Academic literature on the topic 'Mda adduct'
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Journal articles on the topic "Mda adduct"
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Zagol-Ikapite, Irene, Iberia Romina Sosa, Audra M. Judd, Olivier Boutaud, and John A. Oates. "Quantification Of Malondialdehyde Adducts In Platelet Activation As An Indicator Of Proinflammatory and Prothombotic State." Blood 122, no. 21 (November 15, 2013): 4735. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v122.21.4735.4735.
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Background The formation of malondialdehyde (MDA) has been previously described as a product of the thromboxane synthase. However, the reported approaches for its quantification have not been reliable, stymieing its use in research. As a reactive di-carbonyl, MDA reacts with primary amines, notably lysines on proteins, to form covalent adducts of several types. Three of the products of the reaction of MDA with lysine are an N-propenal adduct, a dihydropyridine ring adduct (N-lysyl-4-methyl-2, 6-dihydropyridine-3, 5-dicarbaldehyde), and a lysyl-MDA crosslink. Measurement of platelet protein modifications, such as MDA adducts, could provide a specific marker of in vivo activation of platelets, since these modifications accumulate over the lifespan of the platelet. Methods and Results To investigate thromboxane synthase-dependent formation of MDA adducts on platelet proteins, we developed an LC/MS/MS method for analysis of one of the MDA adducts, the lysyl-MDA crosslink, employing a [13C12] labeled internal standard. We demonstrated that levels of lysyl-MDA crosslink in human platelets are increased following its activation with arachidonic acid. This increase is inhibited by aspirin, the thromboxane synthase inhibitor, ozagrel and by γ-ketoaldehyde specific scavengers: 3-Methoxysalicylamine (3-MOSA) and Salicylamine (SA). To determine whether lysyl-MDA crosslinks reflect in vivo platelet activation, we analyzed samples from patients with medical conditions known to be associated with increased platelet activation. We employed traditional methods of measuring platelet activation: flow cytometry of p-selectin and reticulated platelets, and serum thromboxane, to measure platelet activation in patients with metabolic syndrome and sickle cell disease. These assays were compared with the levels of lysyl-MDA-crosslinks. In both populations, the levels of MDA-lysine-crosslink are increased by 2.5 fold compared to healthy volunteers and provide greater discrimination between groups than p-selectin expression and reticulated platelets. The inhibition of the lysyl-MDA crosslink adduct in patients taking NSAIDs further confirms the specificity for thromboxane synthase-dependent MDA modifications on platelet proteins. Discussion The results of this study provide compelling evidence that MDA-protein adducts in platelets may be a useful marker of in vivo platelet activation in humans and potentially helpful in predicting thrombotic risk and the benefit of antiplatelet therapy in patients with medical conditions associated with platelet hyperactivity. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Huang, Jiansheng, Patricia G. Yancey, Huan Tao, Mark S. Borja, Loren E. Smith, Valentina Kon, Sean S. Davies, and MacRae F. Linton. "Reactive Dicarbonyl Scavenging Effectively Reduces MPO-Mediated Oxidation of HDL and Restores PON1 Activity." Nutrients 12, no. 7 (June 30, 2020): 1937. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12071937.
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Atheroprotective functions of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) are related to the activity of HDL-associated enzymes such as paraoxonase 1 (PON1). We examined the impact of inhibition of myeloperoxidase (MPO)-mediated HDL oxidation by PON1 on HDL malondialdehyde (MDA) content and HDL function. In the presence of PON1, crosslinking of apoAI in response to MPO-mediated oxidation of HDL was abolished, and MDA-HDL adduct levels were decreased. PON1 prevented the impaired cholesterol efflux capacity of MPO-oxidized HDL from Apoe−/− macrophages. Direct modification of HDL with MDA increased apoAI crosslinking and reduced the cholesterol efflux capacity. MDA modification of HDL reduced its anti-inflammatory function compared to native HDL. MDA-HDL also had impaired ability to increase PON1 activity. Importantly, HDL from subjects with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH-HDL) versus controls had increased MDA-apoAI adducts, and PON1 activity was also impaired in FH. Consistently, FH-HDL induced a pro-inflammatory response in Apoe−/− macrophages and had an impaired ability to promote cholesterol efflux. Interestingly, reactive dicarbonyl scavengers, including 2-hydroxybenzylamine (2-HOBA) and pentyl-pyridoxamine (PPM), effectively abolished MPO-mediated apoAI crosslinking, MDA adduct formation, and improved cholesterol efflux capacity. Treatment of hypercholesterolemic mice with reactive dicarbonyl scavengers reduced MDA-HDL adduct formation and increased HDL cholesterol efflux capacity, supporting the therapeutic potential of reactive carbonyl scavenging for improving HDL function.
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SUZUKI, DAISUKE, TOSHIO MIYATA, NOBORU SAOTOME, KATSUNORI HORIE, REIKO INAGI, YOSHINARI YASUDA, KOJI UCHIDA, et al. "Immunohistochemical Evidence for an Increased Oxidative Stress and Carbonyl Modification of Proteins in Diabetic Glomerular Lesions." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 10, no. 4 (April 1999): 822–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.v104822.
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Abstract. Advanced glycation end products (AGE) include a variety of protein adducts whose accumulation has been implicated in tissue damage associated with diabetic nephropathy (DN). It was recently demonstrated that among AGE, glycoxidation products, whose formation is closely linked to oxidation, such as carboxymethyllysine (CML) and pentosidine, accumulate in expanded mesangial matrix and nodular lesions in DN, in colocalization with malondialdehyde-lysine (MDA-lysine), a lipoxidation product, whereas pyrraline, another AGE structure whose deposition is rather independent from oxidative stress, was not found within diabetic glomeruli. Because CML, pentosidine, and MDA-lysine are all formed under oxidative stress by carbonyl amine chemistry between protein amino group and carbonyl compounds, their colocalization suggests a local oxidative stress and increased protein carbonyl modification in diabetic glomerular lesions. To address this hypothesis, human renal tissues from patients with DN or IgA nephropathy were examined with specific antibodies to characterize most, if not all, carbonyl modifications of proteins by autoxidation products of carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids: CML (derived from carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acid), pentosidine (derived from carbohydrates), MDA-lysine (derived from lipids), 4-hydroxynonenal-protein adduct (derived from lipids), and acrolein-protein adduct (derived from lipids and amino acid). All of the protein adducts were identified in expanded mesangial matrix and nodular lesions in DN. In IgA nephropathy, another primary glomerular disease leading to end-stage renal failure, despite positive staining for MDA-lysine and 4-hydroxynonenal-protein adduct in the expanded mesangial area, CML, pentosidine, and acrolein-protein adduct immunoreactivities were only faint in glomeruli. These data suggest a broad derangement in nonenzymatic biochemistry in diabetic glomerular lesions, and implicate an increased local oxidative stress and carbonyl modification of proteins in diabetic glomerular tissue damage (“carbonyl stress”).
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Zucchi, Hélène, Hervé Pageon, Daniel Asselineau, Marion Ghibaudo, Inês Sequeira, and Sarah Girardeau-Hubert. "Assessing the Role of Carbonyl Adducts, Particularly Malondialdehyde Adducts, in the Development of Dermis Yellowing Occurring during Skin Photoaging." Life 12, no. 3 (March 10, 2022): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12030403.
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Solar elastosis is associated with a diffuse yellow hue of the skin. Photoaging is related to lipid peroxidation leading to the formation of carbonyl groups. Protein carbonylation can occur by addition of reactive aldehydes, such as malondialdehyde (MDA), 4-hydroxy-nonenal (4-HNE), and acrolein. All the proteins concerned with this modification, and the biological consequences of adduct formation, are not completely identified. The link between yellowish skin and dermal carbonylated proteins induced by aldehyde adducts was investigated. The study was carried out on ex vivo skin samples from sun-exposed or sun-protected areas and on in vitro dermal equivalent models incubated with 5 mM MDA, 4-HNE, or acrolein. The yellow color and the level of MDA, 4-HNE, and acrolein adducts were evaluated. Yellowish color differences were detected in the dermis of sun-exposed skin compared to sun-protected skin and in in vitro models following addition of MDA, 4-HNE, or acrolein. The yellowing was correlated with the carbonyl adducts increasing in the dermis and in in vitro models incubated with aldehydes. The stronger yellowing seemed to be mediated more by MDA than 4-HNE and acrolein. These observations suggest that dermal carbonylation especially induced by MDA result in the yellow hue of dermis and is involved, in part, in the yellowing observed during skin photoaging.
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Prasad, Ankush, Claudio Rossi, Renuka Ramalingam Manoharan, Michaela Sedlářová, Lorenzo Cangeloni, Deepak Rathi, Gabriella Tamasi, Pavel Pospíšil, and Marco Consumi. "Bioactive Compounds and Their Impact on Protein Modification in Human Cells." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 13 (July 4, 2022): 7424. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23137424.
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Reactive oxygen species (ROS) represent a group of molecules with a signaling role that are involved in regulating human cell proliferation and differentiation. Increased ROS concentrations are often associated with the local nonspecific oxidation of biological macromolecules, especially proteins and lipids. Free radicals, in general, may randomly damage protein molecules through the formation of protein-centered radicals as intermediates that, in turn, decay into several end oxidation products. Malondialdehyde (MDA), a marker of free-radical-mediated lipid oxidation and cell membrane damage, forms adducts with proteins in a nonspecific manner, leading to the loss of their function. In our study, we utilized U-937 cells as a model system to unveil the effect of four selected bioactive compounds (chlorogenic acid, oleuropein, tomatine, and tyrosol) to reduce oxidative stress associated with adduct formation in differentiating cells. The purity of the compounds under study was confirmed by an HPLC analysis. The cellular integrity and changes in the morphology of differentiated U-937 cells were confirmed with confocal microscopy, and no significant toxicity was found in the presence of bioactive compounds. From the Western blot analysis, a reduction in the MDA adduct formation was observed in cells treated with compounds that underlaid the beneficial effects of the compounds tested.
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Carbonneau, M. A., E. Peuchant, D. Sess, P. Canioni, and M. Clerc. "Free and bound malondialdehyde measured as thiobarbituric acid adduct by HPLC in serum and plasma." Clinical Chemistry 37, no. 8 (August 1, 1991): 1423–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/37.8.1423.
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Abstract Assay of free and total malondialdehyde (MDA) in human serum and plasma from healthy subjects and from patients with high risk of lipoperoxidation was performed as follows: (a) acidic (HClO4, pH 1, at 20 degrees C) or basic (NaOH, pH 13, at 60 degrees C) treatments for 30 min; (b) reaction of the protein-free extract (obtained by acid precipitation) with thiobarbituric acid (TBA); (c) HPLC separation on C18 columns with an eluting solution of methanol/phosphate buffer, 10 mmol/L, pH 5.8 (40/60, by vol), at a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min. Free MDA averaged 0.042 (SEM 0.008) and 0.043 (SEM 0.007) mumol/L, respectively, in serum and plasma from healthy subjects. Free (+/- SEM) MDA increased significantly in the plasma from cancer patients (0.270 +/- 0.047 mumol/L) and from hemodialyzed patients (0.214 +/- 0.035 mumol/L). In serum of hemodialyzed patients, analyses for total MDA were unsuitable because of interfering peaks. MDA bound to NH2 groups constituted 83.2% and 83.5% of total MDA in serum and plasma of healthy subjects, respectively, and only 58% in plasma of hemodialyzed patients.
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Wong, S. H., J. A. Knight, S. M. Hopfer, O. Zaharia, C. N. Leach, and F. W. Sunderman. "Lipoperoxides in plasma as measured by liquid-chromatographic separation of malondialdehyde-thiobarbituric acid adduct." Clinical Chemistry 33, no. 2 (February 1, 1987): 214–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/33.2.214.
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Abstract This assay of plasma lipoperoxides involves hydrolysis in dilute H3PO4 at 100 degrees C; complexation of malondialdehyde (MDA), a hydrolysis product, with thiobarbituric acid (TBA); methanol precipitation of plasma proteins; fractionation of the protein-free extract on a C18 column; and spectrophotometric quantification of the MDA-TBA adduct at 532 nm. The detection limit was 0.15 mumol of MDA per liter of plasma. Run-to-run precision (CV) averaged 8 to 13%. Analytical recovery of MDA after addition of tetraethoxypropane standards to 21 specimens of human or rat plasma averaged 98% (SD 7%). Lipoperoxide concentrations (as MDA) averaged 0.60 (SD 0.13) mumol/L in plasma specimens from 41 healthy persons and 1.4 (SD 0.3) mumol/L in plasma specimens from 12 control rats. Mean lipoperoxide concentrations were 1.5 to 2.3 times as great in plasma sampled from rats one to three days after subcutaneous administration of NiCl2 at dosages (250 to 750 mumol per kilogram body wt) previously shown to induce lipid peroxidation in lung, liver, and kidney.
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Cipierre, Cécile, Stéphane Haÿs, Delphine Maucort-Boulch, Jean-Paul Steghens, and Jean-Charles Picaud. "Malondialdehyde Adduct to Hemoglobin: A New Marker of Oxidative Stress Suitable for Full-Term and Preterm Neonates." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/694014.
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Oxidative stress may play a central role in the onset of many diseases during the neonatal period. Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a marker of lipid peroxidation. The aim of this study was to evaluate a new marker, the malondialdehyde adduct to hemoglobin (MDA-Hb), which is measured in red blood cells (RBCs) and thus does not require that an additional blood sample be drawn. In this prospective study, we first adapted the measurement method previously described to Hb solutions obtained from washed RBCs and then evaluated the suitability of the method for use in neonates. MDA-Hb concentrations were measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. We compared the concentrations of MDA-Hb between preterm and term neonates. Erythrocyte samples were collected at birth from 60 healthy neonates (29 full-term and 31 preterm), as well as from 50 preterm neonates with uncomplicated postnatal evolution during the first months of life. We found a significantly higher MDA-Hb concentration at birth in preterm neonates (). During the first months of life, MDA-Hb concentrations were 9.4 nanomol/g Hb in hospitalized preterm neonates. MDA-Hb could be used to assess oxidative stress in preterm neonates. Together with clinical variables, it could be a useful marker for oxidative stress exposition in these higher risk patients.
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Cipierre, Cécile, Stéphane Haÿs, Delphine Maucort-Boulch, Jean-Paul Steghens, and Jean-Charles Picaud. "Adduct of Malondialdehyde to Hemoglobin: A New Marker of Oxidative Stress That Is Associated with Significant Morbidity in Preterm Infants." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/901253.
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Preterm infants (PT) are particularly exposed to oxidative stress (OS), and a blood-sparing marker, the malondialdehyde adduct to hemoglobin (MDA-Hb), may be useful to accurately assess OS-related neonatal morbidity. In a prospective study, MDA-Hb concentrations were assessed in two groups of PT, one with and one without severe neonatal morbidity as estimated by a composite index of severe morbidity (ISM). All PT born in a single tertiary care NICU (<32 weeks and birth weight<1500 g) were consecutively included. MDA-Hb and blood glutathione (GSH) concentrations were measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry during the first 6 weeks of life. Linear regressions and a multilevel model were fitted to study the relationship between MDA-Hb or GSH and ISM. Of the 83 PT (mean ± SD:28.3±2weeks,1089±288 g), 21% presented severe neonatal morbidity. In the multivariate model, MDA-Hb concentrations were significantly higher in the ISM+ group than in the ISM– group during the first 6 weeks of life (P=0.009). No significant difference in GSH concentrations was observed between groups (P=0.180). MDA-Hb is a marker of interest for estimating oxidative stress in PT and could be useful to evaluate the impact of strategies to improve perinatal outcomes.
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Knight, J. A., L. McClellan, and J. K. Staheli. "Cerebrospinal fluid lipoperoxides quantified by liquid chromatography, and determination of reference values." Clinical Chemistry 36, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 139–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/36.1.139.
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Abstract Cerebrospinal fluid lipoperoxides, measured as the malondialdehyde-thiobarbituric acid (MDA-TBA) adduct, were quantified by adapting the plasma liquid-chromatographic method of Wong et al. (Clin Chem 1987;33:214-20) to cerebrospinal fluid. Reference values for spinal fluid specimens from 91 adults, ages 17 to 95 y, and 37 children, ages 8 d to 8 y, were determined. Their concentrations were not significantly different (P = 0.222), adults having a mean (and SD) of 0.11 (0.06) mumol and children 0.10 (0.04) mumol of MDA per liter. Their ranges were 0.02-0.26 and 0.04-0.21 mumol of MDA per liter, respectively. We found concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid to be increased in several central nervous system disorders, including seizures, cerebral infarction, alcoholic encephalopathy, and, perhaps, prematurity. The presence of other thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances in cerebrospinal fluid stresses the importance of using highly specific techniques when lipoperoxides are measured in body fluids.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Mda adduct"
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Easton, Neil. "3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstacy) neurotoxicity : role of thioether adducts." Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.272853.
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Latorre, Martínez Antonio. "Studies of sulfurated compounds and epoxidation of MDH adducts. New inhibitors of cysteine proteases." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Jaume I, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/669020.
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A. L. Martínez presents a PhD thesis on syntheses design and testing of new protease inhibitors targeting proteasome and cysteine proteases, e.g. cathepsins. With the various chapters his thesis covers fields from organic chemistry and medicinal chemistry, it includes detailed mechanistic studies on reaction mech-
anisms and stereochemical output of the reactions.
In chapter 1 A. L. Martínez presents his work on syntheses of unsaturated compounds from sulfinyl esters by elimination reaction. His detailed and very systematic studies resulted in a proposal for a complete reaction pathway which explains the formation of all by-products. He could also demonstrate by trapping reactions and mass spectrometric studies that the elimination of 2-arylsulfinyl esters proceeds via an intermolecular radical process.
Chapter 2 describes the results on stereoisomerization studies of ¿-hydroxy-ß-sulfenyl-¿,ß-naphthoquinones. This isomerization is a consequence of sulfur-oxygen (S-O)-interactions which is proven by a systematic work including the X-ray structure of a representative compound, analyses of the isomerization with different bases and studies with model compounds which contain oxygen instead of sulfur. With this part he could demonstrate that the S-O-interaction is the driving reason for the stereochemical outcome of the isomerization reaction of the naphthoquinones.
Chapter 3 also deals with stereoselectivity of an organic reaction, namely the epoxidation of 3-hydroxy-2-methylene esters. A. L. Martínez performed an extensive synthetic work for the optimization of the synthesis of differently substituted unsaturated esters by Morita-Baylis-Hillman (MBH) reaction and the optimization of their epoxidation. He confirmed the stereoselectivity and relative configuration by transformation of epoxides into the respective cyclic carbonates and their analyses by NOE mesurements.
Chapter 4 covers a medicinal chemistry topic, the development of inhibitors of proteasome and cysteine proteases. The main goal of this part was the evaluation of new electrophilic warheads for peptidic or peptidomimetic inhibitors, i.e. warheads which covalently block the active site residues of the proteases. A. L. Martínez synthesized nitroalkenes which should covalently but reversibly inhibit the proteases. From these inhibitors also epoxides, cyclopropanes and aziridines should be derived. Furthermore, epoxy sulfones related to the well-known vinyl sulfone K11777 should be synthesized, as well as chloroketone sulfones, chlorovinyl sulfones, and finally carbonyl acetylenic inhibitors. A. L. Martínez not only succeeded in syntheses of all desired
compounds (except the aziridines which only could be obtained as crude mixtures), but he also could improve the synthetic route for epoxy esters, and could confirm the stereochemistry of the epoxy sulfones by converting them into oxazolidinones and by NOE measurements. The biological testing proved the new warheads as suitable traps for proteases.
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SELVI, VALERIA. "A molecular epidemiology study on MDA adducts in a representative sample of the general population and in cancer patients." Doctoral thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2158/855700.
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La tesi di dottorato analizza gli addotti dell'MDA, valutando i determinanti dell'MDA in uno studio epidemiologico su un vasto campione di soggetti sani rappresentativo della popolazione generale, nell'ottica di ricerca di metodologie diagnostiche e preventive; si valuta inoltre, con il disegno di uno studio caso-controllo tra la popolazione descritta e un campione di pazienti affetti da tumore, la relazione tra addotti dell'MDA e l'incidenza di neoplasie, sempre nell'ottica di ricerca di nuove strategie diagnostiche e preventive.
Books on the topic "Mda adduct"
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Dolfi, Anna, ed. Il racconto e il romanzo filosofico nella modernità. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6655-380-9.
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Leopardi nelle prime pagine dello Zibaldone aveva osservato che l’«amore dei lumi» induce la passione per la filosofia, facendone un elemento fondante della cultura moderna. Nessun dubbio che in questa prospettiva un posto di rilievo spetti allora al Candide di Voltaire, o al Rousseau che unisce pensar filosofico, istanze educative, passione politica e schermata autobiografia. Ma per passare dal conte al romanzo, dall’apologo e dai trattati a personaggi complessi che pure mantengono una forte allure speculativa, bisognava lasciare il Settecento, sperimentare il Romanticismo, nutrire nel secolo successivo le rêveries dei nuovi promeneurs solitaires con l’inquietudine e gli interrogativi di Dostoevskij, Kafka, Sartre, Camus, e di Pirandello, Proust, Musil…, di quanti hanno accompagnato la passione per il racconto con lo smascheramento di ogni ingannevole teodicea. Riconducendo il romanzo, a partire dall’ironica pensosità cervantina, ai borgesiani intrecci, alle ansie esistenziali. Ma, in assenza di dichiarazioni, dove trovare la prova della presenza del philosophique nel romanzo, o come individuare testi a cui si addica la definizione di roman philosophique? Questo libro, progettato e curato da Anna Dolfi, non solo pone il problema, ma tenta di rispondervi, mentre intreccia le idee del/da romanzo con le teorie costruttive, e attiva il confronto tra insignificante e significanza, emblemi e codici mitici, semiosi e destino, osservando come il linguaggio, nello sfilare degli autori, modifichi se stesso fino ad arrivare alla figuratività del graphic-novel. Punto estremo d’arrivo per un percorso che – per campioni – fissa significativi frammenti nel caleidoscopio per altri versi infinito del narrare.
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David, Simon. The corner: A year in the life of an inner-city neighborhood. New York: Broadway Books, 1997.
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David, Simon. The corner: A year in the life of an inner-city neighborhood. New York: Broadway Books, 1998.
Find full textConference papers on the topic "Mda adduct"
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Szablewski, Marek, Philip Thomas, Graham Cross, and Jacqueline Cole. "Structural and solvatochromic studies of a series of chromophoric TCNQ derivatives with large second order nonlinearities." In Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/otfa.1995.md.32.
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As a result of our discovery of a novel reaction of TCNQ with triethylamine1 which led to the synthesis of DEMI (structure I, fig. 1)2, we have prepared a range of similar adducts of TCNQ with tertiary ethyl amines (structures I - VII). All of these adducts have similar structural components, a dicyanomethanide group separated from an electron deficient amino moiety by an aromatic/quinoidal ring and a "conjugated" π system. The spectral properties of these species are therefore very similar, comprising a broad charge transfer band with very little absorption to either side of it, in fact a "blue window" centred on 460 nm (fig. 2, below). As a result of their charge separated ground state, these molecules have large theoretical μβ(0) products, indicative of a high second order nonlinearity. The molecular figure of merit, μβ(0) has been calculated for I as -17,500 x 10-48esu. Three TCNQ adducts prepared by conventional reactions of TCNQ with secondary amines6 are included (IIX - X) for comparison purposes. The μβ(0) product of X has been determined7 to be -840 x 10-48 esu, assuming a calculated μ of 3.5 D. This material is however extremely insoluble and therefore difficult to work with.
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Trinh, Thu Le, Guizhi Zhu, Xilin Xiao, Xiaokui Zhang, Kwame Sefah, Weihong Tan, and Chen Liu. "Abstract B97: AS1411-Doxorubicin adduct for targeted liver cancer therapy." In Abstracts: AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics--Oct 19-23, 2013; Boston, MA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1535-7163.targ-13-b97.
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