las 06:00-10:00 y otra entre las 16:00 – 18:00. Con los datos obtenidos se calculó diferentes parámetros de diversidad biológica. Como resultado se observó un total de 423 individuos los cuales están agrupados en 67 especies y 27 familias. Las especies de aves más abundantes fueron: Brotogeris jugularis, Ramphocelus passerinii y Amazona auropaliata. Las comunidades Amarrana, Shiminka y Yakalpanani son las que registraron los mayores valores de los parámetros de biodiversidad. Se determinaron 14 especies en algún grado de conservación según la lista de los apéndices de CITES para Nicaragua y las listas del Sistema Nacional de Vedas 2012, entre éstas se incluyen Brotogeris jugularis y Amazona au- ropaliata, las cuales resultaron también abundantes. La comunidad que concentró la mayor cantidad de aves en algún estado de conservación fue Yakalpanani. Las especies de plantas asociadas con la mayor diversidad de aves fueron especies de estadíos tempranos de sucesión como: Cecropia peltata, Inga sp, Guazuma ulmifolia y Muntingia calabura. Aunque Yakalpanani es una de las comunidades más grandes, comparado con Boca de Plis, la ubicación de su área de pastoreo entre masas boscosas conservadas ha garantizado que los parámetros de diversidad biológica hayan resultado significativamente mayores en ésta, dado a una conectividad hasta el momento poco irrumpida. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/calera.v13i20.1622

Abstract For the prediction of river flow sequence, owing to the non-stationariness and randomness of the sequence, the prediction accuracy of extreme river flow is not enough. In this study, the sparse factor of the loss function in a sparse autoencoder was enhanced using the inverse method of simulated annealing (ESA), and the river flow of the Kenswat Station in the Manas River Basin in northern Xinjiang, China, at 9:00, 15:00, and 20:00 daily during June, July, and August in 1998–2000 was considered as the study sequence. When the initial values of the sparse factor β0 are 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25, the experiment is designed with 60, 70, 80, 90, and 100 neurons, respectively, in the hidden layer to explore the relationship between the output characteristics of the hidden layer, and the original river flow sequence after the network is trained with various sparse factors and different numbers of neurons in the hidden layer. Meanwhile, the orthogonal experimental groups ESA1, ESA2, ESA3, ESA4, and ESA5 were designed to predict the daily average river flow in September 2000 and compared with the prediction results of the support vector machine (SVM) and the feedforward neural network (FFNN). The results indicate that after the ESA training, the output of the hidden layer consists of a large number of features of the original river flow sequence, and the boundaries of these features can reflect the river flow series with large changes. The upper bound of the features can reflect the characteristics of the river flow during the flood. Meanwhile, the prediction results of the orthogonal experiment groups indicate that when the number of neurons in the hidden layer is 90 and β0 = 15, the ESA has the best prediction effect on the sequence. In particular, the fitting effect on the day of ‘swelling up’ of the river flow is more satisfactory than that of SVM and FFNN. The results are significant, as they provide a guide for exploring the evolution of the river flow under drought and flood as well as for optimally dispatching and managing water resources.

Resumo Campylocentrum micranthum é uma espécie amplamente distribuída pelo Brasil. A biologia reprodutiva de C. micranthum foi estudada no município de São Simão, no noroeste do estado de São Paulo. A vegetação da região é caracterizada por florestas semideciduais, matas palustres e cerrado. Na área de estudo C. micranthum floresce no verão. A população estudada é formada por mais de 35 indivíduos distribuídos em uma área de mata palustre. As plantas são epífitas, e as flores são ressupinadas e de coloração creme. Cada flor possui um nectário tubuloso na base que produz em média 0,053 µL de néctar. As atividades dos polinizadores se iniciam por volta das 07:30 e as visitas se estendem até 13:00 h. Os polinizadores de C. micranthum são abelhas dos gêneros Lophopedia e Ceratina. A espécie autocompatível e não autógama. No entanto, necessita de polinizadores para a transferência de pólen. Nos experimentos de polinização cruzada à formação de frutos foi de 3,17%, enquanto no tratamento de autopolinização manual foi obtido 16% de frutificação. Em condições naturais a taxa de frutificação foi de 36,4%.

Promover no ambiente urbano a melhoria das condições ambientais com intuito de elevar a qualidade de vida das pessoas é possível com a presença de áreas verdes (áreas com vegetação arbórea, arbustiva e/ou rasteira, podendo ser nativa ou introduzida). Assim, foi avaliado o conforto térmico em duas áreas verdes na cidade de Sorriso no Estado de Mato Grosso, Brasil pelo Índice Desconforto Térmico (IDT), por meio da temperatura (T) e umidade (UR) do ar com aparelhos Termo-Higro-Anemômetro; foram obtidos mapas de IDT pelo interpolador krigagem georreferenciando-se as áreas verdes com uso de antena receptora de sinal GPS. A primeira área verde é conhecida como área verde central, a outra foi o Parque Ecológico Municipal. Nessas referidas áreas estipulou-se também o grau de estresse fisiológico humano por meio da sensação de temperatura corpórea humana. No interior das áreas verdes há menores valores de T e maiores de UR do que nas áreas externas, mesmo não sendo possível a todo momento, um adequado conforto térmico nas áreas verdes. O conforto térmico adequado nas áreas verdes estudadas parece existir da meia-noite até 08:30 horas, sendo que das 15:00 horas até a meia noite já é possível um conforto térmico parcial.

An alternative to replace the excessive use of chemical fertilizers is the use of soil microorganisms. In this regard, using nitrogen fixingbacteria (N) and mycorrhizal fungi may improve the growth of different crops. The objective was to evaluate the influence of Rhizophagus intraradices and Azospirillum brasilense, as well as the addition of chemical fertilizers on foliar and root response of maize crop in Luvisol soil. The study was conducted from October 2014 to January 2015 at the Technological Institute of the Mayan Zone, Quintana Roo, Mexico.A cornculture was established by a randomized complete block design, and four treatments with four replicates: Mycorrhiza and Azospirillum (MA), Mycorrhiza and Azospirillum + 50% chemical fertilizer, (MA + FQ50%), 100% chemical fertilizer FQ100%) in doses of 142-70-00 kg / ha and a control. Stem height and diameter of the plants were measured. In addition, the number and length of roots were monitored by means of the minirhizotron technique at five depths and at different ages of the plants. At the end of the experimental period, leaf and root biomass were quantified. Treatments of FQ100% and MA + FQ50% presented higher total height and higher stem diameter of the plants. Also, these showed the highest number and length of fine roots, compared to the other treatments. However, treatment with MA + FQ50% kept the highest amount of biomass at the end of the crop.

DETERMINAÇÃO DA CAPACIDADE DE USO DAS TERRAS DO MUNICÍPIO DE SÃO MANUEL - SP Osmar Delmanto JuniorSérgio CamposLincoln Gehring CardosoZacarias Xavier de BarrosDepartamento de Engenharia Rural, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP. CP 237, CEP 18603-970. E-mail: seca@fca.unesp.br 1 RESUMO Esse trabalho objetivou a elaboração da carta de capacidade de uso das terras do Município de São Manuel - SP, visando o planejamento adequado da ocupação do solo, utilizado-se de Sistema de Informação Geográfica (SIG). A bacia situa-se entre as coordenadas geográficas 22º 28’ 20” e 22º 53’ 10” de latitudes S e os meridianos 48º 21’ 52” e 48º 48’ 00” de longitudes W Gr., apresentando uma área de 60.988ha. O mapa de capacidade de uso da terra do município foi elaborado a partir dos mapas de classes de declive e de solo, tomando-se por base as características de cada um e utilizando-se da tabela de julgamento de classes de capacidade de uso. As áreas da classe e subclasses de capacidade de uso das terras determinadas pelo SIG –IDRISI foram: IIe,s (22,64%); IIIe (8,62%); IIIe,s (15,83%); IIIs (29,97%); IVe (10,82%); VIe (3,95%) e VIIe (0,96%). Os resultados permitiram inferir que as subclasses mais significativas foram a IIIs e IIe,s. As classes de declive de 0 a 20% ocorrem em mais de ¾ do Município, sendo as áreas planas, as mais representativas, pois ocorrem em quase 1/3 da área total. O SIG mostrou-se uma excelente ferramenta para determinação da capacidade de uso da terra, demonstrando que a utilização do geoprocessamento facilita e agiliza o cruzamento dos dados digitais, permitindo seu armazenamento, que poderão ser utilizados para outras análises em futuros planejamentos geoambientais. UNITERMOS: Sistema de Informações Geográficas, unidades de solo, classes de declive, capacidade de uso da terra DELMANTO JUNIOR, O.; CAMPOS S.; CARDOSO, L.G.; BARROS, Z.X. LAND USE CAPABILITY DETERMINATION OF SÃO MANUEL MUNICIPALITY-SP 2 ABSTRACT The present work purposed a land use capability chart development from São Manuel Municipality-SP using a Geographical Information System - Idrisi aiming to contribute for a better territorial organization and soil occupation planning. The basin is located in the 22º 28’ 20” geographical co-ordinates at 22º 53’ 10” S latitude, 48º 21’ 52” and 48º 48’ 00” meridian of W Gr. longitude, presenting an area of 9180,12ha. The chart of the basin land use capability was elaborated from the soil and sloping class charts based on each one characteristics and using the class table of use capability. The class and subclass areas determined through the Geographical Information System IDRISI presented the following values: IIe,s (22,64%), IIIe (8,62%), IIIe,s (15,83%), IIIs (29,97%), IVe (10,82%), VIe (3,95%) and VIIe (0,96%). The results allowed to infer that the most significant sub classes were IIIs and IIe,s. The 0 to 20% sloping classes have occurred in more than ¾ of the district. Plane areas were the most significant since they occur in nearly 1/3 of the whole area. The Geographical Information System IDRISI has been an excellent tool to determine land use capability, specially related with geo-processing use. The later also facilitates the input, analysis and display of spatial environmental information as well as data digital storage which could be used for other analyses in further geo-environmental design. KEYWORDS: Geoprocessing, land-use capability, Geographical Information Systems.

The article presents the results of study of potato varieties and hybrids collection in the conditions of Kirov region, including varieties of modern Russian and foreign collections, interspecific hybrids of VIR, Falenskaya selection station and other scientific institutions for 300-350 samples annually. The study was conducted in contrasting weather conditions in 2017-2019. Sources of high productivity (705…887 g/bush): 129-10, Effekt (Russia), Lukawa (Czechoslovakia), Zorachka, Uladar (Belarus), Colomba (Netherlands) and others, and large potato tuber (100…140 g): Bellarosa (Germany), Lilea (Belarus), Irbitsky, Krepysh (Russia) were revealed. Due to big epiphytotic of late blight in 2017 varieties with high field resistance of foliage to late blight were revealed (7-9 points): Kufri Anara (India), Suzorye, Ragneda, Alpinist (Belarus), Gubernator, Skazka, Effekt, Vdohnovenie, Fritella, Legenda, 90-5-30, 55-03 (Russia); 387110.4, 678019 (Peru) and others. In 2019 samples with high late blight resistance of tubers were selected (9 points): Lilea (Belarus), Udacha, Ognivo, Lubava Legenda, 122-29, 90-6-2, 194-00, 591-97, 55-03, 56-09, 172-11, 6-1, 39-10, 132-07 (Russia), 389746.2, 678019 (BL-22), 678009 (BL-1.10) (Peru). Varieties of field resistance to viral diseases were selected: Lukawa (Czechoslovakia), Yanka, Ragneda, Zorachka, Charaunik (Belarus), Franzi, Albina, Kolomba, Sofia (Germany), Lazar, Skazka, Mayak, Udacha, Krasavchik, Charodey), Zolsky, Matushka, Nayada, Sudarynya, Kolobok, 42-7-40, 112-04, 184-05, 28-06, 48-224-10, 455-08, 431-08, 142-09, 5-7К, 1-13К, 218-12, 286-08, 40-14К, 16-25-1К, 16-29-33К, 56-09, 289-13. Assessment of starch content allowed to select varieties and hybrids with starch content above 20%: Bashkirsky, Zolsky, Lazar (Russia), Uladar, Vektar Belorussky, Manifest, Zhuravinka, Zdabytok (Belarus) and others. Hybrids 268-09 and 289-13 combined high starch content and high late blight resistance. The most valuable source material for potato breeding in the Kirov region are varieties and hybrids with a complex manifestation of warnings: Bellarosa, Albina, Sofia (Germany), 129-09, 40-14, 7-2В, 5-7 К, 268-08, 141-14, 289-13, 455-08, 56-09, 149-14, Kamensky, Irbitsky, Debryansk, Effekt (Russia), Kolamba (Netherlands), Zorachka, Сharaunik, Uladar, Altair, Lilea (Belarus), Lukawa (Czechoslovakia).


 The age period of 0-8 years is the most important moment for every human being to develop all the developmental features supported by parents at home and teachers / tutors at the Early Childhood Education Institute (ECE). In parenting, six main aspects must be known and applied by each parent. Lack of education, nutritional knowledge, care and care, and aspects of clean-living habits in the family can have an impact on children's growth and development processes. This study aims to develop a module 6 aspects of child development for parental guidance. This study uses a research and development approach to test the effectiveness of the posttest design. Respondents in this study are parents who have children up to 5 years and early childhood educators. The findings show that from these six main aspects, it seems that parents and ECE tutors do not yet understand the ECE concept. In another perspective, there is still a lack of knowledge about these 6 main aspects which require training and parenting modules to develop the 6 aspects of child development.
 Keywords: Early Childhood Education, Child Development Aspect, Parenting Training Module
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A pesquisa objetivou caracterizar, por meio da aeromagnetometria, uma área fortemente estruturada na porção central do Arco de Ponta Grossa (Bacia do Paraná), situada entre as coordenadas 23°00’-24°00’ S e 51°00’-52°00’ W. Visou também avaliar as implicações das estruturas interpretadas na dinâmica do fluxo e no quimismo das águas subterrâneas dos sistemas aqüíferos Serra Geral e Guarani. Os dados aeromagnéticos foram tratados qualitativamente, por intermédio de técnicas modernas de processamento (1-D e 2-D), e sua resolução na detecção de diques de dolerito foi avaliada por meio de um estudo comparativo com dados geológico-estruturais de semidetalhe. Os estudos quantitativos foram baseados nas estimativas de profundidades das fontes magnéticas por meio da deconvolução de Euler. Também foram modeladas anomalias de cinco linhas de vôo, incorporando dados paleomagnéticos, com o objetivo de estimar as espessuras dos diques de dolerito, as quais indicaram taxa média de extensão crustal de 12% na região central do Arco de Ponta Grossa. Com base no processamento dos dados magnéticos interpretou-se a trama estrutural da área, constituída preferencialmente por diques de dolerito de direção geral NW-SE e derrames de basaltos da Formação Serra Geral, além de falhas e fraturas segundo as tendências NE-SW, NW-SE e E-W. As feições magnéticas mapeadas foram comparadas com as principais estruturas da bacia e do seu embasamento, resultando na proposição de novos alinhamentos no contexto do Arco de Ponta Grossa. O arcabouço estrutural foi cotejado com a distribuição espacial de parâmetros hidrogeológicos (potenciometria, vazão, capacidade específica, pH e sólidos totais dissolvidos), extraídos de 625 poços completados na Formação Serra Geral. As estruturas magnéticas também foram relacionadas com mapas ternários de variáveis hidrogeoquímicas, permitindo sugerir zonas preferenciais de conexão hidraúlica entre os sistemas aqüíferos Guarani e Serra Geral. Finalmente, discute-se a influência do arcabouço estrutural-magnético na produtividade dos poços e no zoneamento hidrogeoquímico.


 
 
 The call for papers for this volume of M/C Journal provoked an impressive number of responses. The bulk of those responses took issue with the implication within the call for papers that print culture is in some way under threat, or is in danger of being superseded by digital forms. It is axiomatic that the advent of any new technology is accompanied by obituary notices for an older, pre-existing technology. The radio was seen as a threat to books and literacy in the 1920s, and, similarly, in the 1950s the popularity of television in the home was expected to mean the end of cinemas and the movie business. These same debates were rehearsed in the 1980s, when it was the VCR’s turn to try to kill off the cinema, but twenty years later, the cinema still survives and makes more money than ever. The VCR did not kill the cinema, but it is apparent that the DVD will kill the VCR. Is print destined to be supplanted by digital technology? The essays in this volume suggest not, although for different reasons. The dominant theme to come through this collection is that print and print culture are undergoing a process of change. Part of this process of change is attributable to the rise of digitisation, but this is not the whole reason. Some of the contributors here took issue with the meaning of the word print itself. Robert Watson, for instance, discusses the history of the word print and the different contexts in which it is used, such as the means by which knowledges are ‘imprinted’ in animal brains. Watson’s discussion then turns to the artifact of the cinema print of Muriel’s Wedding in the ways in which the various forms of print manifest themselves in the experience of watching that film. The feature article for this issue, Bethany Turner’s analysis of the communication strategies of the Zapatistas, demonstrates the marriage of the romanticised vision of the Zapatistas as Internet guerrillas, holed up in inaccessible regions with no more than a laptop and a mobile phone, spreading their message of revolution in a ‘netwar’ against the Mexican regime. Turner argues, however, that underpinning this romantic notion is an old, narrative-based tradition, of story, allegory, and magic realism. Certainly, the Zapatistas’ communiqués do appear in digital form, but not before they have been transmitted through traditional oral and printed networks. The digital realm here is a supplement to the printed form, not its usurper. Steven Maras investigates Waler Ong’s work on Ramus, specifically Ong’s thesis that the Ramus dialectic reconfigured the world (and thought itself) in terms of that which can be apprehended by sight in a set of spatial and geometric figures. Maras shows that Ramus remains with us in the format of the printed page, but at the same time never before has the technology to manipulate that page been so complex, yet paradoxically, so accessible. Pedagogy still inhabits Ramusian space, viewing the realm beyond the borders of the printed text as a “no-go” area, a forbidden zone into which only the boldest would venture. Vicky Liu’s paper on Seal Culture tackles the question of authenticity in electronic commerce. Written signatures are, as Derrida demonstrates, at once unique and infinitely reproducible. Traditional seals derive their authenticity from the imprint of the sealer; the challenge for electronic commerce is to devise a similar system to validate digital information. Using the Chinese seal culture as an example, Liu describes the visualised digital signature scheme that simulates the physical form of the seal in electronic environments. This again is an instance of how the non-print world borrows from and adapts physical objects of print culture. The nation of the unique producer of printed work is also a feature of Dougal Phillips and Oliver Watts’s paper on copyright. “Copyright” has its origins in interdictions against a work being re-printed without the approval of (and payment to) the author. Phillips and Watts contend that the current system of copyright operates within an inherently capitalist discourse, in which notions of ownership are tied to remuneration for intellection property. They argue that current efforts to protect copyright are motivated by the interests of large corporations that have vested interests in preventing file-sharing and hacking of the encryption codes on DVDs. What, they ask, would it mean to return to gift economy for cultural products that pre-dates copyright, one in which the author’s remuneration comes only in the form of celebrity or reputation for innovation? Those last-ditch defenders of print culture are the subject of Juri Joensuu’s “Intimate Technology”. Joensuu examines the tropes that are used when defending print culture, particularly how reading is figured rhetorically. Joensuu rightly points out that cultural shifts are not discrete, but tend to overlap: oral culture is still with after 500 years of moveable type; print and digital forms currently exist side-by-side. Joensuu highlights the way in which the physicality of reading is an underlying feature of arguments that defend print culture: the book is a sensual object in a way that the digital object can never be; digital print draws attention to its means of its production in a manner that only the most elaborate, poorly produced, or eccentric books do. The final two articles look forward to what Scott Lukas calls the ‘newprint’ era. Phillip Roe’s “Dimensions of Print” points out that the human subject is constructed as being “in front of” the object of study, whether that object is a physical book or a computer screen. Both are technologies for the reproduction of print. Roe speculates on the arrival of the post-print, a shift in the construction of human subjectivity that will pose difficulties for the print subject it will replace. Finally, Scott Lukas reads contemporary print culture through his formulation of “newprint”. This formulation hearkens back to Phillips and Watts’s article, in that Lukas sees newprint as extending the state’s propaganda industry by changing the written word into what he calls “artifice”. Lukas argues that newprint can lead to the diluting of the voice of the writer as well as, on a wider level, the fracturing of community. He illustrates how communicative acts are changing with a personal example of his own, an example that is increasingly common, yet still surprising. We hope that you will enjoy this issue of M/C Journal, and find much to consider within its articles. Like Scott Lukas, we are delighted to welcome you to (new) print!
 Glen Thomas & Jaz Choi ‘print’ issue editors 
 
 Citation reference for this article
 
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