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Journal articles on the topic 'Mazon Creek Fossils'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 1 August 2025

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1

Mayer, Paul, Katherine Hodge, Dana Kahn, et al. "Interns and Volunteers Crucial in Curating and Digitizing Fossil Invertebrates in the Field Museum’s Fast Growing Mazon Creek Collection." Biodiversity Information Science and Standards 2 (June 13, 2018): e25942. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/biss.2.25942.

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The Mazon Creek region in Northeastern Illinois is home to a Middle Pennsylvanian (~307 million years old) soft-bodied fossil Lagerstätte of animals and plants that lived along a subtropical swampy coastline. This area was strip mined for coal from 1928 to 1974 and museum geologists and amateur collectors acquired large fossil collections during this time by collecting and splitting millions of nodules unearthed at the mines. These large collections are important because of the rarity of many of the species in the Mazon Creek biota. There are about 250 described fossil invertebrate species fro

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Mayer, Paul, Katherine Hodge, Dana Kahn, et al. "Interns and Volunteers Crucial in Curating and Digitizing Fossil Invertebrates in the Field Museum's Fast Growing Mazon Creek Collection." Biodiversity Information Science and Standards 2 (July 5, 2018): e25942. https://doi.org/10.3897/biss.2.25942.

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The Mazon Creek region in Northeastern Illinois is home to a Middle Pennsylvanian (~307 million years old) soft-bodied fossil Lagerstätte of animals and plants that lived along a subtropical swampy coastline. This area was strip mined for coal from 1928 to 1974 and museum geologists and amateur collectors acquired large fossil collections during this time by collecting and splitting millions of nodules unearthed at the mines. These large collections are important because of the rarity of many of the species in the Mazon Creek biota. There are about 250 described fossil invertebrate species fro

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3

Foster, Merrill W. "The Illinois Mazon Creek Fossils." Rocks & Minerals 63, no. 4 (1988): 290–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00357529.1988.11761851.

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4

Mann, Arjan, and Hillary C. Maddin. "Diabloroter bolti, a short-bodied recumbirostran ‘microsaur’ from the Francis Creek Shale, Mazon Creek, Illinois." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187, no. 2 (2019): 494–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz025.

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AbstractThe Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian; 309–307 Mya) ‘Mazon Creek’ Lagerstätte produces some of the earliest tetrapod fossils of major Palaeozoic lineages. Previously, the Mazon Creek record of ‘microsaurs’ was known from a single specimen. However, the lack of key anatomy, such as the skull, precluded a confident taxonomic assignment, thus only a suggested affinity to the microbrachimorph ‘microsaur’ Hyloplesion was determined. Recently several new tetrapod specimens collected from Mazon Creek have come to light, of which some have recumbirostran ‘microsaur’ affinity. Here we describe a new

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Mann, Arjan, Jason D. Pardo, and Hillary C. Maddin. "Infernovenator steenae, a new serpentine recumbirostran from the ‘Mazon Creek’ Lagerstätte further clarifies lysorophian origins." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187, no. 2 (2019): 506–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz026.

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Abstract The Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian; 309–307 Mya) ‘Mazon Creek’ Lagerstätte produces some of the earliest tetrapod fossils of major Palaeozoic lineages. Previously, the Mazon Creek record of lysorophians was known from a single poorly preserved specimen consisting only of a partial vertebral column. Here we describe a new, virtually complete lysorophian genus and species, Infernovenator steenae gen. & sp. nov. on the basis of a unique combination of characters, including a near complete circumorbital series and the retention of a postfrontal. Parsimony-based phylogenetic analysis pla

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Tripp, Madison, Jasmina Wiemann, Jochen Brocks, Paul Mayer, Lorenz Schwark, and Kliti Grice. "Fossil Biomarkers and Biosignatures Preserved in Coprolites Reveal Carnivorous Diets in the Carboniferous Mazon Creek Ecosystem." Biology 11, no. 9 (2022): 1289. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11091289.

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The reconstruction of ancient trophic networks is pivotal to our understanding of ecosystem function and change through time. However, inferring dietary relationships in enigmatic ecosystems dominated by organisms without modern analogues, such as the Carboniferous Mazon Creek fauna, has previously been considered challenging: preserved coprolites often do not retain sufficient morphology to identify the dietary composition. Here, we analysed n = 3 Mazon Creek coprolites in concretions for dietary signals in preserved biomarkers, stable carbon isotope data, and macromolecular composition. Chol

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Mann, Arjan, Ami S. Calthorpe, and Hillary C. Maddin. "Joermungandr bolti , an exceptionally preserved ‘microsaur’ from the Mazon Creek Lagerstätte reveals patterns of integumentary evolution in Recumbirostra." Royal Society Open Science 8, no. 7 (2021): 210319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.210319.

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The Carboniferous Pennsylvanian-aged (309–307 Ma) Mazon Creek Lagerstätte produces some of the earliest fossils of major Palaeozoic tetrapod lineages. Recently, several new tetrapod specimens collected from Mazon Creek have come to light, including the earliest fossorially adapted recumbirostrans. Here, we describe a new long-bodied recumbirostran, Joermungandr bolti gen. et sp. nov., known from a single part and counterpart concretion bearing a virtually complete skeleton. Uniquely, Joermungandr preserves a full suite of dorsal, flank and ventral dermal scales, together with a series of thinn

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Rogers, Christopher S., Timothy I. Astrop, Samuel M. Webb, Shosuke Ito, Kazumasa Wakamatsu, and Maria E. McNamara. "Synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy of melanosomes in vertebrates and cephalopods: implications for the affinity of Tullimonstrum." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1913 (2019): 20191649. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.1649.

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Screening pigments are essential for vision in animals. Vertebrates use melanins bound in melanosomes as screening pigments, whereas cephalopods are assumed to use ommochromes. Preserved eye melanosomes in the controversial fossil Tullimonstrum (Mazon Creek, IL, USA) are partitioned by size and/or shape into distinct layers. These layers resemble tissue-specific melanosome populations considered unique to the vertebrate eye. Here, we show that extant cephalopod eyes also show tissue-specific size- and/or shape-specific partitioning of melanosomes; these differ from vertebrate melanosomes in th

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9

Cotroneo, S., J. D. Schiffbauer, V. E. McCoy, et al. "A new model of the formation of Pennsylvanian iron carbonate concretions hosting exceptional soft-bodied fossils in Mazon Creek, Illinois." Geobiology 14, no. 6 (2016): 543–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gbi.12197.

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10

Schultze, Hans-Peter. "The fossil fauna of Mazon Creek." Contributions to Zoology 67, no. 4 (1998): 277–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18759866-06704005.

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11

Schram, Frederick R. "Designation of a new name and type for the Mazon Creek (Pennsylvanian, Francis Creek Shale) tanaidacean." Journal of Paleontology 63, no. 4 (1989): 536. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000019764.

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When i described the Mazon Creek tanaidacean crustacean and named it Cryptocaris hootchi Schram, 1974, two problems presented themselves. First, all specimens but one were in private collections, and none of their owners then seemed inclined to donate them to an established natural history museum. Second, the collections of the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago at that time contained only a single specimen, P32053, of what appeared to be the Mazon Creek tanaidacean. This specimen is peculiarly preserved and of only mediocre quality. Consequently, I based the description of the Mazon C

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Hay, Andrew A. "Flabelligerida from the Francis Creek Shale of Illinois." Journal of Paleontology 76, no. 4 (2002): 764–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000042025.

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The Polychaetes of the Mazon Creek biota have been documented previously (Dawson, 1881; Thompson and Johnson, 1977; Thompson, 1979; Fitzhugh et al., 1997). Owing mainly to their rarity, several genera of fossil polychaetes had been noted but not described. Active amateur collecting of Mazon Creek concretions has allowed a number of uncommon, undescribed, flabelligerid annelid specimens to be cataloged into private and museum collections. All flabelligerid individuals are considered to be of one species.

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13

FOSTER, MERRILL W. "Fossil fish from Mazon Creek Biota stolen." Lethaia 29, no. 3 (1996): 236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3931.1996.tb01656.x.

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14

Bicknell, Russell D. C., Serge V. Naugolnykh, and Scott C. McKenzie. "On Paleolimulus from the Mazon Creek Konservat-Lagerstätte." Comptes Rendus Palevol 21, no. 15 (2022): 303–22. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505330.

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Horseshoe crabs are extant chelicerates with a fossil record extending back to the Ordovician. Despite the documentation of their long evolutionary history, xiphosurids are rarely preserved within fossil assemblages due to their unmineralized cuticular exoskeleton. However, in exceptional circumstances, an abundance of fossil xiphosurid specimens have been documented. The Moscovian-aged Mazon Creek Konservat-Lagerstätte represents one such fossil deposit with a high abundance and diversity of xiphosurids. Although fairly well known, the <em>Paleolimulus</em> specimens from the Mazon Creek

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15

Racheboeuf, Patrick R. "Richardson's guide to the fossil fauna of Mazon Creek." Geobios 32, no. 3 (1999): 420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-6995(99)80018-7.

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16

McCoy, Victoria E., David Dolak, and Derek E. G. Briggs. "Distribution of Fossiliferous Concretions at the Mazon Creek Fossil Site." Paleontological Society Special Publications 13 (2014): 148–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200013150.

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17

Carpenter, Frank M. "Review of the Extinct Family Syntonopteridae (Order Uncertain)." Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 94, no. 3-4 (1987): 373–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1987/25879.

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The family Syntonopteridae was named by Handlirsch in 1911 for a new genus and species, Syntonoptera schucherti, from the Upper Carboniferous of Mazon Creek, Illinois. Although the unique specimen on which the species was based consisted of only a wing fragment, the presence of several intercalary, triad veins was of unusual interest. During the 75 years that have passed since then, only six additional specimens of the family have been found (Carpenter, 1938, 1944; Richardson, 1956), all of them in the Mazon Creek beds. The latest of these specimens was sent to me for study by Dr. E. S. Richar

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18

HU, SHI-XUE, MAO-YAN ZHU, FANG-CHEN ZHAO, and MICHAEL STEINER. "A crown group priapulid from the early Cambrian Guanshan Lagerstätte." Geological Magazine 154, no. 6 (2017): 1329–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001675681700019x.

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AbstractA well-preserved fossil priapulid worm, Xiaoheiqingella sp., is reported from the early Cambrian Guanshan Lagerstätte (Cambrian Series II, Stage 4) near Kunming City, Yunnan Province, SW China. The body of the animal consists of four sections: a swollen introvert, a constricted neck, a finely annulated trunk and a caudal appendage. The body configuration exhibits a close resemblance to that of the crown group priapulid Xiaoheiqingella peculiaris from the early Cambrian Chengjiang Lagerstätte. The new discovery provides another striking example of crown group priapulids, representing th

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19

Baird, G. C., S. D. Sroka, C. W. Shabica, and G. J. Kuecher. "Taphonomy of Middle Pennsylvanian Mazon Creek Area Fossil Localities, Northeast Illinois: Significance of Exceptional Fossil Preservation in Syngenetic Concretions." PALAIOS 1, no. 3 (1986): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3514690.

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20

Lhéritier, Mickaël, Bruno Vallois, and Claudie Durand. "Re-assessment of Arthropleura from the Moscovian of Northern France: new anatomical information and adaptations to terrestrial environments." Open Palaeontology 2, no. 1 (2025): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.26034/la.opal.2025.6970.

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The fossil record of Arthropleura, distributed in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais coalfield (France) and some Belgian localities, is reassessed and compared to new material discovered in new localities of the Bruay Formation. Based on tergite ornamentation, the Bruay specimens are attributed to Arthropleura mammata. Two specimens are preserved with their head, allowing the description of the head anatomy of this species for the first time. We estimated the size of the most complete remains from the newly investigated localities, with a maximum length probably reaching 50 centimetres. The geographical e

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Moore, Lillien C., Jack Wittry, and William A. DiMichele. "The Okmulgee, Oklahoma fossil flora, a Mazon Creek equivalent: Spatial conservatism in the composition of Middle Pennsylvanian wetland vegetation over 1100km." Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 200 (January 2014): 24–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.revpalbo.2013.08.002.

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22

Spencer, Alan R. T., Jason Hilton, and Mark D. Sutton. "Combined methodologies for three-dimensional reconstruction of fossil plants preserved in siderite nodules: Stephanospermum braidwoodensis nov. sp. (Medullosales) from the Mazon Creek lagerstätte." Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 188 (January 2013): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.revpalbo.2012.09.001.

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23

Briggs, Derek E. G., and Amanda J. Kear. "Decay and preservation of polychaetes: taphonomic thresholds in soft-bodied organisms." Paleobiology 19, no. 1 (1993): 107–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300012343.

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A series of experiments was carried out to investigate the nature and controls (oxygen, microbial populations, agitation) on the degradation of soft tissues. Decay was monitored in terms of morphological change, weight loss, and change in chemical composition in the polychaete Nereis virens. Polychaetes include a range of tissue types of differing chemical composition and preservation potential: muscle, cuticle, setae, and jaws. Regardless of conditions, all the muscle had broken down and fluid loss through the ruptured cuticle had reduced the carcass to two dimensions within 8 days at 20°C. I

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Coorough Burke, Patricia J., Paul S. Mayer, and Victoria E. McCoy. "Mazon Creek Fossils Brought to You by Coal,Concretions, and Collectors." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 543, no. 1 (2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp543-2022-317.

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Abstract The late Carboniferous (Middle Pennsylvanian, ∼307 mya) Mazon Creek Lagerstätte found in Northern Illinois, USA is unique for its exceptional biotic diversity as well as the human endeavors, both professional and avocational, that brought vast numbers of fossils and new species to science. In 1997, the Mazon Creek Fossil Beds, exposed along the Mazon River near Benson Road, Morris Illinois became a National Historic Landmark. The fossils are preserved in siderite (iron carbonate, FeCO 3 ) concretions within the lower 3-8 meters of the Francis Creek Shale Member of the Carbondale Forma

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Herrera, Fabiany, Carol L. Hotton, Selena Y. Smith, et al. "Investigating Mazon Creek fossil plants using computed tomography and microphotography." Frontiers in Earth Science 11 (July 14, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/feart.2023.1200976.

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More than 20,000 siderite concretions from the Mazon Creek area of northern Illinois, United States are housed in the paleobotanical collections of the Field Museum. A large proportion contain fossil plants of Middle Pennsylvanian age that often have excellent three-dimensional morphology and sometimes anatomical detail. Approximately eighty plant taxa have been recognized from the Mazon Creek Lagerstätte, but few have been studied in detail, and in some cases the systematic affinities of these fossils need reevaluation. The three-dimensional (3D) preservation of Mazon Creek fossil plants make

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"Mazon Creek-type fossil assemblages in the U.S. midcontinent Pennsylvanian: their recurrent character and palaeoenvironmental significance." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B, Biological Sciences 311, no. 1148 (1985): 87–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1985.0141.

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Terrestrial plants, the non-marine Braidwood Fauna, and the euryhaline Essex Fauna, best known from the Francis Creek Shale Member within the Mazon Creek area of northeastern Illinois, are found to recur in analogous deltaic lithofacies elsewhere both in Illinois and in adjacent states. An important new Essex-type fossil locality is reported from deposits coeval with the Francis Creek Member in Missouri, and occurrences of Braidwood animals from additional stratigraphic units are discussed. These assemblages occur in estuarine-deltaic deposits juxtaposed on coals; the significance of the assoc

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Tripp, Madison, Lorenz Schwark, Jochen J. Brocks, et al. "Rapid encapsulation of true ferns and arborane/fernane compounds fossilised in siderite concretions supports analytical distinction of plant fossils." Scientific Reports 13, no. 1 (2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-47009-8.

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AbstractFossilised true ferns (Pecopteris sp.) preserved in siderite concretions from the Mazon Creek Lagerstätte (Illinois) presented a unique opportunity to characterise the organic signatures of these late Carboniferous plants. Localised analyses of true fern fossils showed several highly abundant phytohopanoids and fernane/arborane derived aromatic products, which were present only negligibly within their siderite matrix, as well as from other types of fossilised plants. These terpenoids had been recognised in some extant ferns, but scarcely in sedimentary organic matter and their exact so

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Bicknell, Russell D. C., Javier Ortega-Hernández, Gregory D. Edgecombe, Robert R. Gaines, and John R. Paterson. "Central nervous system of a 310-m.y.-old horseshoe crab: Expanding the taphonomic window for nervous system preservation." Geology, July 26, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g49193.1.

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The central nervous system (CNS) presents unique insight into the behaviors and ecology of extant and extinct animal groups. However, neurological tissues are delicate and prone to rapid decay, and thus their occurrence as fossils is mostly confined to Cambrian Burgess Shale–type deposits and Cenozoic amber inclusions. We describe an exceptionally preserved CNS in the horseshoe crab Euproops danae from the late Carboniferous (Moscovian) Mazon Creek Konservat-Lagerstätte in Illinois, USA. The E. danae CNS demonstrates that the general prosomal synganglion organization has remained essentially u

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Saleh, Farid, Thomas Clements, Vincent Perrier, Allison C. Daley, and Jonathan B. Antcliffe. "Variations in preservation of exceptional fossils within concretions." Swiss Journal of Palaeontology 142, no. 1 (2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13358-023-00284-4.

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AbstractConcretions are an interesting mode of preservation that can occasionally yield fossils with soft tissues. To properly interpret these fossils, an understanding of their fossilization is required. Probabilistic models are useful tools to identify variations between different Konservat-Lagerstätten that are separated spatially and temporally. However, the application of probabilistic modeling has been limited to Early Paleozoic Konservat-Lagerstätten preserved in shales. In this paper, the patterns of preservation of three concretionary Konservat-Lagerstätten—the Carboniferous Mazon Cre

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Schiffbauer, James, Gordon C. Baird, John Warren Huntley, et al. "283,821 concretions, how do you measure the Mazon Creek? Assessing the paleoenvironmental and taphonomic nature of the Braidwood and Essex assemblages." Paleobiology, July 10, 2025, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1017/pab.2025.10045.

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Abstract The Mazon Creek Lagerstätte (Moscovian Stage, late Carboniferous Period; Illinois, USA) captures a diverse view of ecosystems in delta-influenced coastal settings through exceptional preservation of soft tissues in siderite concretions. The generally accepted paradigm of the Mazon Creek biota has been that of an inferred paleoenvironmental divide between what have been termed the Braidwood and Essex assemblages, wherein the former represents a freshwater ecosystem with terrestrial input and the latter a marine-influenced prodelta setting with abundant cnidarians, bivalves, worm phyla,

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Knecht, Richard J., Jacob S. Benner, Jason A. Dunlop, and Mark D. Renczkowski. "The largest Palaeozoic whip scorpion and the smallest (Arachnida: Uropygi: Thelyphonida); a new species and a new ichnospecies from the Carboniferous of New England, USA." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, August 11, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad088.

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Abstract Palaeozoic fossils of whip scorpions (Arachnida: Uropygi: Thelyphonida) are extremely rare, with only seven species of this age previously described. A new species of fossil whip scorpion, as well as the first ichnospecies assignable to this group, are described here from the Carboniferous Narragansett Basin of Massachusetts, USA. A body fossil from the Rhode Island Formation (Moscovian) is referred to as Parilisthelyphonus bryantae gen. nov., sp. nov.. At more than 34 mm long it represents both the largest known Palaeozoic whip scorpion and the first fossil arachnid found in the Rhod

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"Early terrestrial arthropods: a fragmentary record." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B, Biological Sciences 309, no. 1138 (1985): 207–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1985.0080.

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The earliest unequivocal terrestrial fossils are uppermost Silurian (Přídolí) myriapods, presumed to be pioneer decomposers. Descendants of their marine ancestors may be discernible in the Cambrian lobopod Aysheaia (recently challenged). Known euthycarcinoids are too late except as survivors from such a lobopod ancestry. Unique arthropods are also known from Cambrian and Ordovician lake deposits, but shed no light on origin of terrestrial forms. Among relevant arthropods, only scorpions have a continuous record from Silurian aquatic to Devonian terrestrial records (eurypterids are dealt with e

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Mickle, Amber M., James E. Mickle, and Lindsay R. Abrams. "Scientific Note: Revisions in a Collection of Plant Fossils from the Middle Pennsylvanian Age Mazon Creek Locality (Illinois) at the North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences." Castanea 88, no. 2 (2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.2179/0008-7475.88.2.176.

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McCoy, Victoria E., Jack Wittry, Hamed Sadabadi, and Paul Mayer. "A reappraisal of Nemavermes mackeei from the Mazon Creek fossil site expands Carboniferous cyclostome diversity." Journal of Paleontology, December 1, 2023, 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jpa.2023.72.

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Abstract Nemavermes mackeei Schram, 1973, found in the Mazon Creek fossil site and the Bear Gulch Limestone, was described initially as a free-living marine nematode. Here we investigate 13 specimens of N. mackeei from the Mazon Creek to reassess its morphology and identity, and also two specimens originally identified as Gilpichthys greenei Bardack and Richardson, 1977. Based on the extensive morphological variation among these specimens, N. mackeei encompasses multiple species that are only distantly related. The holotype of N. mackeei is a proboscis of Tullimonstrum gregarium Richardson, 19

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D'Antonio, Michael P., Carol L. Hotton, Selena Y. Smith, Peter R. Crane, and Fabiany Herrera. "Reconstruction of an enigmatic Pennsylvanian cone reveals a relationship to Sphenophyllales." American Journal of Botany 111, no. 4 (2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajb2.16321.

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AbstractPremiseWe studied the 3D morphology of a small, well‐preserved cone from the Pennsylvanian Mazon Creek Lagerstätte to characterize its structure and determine its systematic affinity. Previously tentatively assigned to the enigmatic Tetraphyllostrobus, we show that it differs in key respects from that genus as described.MethodsWe systematically compared the new fossil with relevant Paleozoic cone genera and employed advanced imaging techniques, including scanning electron microscopy, Airyscan confocal super‐resolution microscopy, optical microscopy, and X‐ray microcomputed tomography t

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Selden, Paul A., and Jason A. Dunlop. "A remarkable spiny arachnid from the Pennsylvanian Mazon Creek Lagerstätte, Illinois." Journal of Paleontology, May 17, 2024, 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jpa.2024.13.

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Abstract A new genus and species of arachnid (Chelicerata: Arachnida), Douglassarachne acanthopoda n. gen. n. sp., is described from the late Carboniferous (Moscovian) Coal Measures of the Mazon Creek Lagerstätte, Illinois, USA. This is a unique animal with distinctive large spines on the legs. It has a subovate body, a segmented opisthosoma, and a terminal anal tubercle. The legs are robust and appear to have been similar in construction throughout the limb series, with heavy spination of the preserved proximal podomeres. The mouthparts and coxo-sternal region are equivocal. The preserved cha

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"Concluding remarks." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B, Biological Sciences 311, no. 1148 (1985): 187–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1985.0151.

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Charles Walcott’s discovery of the Burgess Shale was by no means the first exceptional fossil locality with soft-part preservation to be unearthed, but in many ways his publications (spanning 1910-1931) provide a landmark in the history of the documentation of soft-bodied fossil biotas. Over the last 50 years the record and interpretation of exceptional preservation has grown dramatically. Milestones include the recognition of the exquisitely preserved microbiotas of the Precambrian Gunflint Chert (Barghoorn & Tyler 1965) and Bitter Springs Chert (Schopf 1968) (see also Knoll, this symposi

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