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Journal articles on the topic 'Mcy genes'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 2 February 2022

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1

Christiansen, Guntram, Jutta Fastner, Marcel Erhard, Thomas Börner, and Elke Dittmann. "Microcystin Biosynthesis in Planktothrix: Genes, Evolution, and Manipulation." Journal of Bacteriology 185, no. 2 (2003): 564–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.185.2.564-572.2003.

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ABSTRACT Microcystins represent an extraordinarily large family of cyclic heptapeptide toxins that are nonribosomally synthesized by various cyanobacteria. Microcystins specifically inhibit the eukaryotic protein phosphatases 1 and 2A. Their outstanding variability makes them particularly useful for studies on the evolution of structure-function relationships in peptide synthetases and their genes. Analyses of microcystin synthetase genes provide valuable clues for the potential and limits of combinatorial biosynthesis. We have sequenced and analyzed 55.6 kb of the potential microcystin synthe

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2

DONG, S. J., X. D. BI, J. Y. ZHANG, et al. "ANALYSIS OF THE MICROCYSTIN-LR PRODUCTION ABILITY OF METAGENOMIC MCY GENES IN FRESHWATER AQUACULTURE PONDS FOCUSING ON THE ABUNDANCE OF METAGENOMIC MCY GENES AND SNP." Applied Ecology and Environmental Research 19, no. 1 (2021): 237–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1901_237248.

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3

Christiansen, Guntram, Rainer Kurmayer, Qian Liu, and Thomas Börner. "Transposons Inactivate Biosynthesis of the Nonribosomal Peptide Microcystin in Naturally Occurring Planktothrix spp." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72, no. 1 (2006): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.72.1.117-123.2006.

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ABSTRACT The filamentous cyanobacteria Planktothrix spp. occur in the temperate region of the Northern hemisphere. The red-pigmented Planktothrix rubescens bacteria occur in deep, physically stratified, and less eutrophic lakes. Planktothrix is a known producer of the toxic heptapeptide microcystin (MC), which is produced nonribosomally by a large enzyme complex consisting of peptide synthetases and polyketide synthases encoded by a total of nine genes (mcy genes). Planktothrix spp. differ in their cellular MC contents as well as the production of MC variants; however, the mechanisms favoring

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4

Tanabe, Yuuhiko, Kunimitsu Kaya, and Makoto M. Watanabe. "Evidence for Recombination in the Microcystin Synthetase (mcy) Genes ofToxic Cyanobacteria Microcystis spp." Journal of Molecular Evolution 58, no. 6 (2004): 633–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00239-004-2583-1.

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5

Kurmayer, Rainer, and Thomas Kutzenberger. "Application of Real-Time PCR for Quantification of Microcystin Genotypes in a Population of the Toxic Cyanobacterium Microcystis sp." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, no. 11 (2003): 6723–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.69.11.6723-6730.2003.

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ABSTRACT The cyanobacterium Microcystis sp. frequently develops water blooms consisting of organisms with different genotypes that either produce or lack the hepatotoxin microcystin. In order to monitor the development of microcystin (mcy) genotypes during the seasonal cycle of the total population, mcy genotypes were quantified by means of real-time PCR in Lake Wannsee (Berlin, Germany) from June 1999 to October 2000. Standard curves were established by relating cell concentrations to the threshold cycle (the PCR cycle number at which the fluorescence passes a set threshold level) determined

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6

Sipari, Hanna, Anne Rantala-Ylinen, Jouni Jokela, Ilona Oksanen, and Kaarina Sivonen. "Development of a Chip Assay and Quantitative PCR for Detecting Microcystin Synthetase E Gene Expression." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76, no. 12 (2010): 3797–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00452-10.

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ABSTRACT The chip and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assays were optimized to study the expression of microcystin biosynthesis genes (mcy) with RNA samples extracted from cyanobacterial strains and environmental water samples. Both microcystin-producing Anabaena and Microcystis were identified in Lake Tuusulanjärvi samples. Microcystis transcribed the mcyE genes throughout the summer of 2006, while expression by Anabaena became evident later in August and September. Active mcyE gene expression was also detectable when microcystin concentrations were very low. Detection of Anabaena mcyE tra

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7

Cordeiro, Rita, Joana Azevedo, Rúben Luz, Vitor Vasconcelos, Vítor Gonçalves, and Amélia Fonseca. "Cyanotoxin Screening in BACA Culture Collection: Identification of New Cylindrospermopsin Producing Cyanobacteria." Toxins 13, no. 4 (2021): 258. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13040258.

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Microcystins (MCs), Saxitoxins (STXs), and Cylindrospermopsins (CYNs) are some of the more well-known cyanotoxins. Taking into consideration the impacts of cyanotoxins, many studies have focused on the identification of unknown cyanotoxin(s)-producing strains. This study aimed to screen strains from the Azorean Bank of Algae and Cyanobacteria (BACA) for MCs, STX, and CYN production. A total of 157 strains were searched for mcy, sxt, and cyr producing genes by PCR, toxin identification by ESI-LC-MS/MS, and cyanotoxin-producing strains morphological identification and confirmation by 16S rRNA ph

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8

Tanabe, Yuuhiko, Tomoharu Sano, Fumie Kasai, and Makoto M. Watanabe. "Recombination, cryptic clades and neutral molecular divergence of the microcystin synthetase (mcy) genes of toxic cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa." BMC Evolutionary Biology 9, no. 1 (2009): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-9-115.

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9

Mbukwa, Elbert A., Sammy Boussiba, Victor Wepener, et al. "PCR amplification and DNA sequence of mcyA gene: The distribution profile of a toxigenic Microcystis aeruginosa in the Hartbeespoort Dam, South Africa." Journal of Water and Health 11, no. 3 (2013): 563–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2013.014.

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Using new polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers, a once known to be under-transcribed microcystin synthetase A (mcyA) gene from the only known toxigenic cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa dominating the Hartbeespoort Dam was consistently amplified from genomic DNA extracted from a set of algal and cell free water samples collected across this dam. In addition to this, five more mcy genes (mcyBCDEG) were also amplified during this study. The resultant mcyA PCR products (518 bp) were purified and sequenced and gave nucleotide sequence segments of 408 bp sizes. The obtained sequence was alig

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10

Pearson, Leanne A., Michael Hisbergues, Thomas BÃ¯Â¿Â½rner, Elke Dittmann, and Brett A. Neilan. "Inactivation of an ABC Transporter Gene, mcyH, Results in Loss of Microcystin Production in the Cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, no. 11 (2004): 6370–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.11.6370-6378.2004.

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ABSTRACT The cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa is widely known for its production of the potent hepatotoxin microcystin. Microcystin is synthesized nonribosomally by the thiotemplate function of a large, modular enzyme complex encoded within the 55-kb microcystin synthetase (mcy) gene cluster. Also encoded within the mcy gene cluster is a putative ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporter, McyH. This study details the bioinformatic and mutational analyses of McyH and offers functional predictions for the hypothetical protein. The transporter is putatively comprised of two homodimers, each wit

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11

Zuo, Jun, Liting Chen, Kun Shan, Lili Hu, Lirong Song, and Nanqin Gan. "Assessment of different mcy genes for detecting the toxic to non-toxic Microcystis ratio in the field by multiplex qPCR." Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 36, no. 4 (2018): 1132–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00343-019-7186-1.

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12

Wang, Shanlin, Ping Ding, Siyu Lu, et al. "Cell density-dependent regulation of microcystin synthetase genes (mcy) expression and microcystin-LR production in Microcystis aeruginosa that mimics quorum sensing." Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 220 (September 2021): 112330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112330.

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13

Kaebernick, Melanie, Elke Dittmann, Thomas BÃ¯Â¿Â½rner, and Brett A. Neilan. "Multiple Alternate Transcripts Direct the Biosynthesis of Microcystin, a Cyanobacterial." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68, no. 2 (2002): 449–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.68.2.449-455.2002.

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ABSTRACT The mcyABCDEFGHIJ gene cluster of Microcystis aeruginosa encodes the mixed polyketide synthase/nonribosomal peptide synthetase (microcystin synthetase) which is responsible for biosynthesis of the potent liver toxin microcystin. The sequence and orientation of the mcy genes have previously been reported, but no transcriptional analysis had been performed prior to this study. The mcyABCDEFGHIJ genes are transcribed as two polycistronic operons, mcyABC and mcyDEFGHIJ, from a central bidirectional promoter between mcyA and mcyD. Two transcription start sites were detected for both mcyA a

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14

Beiter, T., and M. Velders. "Pimp My Genes - Gendoping zwischen Fakten und Fiktionen." Deutsche Zeitschrift für Sportmedizin 2012, no. 05 (2012): 121–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5960/dzsm.2012.019.

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15

Kaebernick, Melanie, Brett A. Neilan, Thomas Börner, and Elke Dittmann. "Light and the Transcriptional Response of the Microcystin Biosynthesis Gene Cluster." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66, no. 8 (2000): 3387–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.66.8.3387-3392.2000.

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ABSTRACT Microcystin, a hepatotoxin known to be the cause of animal and human deaths, is produced by the bloom-forming cyanobacteriumMicrocystis aeruginosa in freshwater bodies worldwide. The toxin is produced nonribosomally via a multifunctional enzyme complex, consisting of both peptide synthetase and polyketide synthase modules coded for by the mcy gene cluster. The recent identification of the mcy genes in the production of microcystin synthetase for the first time provides an avenue to study the regulation of microcystin production at a genetic level. In this study, M. aeruginosa PCC7806

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16

Khomutovska, Nataliia, Małgorzata Sandzewicz, Łukasz Łach, et al. "Limited Microcystin, Anatoxin and Cylindrospermopsin Production by Cyanobacteria from Microbial Mats in Cold Deserts." Toxins 12, no. 4 (2020): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12040244.

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Toxic metabolites are produced by many cyanobacterial species. There are limited data on toxigenic benthic, mat-forming cyanobacteria, and information on toxic cyanobacteria from Central Asia is even more scarce. In the present study, we examined cyanobacterial diversity and community structure, the presence of genes involved in toxin production and the occurrence of cyanotoxins in cyanobacterial mats from small water bodies in a cold high-mountain desert of Eastern Pamir. Diversity was explored using amplicon-based sequencing targeting the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene, toxin potential us

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17

Pound, Helena L., and Steven W. Wilhelm. "Tracing the active genetic diversity of Microcystis and Microcystis phage through a temporal survey of Taihu." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (2020): e0244482. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244482.

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Harmful algal blooms are commonly thought to be dominated by a single genus, but they are not homogenous communities. Current approaches, both molecular and culture-based, often overlook fine-scale variations in community composition that can influence bloom dynamics. We combined homology-based searches (BLASTX) and phylogenetics to distinguish and quantify Microcystis host and phage members across a summer season during a 2014 Microcystis- dominated bloom that occurred in Lake Tai (Taihu), China. We found 47 different genotypes of the Microcystis-specific DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (rpoB),

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18

Wei, X. K., Y. Z. Zhong, Y. Pan, X. N. Li, J. J. Liang, and T. R. Luo. "The N and P genes facilitate pathogenicity of the rabies virus G gene." Veterinární Medicína 63, No. 12 (2018): 561–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/63/2018-vetmed.

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To explore the effects of different gene combinations on the pathogenicity of the rabies virus (RABV), six chimeric RABV mutants, rRC-HL(G), rRC-HL(NG), rRC-HL(PG), rRC-HL(NP), rRC-HL(NM) and rRC-HL(NPG), were constructed using a reverse genetic technique based on an avirulent parental rRC-HL strain and a virulent parental GX074 isolate. These mutants were intracerebrally inoculated into adult mice. The results indicated that 10<sup>2</sup> ffu and 10<sup>6</sup> ffu of rRC-HL(G), rRC-HL(NG), rRC-HL(PG) and rRC-HL(NPG) were 100% lethal. In the case of intramuscular vira

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19

Perez, Jose L., and Tinchun Chu. "Effect of Zinc on Microcystis aeruginosa UTEX LB 2385 and Its Toxin Production." Toxins 12, no. 2 (2020): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12020092.

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Cyanobacteria harmful algal blooms (CHABs) are primarily caused by man-made eutrophication and increasing climate-change conditions. The presence of heavy metal runoff in affected water systems may result in CHABs alteration to their ecological interactions. Certain CHABs produce by-products, such as microcystin (MC) cyanotoxins, that have detrimentally affected humans through contact via recreation activities within implicated water bodies, directly drinking contaminated water, ingesting biomagnified cyanotoxins in seafood, and/or contact through miscellaneous water treatment. Metallothionein

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20

Nesvadbová, M., and A. Knoll. "Evaluation of reference genes for gene expression studies in pig muscle tissue by real-time PCR." Czech Journal of Animal Science 56, No. 5 (2011): 213–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/1428-cjas.

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The selection of reference genes is essential for gene expression studies when using a real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Reference gene selection should be performed for each experiment because the gene expression level may be changed in different experimental conditions. In this study, the stability of mRNA expression was determined for seven genes: HPRT1, RPS18, NACA, TBP, TAF4B, RPL32 and OAZ1. The stability of these reference genes was investigated in the skeletal muscle tissue of pig foetuses, piglets and adult pigs using real-time quantitative PCR and SYBR green che

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21

SARI, Ayşe Nur, Serap SÜZÜK, Onur KARATUNA, et al. "Ülkemizde Klinik Enterobacteriaceae İzolatlarında Plazmit Aracılı Kolistin Direnç Genlerini (mcr-1 ve mcr-2) Araştıran Çok Merkezli Çalışmaya Ait Sonuçlar." Mikrobiyoloji Bulteni 51, no. 3 (2017): 299–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.5578/mb.57515.

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22

Rosenberg, M., A. RayChaudhury, T. B. Shows, M. M. Le Beau, and E. Fuchs. "A group of type I keratin genes on human chromosome 17: characterization and expression." Molecular and Cellular Biology 8, no. 2 (1988): 722–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.8.2.722.

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The human type I keratins K16 and K14 are coexpressed in a number of epithelial tissues, including esophagus, tongue, and hair follicles. We determined that two genes encoding K16 and three genes encoding K14 were clustered in two distinct segments of chromosome 17. The genes within each cluster were tightly linked, and large parts of the genome containing these genes have been recently duplicated. The sequences of the two K16 genes showed striking homology not only within the coding sequences, but also within the intron positions and sequences and extending at least 400 base pairs 5' upstream

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23

Rosenberg, M., A. RayChaudhury, T. B. Shows, M. M. Le Beau, and E. Fuchs. "A group of type I keratin genes on human chromosome 17: characterization and expression." Molecular and Cellular Biology 8, no. 2 (1988): 722–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.8.2.722-736.1988.

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The human type I keratins K16 and K14 are coexpressed in a number of epithelial tissues, including esophagus, tongue, and hair follicles. We determined that two genes encoding K16 and three genes encoding K14 were clustered in two distinct segments of chromosome 17. The genes within each cluster were tightly linked, and large parts of the genome containing these genes have been recently duplicated. The sequences of the two K16 genes showed striking homology not only within the coding sequences, but also within the intron positions and sequences and extending at least 400 base pairs 5' upstream

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24

Özkaya, Esra, Celal Kurtuluş Buruk, İlknur Tosun, Bayram Toraman, Neşe Kaklıkkaya, and Faruk Aydın. "Klinik Enterobacterales İzolatlarında Plazmit Aracılı mcr Kolistin Direnç Geninin Araştırılması." Mikrobiyoloji Bulteni 54, no. 2 (2020): 191–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.5578/mb.69021.

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25

Fischer, Annegret, and Benjamin A. Rybicki. "Granuloma genes in sarcoidosis." Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine 21, no. 5 (2015): 510–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mcp.0000000000000189.

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26

Emerman, M., and H. M. Temin. "Quantitative analysis of gene suppression in integrated retrovirus vectors." Molecular and Cellular Biology 6, no. 3 (1986): 792–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.6.3.792.

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Previously, we described a retrovirus vector that contained two genes: a 5' gene under transcriptional control of the viral long terminal repeat and a 3' gene under transcriptional control of the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase promoter. By using a biological assay, we found that expression of the 5' gene is suppressed when there was selection for the 3' gene and expression of the 3' gene is suppressed when there is selection for the 5' gene (M. Emerman and H. M. Temin, Cell 39:459-467, 1984). In the present study, we replaced the thymidine kinase promoter with stronger promoters, and we

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27

Lawrence, Jeffrey G., and John R. Roth. "Selfish Operons: Horizontal Transfer May Drive the Evolution of Gene Clusters." Genetics 143, no. 4 (1996): 1843–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/143.4.1843.

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Abstract A model is presented whereby the formation of gene clusters in bacteria is mediated by transfer of DNA within and among taxa. Bacterial operons are typically composed of genes whose products contribute to a single function. If this function is subject to weak selection or to long periods with no selection, the contributing genes may accumulate mutations and be lost by genetic drift. From a cell's perspective, once several genes are lost, the function can be restored only if all missing genes were acquired simultaneously by lateral transfer. The probability of transfer of multiple gene

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28

Christakis, Nicholas A. "Medicine may change our genes." BMJ 336, no. 7653 (2008): 1101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39580.445856.59.

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29

&NA;. "Genes may be the culprits." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 838 (1992): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-199208380-00046.

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30

&NA;. "Genes may be the culprits." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 403 (1992): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-199204030-00009.

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31

Resendez, E., J. W. Attenello, A. Grafsky, C. S. Chang, and A. S. Lee. "Calcium ionophore A23187 induces expression of glucose-regulated genes and their heterologous fusion genes." Molecular and Cellular Biology 5, no. 6 (1985): 1212–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.5.6.1212.

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Using two cDNA clones which encode hamster genes specifically induced by glucose starvation, we demonstrated that an 8- and 30-fold increase, respectively, in the transcription rates of these genes was coordinately effected by calcium ionophore A23187 treatment, resulting in a similar increase in the steady-state levels of their mRNAs. This response was observed within several hours of ionophore treatment in several mammalian cell types and appeared to be specifically mediated by A23187 but not by other ionophores in general. To define the regulatory sequence which mediates this Ca2+-induced r

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32

Fields, S., D. T. Chaleff, and G. F. Sprague. "Yeast STE7, STE11, and STE12 genes are required for expression of cell-type-specific genes." Molecular and Cellular Biology 8, no. 2 (1988): 551–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.8.2.551.

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Cell type specialization in yeast haploids involves the mutually exclusive expression of one of two sets of genes, the a-specific and alpha-specific genes. We demonstrated that the products of the STE7, STE11, and STE12 genes were required for the expression of both gene sets. RNA levels transcribed from these gene sets were significantly decreased but not abolished in haploids containing a null mutation in the STE7, STE11, or STE12 gene. Transcript levels from the a- and alpha-specific gene sets were not further reduced in strains harboring mutations in all three STE genes, suggesting that ST

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33

Suter, B., and E. Kubli. "tRNA(Tyr) genes of Drosophila melanogaster: expression of single-copy genes studied by S1 mapping." Molecular and Cellular Biology 8, no. 8 (1988): 3322–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.8.8.3322.

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Six Drosophila melanogaster tRNA(Tyr) genes have been isolated and sequenced. They contained introns of different sequences and two size classes: 20 or 21 base pairs (bp) (five genes) and 113 bp (one gene). However, the sequences coding for the mature tRNA(Tyr) were identical in all six genes. The 113-bp intron-containing gene was a single-copy gene. Hence, its primary transcript could be traced by S1 mapping. The gene was turned on during embryogenesis and continually expressed to various degrees during the following developmental stages. Thus, S1 mapping is a feasible method to follow the tr

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34

Chalupová, P., V. Dvořáková, A. Knoll, et al. "Polymorphism, linkage mapping, and association analysis with carcass traits of four porcine candidate genes selected from gene-expression profiles of Czech Large White and Wild Boar muscles." Czech Journal of Animal Science 59, No. 3 (2014): 116–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/7291-cjas.

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Genes that are expressed in skeletal muscles may play a role in prenatal muscle development and postnatal muscle growth and can be considered candidates for economically important traits. Four porcine genes that were differentially expressed in skeletal muscles of Czech Large White and Wild Boar (SORT1, EMP3, IL18, and BTG2) were selected to search for polymorphism, linkage assignment, and association analysis with carcass traits. Through comparative sequencing of portions of the genes numerous polymorphisms were revealed (SORT1 &ndash; 21, EMP3 &ndash; 6, IL18 &ndash; 41, BTG2 &am

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35

Bazalii, A. V., I. R. Horak, G. V. Pasichnyk, S. V. Komisarenko, and L. B. Drobot. "Transcriptional regulation of NOX genes expression in human breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7 cells is modulated by adaptor protein Ruk/CIN85." Ukrainian Biochemical Journal 88, no. 1 (2016): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ubj88.01.119.

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36

Reinhart, Bonnie, Mariam Eljanne, and J. Richard Chaillet. "Shared Role for Differentially Methylated Domains of Imprinted Genes." Molecular and Cellular Biology 22, no. 7 (2002): 2089–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.22.7.2089-2098.2002.

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ABSTRACT For most imprinted genes, a difference in expression between the maternal and paternal alleles is associated with a corresponding difference in DNA methylation that is localized to a differentially methylated domain (DMD). Removal of a gene's DMD leads to a loss of imprinting. These observations suggest that DMDs have a determinative role in genomic imprinting. To examine this possibility, we introduced sequences from the DMDs of the imprinted Igf2r, H19, and Snrpn genes into a nonimprinted derivative of the normally imprinted RSVIgmyc transgene, created by excising its own DMD. Hybri

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37

Emerman, M., and H. M. Temin. "Quantitative analysis of gene suppression in integrated retrovirus vectors." Molecular and Cellular Biology 6, no. 3 (1986): 792–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.6.3.792-800.1986.

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Previously, we described a retrovirus vector that contained two genes: a 5' gene under transcriptional control of the viral long terminal repeat and a 3' gene under transcriptional control of the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase promoter. By using a biological assay, we found that expression of the 5' gene is suppressed when there was selection for the 3' gene and expression of the 3' gene is suppressed when there is selection for the 5' gene (M. Emerman and H. M. Temin, Cell 39:459-467, 1984). In the present study, we replaced the thymidine kinase promoter with stronger promoters, and we

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38

Gumucio, D. L., K. Wiebauer, R. M. Caldwell, L. C. Samuelson, and M. H. Meisler. "Concerted evolution of human amylase genes." Molecular and Cellular Biology 8, no. 3 (1988): 1197–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.8.3.1197.

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Cosmid clones containing 250 kilobases of genomic DNA from the human amylase gene cluster have been isolated. These clones contain seven distinct amylase genes which appear to comprise the complete multigene family. By sequence comparison with the cDNAs, we have identified two pancreatic amylase genes and three salivary amylase genes. Two truncated pseudogenes were also recovered. Intergenic distances of 17 to 22 kilobases separate the amylase gene copies. Within the past 10 million years, duplications, gene conversions, and unequal crossover events have resulted in a very high level of sequen

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39

Adam, R. D., T. E. Nash, and T. E. Wellems. "Telomeric location of Giardia rDNA genes." Molecular and Cellular Biology 11, no. 6 (1991): 3326–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.11.6.3326.

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Giardia lamblia telomeres have been isolated from a library enriched for repaired chromosome ends by (i) screening with a Plasmodium falciparum telomere and (ii) differential hybridization with Bal 31-digested and total G. lamblia DNA. Analysis of three clones isolated by this strategy has identified multiple tandem repeats of the 5-mer TAGGG. An oligonucleotide containing these repeats recognizes Bal 31-sensitive bands in Southern hybridizations and detects all G. lamblia chromosomes in pulsed-field gel electrophoresis separations. An abrupt transition from the G. lamblia rDNA sequence to tel

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40

Hull, M. W., J. Erickson, M. Johnston, and D. R. Engelke. "tRNA genes as transcriptional repressor elements." Molecular and Cellular Biology 14, no. 2 (1994): 1266–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.14.2.1266.

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Eukaryotic genomes frequently contain large numbers of repetitive RNA polymerase III (pol III) promoter elements interspersed between and within RNA pol II transcription units, and in several instances a regulatory relationship between the two types of promoter has been postulated. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, tRNA genes are the only known interspersed pol III promoter-containing repetitive elements, and we find that they strongly inhibit transcription from adjacent pol II promoters in vivo. This inhibition requires active transcription of the upstream tRNA gene but is indepe

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Kim, Y. K., and A. S. Lee. "Transcriptional activation of the glucose-regulated protein genes and their heterologous fusion genes by beta-mercaptoethanol." Molecular and Cellular Biology 7, no. 8 (1987): 2974–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.7.8.2974.

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The sulfhydryl-reducing agent beta-mercaptoethanol preferentially stimulates the synthesis of glucose-regulated proteins (GRPs) in mammalian cells. The rapid and large increase in GRPs is due to transcriptional activation of GRP94 and GRP78 genes, resulting in a rapid increase in the steady-state levels of GRP transcripts. From analysis of 5'-deletion mutants, the region of beta-mercaptoethanol responsiveness in the GRP78 promoter was mapped within 450 nucleotides upstream of the TATA sequence. This same general region was demonstrated to be important for induction of the GRP78 gene by the cal

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Nakaar, V., A. O. Dare, D. Hong, E. Ullu, and C. Tschudi. "Upstream tRNA genes are essential for expression of small nuclear and cytoplasmic RNA genes in trypanosomes." Molecular and Cellular Biology 14, no. 10 (1994): 6736–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.14.10.6736.

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An interesting feature of trypanosome genome organization involves genes transcribed by RNA polymerase III. The U6 small nuclear RNA (snRNA), U-snRNA B (the U3 snRNA homolog), and 7SL RNA genes are closely linked with different, divergently oriented tRNA genes. To test the hypothesis that this association is of functional significance, we generated deletion and block substitution mutants of all three small RNA genes and monitored their effects by transient expression in cultured insect-form cells of Trypanosoma brucei. In each case, two extragenic regulatory elements were mapped to the A and B

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Abrams, E., L. Neigeborn, and M. Carlson. "Molecular analysis of SNF2 and SNF5, genes required for expression of glucose-repressible genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Molecular and Cellular Biology 6, no. 11 (1986): 3643–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.6.11.3643.

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The SNF2 and SNF5 genes are required for derepression of SUC2 and other glucose-repressible genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in response to glucose deprivation. Previous genetic evidence suggested that SNF2 and SNF5 have functionally related roles. We cloned both genes by complementation and showed that the cloned DNA was tightly linked to the corresponding chromosomal locus. Both genes in multiple copy complemented only the cognate snf mutation. The SNF2 gene encodes a 5.7-kilobase RNA, and the SNF5 gene encodes a 3-kilobase RNA. Both RNAs contained poly(A) and were present in low abundance.

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Buschman, E., and P. Gros. "Functional analysis of chimeric genes obtained by exchanging homologous domains of the mouse mdr1 and mdr2 genes." Molecular and Cellular Biology 11, no. 2 (1991): 595–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.11.2.595.

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A full-length cDNA clone for the mouse mdr1 gene can confer multidrug resistance when introduced by transfection into otherwise drug-sensitive cells. In the same assay, a full-length cDNA clone for a closely related member of the mouse mdr gene family, mdr2, fails to confer multidrug resistance. To identify the domains of mdr1 which are essential for multidrug resistance and which may be functionally distinct in mdr2, we have constructed chimeric cDNA molecules in which discrete domains of mdr2 have been introduced into the homologous region of mdr1 and analyzed these chimeras for their capaci

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Weissman, J. D., and D. S. Singer. "Striking similarities between the regulatory mechanisms governing yeast mating-type genes and mammalian major histocompatibility complex genes." Molecular and Cellular Biology 11, no. 8 (1991): 4228–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.11.8.4228.

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Expression of a mammalian major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I gene is in part regulated by a silencer DNA sequence element which binds a complex of silencer factors. This negative regulatory system is shown to be strikingly similar to the yeast alpha 2 mating-type repression system. A moderate DNA sequence homology exists between the MHC class I silencer DNA element and the yeast alpha 2 operator. Mammalian silencer factors specifically bind to the yeast alpha 2 operator DNA and also specifically interact with a yeast alpha 2-binding protein. Furthermore, the alpha 2 operator functi

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Ezzell, C. "Genes May Shuffle in Developing Brain." Science News 140, no. 14 (1991): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3975778.

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JANCIN, BRUCE. "Genes May Mark Unsuspected Melanoma Risk." Internal Medicine News 42, no. 13 (2009): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1097-8690(09)70474-3.

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Triendl, Robert. "Genes may solve hormone-disrupter debate." Nature 409, no. 6818 (2001): 274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35053303.

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M., A. S. "`Housekeeping' Genes May Have Biotech Applications." Science 258, no. 5088 (1992): 1581. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.258.5088.1581.

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Stroh, M. "Genes May Help Reset Circadian Clock." Science News 141, no. 13 (1992): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3976606.

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