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Bååth, Maya, and Frida Jonsson. "Utvärdering av höjdosäkerhet i digital terrängmodell framtagen med fotografier infångade med DJI Phantom 4 RTK." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Samhällsbyggnad, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-32797.
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Att använda obemannade flygfarkoster, även kallat UAS (unmanned aerial systems), i karterings- och modelleringssyften har blivit en välanvänd metod de senaste åren. Mycket på grund av den tekniska utvecklingen som till stor del automatiserat processen med att framställa höjdmodeller och ortofoton. Inom ramen för denna studie kommer vi att titta närmare på hur olika faktorer påverkar höjdosäkerheten hos en höjdmodell framställd med data insamlat med en Real-Time Kinetic-UAS (RTK-UAS). Studien kommer dels att undersöka hur stor osäkerheten blir om endast den integrerade nätverks-RTK:n (NRTK) används vid georeferering av flygbilderna, dels att se hur stor påverkan adderade markstödpunkter har på osäkerheten. Studien kommer även undersöka hur stor påverkan flyghöjden har på osäkerheten genom att jämföra data från två flyghöjder: 100 m och 50 m. Det sista studien som undersöks är vilken inverkan snedbilder har på osäkerheten. Detta genom att jämföra en flygning där lodbilder tagits med en flygning där kameran har haft en vinkling på 60° från lod. Studien genomfördes med hjälp av Falun kommuns mättekniker som manövrerade UAS:en. För att kunna testa markstödpunkternas inverkan på osäkerheten mättes nio punkter in. Även kontrollprofiler mättes för att kunna kontrollera höjdmodellerna som producerades. Totalt genomfördes 3 olika flygningar: 100 m med lodbilder, 50 m med lodbilder samt 50 m med snedbilder. De insamlade fotografierna importerades till programvaran Agisoft Metashape där de georefererades med olika metoder. För att undersöka hur markstödpunkter påverkar osäkerheten genomfördes fem olika georefereringsmetoder av fotografierna tagna på 100 m flyghöjd med olika antal markstödpunkter i varje. RMS-värdet varierade från 0,060 m för NRTK + 1 GCP till 0,068 m för NRTK+2 GCP som fick den högsta osäkerheten.Undersökningen av flyghöjder visade att en lägre flyghöjd har en tydlig effekt på mätosäkerheten. En minskning av RMS-värdet sågs när 50 m flyghöjd användes jämfört med när 100 m flyghöjd användes. Användningen av snedbilder gav ingen tydlig effekt på mätosäkerheten. RMS-värdet blev 0,014 m då lodbilder användes och 0,017 m då snedbilder användes. Snedbildernas resultat försämrades något på grund av den adderade höjden från gräset, så på endast hårdgjorda ytor blir RMS-värdet från snedbildsflygningen noterbart lägre än RMS-värdet från lodbildsflygningen.<br>The technology of Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) has gained popularity as atool for mapping and modeling applications in recent years. This is mainly dueto the technological developments that have largely automated the process ofproducing digital elevation models (DEMs) and orthophotos. This study investigates the factors that effect the height uncertainty in anelevation model that is produced with data collected with a NRTK-UAS(Network Real-Time Kinematic UAS). We also evaluate two differentscenarios i.e. how the uncertainty is affected by using only NRTK-UAS andthe effect of adding ground control points (GCPs) to NRTK-UAS. It is alsoinvestigated how the flying height and using oblique images affect the DEMuncertainty. This will be assessed by comparing two flights i.e. by capturingnadiral and oblique images. The oblique images were captured at a 60° angle. The study was realised with help from the surveying engineer of Falunmunicipality, who maneuvered the UAS. The study area was around three anda half ha and consisted mainly of park. To be able to test differentgeoreferencing methods GCP:s were surveyed, as well as control profiles thatserved as a reference for investigating the uncertainty of the elevation model.There were totally 3 different flying methods tested: 100 m with nadiralorientation, 50 m with nadiral orientation and 50 m with oblige orientation. The acquired data was processed in the software Agisoft Metashape, where itwas georeferenced with different above-mentioned methods. To be able toexamine which impact GCP has on the uncertainty, five different sets withdifferent number of GCP were made with the photos captured from 100 mflying height. The RMS value varied from 0,060 m for NRTK+1 GCP whichhad the lowest RMS value to 0,068 m for NRTK+2 GCP which had the highest RMS value. We used the combination of NRTK-UAS and GCPs for testing the impact offlying height on the uncertainty. The flying heights 100 m and 50 m wascompared. A decrease of the uncertainty was observed when the flying heightwas 50 m instead of 100 m. Our results show that the RMS-value increased from 0,014 m to 0,017 musing nadiral and oblique images, respectively. The difference is too small tobe able to draw a conclusion. The results for the oblique images improvedwhen only hard surfaces such as asphalt, concrete etc. were observed.
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Hedqvist, Emma, and Daniel Jakobsson. "Uppdatering av nationella höjdmodellen över begränsade områden med hjälp av UAS." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för Industriell utveckling, IT och Samhällsbyggnad, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-22073.
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I det här examensarbetet undersöks möjligheten att använda UAS över begränsade områden när den nationella höjdmodellen skapad av Lantmäteriet ska uppdateras. Ämnet var ett förslag från Lantmäteriet och huvudsyftet var att testa om UAS kan användas som komplettering till traditionell flygfotografering. Det blir allt vanligare att använda UAS inom till exempel geomatiken, eftersom det är ett bra verktyg när ett snabbt och effektivt resultat krävs. Lantmäteriet använder flygburen laserskanning vid genereringen av nationella höjdmodellen och den uppdateras med traditionell flygfotografering. Andra aspekter som undersökts i detta examensarbete var vilken mätosäkerhet kan uppnås med UAS vid framställandet av en DHM, vilken skillnad i lägesosäkerhet finns mellan studiens punktmoln jämfört med nationella höjdmodellen, samt mot punktmolnet genererat från traditionell flygfotografering och den ekonomiska aspekten vid användning av UAS. Detta utfördes genom att samla in data med hjälp av UAS över Furuvik, Gävle. Flyghöjden var 88 m över ett område på ca 1 ha. Därefter skapades en höjdmodell som kontrollerades enligt den tekniska specifikationen SIS-TS 21144:2013. I examensarbetet jämfördes punktmolnet som genererades från flygfoton tagna med UAS mot nationella höjdmodellen. Osäkerheten för den genererade höjdmodellen vid användandet av UAS visade ett bra resultat i höjd med en standardosäkerhet på 0,015 m. Punktmolnet genererat från Lantmäteriets bildmatchning låg 0,315-0,392 m under studiens punktmoln medan punktmolnet från laserskanningen låg 0,014-0,155 m över. Resultatet visade att användning av UAS är väldigt kostnadseffektivt när den nationella höjdmodellen över begränsade områden ska uppdateras. Det rekommenderas därför för Lantmäteriet att använda UAS för detta ändamål. Det blir mer än väl godkänt resultat och kostnaden är liten med tanke på resultatet, d.v.s. en metod för att verkligen kunna ajourhålla nationella höjdmodellen och komplettera traditionell flygfotografering över begränsade områden. Med denna metod slipper de vänta på att den traditionella flygfotograferingen ska ske. Tekniken går hela tiden framåt och inom en snar framtid kommer även laserskanning kunna ske med UAS. Det skulle vara intressant att se resultat av den metoden. Intressant skulle även vara att se om det i framtiden går att utesluta flygsignalering och verkligen kunna använda direkt georeferering för att spara tid ute i fält.<br>In this thesis we are going to investigate possibility of using UAS, over small areas, for updating national elevation model produced by the National Land Survey of Sweden. The subject of the thesis was proposed by the National Land Survey of Sweden. One of the main objectives of the study was to test if UAS can be used as a complement to traditional aerial photo. The use of UAS has increased over the years within for example geomatics, because it is a great tool when quick and effective results are required. The National Land Survey of Sweden uses airborne laser scanning to generate the national elevation model. The elevation model is then updated by traditional aerial photogrammetry. Other objectives that have been investigated in this study are what uncertainty can be expected with UAS when generating a DEM, the differences in uncertainty between the point cloud generated in this study to the national height model and to the point cloud generated from the traditional photogrammetry and the economic aspects when using UAS. For this purpose data was collected by UAS in Furuvik, Gävle. The flight height was 88 m over the area of about 1 ha. Then a DEM was created and controlled according to the technical specification SIS-TS 21144:2013. In this thesis a comparison between the point cloud generated in this study and the national elevation model has been performed. Uncertainty of the produced DEM using UAS showed very good result in height with a standard deviation of 0.015 m. The point cloud generated from the traditional photogrammetry was 0.315-0.392 m below the point cloud generated in this study, while the point cloud from laser scanning was 0.014-0.155 m above. The results showed that using UAS are very cost-effective to update the national elevation model. It is advisable for the National Land Survey of Sweden to update the national height model over small areas with this method. There will be more than efficient and the costs are small considering the result. In other word this method is to recommend when updating the national elevation model and can be used as a complement to traditional photogrammetry within limited areas. With this method, they will not have to wait for the traditional aerial photography to take place. The technology is constantly moving forward and in the near future laser scanning with UAS will occur. It would be interesting to see the results of that method. It would also be interesting to see if it is possible to exclude the ground control points, and really be able to use direct georeferencing to save time in the field.
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Zhu, Jiafeng. "Futures-Based Forecasts of U.S. Crop Prices." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/79490.
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Over the last decade, U.S. crop prices have become significantly more volatile. Volatile markets pose increased risks for the agricultural market participants and create a need for reliable price forecasts. Research discussed in this paper aims to find different approaches to forecast crop cash prices based on the prices of related futures contracts.
Corn, soybeans, soft red winter wheat, and cotton are the focus of this research. Since price data for these commodities is non-stationary, this paper used two approaches to solve this problem. The first approach is to forecast the difference in prices between current and future period and the second is to use the regimes. This paper considers the five-year moving average approach as the benchmark when comparing these approaches.
This research evaluated model performance using R-squared, mean errors, root mean squared errors, the modified Diebold-Mariano test, and the encompassing test. The results show that both the difference model and the regime model render better performance than the benchmark in most cases, but without a significant difference between each other. Based on these findings, the regime model was used to make forecasts of the cash prices of corn and soybeans, the difference model was used to make predictions for cotton, and the benchmark was used to forecast the SRW cash price.<br>Master of Science
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Svensson, Andreas, and Tim Zetterberg. "Utvärdering av höjdosäkerheten i digitala höjdmodeller framställda fotogrammetriskt med UAS." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för Industriell utveckling, IT och Samhällsbyggnad, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-14822.
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Digitala ytmodeller (Digital Surface Model – DSM) används ofta i geodetiskt sammanhang. DSM har länge skapats bland annat med hjälp av fotogrammetri där flygbilder har tagits med traditionella flygningar. Intresset tilltar nu för att framställa DSM med hjälp av obemannade flygfarkoster, så kallade UAS (Unmanned Aircraft System). Den största fördelen med UAS är att det går snabbt och enkelt att få den lilla flygfarkosten upp i luften för att ta flygbilder och framställa DSM kostnadseffektivt.Syftet med detta examensarbete var att undersöka vilken höjdosäkerhet som kan uppnås i DSM som framställts genom fotogrammetri med UAS. För att åstadkomma detta har två flygningar gjorts den 25 april 2013 med en Gatewing X100 över ett område i Grillby där cirka 350 flygbilder togs sammanlagt. Efter flygningarna mättes med en totalstation 16 kontrollprofiler in på olika terrängtyper över flygområdet enligt rekommendationer i SIS-TS 21145:2007 ”Statistisk provning av digital terrängmodell”.Från de två flygningarna som gjordes i Grillby framställdes två olika DSM i programvaran AgiSoft Photoscan. DSM importerades därefter till SBG Geo där höjdskillnaderna mellan kontrollprofilerna och DSM beräknades. Medelavvikelsen i höjd varierade mellan -0,112 m och 0,050 m för de olika provytorna. De provytor som systematiskt avvek från DSM var asfaltprofilerna, dessa låg konstant (ca 0,1 m) under DSM. Anledningen tros ligga i bildmatchningen i programvaran AgiSoft Photoscan.De DSM som framställdes i detta examensarbete uppfyllde kraven för klass 4 enligt SIS-TS 21144:2007 vilket innebär att max medelavvikelse i höjd får vara 0,15 m. Det innebär, enligt samma SIS-TS, att framställda DSM är lämpade som projekteringsunderlag för arbetsplan väg och systemhandling järnväg (i jämn terräng).<br>Digital Surface Models (DSM) is common used for geodetic measurement today. Digital surface models have been created for a long time using photogrammetry where aerial photographs have been taken with traditional flights. The interest to produce DSM using unmanned air vehicles (UAS) has increased lately. The main advantage of a UAS system is that it is quick and easy to get the little aircraft up in the air to take aerial photographs and produce DSM cost-effective.The aim of this thesis was to investigate the height of uncertainty that can be achieved in DSM created by photogrammetry using UAS. To achieve this two flights have been made the 25th of April 2013 with a Gatewing X100. The flights were made over an area in Grillby where approximately 350 aerial photographs in total were taken. After the flights 16 control profiles were measured with a total station on different terrain types over the flight area as recommended by the document SIS-TS 21145:2007 “Statistical testing of Digital Terrain Models”.From the two flights that were made in Grillby, two different DSM was produced in the software AgiSoft Photoscan. The DSM was imported to SBG Geo and height differences between the control profiles and the DSM were calculated. This resulted in height differences which ranged between -0.112 m and 0,050 m in the various sample surfaces. The sample surface that deviated most from the DSM was the asphalt profiles that deviated about -0.1 m. It was considered to be a systematic error, but the source of the systematic error has not been located among the measurements. The error is believed to instead be in the image matching done by AgiSoft Photoscan. The DSM created in this thesis is classified as class 4 in a table from SIS-TS 21144:2007 which means that the max mean difference in height inside the DSM is ±0,15 m. This shows us that the DSM created with photogrammetry using UAS is suited for both as material for planning in railway and road constructions and for visualization of the ground.
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Arvidsson, Magnus, and Pettersson Tobias Loveere. "Utvärdering av mätosäkerhet i höjd för UAS med LiDAR." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Samhällsbyggnad, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-33388.
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Digitala terrängmodeller (DTM:er) är ett vanligt förekommande verktyg i planering av olika samhällsutvecklande projekt inom stat, kommun och den privata sektorn. Inom planering för byggnationer av väg och järnväg används ofta SIS-TS 21144:2016 som ett dokument för styrning av produktionsprocessen vid framtagning av DTM:er, eller markmodeller. Med anledning av att ny teknik öppnar för möjligheter till snabbare, effektivare och klimatsmartare insamling av data, har denna studie till syfte att utvärdera Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) med Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) från YellowScan och dess mätosäkerhet i höjd. I denna undersökning jämförs resultatet från studien med klass 2 i SIS-TS 21144:2016 för flyghöjderna 50 m och 80 m samt för skanningsvinklarna 0 (lod), 10, 20 och 40 grader. Platsen för studien är belägen strax sydväst om Gävle i en nedlagd grustäkt med både hårt packat och något lösare underlag. Storleken för studieområdet begränsades till 200 x 300 m, vilket ger en 6 ha stor yta. Med utrustning för mätning med GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) mättes två stompunkter in med Nätverks-RTK (Real Time Kinematic). Därefter skapades ett stomnät med åtta punkter. Totalt mättes 26 kontrollytor in för jämförelser mot insamlade LiDAR-data. Datainsamlingen utfördes med obemannad flygfarkost (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, UAV), GeoDrone X4L, utrustad med LiDAR-skannern YellowScan Surveyor meden integrerad IMU (Inertial Measurement Unit) från Applanix. Tillsammans bildade dessa enheter ett obemannat flygsystem (UAS) som kunde fjärrstyras och kommunicera sin position. All bearbetning utfördes i programvara från Terrasolid, baserat på data från flygrutten som först bearbetats i YellowScan CloudStation. Punkterna klassificerades för att urskilja marklassade punkter som användes vid generering av DTM:er. En justering av punktmolnet gjordes med avsikt att höja marklassade punkter för att motverka det brus som förekommer i data. Kontrollytorna kunde nu jämföras mot DTM:en och analyseras. Resultaten i studien visar att YellowScan Surveyor uppnår ett Root Mean Square (RMS) i höjd på 0,024 m vid 50 meters flyghöjd, vilket innebär 0,047 m utvidgad mätosäkerhet (2-sigma, 95 %). Även vid 80 meter uppnås relativt låg mätosäkerhet i höjd med ett RMS på 0,040 m. Resultaten i studien visar också att påverkan av mätning i en större skanningsvinkel inte är den enda faktor som försämrar resultatet.<br>Digital terrain models (DTMs) are a commonly used tool in planning various development projects within the state, municipalities, and the private sector. In planning for road and rail construction, the Swedish technical specification SIS-TS21144:2016 is often used as a document for controlling the production process of DTMs. Given that new technology opens the possibilities for faster, more efficient, and climate-smart data collection, this study aims to evaluate Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) with Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) from YellowScan and to evaluate the measurement uncertainty in height. In this study, the results of the study are compared with class 2 SIS-TS 21144:2016 for the flight heights 50 m and 80 m and the scanning angles 0 (in nadir), 10, 20 and 40 degrees. The site of the study is located just southwest of Gävle in a closed gravel pit with both hard packed and slightly looser substrates. The size of the study area was limited to 200 x 300 m, equivalent to 6 hectares. With Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) equipment, two control points were measured with Network-RTK (Real Time Kinematic). Subsequently, a control network of eight points was created. A total of 26 control grids were measured for comparisons of collected LiDAR data. The data collection was carried out with the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) GeoDrone X4L equipped with LiDAR Scanner YellowScan Surveyor with an integrated Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) from Applanix. Together, these units formed an UAS that could be remotely controlled and communicate its position. All processing was performed in software from Terrasolid, based on data from the flight route that was first processed in YellowScan CloudStation. The points were classified to distinguish ground points used in the generation of the DTM. An adjustment of the point cloud was made with the intention of raising ground level points to reduce the noise present in the data. The control grids could then be compared to the DTM and analysed. The results of the study show that YellowScan Surveyor achieves a Root Mean Square (RMS) in height of 0,024 m at 50 meters flight altitude, which equals 0,047m expanded measurement uncertainty (2 sigma level, 95 %). Even at 80 meters, relatively low uncertainty is achieved with an RMS of 0,040 m. The results of the study indicate that the influence of measurements at a wider scanning angle is not the only factor that deteriorates the results.
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Ghanim, Danny, and Max Holmström. "Utvärdering av reflektorlös vägmätning med totalstation, laserskanner och UAS." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Samhällsbyggnad, GIS, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-25122.
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Denna studie undersöker reflektorlös mätning av vägmitt med totalstation samt skapande av markmodeller av vägar genom terrester laserskanning (TLS) och unmanned aerial system (UAS). Målet är att utvärdera metoder som undviker traditionell mätning på väg med handhållen prisma eftersom detta innebär att den som mäter måste befinna sig på vägen, vilket medför risker för trafikrelaterade olyckor samt kostnader för skyddsåtgärder. Studieområdet är en asfaltsbelagd parkeringsyta med vita markeringar liknande väglinjer. Genom TLS och fotogrammetrisk bearbetning av UAS-bilder skapades punktmoln och sedan markmodeller över en 60x10 m yta. Toleransen för markmodeller av asfaltsytor beskrivs i SIS-TS 21144:2016, som anger att den maximalt tillåtna medelavvikelsen i höjd är 0,02 m. Markmodellerna från både TLS och UAS-fotogrammetri uppfyllde kraven och erhöll medelavvikelser på -0,001 m respektive 0,005 m. Reflektorlös mätning som utförs från marknivå och ned mot terrängen med totalstation eller TLS resulterar i stora infallsvinklar, vilket i sin tur orsakar en förlängd träffbild. Pga. stråldivergens ökar dessutom träffbildens storlek med avstånd. En ytterligare faktor som påverkar reflektorlös mätning är mätobjektets reflektans. Asfalt har en reflektans på knappt 20 %, medan reflektansen hos de vitmålade markeringarna är tre gånger så hög. När det gäller TLS minskar dessutom punkttätheten, som påverkar vilka detaljer som kan identifieras, i samband med ökande avstånd. Toleranserna för inmätning av kontrollpunkter har i denna studie satts till 0,05 m i plan och 0,02 m i höjd. Resultaten visar att reflektorlös totalstationsmätning mot väglinjer uppnår RMS under toleransgränsen på upp till 55 m från instrumentet. I plan syns en trend som visar att avvikelserna ökar i samband med avstånd/infallsvinkel. I höjd syns inte en lika tydlig trend men vid ett avstånd på 57,5 m ökar avvikelserna drastiskt i både plan och höjd, vilket får betraktas som ett överskridande av den maximala räckvidden. Med dessa mätmetoder behöver hänsyn tas till bl.a. fri sikt, vägens utformning och skick, faktorer i omgivningen, trafikbelastning samt det rådande vädret. För både punktmoln och bilder behöver dessutom georeferering göras och lämplig upplösning bestämmas. Slutsatsen är dock att samtliga metoder kompletterar varandra och kan användas för insamling, kontroll, inpassning och komplettering av markmodeller och undviker samtidigt riskerna som medföljer handhållen prismamätning på väg.<br>This study evaluates the potential of reflectorless total station (TS) measurements when surveying road centerlines and the creation of digital terrain models (DTM) of road surfaces based on terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) and unmanned aerial system (UAS). The aim is to evaluate methods that avoid traditional surveying using a handheld prism since this means that the surveyor must be on the road, which creates risks of traffic related accidents as well as costs for protective measures. The study area is an asphalt-covered surface with white markings resembling roadlines. Through TLS and photogrammetric processing of UAS-images, pointclouds and subsequently DTM:s were created over a 60x10 m surface. The tolerance for DTM:s of asphalt-covered surfaces is specified in SIS-TS 21144:2016, which states a maximum average vertical deviation of 0,02 m. The DTM:s from the TLS and UAS-photogrammetry both fulfilled the requirements and obtained a quality of -0,001 m and 0,005 m respectively. Reflectorless measurements performed from ground level and down toward the terrain with TS or TLS result in large angles of inclination, which in turn causes an extended footprint of the laser beam. Because of beam divergence the footprint expands further with longer distances. Another factor that affects reflectorless measurements is the reflectance of the surface. Asphalt has a reflectance of barely 20 % while the reflectance of the white painted markings is three times as high. Additionaly when it comes to TLS, the point cloud density, which affects what details can be identified, diminishes with increasing distance. The tolerances for surveying of control points has in this study been set to 0,05 m horizontally and 0,02 m vertically. The results show that the reflectorless measurements of roadlines with TS achieves RMS below the tolerance limit up to 55 m from the instrument. The horizontal coordinates show a trend that the deviations increase with distance/angle of inclination. Vertically such a trend is not quite as clear, but at a distance of 57,5 m both the horizontal and vertical deviations increase drastically, which may be considered as exceeding the maximum range. With these methods adherences to some limitations need to be taken into consideration, such as line of sight, the road’s shape and condition, environmental factors, traffic and the weather. Furthermore, for both point clouds and images georeferencing needs to be done and a suitable resolution determined. The conclusion however, is that all methods complement each other and can be used for collecting, checking, fitting and completing DTM:s while avoiding the risks that traditional surveying methods using handheld prism creates.
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Persson, Magnus, and Tomas Gunnarsson. "Stödpunkters inverkan på osäkerheten vid georeferering av bilder tagna med UAS." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för Industriell utveckling, IT och Samhällsbyggnad, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-14467.
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Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) är obemannade flygfarkoster som främst använts och utvecklats inom det militära. Under senare år har användandet även tagit fart inom den civila sektorn, däribland mätningsbranschen. För att samla in geodata används Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS), vilka är system som består av fler komponenter än endast luftfarkosten t.ex. även kamera och kontrollstation. UAS är ett bra alternativ till traditionell flygfotografering då högupplösta bilder kan genereras till en låg kostnad. Eftersom UAS är en relativt ny metod måste osäkerheten utvärderas. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att utvärdera hur stödpunkter påverkar osäkerheten vid georeferering av UAS-bilder. Data erhölls från en flygning utförd av Sweco i november 2012. För att kunna utvärdera stödpunkternas inverkan översignalerades det 5 ha stora området med 35 stödpunkter. Nio olika konfigurationer av stödpunkter georefererades i programvaran Agisoft PhotoScan 0.9.0 och resultatet analyserades i Microsoft Excel, Geo Professional och Surfer 10L. Resultaten visar att osäkerheten för georefereringen minskar när antalet stödpunkter ökar, förutsatt att en jämn placering tillämpas. Bra georeferering uppnåddes när fyra stödpunkter användes. Vi rekommenderar ändå att minst fem stödpunkter används, fem stycken ger bra möjligheter till en god geometri – en i varje hörn och en i mitten. Det lägsta RMS-värdet i 3D (72 mm) erhölls med 17 stödpunkter jämnt fördelade över området. Det högsta RMS-värdet i 3D (190 mm) fick konfigurationen med sex stödpunkter placerade i ett av områdets hörn, något som tydligt visar hur stödpunkters placering (geometrin) påverkar osäkerheten av georefereringen. Även om fyra stödpunkter (en i varsitt hörn) bara får marginellt större RMS-värde än om en extra stödpunkt placeras i mitten, rekommenderas den sistnämnda för den bättre geometrin. För att kontrollera georefereringen rekommenderas några extra inmätta kontrollpunkter i området.<br>The main use and development of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) havethrough history been driven for military purposes, but in recent years the usehas increased also in the civilian sector, including the surveying industry. Inorder to collect geodata Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) are used. UAS aresystems that consist not only of the unmanned vehicle, but also of componentslike a camera and a control station. UAS is a good alternative to traditionalaerial survey due to the high resolution images and the low operational cost.The uncertainty of UAS must be evaluated further since it is a relatively newsurveying method. The purpose of this study is to analyze the number of groundcontrol point’s (GCP’s) impact on the uncertainty of georeferencing UAS images.Data was collected from a flight conducted by Sweco in November 2012. The areawhich was flown (5 ha) was “over-signalized” by 35 GCPs in order to evaluate theirimpact on the georeferencing uncertainty. Nine different configurations of GCPswere georeferenced in the software Agisoft PhotoScan 0.9.0 and the result wasanalyzed in Microsoft Excel, Geo Professional and Surfer 10L. The result showsthat the uncertainty of the georeferencing decreases when the number of GCPsincreases, provided their distribution is even in the area. A goodgeoreferencing was obtained when four GCPs were used. Regardless, we recommendthe use of five, five provide a good geometry – one in each corner and one inthe middle. The least RMS value in 3D (72 mm) was found with 17 GCPs evenlydistributed in the area. The highest RMS value in 3D (190 mm) was found whenall six GCPs were placed in one of the corners of the area. This shows that thedistribution of GCPs has a great impact on the uncertainty of thegeoreferencing. Even if four GCPs (one in each corner) just get a little higherRMS value than if one extra GCP is placed in the middle, the latter isrecommended because of the favourable geometry. To be able to control thegeoreferencing it is recommended to survey some extra GCPs in the area.
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Blomberg, Andreas. "Utvärdering av mätosäkerheten vid georeferering med UAS och Post Processed Kinematic-GNSS." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för Industriell utveckling, IT och Samhällsbyggnad, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-22145.
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UAS has been become a very popular tool in surveying and evaluation of the systems measurement uncertainties are necessary. The most common method for georeferencing UAS data is to use ground control points (GCP) in order to use them in block adjustment. In recent years’ new techniques for direct georeferencing with UAS have been presented, which in theory means that the position of the UAS can be determined accurately enough and therefore GCP’s can be excluded. This study evaluates uncertainties of the UAS Freya from SmartPlanes that don’t need GCP’s for georeferencing. The technique applied in the evaluation is based on Post Processed Kinematic (PPK) for coordinate determination of the UAS, which means that the collected GNSS data can be post processed using a reference station. The test area was a 280 x 320 m block in the north end of Gävle airport, Sweden. Each flight is conducted in two orthogonal blocks and evaluated in three different ways against the 16 GCP. The altitude was about 90 m for all flights. The uncertainty of the PPK-technique is tested and evaluated with three different methods to ensure both accuracy and potential use. In total five flights were assessed and evaluated with Agisoft PhotoScan against 16 GCP spread over the area. The position of each GCP’s was determined with four independent network RTK measurements. The results show that the georeferencing with the PPK-technique and block adjustment has potential to meet the uncertainties in level with indirect georeferencing using GCP. The results show very similar planimetric uncertainties, around 0,020 m in RMS, for all evaluations with the PPK-technique. The results of the uncertainty in height is more scattered where the two lowest results in a RMS under 0,015 m and the highest over 0,100 m for the difference against the 16 GCP. It is possible to achieve low uncertainties with the method without the use of GCP. For areas where establishment of GCP is not possible, using UAS equipped with PPKtechnology provides a very suitable alternative to use. The results show relatively large differences between the evaluations and in order to determine the exact cause of them, further studies are required.<br>Den starka teknikutvecklingen för UAS resulterar i flera nya produkter på marknaden och för att utvärdera deras mätosäkerheter krävs det kontroller av systemen. Den vanligaste metoden vid georeferering med UAS är att använda koordinatbestämda flygsignaler på marken. På senare år har metoder för direkt georeferering presenterats, vilket i teorin innebär att positionen för UAS kan bestämmas så pass noggrant att flygsignaler kan uteslutas. I denna studie utvärderas mätosäkerheter för Freya, ett UAS från SmartPlanes som med hjälp av bra positionering och blockutjämning ska kunna användas för georeferering utan flygsignalering. Systemet från Smartplanes bygger på Post Processed Kinematic (PPK) för koordinatbestämning, vilket innebär att insamlat GNSS data kan efterberäknas med korrektioner från en referensstation. Mätosäkerheten för PPK-tekniken testas och utvärderas med 3 olika metoder för att se både på mätosäkerhet samt möjlig användning. Totalt fem flygningar har utförts på ett testområde som var cirka 280x320 m och beläget i den norra delen av Gävle flygplats. Flyghöjden var kring 90 m för alla flygningar som vidare har bearbetats och utvärderats i programvaran PhotoScan från Agisoft. Kontrollen av mätosäkerheten har gjorts mot 16 spridda kontrollpunkter på marken som har positionsbestämts med fyra oberoende nätverks-RTK mätningar vardera. Varje flygning är utförd i två ortogonala block och utvärderades med fyra olika konfigurationer mot de 16 kontrollpunkterna. Resultaten visar att georeferering med hjälp av blockutjämning och PPK-tekniken har potential för att uppnå mätosäkerheter i nivå med indirekt georeferering med hjälp av stödpunkter på marken. I plan visar resultaten på väldigt jämna mätosäkerheter, kring 0,020 m i RMS, för alla utvärderingar med PPK-tekniken. Resultaten i höjd är mer spridda där de lägsta visar mätosäkerheter under 0,015 m RMS och de högsta över 0,100 m i RMS för avvikelsen mot kontrollpunkterna. Det är fullt möjligt att uppnå låga mätosäkerheter med metoden utan användning av stödpunkter. För användningsområden där stödpunkter inte kan etableras är detta UAS med PPK-tekniken ett mycket lämpligt alternativ att använda. Resultaten visar på relativt stora skillnader mellan de olika testade metoderna och för att avgöra den exakta orsaken till dem skulle vidare studier behövas.
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Hanson, Jeffrey Acton. "Seismic and hydroacoustic investigations near Ascension Island /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p9823701.
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Hägglund, Sandra, and Rose-Marie Lindh. "Optimering av datainsamling med UAS : En studie i alternativa flyghöjder kontra mätosäkerheter utförd i Avesta." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Samhällsbyggnad, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-30391.
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Studiens syfte var att genom UAS-fotogrammetri se om det var möjligt att uppnå en mätosäkerhet på 2–3 cm samt se om det är möjligt att använda sprayfärgade kryss som markstöd istället för masonitplattor med målade timglas och ändå uppnå samma mätosäkerhet. Detta gjordes från två olika flyghöjder, 80 m och 110 m för att få en till dimension på studien. Markstöden mättes in med GNSS och i studien användes UAS DJI Phantom 4 v2.0 vid flygfotograferingen. I plan kontrollerades kartan genom detaljmätning med hjälp av multistation etablerad med 180-sekunders metoden. Kontroll av kartan i höjd gjordes genom inmätning av kontrollprofiler med GNSS och multistation. Totalt bearbetades data från 4 inmätningar, data från 80 m där markstöd bestått av masonitplattor respektive sprayfärgade kryss och det samma från 110 m. Databearbetningen utfördes i Agisoft PhotoScan där bilderna bearbetades till en ortofotomosaik, DEM och DSM. Ortofotomosaiken och DEM importerades sedan till ArcMap för skapande av baskarta och för kontroll av koordinaterna i plan. Markmodellen importerades till SBG Geo för vidare bearbetning och kontroll av avvikelse mellan kontrollprofilerna och DEM. Resultatet av 42 st detaljmätningar gjordes genom beräkning av RMS-värdet mellan inmätta koordinater och motsvarande punkt i kartan. Vid flygfotografering från 80 m visade timglas ett RMS-värde på 0,038 m och kryss ett RMS-värde på 0,039 m. Motsvarande från 110 m visar att timglas gav ett RMS-värde på 0,062 m och kryss på 0,048 m. Alla inmätningar utom timglas från 110 m klarar toleransen mot HMK – Geodatakvalitet som är 5 cm och när enbart marknära objekt mättes gav det ett RMS-värde i plan på 0,026 m för timglas från 80 m och 0,023 m för kryss. 2–3 cm mätosäkerhet uppnåddes därmed. Från 110 m blev värdet 0,054 m med timglas och 0,035 m med kryss. Kontroll av höjdosäkerhet gjordes enligt SIS-TS 21144:2016, där 12 kontrollprofiler mättes in och jämfördes mot DEM. Resultatet från 80 m med timglas som markstöd visade en total medelavvikelse på 0,006 m med 0,019 m i standardosäkerhet. Från samma flyghöjd, men med inmätningar av kryss visade ett resultat om -0,001 m med standardosäkerhet 0,030 m. Från den högre flyghöjden med timglas genererades en total medelavvikelse på 0,010 m med standardosäkerhet 0,033 m. Motsvarande genererade kryss en total medelavvikelse på 0,026 m med standardosäkerhet 0,040. Alla 4 markmodellerna klarar den efterfrågade mätosäkerheten om 2–3 cm.<br>The aim of this study was to collect data through UAS photogrammetry and investigate if it was possible to achieve an uncertainty of 2-3 cm. The second aim was to investigate if it was possible to use spray-colored crosses as control points (GCP) instead of hourglass-painted fibreboards to achieve the same uncertainty. This was done from two different flight heights, 80 m and 110 m to add another dimension to the investigation. The GCPs were measured with GNSS and in the study a UAS DJI Phantom 4 v2.0 was used for aerial photography. The plane coordinates was checked by measuring details using multistation established with the 180-second method. Height control was done by measuring profiles with GNSS and multistation. All together data from 4 measurements were processed; from 80 m where GCPs consisted of hourglass and crosses, respectively, and the same from 110 m. The processing was performed in Agisoft PhotoScan where the images were aligned to an orthophoto mosaic. A DEM and DSM were also created. The orthophoto mosaic and DEM were used in ArcMap for digitizing a base map and for checking the plane coordinates. The DEM was imported to SBG Geo for further processing and control of deviation between profiles and DEM. The result of the 42 measured details was made by calculating the RMSE value between the measured plane coordinates and the corresponding points in the map. In aerial photography from 80 m, hourglass showed an RMSE value of 0.038 m and crosses an RMSE value of 0.039 m. Corresponding from 110 m, hourglass gave an RMSE value of 0.062 m and a cross of 0.048 m. All measurements except hourglass from 110 m can withstand the tolerance to HMK – Geodatakvalitet (2017) which is 5 cm. If only ground-level objects were to be measured the RMSE value of 0.026 m for hourglass from 80 m and 0.023 m for crosses reached the wanted measurement uncertainties of 2–3 cm. From 110 m the value was 0.054 m with hourglass and 0.035 m with cross. The control of the height uncertainty was made in accordance with SIS-TS 21144:2016, where 12 profiles were measured and compared with the DEM. The result from 80 m with hourglass showed a total mean deviation (MD) of 0.006 m with 0.019 m in standard deviation (SD). From the same flight height, but with crosses, a result of -0.001 m with SD showed 0.030 m. From the higher height with hourglass, a total MD of 0.010 m with SD 0.033 m was generated. The corresponding crosses got a MD of 0,026 m and a SD of 0,040 m. All 4 DEM can handle the required measurement uncertainty of 2-3 cm.
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Lundin, Martin, and Danö Erik. "Uppdatering av baskarta med UAS-fotogrammetri i del av Furuvik." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Samhällsbyggnad, GIS, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-27874.
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Syftet med studien är att uppdatera Gävle kommuns baskarta för området Furuviks camping. Området har genomgått stora förändringar, bland annat har campingen flyttats på grund av ombyggnation av väg och järnväg. Genom användning av UAS och flygfotografering samt framställning av ortofotomosaik i programvaran PhotoScan samt kontrollmätningar i fält har baskartan uppdaterats. UAS är förkortningen för “unmanned aerial system” eller “obemannat flygsystem”. Idag används UAS-teknik i större utsträckning än tidigare för att ta fram underlag till kartframställning av olika kartprodukter. Användningen av UAS har visat sig vara både effektivt och billigt. Innan flygning kunde genomföras placerades flygsignaler ut med god spridning i terrängen. Flygsignalerna mättes in med Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) nätverks-real time kinematic (N-RTK). Detta gjordes i två omgångar för att undvika tidskorrelation hos satelliterna. När flygfotograferingen var färdig bearbetades bilderna i PhotoScan där blockutjämning samt georeferering genomfördes. Vid bearbetningen i PhotoScan upptäcktes att en del bilder blivit överexponerade pga. skiftande väderlek under dagen för flygningen. Dessa bilder gick därför inte att använda vid georeferering. Därefter användes ortofotomosaiken till kartering av de nytillkomna objekten i baskartan. Detta gjordes i ArcMap med hjälp av Gävle kommuns kartmanér. Slutligen genomfördes en kartkontroll på befintliga objekt samt digitaliserade objekt utifrån ortofotot för att säkerställa kvalitén av den uppdaterade baskartan. Jämförelser av Gävle kommuns objekt (kontrollpunkter 1–5) visade att alla punkter låg inom toleransen på 0,050 m i lägesosäkerhet. Jämförelsen av de objekt som digitaliserats med hjälp av ortofotmosaiken (kontrollpunkter 6–15) visade att två av punkterna marginellt överskred toleransen på 0,050 m.<br>The purpose of the study is to update the Gävle municipality's base map for the Furuvik campsite. The area has undergone major changes, among other things, the campsite has been moved due to road and rail rebuilding. Through the use of UAS and aerial photography as well as the production of orthophotomosaics in the PhotoScan software and control by field measurements the base map has been updated. UAS is the abbreviation for "unmanned aerial system". Today, UAS technology is used to a greater extent than before to provide basis for production of various map products. The use of UAS has proven to be both efficient and inexpensive. Before the flight was carried out, ground control targets were spread out well in the terrain. The ground control targets were measured with Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) network real-time kinematic (N-RTK). This was done in two rounds to avoid time correlation with the satellites. When aerial photography was completed the pictures were processed in PhotoScan where block smoothing and georeferencing were performed. During the processing of PhotoScan some images were overexposed due to the fact that changing weather conditions during the day of the flight. These pictures therefore failed to be used for georeferencing. Thereafter the orthophotomosaic was used to mapping the newly added objects in the base map. This was done in ArcMap using the base map of Gävle municipality. Finally a map control was made on existing objects and digitized items from the orthophotomosaic to ensure the quality of the updated base map. Comparisons of Gävle municipality objects (checkpoints 1-5) showed that all points were within the tolerance of 0.050 m in uncertainty. The comparison of the objects digitized by the orthophotomosaic (control points 6-15) showed that two of the points marginally exceeded the tolerance of 0.050 m.
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Halldén, Max. "Polismyndighetens kamerabevakning med drönare i brådskande fall." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-413049.
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Sundman, Birgitta. "Reproduktionens inverkan på det slutliga tryckresultatet med djuptryck på MF-papper." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Grafisk teknik, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-3569.
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To get an optimal print result with rotogravure on improved newsprint, MF-paper, knowledge aboutwhat adjustment that should be done through the whole production is needed. This degree project investigatesthe reproduction’s effect on the final print result.A test print is done at Quebecor World Nordic Interprint´s regular print unit. The evaluation of theprint shows how important the use of a unit adjusted ICC-profile is for the print quality. A comparisonbetween the two separation methods GCR and UCR shows that Interprint´s present ICC-profile, usingUCR as separation method, gives less missing dots. When the cylinder that prints the black ink isengraving whit a slower speed than normal the result shows that the colour becomes a little darker, thedetails becomes clear but the difference is very small.
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Hammas, Katarina. "Framställning av primärkarta över Furuviks djurpark, Gävle, med hjälp av UAS." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för Industriell utveckling, IT och Samhällsbyggnad, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-22040.
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Syftet med detta arbete har vart att ta reda på vilken osäkerhet man kan få i plan och höjd vid kartering med UAS. Arbetet kommer redogöra för hur en karta (primärkarta) framställs över en avgränsad del av Furuviks djurpark, belägen i södra delen av Gävle kommun, med hjälp av UAS. Flygningen skedde på en solig dag med flyghöjden 112 m. En digital höjdmodell (DEM) och en ortofotomosaik skapades i PhotoScan utifrån de bilder som togs under flygningen över studieområdet. Primärkartan digitaliserades sedan i ArcMap utifrån ortofotomosaiken med höjdangivelse utifrån DEM. Vid inmätningar av stöd och kontrollpunkter användes en GNSS-mottagare med antenn från Leica ansluten till SWEPOS Nätverks-RTK (Real Time Kinematic). Kontroll av den genererade DEM gjordes i analogi med SIS-TS 21144:2013 där den totala medelavvikelsen i området blev -0,006 m med en standardosäkerhet på 0,047 m. Vid en analys av medelavvikelsen i höjd för varje enskild kontrollprofil, uppstår ett fenomen. De profilerna där flygblocken överlappade varandra hade ett höjdvärde som låg över den genererade DEM medan de övriga profilernas höjdvärden låg under DEM. Detta fenomen kan ha orsakats av skuggområden i bilderna vid bildmatchningen utförd i PhotoScan. Kartan kontrollerades i plan där en lägeskontroll av de digitaliserade kartobjekten genomfördes. Ett Root Mean Square error (RMS-värde) beräknades fram till 0,054 m vilket är något högre än det i HMK-Geodatakvalitet rekommenderade för primärkartor på 0,050 m. Även tidsåtgången med kartering med hjälp av UAS undersöktes i detta arbete. 70 procent av den totala tidsåtgången för förberedelser, flygning och insamling av data gick till inmätningen av flygsignalerna med GNSS-RTK i denna studie.<br>Map production by using unmanned aircraft, is a method that is of high interest in the world. There are different names for the technology that manages the unmanned aircraft. Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) refers to the vehicle and the systems that are necessary to control the vehicle from distance. An UAS position and orientation are known in the air by the integrated GNSS- and navigation systems. The purpose of this work, is to find out which uncertainty one can get in plan and elevation using UAS. The work will describe how a map (ground map) is produced, using UAS, over a limited area of Furuvik Zoo, located in the southern part of the municipality of Gävle. The flight took place on a sunny day with the flying altitude 112 m. A digital elevation model (DEM) and an orthophoto is created in Photo Scan based on the images that were taken during the flight over the study area. The ground map was digitized in ArcMap with altitude readings based on the digital elevation model. During the measurements of ground control targets and control points, a GNSS receiver with antenna of the model Leica connected to SWEPOS Network RTK (Real Time Kinematic) was used. Control of the produced DEM was made in analogy with SIS TS 21144:2013 where the average height deviation of the area was 0,006 m with a standard uncertainty of 0,047 m. In an analysis of the mean deviation in height of each control profile, a phenomenon arises. The control profiles located in the area where the two flying areas overlapped has a height value over the generated DEM while the other profiles had a height value lower than the generated DEM. This phenomenon may have been caused by the shadow areas in images during the image matching in PhotoScan. The ground map produced in this study was controlled in plane where the position control of the digitized map objects were carried out. A root mean square error (RMS-value) was calculated to be 0,054 m, which is slightly higher than that in HMK-Geodatakvalitet recommended for ground maps (0,050 m). The time needed for mapping using the UAS were also examined in this work. Our study shows that 70 percent of the total time required for preparation, flight and data collection went to the measuring of ground control targets with GNSS-RTK.
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Lundmark, Johan, and Häggström Lukas Grönlund. "Utvärdering av digitala terrängmodeller framtagna med flygburen laserskanning och UAS-fotogrammetri." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Samhällsbyggnad, GIS, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-27295.
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Over the last years there has been a rapid development in the UAS-technology (Unmanned Aircraft Systems) and today there are several UAS systems on the market. The fast development has led to differences in both price and capability of taking high-quality images between the systems. The purpose of this study was firstly to investigate how two UAS systems differ in the uncertainty of measurement while making digital terrain models, secondly, to investigate how different UAS systems cope with the laws and requirements that exist for producing digital terrain models for detail projection, SIS-TS 21144:2016 Table 6 level 1-3. A comparative study on two software’s creation of point clouds from picture data was also conducted. In this study, three digital models were made from one specific area. They were created with two different UAS-systems and laser scanning from an airplane. The models were compared and analysed using the RUFRIS method. The UASsystems used were a fixed wings Smartplanes S1C and a rotary wings Dji Phantom 4 PRO. The Smartplanes flew 174 m above the ground and the Dji Phantom 4 flew 80 m above the ground. The results from the study show that laser scanning from the airplane created the model with the lowest measurement uncertainty and met all the requirements for each separate type (asphalt, natural soil, grass and gravel) for detail projection according to SIS.TS 201144:2016 table 6 level 1-3. Additionally, the results show that the terrain model produced by the Dji Phantom 4 only met the requirements for asphalt where the mean deviation was 0,001 m. The results produced with “Smartplanes” met the requirements for asphalt and gravel where the mean deviations were -0,007 m and 0,017 m. The softwares PhotoScan and UASMaster were compared while creating point clouds from pictures taken by the Smartplanes. The results show that PhotoScan had the lowest uncertainty for asphalt, grass and gravel surfaces while UASMaster produced lower uncertainty for natural soil. The results indicate that airborne laser scanning should be the preferred method for collection of topographic data since it created lower measurement uncertainties than the other methods in this study. It is also possible to create digital terrain models with UAS for detail projection for asphalt and gravel surface in accordance with 21144:2016. Finally, it was concluded that the used software programs are showing differences in creating point clouds.<br>De senaste åren har tekniken för Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) utvecklats snabbt och idag finns flera system på marknaden. Ett resultat av den snabba utvecklingen är att de olika systemen skiljer sig åt, dels i pris men även i kapacitet. Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur olika UAS-system skiljer sig åt i mätosäkerhet vid framställning av digitala terrängmodeller, men även hur olika UAS-system står sig mot det regelverk som finns för framställning av digitala terrängmodeller vid detaljprojektering enligt SIS-TS 21144:2016 Tabell 6 klass 1-3. Ytterligare ett syfte med studien var att undersöka hur olika programvaror skiljer sig åt vid framställning av punktmoln från bilddata. I studien kontrollerades och jämfördes tre digitala terrängmodeller genererade över samma område med två olika UAS-system samt laserskanning från ett flygplan. Terrängmodellerna jämfördes mot kontrollprofiler framställda med RUFRIS-metoden. De olika UAS-systemen var en dyrare variant, Smartplanes S1C (fastavingar), och en billigare variant, Dji Phantom 4 PRO (roterande vingar). De tillämpade flyghöjderna för flygningarna var 174 m för Smartplanes och 80 m för Dji Phantom. Resultatet från studien visar att laserskanning från flygplanet uppnådde lägst mätosäkerhet och klarade samtliga krav för varje separat marktyp för detaljprojektering enligt SIS-TS 201144:2016 Tabell 6 klass 1-3. Marktyper som undersöktes var: asfalt, naturmark, gräs och grus. Vidare klarade terrängmodellen producerad med Dji Phantom endast kravet för asfaltsytor, där medelavvikelsen fastställdes till 0,001 m. Terrängmodellen producerad med Smartplanes klarade endast kraven för marktyperna asfalt och grus där medelavvikelsen fastställdes till -0,007 m respektive 0,017 m. Som en del i studien jämfördes programvarorna PhotoScan och UASMaster för framställning av punktmoln för bilder insamlade med Smartplanes S1C. Resultatet visar att PhotoScan uppnådde lägst mätosäkerhet för asfalt, gräs och grus medan UASMaster uppnådde lägst mätosäkerhet för naturmark. Studien visar att flygburen laserskanning borde vara en fortsatt föredragen metod för insamling av topografisk data då metoden resulterade i lägst mätosäkerheter i denna studie. Vidare visar studien att det är möjligt att framställa digitala terrängmodeller med UAS för detaljprojektering enligt SISTS 21144:2016 för asfalt- och grusytor. Dessutom konstateras att olika bearbetningsprogram skiljer sig vid framställning av punktmoln.
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McKeag, Alex. "Planning for Slow Growth and Decline in Mid-Sized U.S. Cities." Thesis, KTH, Urbana och regionala studier, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-254943.
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While many major cities in the United States are once again gaining population, growing their economies, and attracting talent, many small and mid-sized cities are in decline. The reasons for this growing disparity are multi-faceted. A growing body of research has been exploring planning challenges in declining cities and towns. This body of research—often called “shrinking cities” and “urban shrinkage” research—is premised on the belief that many declining places will continue to shed population, jobs, and industries, and planning smartly for this decline is the only sensible path forward. So far, research in the U.S. has focused primarily on Northeast and Midwest cities where population and industrial decline has been the most severe. Less scholarship has studied places that have declined more slowly and more recently. This thesis examines the current trends impacting the decline of mid-sized cities in the Midwestern United States, focusing on four cities in the State of Illinois. It also explores whether these cities are ready to consider the possibility that population decline is not temporary and change their planning strategies accordingly. Finally, this thesis will introduce an emerging paradigm in contemporary urban planning practice that fuses growth and decline strategies, to prepare mid-sized cities for an uncertain demographic and economic future.
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Plantamura, Patricia M. "Impacts of U.S. Foreign Policy and Intervention on Guatemala: Mid-20th Century." Scholar Commons, 2013. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4745.
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International Relations theory includes realist concepts of sovereign nation-states interacting in an anarchic world as they rationally determine their own national interests based upon ever-changing competition for power. In this interplay for power, nation-states may affect each other politically, economically, ideologically or militarily. This thesis focuses on effects of U.S. foreign policy and U.S. intervention in Guatemala in the time period surrounding the Guatemalan Revolution (1944-1954), with its "liberation" in 1954, and then into the early 1960s as the Guatemalan state began to be militarized. In this thesis I will answer the following question:
How did the United States affect the sovereign nation of Guatemala,
through economic policy, Cold War rationale, and military operations
and thereby contribute to and facilitate the establishment of the nature of the Guatemalan counterinsurgency state?
Through historically documented and officially acknowledged events an assessment will be made as to how these three elements singularly and also collectively influenced the internal workings of the Guatemalan state.
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Kawata, Hisato. "Culture change of Japanese expatriates in the mid-western U.S. : dialectical biculturalism." Virtual Press, 1994. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/897522.
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People who are in a different culture from their own often encounter and deal with various difficulties of culture shock in its broad sense. This ethnographic study of Japanese expatriates in the Midwestern U.S. delineates their culture change, concentrating on culture shock and its results. The problems in interpersonal relationships among the Japanese housewives whose husbands work for the same company in the community were found to be the source of their most serious culture shock. It made each housewife conscious of her previous cultural assumptions and those of the others regarding interpersonal relationships such as friendship, privacy, and the roles of housewives. These cultural assumptions were integrated into their new cultural order to support their solutions to the problem, i.e., changing the association with those belonging to the same company, or constructing new associations with those belonging to different Japanese companies.<br>Department of Anthropology
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Lindström, Simon. "Utveckling av metoder för att säkerställa kvaliteten på höjddata insamlad med UAV : Fastställande av tillvägagångssätt vid luftburen datainsamling." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för hälsa, natur- och teknikvetenskap (from 2013), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-84722.
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Företaget Team Exact levererar mätningstekniska tjänster, där den främsta verksamheten är riktad mot byggnads- och markindustrin. Företaget använder UAS och levererar tjänster till kunder med ortofoto och DEM som kan användas till kartläggning, volymberäkningar och planering. Team Exact använder konsultföretagets SkyMap’s webbaserade plattform i fotogrammetrisk bearbetning av UAV genererade flygbilder. DEM behöver uppnå HMK-standardnivå 3 för att användas som underlag till bygghandlingar. För att uppnå HMK-standardnivå 3 så krävs det en lägesosäkerhet på 0,02–0,05 m/ 0,03–0,07 m (plan/höjd). Team Exact uppnår god lägesosäkerhet i plan men har varierande resultat i höjdåtergivningen. Studien har således en målsättning att hitta metoder för att säkerställa höjden inom ett studieområde med varierande topografi, terräng och markytor. Faktorer som ska undersökas är markstödspunkter, RTK-data, flygstråk, kamerainställningar och tänkvärda åtgärder i skiftande topografi samt att se tendenser hur höjdåtergivningen varierar på olika markytor. Ett stomnät etablerades över studieområdet med tre fastställda koordinatsatta stompunkter, punkterna var inmätta med statisk NRTK mätning under 1 minut. Nätet jämnades ut med totalstation och därefter blev kontrollpunkter, profiler, ytor och markstödspunkter inmätta. Studien utredde lägesosäkerheten med 0, 5, 9 och 12 markstödspunkter. Den UAV som användes i studien är försedd med en RTK-modul och förväntades därav tillhandahålla positioneringsdata som var av värde att utreda. Markstödspunkternas utplacering planerades med fyra konstanta i studieområdets yttrehörn och en femte konstant på studieområdets högsta höjd. Resterande punkter placerades ut i en jämnfördelning över områdets toppar och dalar. Flygmetoderna som utvärderades var förankrade i tidigare studier. Gemensamma inställningar över samtliga metoder var studieområdets avgränsning, en flyghöjd på 40 m samt flyghastigheten på 3 m/s. Resterande var flytande parametrar som var av värde att utreda. Studien justerade parametrarna gällande flygstråk, övertäckning, kameravinkel och kamerainställningar. Totalt blev det tre flygmetoder där de fyra olika markstödskombinationerna undersöktes vilket gav 12 processer att utvärdera. Utvärderingen utfördes mot 77 kontrollpunkter där RMSE-värde för höjd och plan undersöktes. Kontrollpunkterna var jämnt fördelade över ytan och marktyperna. En ytterligare analys utfördes med volymberäkningar mellan referens terrängmodeller och de genererade terrängmodellerna. Flygmetod 3 gav bästa resultat där fotogrammetriinställningen Double Grid användes och överlappningen var 80/60 % samt att kameran tiltades till -70°. Sensorkänsligheten var inställd på ISO100, bländaren ett öppningsvärde f/5 och slutartiden var inställd på 1/500s. Studiens resultat visar att flygmetod 3 som blockutjämnats med 12 markstödspunkter genererade bästa resultat på en lägesosäkerhet i plan på 0,015 m samt 0,035 m i höjd.<br>The company Team Exact delivers measurement technical services, and the main business is aimed at the construction and land industry. The company uses UAS and offers services to customers and delivers products such as orthophotos and DEMs that can be used for mapping, volume calculations and planning. Team Exact uses the consulting company SkyMap’s web-based platform for photogrammetric processing of UAV-generated aerial images. DEM needs to achieve good positional uncertainty, to achieve HMK standard level 3, it is required that the basis for construction documents has a positional uncertainty of 0.02–0.05 m / 0.03–0.07 m (level / height). Team Exact achieves good positional uncertainty in horizontal coordinates but has varying results in height reproduction. The study thus aims to find methods to ensure the height within a study area with varying topography, terrain and ground surfaces. Factors to be investigated are ground control points, RTK data, flight paths, camera settings and conceivable measures in varying topography, as well as seeing trends in how the height representation differs on different ground surfaces. A coordinate network was established over the study area with three established coordinate reference points, the points were measured with static NRTK measurement 1 minute. The network was levelled with the total station and then control points, profiles, surfaces, and ground control points were measured. The study investigated the location uncertainty with 0, 5, 9 and 12 ground control points. The UAV used in the study is equipped with an RTK module and was therefore expected to provide positioning data that was worth investigating. The placement of the ground support points was planned with four constants in the outer corner of the study area and a fifth constant at the highest level of the study area. The remaining points were placed in an even distribution over the area’s peaks and valleys. The evaluated flight methods were rooted in previous studies. Common settings across all methods were the study area delimitation, 40 m flight altitude and the flight speed of 3 m/s. Remaining were floating parameters that were of value to investigate. The study adjusted the parameters regarding flight path, coverage, camera angle and camera settings. In total, there were three flight methods where the four different ground support combinations were examined, which gave 12 processes to evaluate. The evaluation was performed against 77 control points where the RMSE value for height and plane was examined. The control points were evenly distributed over the surface and soil types. A further analysis was performed with volume calculations between the reference terrain models and the generated terrain models. Flight method 3 gave the best results where the photogrammetry setting Double Grid was used and the overlap was 80/60 % and the camera was tilted to -70 °. The sensor sensitivity was set to ISO100, the shutter had an aperture value of f/5 and the shutter speed was set to 1/500s. The results of the study indicate that flight method 3, which was levelled with 12 ground support points, generated the best results on a positional uncertainty in horizontal coordinates of 0,015 m and 0,035 m in height.
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Prasad, Shivangi. "An examination of hurricane vulnerability of the U.S. northeast and mid-Atlantic region." Thesis, Florida Atlantic University, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3571436.
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<p> Northeastern and mid-Atlantic United States are understudied from the perspective of hurricane vulnerability. In an attempt to fill this gap in research, this dissertation attempted to assess the hurricane vulnerability of the northeastern and mid-Atlantic United States through the construction of a Composite Hurricane Vulnerability Index (CHVI) for 184 counties extending from Maine to Virginia. The CHVI was computed by incorporating indicators of human vulnerability and physical exposure. Human vulnerability was derived from demographic, social and economic characteristics whereas physical exposure was based on attributes of the natural and built up environments. The spatial distribution of the CHVI and its component indices were examined and analyzed to meet the research goals, which were a) to develop indices of human vulnerability, physical exposure and composite hurricane vulnerability for all counties; b) to assess vulnerability distribution in terms of population size, metropolitan status (metropolitan versus non metropolitan counties) and location (coastal versus inland counties); c) to identify the specific underlying causes of vulnerability; d) to identify the significant clusters and outliers of high vulnerability; and e) to examine overlaps between high human vulnerability and high physical exposure in the region.</p><p> Results indicated high overall vulnerability for counties that were metropolitan and / or coastal. Vulnerability was high at both ends of the population continuum. Coastal areas had high natural exposure whereas metropolitan areas had high built exposure. In large metropolitan counties, human vulnerability was influenced most strongly by economic vulnerability. In non-metropolitan and small metropolitan counties, vulnerability was an outcome of a combination of demographic, social and economic factors. Vulnerability clusters and intersections pointed towards high vulnerability in the major cities along the northeastern megalopolis, in the Hampton Roads section of Virginia and in parts of Delmarva Peninsula. </p><p> Research findings have important implications for disaster management. Evidence of relationship of population size, metropolitan status and location with vulnerability levels provides a new perspective to vulnerability assessment. Identification of high vulnerability counties can lead to effective resource allocation and emergency management and mitigation plans. Detection of dominant underlying causes of vulnerability can help develop targeted strategies for vulnerability reduction.</p>
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Rinkus, Michael A. "An Exploratory Study Comparing Mid-sized U.S. Banks' and Global Banks' Sustainability Programs." Thesis, Lawrence Technological University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3738368.
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<p> This is an exploratory qualitative case study of the state of sustainability programs within a set of 12 mid-sized U.S. banks compared among themselves and then compared to a set of 12 global banks. This research was designed in two phases. Phase One presented the current state of sustainability within mid-sized U.S. banks and global banks based upon each bank’s public data as organized into three sections: a bank profile, major strategic initiatives, and bank sustainability initiatives and programs. Phase Two data were analyzed from 24 interviews with key executives within each bank. A structured interview format was used, and the interviews were conducted in-person, by phone, or via email depending on the respondent’s preference.</p><p> The research found that the majority of mid-sized U.S. banks had, from a regulatory view point, achieved the broader aspects of sustainability. Mid-sized U.S. banks had not <i>seized the spirit</i> of sustainability by organizing and communicating their efforts in the context of a voluntary formal reporting mechanism. Mid-sized banks generally relied on government compliance reports to communicate their efforts. By relying on compliance reporting, mid-sized U.S. banks are missing an opportunity to enhance their image and improve reputational and risk management efforts. It was found that the global banks demonstrated a willingness to embrace the <i>spirit </i> of sustainability past any regulatory requirements, but found their efforts were still in the process of integration within their many business units. It was also found that there is a need for one globally accepted reporting mechanism for sustainability performance. At present, there appear to be many competing requirements for reporting on sustainability efforts, which are beginning to tax internal departments of global banks in an effort to meet the information needs of all their stakeholders.</p><p> Using thematic analysis, five key contributions resulted: The first contribution is an understanding of the <i>key components</i> of mid-sized U.S. banks and global bank sustainability programs. The second contribution is identification of the <i>motivators</i> for mid-sized U.S. banks and global banks to establish a sustainability program. Third, a set of criteria was identified to help determine the success of a bank’s sustainability program that can be used by mid-sized U.S. banks and global banks <i> (criteria for success).</i> The fourth contribution is the presenting of the <i>current state of sustainability programs</i> for the set of banks used in the study. The fifth contribution is a set of <i>guiding elements and impact benefits</i> that can be used by any size bank executives to improve business results through implementation of a sustainability initiative. </p>
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Metzger, Ruth Elizabeth. "Substandard Rental Housing in the Promise Zone of a Mid-Sized U.S. City." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/5103.
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A persistent gap exists between established federal, state, and local standards for housing habitability and the condition of rental housing. The condition persists despite local code enforcement mechanisms, leaving significant potential to improve housing. Such housing can have adverse impacts on people's physical and mental health, economic stability, education, crime, community development, and municipal budgets. The purpose of this case study was to identify factors that create and perpetuate the problem, make it difficult to resolve, and to identify policy actions with the potential to help mitigate it. Rational choice theory and public choice theory formed the framework to analyze motivations and behaviors of policy makers, policy enforcers, policy influencers, and renters who are affected by policy. Data were collected through 23 semi-structured interviews with city officials, property owners, local housing advocates, low-income renters, investigative reporters, and legal aid attorneys. Interview data were open coded and subjected to a thematic analysis. Themes emerging from the study include lack of accountability for owners and renters, barriers to adequate local code enforcement, financial and investment practices that place properties into the hands of owners who fail to maintain them, historical influences related to construction practices and changing ownership patterns, broader costs to families and the community, and external influences related to economic and demographic trends. The positive social change implications stemming from this study include recommendations for policy makers to address factors that create and perpetuate this type of housing, strengthen code enforcement, and ensure habitable housing for all citizens regardless of their income.
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Sarmecanic, James. "Physical and chemical properties of cometary dust derived from modeling of mid-infrared imaging observations /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC IP addresses, 1997. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p9820872.
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Bowles, Julie Ann. "Paleointensity of Earth's magnetic field, with applications to the study of mid-ocean ridge accretionary processes." Diss., Connected to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3179291.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2005.<br>Title from first page of PDF file (viewed March 1, 2006). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Miller, David C. "Examining the Current U.S. Beef Trade Policies Concerning the Testing for Mad Cow Disease." Scholar Commons, 2004. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/771.
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Despite existing mad cow disease surveillance efforts in the United States, in place since the 1980s, a cow that tested positive for mad cow disease was granted entrance into the U.S. in December, 2003. The cow that tested positive, according to witnesses, displayed no symptoms that are synonymous with advanced bovine spongiform encephalopathy, BSE. This occurrence had detrimental effects on the U.S. beef export market, as many countries banned American beef. Estimates of the damage inflicted reach into the billions of dollars. BSE in the U.S. has the potential of causing damages in other aspects as well. Aside from the fact that BSE is a public health issue, it has caused political rifts between nations, particularly between Canada and the U.S. It can undermine confidence in the USDA and confidence in the governments ability to handle emergencies. BSE can imperil American good that contain beef or beef products. Finally, it can undermine trust in scientists to provide useful guidance. The subtle changes in U.S. BSE surveillance efforts in the 1980’s were greatly surpassed by the changes that were made when a BSE-positive cow was discovered in Washington State in 2003. However, there remains room for much needed improvement in U.S. BSE surveillance efforts. These changes include: increased testing to include all cows slaughtered in the U.S. and all imported beef products, a nationwide animal tracking program, increased proficiency in training of inspectors, and the implementation of strict rules governing the ingredients of animal feed. The implementation of regulations based on economics instead of public health concerns has the potential to leave loopholes in regulations that the BSE agent might exploit. By enacting the recommendations made in this thesis, the U.S. will greatly increased its' odds of stopping the entrance and proliferation of BSE within its’ borders.
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Babcock, Jeffrey Matthew. "Magma chamber structure and Moho reflections along the East Pacific Rise /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 1997. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p9737307.
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Andersson, Elias. "Dokumentation av en trafikolycka med handhållen laserskanning och UAS-fotogrammetri : En utvärdering av punktmolnens lägesosäkerhet och visuella kvalitet." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Samhällsbyggnad, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-36472.
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I samband med en trafikolycka är det ofta viktigt att återställa platsen till det normala så snabbt som möjligt. Emellanåt måste olycksplatsen dokumenteras för att orsaken till olyckan ska kunna utredas i ett senare skede. Traditionellt har detta arbete utförts genom att fotografera platsen och mäta olika avstånd. På senare tid har även terrester laserskanning kommit att bli ett tillförlitligt alternativ. Med det sagt är det tänkbart att även fotogrammetri och andra typer av laserskanning skulle kunna användas för att uppnå liknande resultat. Syftet med denna studie är att utforska hur handhållen laserskanning och UAS-fotogrammetri kan användas för att dokumentera en trafikolycka. Detta uppnås genom att utvärdera punktmolnens lägesosäkerhet och visuella kvalitet. Vidare utforskas fördelar och nackdelar med respektive metod, bland annat sett till tidsåtgång och kostnader, för att slutligen komma fram till vilken metod som lämpar sig bäst för att dokumentera en trafikolycka. En trafikolycka med två inblandade bilar iscensattes och laserskannades till en början med den handhållna laserskannern Leica BLK2GO. Därefter samlades bilder in med den obemannade flygfarkosten Leica Aibot följt av att ett referenspunktmoln skapades med den terrestra laserskannern Leica C10. Genom att jämföra koordinater för kontrollpunkter i referenspunktmolnet med koordinaterna för motsvarande kontrollpunkter i de två andra punktmolnen kunde deras lägesosäkerheter bestämmas. Studiens resultat visar att både punktmolnet som framställdes med handhållen laserskanning och UAS-fotogrammetri har en lägesosäkerhet (standardosäkerhet) i 3D på 0,019 m. Båda metoderna är tillämpliga för att dokumentera en trafikolycka, men jämfört med terrester laserskanning är punktmolnen dock bristfälliga på olika sätt. BLK2GO producerar ett förhållandevis mörkt punktmoln och mörka objekt avbildas sämre än ljusare föremål. I punktmolnet som framställdes med Leica Aibot förekom påtagliga håligheter i bilarnas karosser. Handhållen laserskanning är en tidseffektiv metod medan UAS-fotogrammetri kan utföras till en lägre kostnad. Sammanfattningsvis går det inte att dra någon entydig slutsats om vilken metod som lämpar sig bäst för att dokumentera en trafikolycka. Valet beror på vilka omständigheter som råder på olycksplatsen.<br>In the event of a traffic accident, it is often important to restore the site to its normal condition as fast as possible. Occasionally, the accident scene must be documented so that the cause of the accident can be investigated at a later stage. Traditionally, this work has been performed by taking pictures of the site and measuring different distances. Lately, terrestrial laser scanning has also become a reliable alternative. With that said, it is possible that photogrammetry and other types of laser scanning also could be utilized to achieve similar results. The aim of this study is to investigate how handheld laser scanning and UAS photogrammetry can be used to document a traffic accident. This is achieved by examining the positional uncertainty and visual quality of the point clouds. Moreover, the advantages and disadvantages of each method are explored, for instance in terms of time consumption and costs, in order to finally come to a conclusion of which method is best suited for documenting a traffic accident. A traffic accident with two involved cars was staged and initially laser scanned with the handheld laser scanner Leica BLK2GO. Thereafter, pictures were collected with the unmanned aerial vehicle Leica Aibot followed by the creation of a reference point cloud with the terrestrial laser scanner Leica C10. By comparing the coordinates of control points in the reference point cloud with the coordinates of the corresponding control points in the two other point clouds, their positional uncertainty could be determined. The results of the study show that both the point cloud produced by the handheld laser scanner and UAS photogrammetry have a positional uncertainty (standard uncertainty) of 0.019 m. Both methods are applicable for documenting a traffic accident but compared to terrestrial laser scanning, the point clouds are deficient in different ways. BLK2GO produces a relatively dark point cloud and dark objects are reproduced worse than lighter objects. In the point cloud produced by Leica Aibot, there were noticeable cavities in the bodies of the cars. Handheld laser scanning is a time-efficient method while UAS photogrammetry can be performed at a lower cost. In conclusion, it is not possible to arrive at an unambiguous conclusion with regards to which method that is best suited for documenting a traffic accident. The choice depends on the prevailing circumstances at the accident scene.
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Eskina, Ksenija, and Ali Watoot. "En jämförelsestudie mellan punktmoln framställda med UAS-fotogrammetri och Laserdata NH på ett industriområde i Västsverige." Thesis, Högskolan Väst, Avdelningen för Matematik, Data- och Lantmäteriteknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-15321.
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Framställning av digitala terrängmodell (Digital Terrain Model, DTM) är en viktig del för projekteringsunderlag vid markrelaterade frågor. Grunden för en DTM är punktmolnet som innehåller grunddata från mätningen. DTM är användbara i många olika områden, kvalitén bestäms beroende på vilken uppdrag som DTM gäller för. UAS-fotogrammetri är en av metoder som tillämpas för att framställa en DTM, det går även att framställa en DTM utifrån punktmoln från Laserdata NH. En DTM är en modell av endast markyta, där data samlas genom mätning av ett visst objekt. Syftet med detta examensarbete som är utfört vid Institutionen för ingenjörsvetenskap vid Högskolan Väst var att jämföra två olika metoder för framställning av ett punktmoln som är till underlag för en DTM. Punktmoln som framställs med egna mätningar från UASfotogrammetri och ett färdigt punktmoln från Laserdata NH. Målet med jämförelsen är att undersöka om det går att ersätta UAS-fotogrammetri med den kostnadseffektiva Laserdata NH i projektet för ett industriområde (Lödöse varvet) i Lilla Edets kommun, samt om det går att ersätta den överlag. Med hjälp av Agisoft Metashape programvaran framställdes det punktmolnet från mätning från UAS av modellen DJI Phantom 4 Advanced, sedan jämfördes den mot det färdiga punktmolnet från Laserdata NH i CloudCompare programmet. Resultatet på denna studie visar att det går att ersätta UAS-fotogrammetri mot Laserdata NH i just denna och andra liknande projekt som har samma syfte och viss bestämd noggrannhet då punktmolnen inte avviker signifikant från varandra. Medan det inte går att ersätta de mot varandra överlag, då UAS-fotogrammetri erhåller högre noggrannhet när det gäller framställning av ett punktmoln jämfört med vad Laserdata NH har för noggrannhet på sina mätningar<br>Generation of Digital Terrain Model (DTM) is an essential part in project planning in questions related to spatial planning. Basis for the DTM is the point cloud which obtains initial data from the measurement. DTM can be used in different areas, accepted quality level is depending on the assignment for which DTM is produced. UAS-photogrammetry is one of the methods which is used for DTM generation, but it is possible to produce DTM from point cloud originated from Laserdata NH. A DTM is a model representing entirely terrain surface, where the data used for its generation gathers from measuring of a certain object. The purpose of this study accomplished at Department of Engineering Science at University West was to compare two different methods for point cloud generation as a basis for DTM. First point cloud generated comes from own measurement with UAS-photogrammetry and second is a point cloud from acquired Laserdata NH. The goal of the comparison is to examine if it is possible to replace UAS-photogrammetry with the cost effective Laserdata NH in the project for the industrial area (Lödöse varvet) in Lilla Edet municipality, and if it is possible to replace it generally. With help of Agisoft Metashape software the point cloud from UAS-measurement with DJI Phantom 4 Advanced was generated and then compared to Laserdata NH point cloud in CloudCompare program. Result of this study is showing that it is possible to replace UAS-photogrammetry with Laserdata NH in this specific and others similar projects which have same purpose and certain decided precision since point clouds are not significantly deviating from each other. While it is not possible to replace them generally, as UAS-photogrammetry obtains higher precision concerning point cloud generation compared to accuracy that Laserdata NH has in its measurements.
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Larsson, Johan, and Marcus Stark. "Utvärdering av lägesosäkerheter i ortofoton framtagna med hjälp av DJI Phantom 4 RTK." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Samhällsbyggnad, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-29914.
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Flygfotografering med Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) är i jämförelse med traditionell fotogrammetri effektivare, billigare och säkrare vilket har medfört att denna teknik föredras av många aktörer. Ett tidskrävande arbete som varit svårt att kringgå är att etablera flygsignaler på marken som används för att georeferera och kontrollera flygbilderna med. Under 2018 presenterade UAS-tillverkaren DJI sin nya quadcopter med integrerad Real-Time Kinematic (RTK)-modul. I samband med detta kan kontinuerliga och noggranna positioner levereras via Nätverks-RTK (NRTK) och behovet av markstödpunkter reduceras. I denna studie undersöktes lägesosäkerheterna i plan för ortofoton som framställdes med hjälp av en DJI Phantom 4 RTK där flygbilderna georefererades med begränsat antal eller utan markstödpunkter. Lägesosäkerheterna beräknades och kontrollerades enligt Handbok i mät- och kartfrågor (HMK) – Ortofoto, vilket är ett stöddokument inom ämnet. Vid framställning av ett ortofoto krävs även en digital terrängmodell (DTM) eller en digital ytmodell (Digital Surface Model, DSM) och kvaliteten av denna har stor inverkan på ortofotots kvalitet. I denna studie kontrollerades och utvärderades därför en del av den DSM som användes vid ortofotoframställning för respektive uppsättning enligt den tekniska specifikationen SIS-TS 21144:2016. Resultatet från studien visar att ett ortofoto går att framställas utan markstödpunkter och samtidigt klara kraven på specificerad lägesosäkerhet enligt HMK-standardnivå 3. Den sammanlagda lägesosäkerheten beräknades till 0,029 m vilket är 5 mm högre i jämförelse med ett ortofoto som baserats på traditionell georefereringsmetod, dvs. med markstödpunkter. Kravet på kvalitet i höjddata uppfylldes också för ortofotoframställning trots att en systematisk effekt i höjd uppkom. Denna effekt påverkade inte ortofotots koordinater i plan då standardosäkerheterna i höjd var låga. Resultatet visade att om två markstödpunkter adderades i vardera änden av området, kunde de systematiska effekterna i höjd minimeras och det var då möjligt att skapa en DSM som uppfyller kraven för detaljprojektering (noggrannhetsklass 1–3) enligt SIS-TS 21144:2016.<br>Aerial photography with UAS is in comparison with traditional photogrammetry more efficient, cheaper and safer which has led to this technology being preferred by many performers. A time-consuming job that has been difficult to avoid is to establish signals at the ground that are used for georeferencing and evaluate the results. In 2018, the UAS manufacturer DJI presented its new quadcopter with integrated Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) module. This allows continuous and accurate positions delivered via Network RTK (NRTK) and the need of ground control points can be reduced. In this study, investigations of the position uncertainties in orthophotos produced using a DJI Phantom 4 RTK carried out where the aerial images were georeferenced with limited numbers or without ground control points. The position uncertainties were calculated and controlled according to the Swedish HMK – Ortofoto (Orthophoto) which is a document within the subject. When producing an orthophoto, a digital terrain model (DTM) or a digital surface model (DSM) is also required and the quality of this has a great impact on the result. Therefore, a part of the DSM used for orthophoto production for each set was checked and evaluated according to the Swedish technical specification, SIS-TS 21144:2016. The result of the study shows that an orthophoto can be produced without ground control points and at the same time meet the requirements for specified position uncertainty according to HMK standard level 3. The total position uncertainty was calculated to be 0,029 m, which is 5 mm higher compared to the orthophoto based on the traditional georeferencing method, i.e. with ground control points. The requirement for quality in height data was also met for orthophoto production even though a systematic effect in height occurred. This effect did not affect the plane coordinates in the orthophoto because of the low standard uncertainties in height. The result showed that if two ground control points were added at each end of the area, the systematic effects were minimized, and it was possible to produce a DSM that fulfils the requirements for accuracy class 1-3 according to SIS-TS 21144:2016.
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Bergvall, Jacob, and Henrik Johansson. "För- och nackdelar med varuförsörjning via lokala mikroterminaler : En studie av köpcentrum i Linköping och Norrköping." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Logistik- och kvalitetsutveckling, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-121788.
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I takt med att världens städer blir allt mer tätbefolkade ökar behovet av varor i städerna. Varutransporter inom tätbebyggda områden för med sig många problem, så som luftföroreningar, buller och trängsel, men är vitala för städernas överlevnad. En av åtgärderna som föreslås i litteraturen för att minska dessa problem kallas lokal mikroterminal (LMT), som är en logistisk anläggning i utkanten av ett tätbebyggt område där varor konsolideras innan de levereras till mottagare inom det tätbebyggda området. Lokala mikroter- minaler har stor potential till att minska den miljöpåverkan som varutrans- porter i tätbebyggda områden för med sig, men de är ändå sällsynta. Studiens syfte var att ”identifiera potentiella för- och nackdelar, ur ett ekonomiskt, ekologiskt och socialt perspektiv, med att styra varuflödet till köp- centrum i Linköping och Norrköping via lokala mikroterminaler”. Efter lit- teratursökningen stod det klart att ur de ekologiska och sociala hållbarhets- dimensionerna hade flera fördelar med LMT:er identifierats och uppmätts. Fördelarna i dessa två dimensioner uppnås genom att varutransporten utförs effektivare om en lokal mikroterminal används. Eftersom LMT:n även har en driftskostnad så har många LMT:er dock lagts ner på grund av att de blev för dyra. Studien fokuserades därför på det ekonomiska perspektivet. Ifall fler möjliga ekonomiska fördelar med LMT:er identifierades skulle det öka sannolikheten att fler lönsamma LMT:er kan införas. Valet av aktörsperspektiv preciserades ytterligare genom att studien fo- kuserades på butiker och hur de påverkas av ett införande av en LMT. Den mest centrala utgångspunkten var hur personalens butikslogistiska (Kotzab & Teller, 2005) arbetsuppgifter påverkade deras möjlighet att erbjuda så bra service som möjligt och ifall en LMT kan motverka eventuella butikslogis- tiska problem hos butikerna. De butikslogistiska aktiviteter som undersök- tes var leveransmottagning, uppackning, prismärkning, larmning samt skräp- hantering/återvinning. Dessutom undersöktes butikernas behov av ett större lagringsutrymme. Studiens frågeställningar besvarades med hjälp av 51 semi- strukturerade intervjuer hos butiker i köpcentrum i Linköping och Norrkö- ping, samt till en viss del med hjälp av litteraturen. Den största potentialen till ekonomiska fördelar för butikerna identifiera- des som möjligheten till att få alla leveranser tidigt under dagen och möjlig- heten till att kunna utnyttja LMT:n som en lagringspunkt. 75 % av butikerna angav antingen butikslogistiska aktiviteter eller lagring som ett problem och därmed bör en stor andel av butikerna ha någon form av intresse för vad en LMT kan erbjuda. För att uppnå dessa ekonomiska fördelar är det därför viktigt att en LMT kan erbjuda ett stort antal tilläggstjänster.
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Han, Choong Hee. "Media use and community integration of international students : a study of a mid-size U.S. university." Virtual Press, 2005. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1318614.
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The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of international students' media use and their community integration in their current host society. After starting from the community integration theory, this study broadened its research perspective to internationalstudents' media use, acculturation, uses and gratifications, English anxiety, and the Internet as an informative media. On the basis of previous study results, use of American originated media was expected to have a positiverelationship with community integration, while, to the contrary, home country-originated media was expected to have a negative relationship with community integration.Data was collected with an online survey. A total of 117 international students who were registered for the Ball State University summer semester in 2005 participated in the survey.Correlation and t-tests largely supported the hypothesis, revealing a strong correlation between the university newspaper and community integration. Home country-originated media showed a number of negative correlations to community integration. In addition, data analysis found that different levels of community integration were associated with each other, indicating that community integration on a certain community level can be extended to other levels of community integration. The Internet was found to be a negative factor in community integration. Theoretical and methodological implications of the findings were discussed for future research.<br>Department of Journalism
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Borchert, Nick. "Nameless wonders and dumb despair: rhetorics of silence in mid-nineteenth-century U.S. poetry and culture." Diss., University of Iowa, 2017. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/5720.
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Taking a cue from the occasional reticence of the often-exuberant American Romantic poetics, this project tracks what I call “rhetorics of silence” in verse: those moments where words are declared to be inadequate, impertinent, unavailable, unintelligible or otherwise unsuitable for a task that the poet has proposed. In this respect, the term “silence” functions here as a broad metaphor encompassing a number of meta-linguistic or meta-poetic gestures aimed at highlighting the shortcomings of knowledge and representation.
Whereas earlier critics have noticed these silences in haphazard ways, this project looks toward a systematic account of why and when nineteenth-century poets rely on gestures to the space beyond language. This intervention is especially useful for reading the seminal American poets Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson. Because Whitman seems celebratory and Dickinson doleful, it has often been difficult to offer productive readings of the two in tandem. Where Whitman does resemble Dickinson, it is often thought to be in his poems that abandon or despair of his project for a democratic poetics. By contrast, working through the lyric and political verse of the lesser-known poetry of John Rollin Ridge, this project reads visionary and despairing silences as alike rhetorical gestures aimed at highlighting the common humanity of the poet and the reader. “Silence” is therefore an outgrowth of American ideology, albeit one that frequently allows poets to expand and query that ideology in ways that are not possible in the many corresponding but often blither deployments of rhetorical silence in the culture at large.
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Schwartz, Rachel E. "Oxidized organic functional groups in aerosol particles from forest emissions measured at mid-mountain and high-elevation mountain sites in Whistler, BC." Diss., [La Jolla] : University of California, San Diego, 2010. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p1474776.
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Thesis (M.S.)--University of California, San Diego, 2010.<br>Title from first page of PDF file (viewed April 14, 2010). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Includes bibliographical references.
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Devic, Ana. "The forging of socialist nationalism and its alternatives : social and political context and intellectual criticism in Yugoslavia between the mid-1960s and 1992 /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC IP addresses, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p9975880.
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CRUDELE, FRANCESCA. "Transcriptomics and cancer: beyond messenger RNA." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Ferrara, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/11392/2490101.
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Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) can contribute to the alteration of biological functions in normal cells, leading to progression and malignant phenotype in cancer. Among them, microRNAs and Transcribed-ultraconserved regions (T-UCRs), a novel class of long non coding RNAs transcribed from ultraconserved regions (UCRs), can both act as key regulators of cancer gene expression. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been generally considered as members of the non-coding RNA family. In the last decade, an increasing number of studies focused on the evaluation of the coding potential of circRNAs. The role of ncRNAs and circRNAs in human cancer and the molecular mechanisms in which they are involved are under scrutiny. We decided to explore the cobweb of non-coding RNAs in human cancer by using in silico and in vitro approaches. In particular we focused our attention on the following themes: i) the coding potential of cancer circRNAs (evaluated in terms of novel primary structure and/or domain composition) and their differential expression in a pan-cancer dataset ii) the role of a set of T-UCRs, mutually exclusive with miR-221 expression, in the cell cycle circuitry of breast cancer cell lines; iii) the molecular network composed by non-coding RNA and their targets in breast cancer; iv) the molecular network of miRNA and their targets in the drug-resistance of colon carcinoma. These studies contribute to clarify the influence of non-coding regulators and circRNAs on various human cancer processes and might also offer hints to guide clinical applications.<br>Gli RNA non codificanti (ncRNA) possono contribuire all’alterazione delle funzioni biologiche in cellule normali, favorendo la progressione del fenotipo tumorale. Tra questi, microRNA e regioni ultra-conservate trascritte (T-UCRs), una nuova classe di long non coding RNAs, possono entrambi agire da regolatori dell’espressione dei geni coinvolti nella carcinogenesi. Per lungo tempo gli RNA circolari (circRNA) sono stati considerati membri della famiglia degli RNA non codificanti. Nell’ultimo decennio, diversi studi si sono focalizzati sulla valutazione del potenziale codificante dei circRNA. Il ruolo dei ncRNA e circRNA nei diversi tumori dell’uomo e i meccanismi molecolari in cui essi sono coinvolti sono ancora oggetto di discussione. Abbiamo investigato sulla rete di ncRNA nel cancro dell’uomo attraverso un approccio in silico e in vitro. In particolare sono stati approfonditi i seguenti temi: i) il potenziale codificante dei circRNA (valutato in termini di novità in struttura primaria e/o composizione in domini) e la loro espressione differenziale in un dataset di pan-cancer; ii) il ruolo di una serie di T-UCRs, espressi in maniera mutualmente esclusiva rispetto al miR-221, nel circuito del ciclo cellulare in linee di cancro al seno; iii) il network molecolare composto da ncRNA e i loro target nel tumore al seno; iv) il network molecolare di miRNA e i loro target nel contesto della resistenza farmacologica nel tumore al colon retto. Questi studi contribuiscono a chiarire l’influenza dei ncRNA e circRNA sui vari processi tumorali nell’uomo e potrebbero anche offrire degli spunti per applicazioni cliniche.
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Opoku, Joseph. "Stink bug-Fusarium interactions and mitigation of associated mycotoxin contamination of corn in the mid-Atlantic, U.S." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/98539.
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Stink bugs, including native brown stink bug (Euschistus servus) and invasive brown marmorated stink bug (Halyomorpha halys), cause damage to a variety of crops including field corn (Zea mays). Frequency and size of stink bug infestations have increased in corn fields in the Mid-Atlantic U.S., and there are growing concerns that these infestations may contribute to reductions in grain quality including increased mycotoxin concentrations. Prior research on native and invasive stink bugs has focused on understanding their biology, the damage they cause, and elucidating effective and economic management strategies. However, few studies examined the potential for stink bugs to facilitate fungal infection and mycotoxin contamination of corn grain. Thus, the objectives of this research were to: 1) assess the relationship between invasive brown marmorated stink bug (H. halys) feeding injuries and fumonisin contamination of field corn in the Mid-Atlantic U.S., 2) determine if stink bugs are a vector for mycotoxigenic Fusarium spp. in corn, and 3) evaluate the efficacy of pesticides for mitigating stink bug feeding injury and associated mycotoxin contamination in field corn. A correlation between H. halys feeding injury and fumonisin concentrations was identified, and the ability of H. halys to increase F. verticillioides infection and fumonisin concentrations in corn was demonstrated in field experiments. Fusarium species including fumonisin-producing F. verticillioides and F. proliferatum were isolated from field-collected stink bugs, and in laboratory experiments, E. servus was able to transmit F. verticillioides to non-infected corn ears after feeding on F. verticillioides-infected corn. In field studies, both fungicide and insecticide reduced stink bug-associated mycotoxin concentrations in corn, but levels of control were inconsistent. Thus, additional tactics that target both the stink bug and Fusarium should be implemented to mitigate risks of mycotoxin contamination in corn.<br>Doctor of Philosophy<br>Native and invasive stink bugs can severely damage crops including field corn. Frequency and size of stink bug infestations in Mid-Atlantic U.S. corn fields have increased, and there is growing concern that this may contribute to reductions in grain quality. Insect feeding injury is a risk factor for fungal infection and mycotoxin contamination in corn. Mycotoxins are toxic chemicals produced by certain fungi that have detrimental health effects on animals including livestock and humans. The relationship between stink bug feeding injuries and mycotoxin contamination in corn grain is not well understood, and management strategies to minimize the risk of mycotoxin contamination in corn need to be identified. The main goal of this research was to characterize interactions between stink bugs and mycotoxin-producing fungi and identify tactics for controlling both the insect pest and pathogen. Specific objectives were to: 1) assess the relationship between invasive brown marmorated stink bug (H. halys) feeding injuries and fumonisin contamination of field corn in the Mid-Atlantic U.S., 2) determine if stink bugs are a vector for mycotoxin-producing Fusarium spp. in corn, and 3) evaluate the efficacy of pesticides for mitigating stink bug feeding injury and associated mycotoxin contamination in field corn. Results from this work indicated that stink bugs have the ability to cause feeding injuries which facilitate invasion of mycotoxin-producing Fusarium species, leading to increases in mycotoxin concentrations in corn grain. Studies also demonstrated that stink bugs can vector Fusarium species during feeding and increase Fusarium infection of corn resulting in subsequent mycotoxin contamination. Field studies indicated that pesticide applications targeting both the stink bugs and mycotoxigenic fungi may be needed to minimize risk of mycotoxin contamination in corn. However, under low pest pressure, application of pesticides is unlikely to be profitable.
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Thomas, Domanic. "Perception of the Online Degree by Accounting Hiring Gatekeepers of Mid-Size Firms in the Northwestern U.S." PDXScholar, 2018. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4398.
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The latest research shows over 2.8 million higher education students or one-in-seven are enrolled in fully online programs. In fields such as accounting, students are able to complete their degree, pass a standardized exam, and enter the workforce with little to no work experience. Accounting firm human resources managers are primarily responsible for the recruitment and selection of candidates. Prior studies conducted show that these hiring gatekeepers prefer candidates with earned degrees in a traditional classroom environment when holding constant for all other factors. While many students invest in online degrees as an ideal pathway to employment, career advancement, and increased earnings, the perception of their degree by hiring gatekeepers may limit these aspirations. Existing research is limited in descriptive analysis as to why these perceptions are held and what can be done to change them.
The purpose of this qualitative study was to investigate the perception of the online degree by accounting hiring gatekeepers of mid-size firms in the northwestern U.S. and their recommendations for changes to online programs. Findings support prior research with a disinclination by hiring gatekeepers for candidates with earned online degrees and identified several reasons including a diminished view of interpersonal skills, ability to work as part of a team, faculty interaction and professional mentorship, and negative institutional perceptions. Additionally, gatekeepers recommended changes to online programs that included a focus on technical skills, soft skills, required internships, increasing in-person or hybrid structures, and revising institutional marketing strategies.
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Abdulrazzaq, Mohammed. "Amerikansk samtida krigföring : En kvalitativ studie om amerikansk samtida krigföring med utgångspunkt i New Generation Warfare." Thesis, Försvarshögskolan, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-9335.
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The wars in the Middle East (Afghanistan and Iraq) in which the United States has been involved are widely debated and often seen as asymmetrically full-scale wars. What is characteristic of these conflicts are that there is no research to map these conflicts regarding the US application of hybrid warfare. The purpose of this study is to gain an understanding of US contemporary warfare by consuming the modern theory of New Generation Warfare (NGW) on the conflicts in Afghanistan in 2001 and Iraq in 2003. The ambition is, therefore, to consuming the existing theoretical starting point to analyse existing research in the field to contribute to the war science research. The conclusions drawn from this study are that US contemporary warfare is moving in the same direction as Russia. It has shown that US contemporary warfare is a precursor to Russian contemporary warfare, which is characterized by military interventions with special operations forces and fewer conventional forces with great emphasis on psychological and information operations. Based on the analysis of the Middle East conflicts in which the United States has been involved.
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Acharya, Bhupendra. "Characterization and management of major fungal diseases and mycotoxin contamination of grain sorghum in the mid-Atlantic U.S." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/100996.
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Industry demand for local sources of grain for animal feed has increased sorghum production in the mid-Atlantic region of the U.S. Sorghum anthracnose (causal agent Colletotrichum sublineola) and the grain mold complex, which includes mycotoxin-producing Fusarium spp., limit the yield and quality of grain sorghum in humid climates worldwide. A majority of U.S. grain sorghum production is in arid regions, and management strategies have not been developed for the mid-Atlantic U.S. where warm, wet conditions favor disease. The specific objectives of this research were to: (1) determine the effectiveness of fungicides and their application timing for the management of sorghum foliar anthracnose, (2) compare five grain sorghum hybrids for their susceptibility to foliar anthracnose, grain mold and mycotoxin contamination under field conditions, (3) integrate host resistance and fungicide application to manage anthracnose and grain mold, and (4) identify Fusarium spp. associated with grain mold and mycotoxin contamination of sorghum in the mid-Atlantic U.S. For Objective 1, it was determined that a single application of pyraclostrobin-containing fungicide no later than flowering reduced anthrancose, protected yield and maximized farm income. Objective 2 focused on sorghum hybrid selection as a disease management tactic, and it was determined that hybrids with high yield potential and moderate disease resistance should be selected for mid-Atlantic sorghum production in order to maximize grain yield and quality while minimizing the need for fungicide inputs. Objective 3 focused on integrated management and demonstrated that under moderate disease pressure, a high-yielding susceptible hybrid required a single application of pyraclostrobin-based fungicide to minimize fungal diseases and maintain acceptable yields, whereas under high disease pressure it was necessary to integrate hybrid resistance and judicous applications of fungicides. The aim of Objective 4 was to characterize potential causal agents of mycotoxin contamination in mid-Atlantic sorghum, and thirteen phylogenetically distinct Fusarium species (F. lacertarum, F. graminearum. F. armeniacum, F. proliferatum, F. fujikuroi, F. verticillioides, F. thapsinum and several in Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti species complex) were found to be associated with grain mold and fumonisin and/or deoxynivalenol contamination of sorghum grain. This work has provided insights into the impacts of fungal diseases on grain sorghum yield and quality in the mid-Atlantic and has aided in development of best management practices for the region.<br>Doctor of Philosophy
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Pryor, Olivia D. "Race Talk in Neoliberal Higher Ed: “Diversity” Curriculum at a Large Urban University in the U.S. Mid-Atlantic." VCU Scholars Compass, 2016. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/4651.
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The contemporary United States is at a crossroads with race: some believe achieving political equality rests in the ability to wilfully ignore race, while others assess colorblindness is a racial frame that only serves to prolong and irritate inequalities. Higher ed institutions have become involved in this conversation due to critiques of higher ed devaluing racial minorities both in the curriculum and in hiring practices. As a response, higher ed has promised to restructure their institution with diversity and PoC in mind. This research study seeks to understand if higher ed has maintained this promise. Twelve participants were qualitatively interviewed to assess their satisfaction with higher ed and the curriculum as it pertains to race. It was found that students were generally heavily critical of their education, particularly in the “diversity” claims made by the school. Their narratives additionally highlight the importance of sociological spaces within a neoliberal university.
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MERONI, ROBERTO. "La valutazione degli equivalenti motori nello studio del movimento in soggetti lombalgici." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/54333.
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INTRODUZIONE: il controllo motorio è un’area delle scienze naturali che esplora come il sistema nervoso interagisce con altre componenti del corpo e dell’ambiente al fine di produrre movimenti volontari ed azioni coordinate. Recentemente alcuni ricercatori hanno focalizzato il loro interesse sul “controllo motorio” in soggetti affetti da dolore cronico lombare; l’efficacia di trattamenti fondati sui principi del controllo motorio è stata paragonata all’efficacia di trattamenti che prevedono l’utilizzo di esercizi generici o altre tecniche di trattamento, i risultati ottenuti sono controversi. Per quanto di nostra conoscenza gli autori che hanno affrontato questo tema non hanno preso in considerazione uno degli aspetti del controllo motorio: la ridondanza motoria.
La ridondanza motoria, come definito da Nikolai Bernstein, costituisce un problema di eliminazione dei gradi di libertà ridondanti. In passato questo problema è stato affrontato attraverso l’utilizzo di metodi di ottimizzazione basati su una varietà di funzioni. Recenti scoperte suggeriscono che il problema sia stato formulato in modo errato. Un’interpretazione alternativa è costituita dal principio di abbondanza motoria, questo principio considera i gradi di libertà “apparentemente ridondanti” come utili, anzi vitali per molti aspetti del comportamento motorio. Negli ultimi 10 anni sono emerse numerose pubblicazioni a supporto di questa interpretazione basata su principi come il controllo sinergico, l’ipotesi del manifold non controllato e l’ipotesi del punto di equilibrio (configurazione referente). In particolare, la presenza di grandi quantità di “good variance” (variabilità nello spazio degli elementi che non influenza il livello di performance generale) è stata documentata in varie azioni comunemente svolte. La “good variance” aiuta il sistema motorio ad adattarsi in presenza di perturbazioni non attese o nella gestione di un compito secondario. La quantità di “good variance” presenta una modulazione adattiva in varie condizioni. Recentemente Latash ha affermato “there is no problem of motor redundancy; there is bliss of motor abundance”. L’osservazione clinica suggerisce che nei pazienti affetti da dolore lombare cronico possa esistera una riduzione della ridondanza motoria, la capacità di adattamento in presenza di perturbazioni o compiti secondari sembra non ottimale e stereotipata.
SCOPO: valutare gli equivalenti motori e l’abbondanza motoria in soggetti con e senza dolore cronico lombare.
MATERIALI E METODI: la valutazione dei soggetti è stata effettuata tramite un sistema di analisi del movimento. Il compito motorio analizzato consiste nel raggiungere e sollevare una piccolo scatola dodata di maniglie. Varie strategie di flessione anteriore sono stata valutate. I soggetti hanno eseguito il compito in base al pattern per loro più congeniale, successivamente è stata introdotta una perturbazione: un constraint realizzato attraverso un cerotto non elastico a livello del rachide lombare. Il cerotto limita parzialmente la possibilità di movimento in flessione lombare, richiedendo quindi un adattamento delle strategie motorie sfruttando i gradi di libertà disponibili. Modificazioni nel pattern motorio (movimento dei segmenti, posizioni articolari, velocità) sono state monitorate e quantificate.
RILEVANZA: I risultati in questo campo del controllo motorio possono essere utili per la classificazione dei pazienti in base a specifiche problematiche legate al controllo motorio e per lo studio di possibili strategie riabilitative.
ULTERIORI SVILUPPI: valutare in che modo differenti strategie riabilitative possano modificare gli equivalenti motori.<br>Introduzione: L’importanza del controllo motorio e dei pattern di movimento corretti nei pazienti affetti da dolore muscolo-scheletrico sono considerati da alcuni autori un elemento chiave per la valutazione ed il trattamento delle sindromi da dolore muscolo-scheletrico. In questo contesto si inserisce l’interesse dello studio degli equivalenti motori, ovvero la capacità del Sistema Nervoso Centrale di generare azioni motorie attraverso il sistema muscolo-scheletrico, mantenendo un parametro correlato all’andamento del task (compito) nonostante le variazioni di valori degli elementi motori sottostanti. Nei soggetti con dolore lombare non è mai stato studiato il fenomeno degli equivalenti motori, anche se diversi studi sono stati pubblicati rispetto il controllo motorio e l’esecuzione di esercizi terapeutici volti a migliorare il pattern di attivazione motoria.
Scopo: Analizzare il pattern motorio e gli equivalenti motori in soggetti affetti da LBP e in soggetti di controllo attraverso tecniche di analisi del movimento.
Materiali e metodi: 11 soggetti di cui 4 affetti da dolore lombare cronico (LBP) sono stati valutati attraverso un sistema di analisi del movimento. Il compito analizzato consisteva nel raggiungere una scatola attraverso un movimento di flessione anteriore. Il movimento è stato effettuato con diverse modalità di esecuzione. La co-varianza articolare è stata valutata attraverso il metodo UCM. Per quanto riguarda l’analisi UCM sono state considerate due ipotesi relative alla stabilizzazione del tronco ed alla stabilizzazione dei movimenti del COM.
Risultati: I soggetti del gruppo LBP hanno evidenziato un maggior contributo al movimento in flessione lombare durante il movimento libero e sono emerse differenze nelle diverse modalità di esecuzione proposte. L’analisi UCM ha messo in evidenza differenze tra i due gruppi rispetto alla stabilizzazione del COM.
Conclusioni: È stato possibile applicare le tecniche proposte per lo studio del controllo motorio. Per quanto conosciuto dall’autore, questo è il primo esempio di applicazione del metodo UCM in soggetti affetti da LBP. Sono emerse delle differenze tra i due gruppi valutati. In particolare, per quanto concerne l’analisi UCM, non sembra essere supportata la prima ipotesi relativa alla stabilizzazione del tronco, sembra invece supportata l’ipotesi relativa alla stabilizzazione dello spostamento del COM.
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Morgan, Jerry R. "A study of promotion and attrition of mid-grade officers in the U.S. Marine Corps : are assignments a key factor? /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2005. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/05Mar%5FMorgan%5FJerry.pdf.
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Perry, Tracy A. "An analysis of primary military occupational specialties on retention and promotion of mid-grade officers in the U.S. Marine Corps." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2006. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/06Mar%5FPerry.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S. in Management)--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2006.<br>Thesis Advisor(s): Samuel E. Buttrey, Kathryn M. Kocher. "March 2006." Includes bibliographical references (p. 181-182). Also available online.
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Carlsson, Einhaus Philip, and Benedikt Fuchs. "Barriers to Sustainable UCC-Cooperation and Coopetition in Municipality Goods Distribution in Swedish Mid-Sized Cities : A Cross-Case Analysis." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för ekonomistyrning och logistik (ELO), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-65591.
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Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the barriers for and their impact cooperation and coopetition for sustainable distribution of Municipality goods in three selected cities. Design/Methodology/Approach: This thesis is based on a qualitative approach using a multiple case study as data collection strategy. The population building up three cases consists of ten Swedish mid-sized cities with an urban consolidation center. Of these are the three cities Växjö, Kalmar and Borlänge sampled and both the municipality and two locally active freight forwarders (one RFP-winner and one non-RFP-winner) per city are interviewed. These interviews aimed at identifying barriers to cooperation between municipalities and freight forwarders and barriers to coopetition between private freight forwarders for a sustainable distribution of municipality goods. The secondary data is based upon three literature streams: Sustainability, Distribution in Urban Environments and, Cooperation and Coopetition. Findings: The results indicate that the main barriers to cooperation from a freight forwarder perspective are incorrect or missing data in the RFP, price for municipality goods distribution and prohibition of goods consolidation. The main barrier to cooperation, fossil fuel free trucks, is a potential future barrier. The main barriers to coopetition are higher costs, lack of trust and price. These barriers have mainly an impact on the economical sustainability but can, and in some cases, will have effects on the other TBL-aspects. Research Limitations/Implications: The findings of this thesis provide the municipality with knowledge about barriers from the perspective of the freight forwarders which can aid construction of future RFPs. It also provides both municipality and freight forwarders with knowledge of the potential future barriers which could affect ongoing cooperation. Lastly it provides involved actors with knowledge of barriers hindering a coopetition approach in distribution, enabling the next step of solving the barriers. The value of this thesis is the knowledge of the implications as well as the combination of the three chosen literature streams which have not been researched in this context previously
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Merret, Robert, and Rannar Sillard. "Identifiering av begränsningar med användarcentrerad design : En studie vid ett företag i tidigt skede inom Internet of Things." Thesis, KTH, Maskinkonstruktion (Inst.), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-192527.
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Syfte Syftet med denna uppsats var att identifiera begränsningarna som företag i tidigt skede stöter på vid involvering av användare i produktutvecklingsprocessen. De huvudsakliga begränsningarna för användarcentrerad design samt på vilka sätt dessa kan arbetas runt presenteras och diskuteras. Ett ramverk för effektiva samarbeten med användare presenteras, vilket företag som befinner sig i ett tidigt skede kan följa för att skapa innovativa teknikprodukter. Design/metod Denna studie har till största del genomförts i form av ett flertal praktiska experiment där användare deltagit och bidragit till nya produktkoncept på Shortcut Labs som är en svensk startup. Tillvägagångssättet skedde enligt s.k. ’black box testing’ där ingen klar hypotes användes för varje experiment utan datan från varje steg kom till användning vid planeringen av nästa. Resultat Studien visar att många av begränsningarna för användarcentrerad design som identifierats i tidigare forskning och litteratur gäller även för ett företag i tidigt skede. Därtill tyddliggörs varför ’lead user’-metoden innebär vissa svårigheter för unga tillverkande företag av konsumentprodukter. Ramverket som presenteras som ett resultat av de utförda experimenten är en steg-för-steg guide som ett tillverkande företag i tidigt skede kan följa för att effektivt dra nytta av de olika typer av användare som kan involveras i en produktutvecklingsprocess. Avgränsningar/konsekvenser Tidsramen och omfattningen av studien innebar att det presenterade ramverket endast är framtaget för produktutvecklingsprocessens initiala faser; idégenerering samt konceptutvecklingsfaserna. Den begränsade urvalsgruppen samt mindre mängden av användare kan ha bidragit till snedvridning av insamlad data. Bland utvecklingsmöjligheter för forskning i ämnet föreslås en fortsättning på studien genom produktutvecklingens alla faser inklusive produktlansering. Originalitet/värde Marknaden för IoT-relaterade produkter är fortfarande i sin linda. Studien birdrar till existerande forskning kring användarinvolvering genom att belysa hur detta fungerar för företag i tidiga skeden inom marknaden för sakernas internet. Genomförandet beskrivs ur utvecklingsteamets perspektiv för att se hur man kan skapa innovativa produkter som möter en allt mer krävande användare hårdare marknad.<br>Purpose The purpose of this thesis was to identify what limitations early stage companies face when involving users in a new product development process. The main limitations of a user centered design approach are stated and solutions or modifications to these limitations are suggested and discussed. A framework that incorporates the proposed solutions was produced that suggests an outline for an effective process that early stage companies can follow if they aim to create innovative products for the IoT market. Design/methodology/approach The research was conducted by first hand experimental research involving users to produce a new product concept at Shortcut Labs, an early stage ‘startup’ company. The experimental ‘black box testing’ approach used was necessary as it allowed the authors to perform experimental studies, based on a non-hypothetical question, to determine the motivation for the next stage. Findings The research conducted found that many of the previously identified limitations of a user centered design approach held true in an early stage company. In addition, key sections of the lead user method are not applicable in an early stage consumer product company due to the market area and substantial resource requirements. The framework produced as a result of the experimental approach proposes a step by step guide in which consumer orientated early stage companies can follow to effectively leverage the inputs from multiple types of users when undertaking an NPD project. Research limitations/implications The limited sample size and locality bias of the involved users was a constraint. Furthermore, the timeframe and scope of the thesis meant that this framework is only applicable during the ideation and concept development stages. Further work is required to establish how to effectively involve users through the remaining phases until product launch. Originality/value The IoT market in which this thesis was conducted is rapidly developing and still in its infancy. Little previous work had been conducted in user involvement specifically for early stage companies or this market. The study looks through the lens of a project development team in order to provide insights to better develop innovative products that meet the needs of an ever more demanding user.
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Sowers, Thomas S. "Nanomanagement : superior control and subordinate autonomy in conflict : mid-level officers of the U.S. and British armies in Iraq (2003-2008)." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2011. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/155/.
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On battlefields and within organizations, a fog obscures subordinate activity from superior observation, producing an information asymmetry endemic to most superior-subordinate relationships. A superior’s ability to observe, to peer through this fog, distinguishes different types of organizations, largely determining what tasks an organization may accomplish and how superior control is balanced against subordinate autonomy (James Wilson, 2000). Yet modern technology is lifting this fog, with each day increasing the detail and depth of what superiors may observe. This thesis explores superior control with modern technology, by introducing and assessing a new term, nanomanagement—where superiors use technology to control, in ever-increasing detail, the actions of all of their subordinates. Through interviewing mid-level officers of the U.S. and British armies, who served in Iraq between 2003 and 2008, this qualitative study explores two questions. “Why nanomanagement?” seeks to understand the causes, or what may motivate nanomanagement. “How does nanomanagement influence superior control and subordinate autonomy?” seeks to understand the effects of nanomanagement. This thesis employs five factors—organizational culture, ex ante controls, ex post controls, hierarchical control and exogenous factors—as different theoretical frameworks to understand nanomanagement. Trackers, drones and long screwdrivers, modern variants of police patrols that reduce transaction costs and may reverse information asymmetry, are introduced. This thesis also suggests three terms to describe when nanomanaging superiors take action undermining traditional hierarchical control: shifting (focusing attention on subordinate levels), drifting (acting at subordinate levels), and grifting (cheating the hierarchy by controlling actions at levels beneath their immediate subordinates). These actions signal a new form of hierarchical control by exclusion—ex claudere control. By analyzing a case where much of the fog separating superior from subordinate thinned and lifted, this thesis assesses and updates the long fought battle between superior control and subordinate autonomy.
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Grizzle, Oniffe D. "HOW AFRICAN AMERICAN COLLEGE MEN EXPERIENCED THEIR FIRST YEAR AT A PREDOMINANTLY WHITE, MID-WESTERN, REGIONAL, PUBLIC UNIVERSITY IN THE U.S." OpenSIUC, 2021. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/1938.
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African American men’s graduation rates from institutions of higher education are among the lowest of any demographic group in the United States. I interviewed African American men who shared their narratives on how they lived out their manhood on a mid-western public regional four-year university campus. The purpose of the study was to garner insights from their stories, and to see how the lessons learned from their lived experiences could be applied to improve the first year experience for this segment of the student population. The combination of phenomenological and grounded theory research paradigms helped me to analyze the lived experiences of African American men in an institution of higher education milieu. The main themes that I identified after analyzing the collected data, using critical race theory as a key theoretical lens, were Black Masculinity, Being Seen, Brotherhood, Support Groups, and Ideations of Success. African American men’s complex and multi-dimensional masculinities called for a sense of commitment and responsibility to community, family, and brotherhood. The respondents’ goals of graduating are similar to all other student groups, and they are most likely to thrive in their first year of college if their Black masculinities are centered; they most likely will seek assistance when made to feel valued and seen by institutional and familial support systems. Keywords: Black Masculinity, Progressive masculinities, African American college men, African American men’s first year experience, critical race theory, regional campus, PWI
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Adeyeri, Oluwadamilare S. "Intrinsic Motivation and Human Agency of Faculty Engaged In Service-Learning: A Qualitative Interpretive Study of a U.S. Mid-western Public University." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1336612787.
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Zhou, Tian. "Quantification of Fungicide Resistance in Cercospora sojina Populations and Development of a Fungicide Application Decision Aid for Soybean in the Mid-Atlantic U.S." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/102925.
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Soybean is an important source of protein in animal feed, and growing demand for meat consumption worldwide has led to increased soybean production. Over 120 million metric tons of soybean were harvested in the United States in 2018, approximately one-third of the world production. In the Mid-Atlantic region, soybean is one of the most valuable field crops. Major foliar diseases that reduce soybean yield in the Mid-Atlantic region are frogeye leaf spot (FLS) and Cercospora leaf blight. In addition to crop rotation and host resistance, foliar fungicides, often with quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) active ingredients, are used to manage these soybean foliar diseases. Yield benefits of foliar fungicides have been inconsistent and this may be the result of low disease pressure, unfavorable environmental conditions for disease development, or the presence of fungal pathogen populations that have developed resistance to fungicides. The objectives of this research were 1) to develop a pyrosequencing-based assay to rapidly quantify QoI resistance frequencies in Cercospora sojina, the causal agent of FLS, 2) to examine the effects of fungicide application timings, disease pressure, and environmental factors on soybean yield, and 3) to develop a weather-based soybean foliar fungicide application decision aid for the Mid-Atlantic U.S. using a threshold decision rule. A pyrosequencing assay targeting the G143A mutation was designed, and a Virginia survey of C. sojina populations indicated that the G143A mutation conferring QoI resistance is widespread. In small plot fungicide application timing experiments, five weekly fungicide applications starting at beginning pod (R3) resulted in the greatest yield, but for single fungicide applications, R3 or 1 week after R3 resulted in the greatest yields. There was positive relationship between the cumulative number of disease favorable days (mean daily temperature 20-30°C and ≥ 10 hours of relative humidity >90%) from planting to R3 and disease severity at the full pod stage (r = 0.97, P = <0.01). Higher disease severity was associated with greater yield loss (r2 =0.53, P = 0.10) suggesting foliar fungicide applications are more likely to have yield benefits as the number of disease favorable days prior to R3 increase. A disease favorable-days threshold (FDT) using the environmental parameters indicated above was evaluated in on-farm experiments throughout Virginia, Maryland, and Delaware. Based on decision rules, FDT = 8 three weeks prior to R3 was the best predictor of a yield benefit with an R3 fungicide application. The decision aid was also able to correctly predict when a fungicide application would not be profitable ≥90% of the time. This weather-based decision aid along with monitoring of fungicide resistance development within the region will provide soybean growers in the Mid-Atlantic U.S. with tools to maximize yields and profitability.<br>Doctor of Philosophy
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Pentz, Audrey. "Designing a mobile application interface to support mid-career professionals in creating better financial futures." Master's thesis, Faculty of Science, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32916.
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South Africans borrow more and save less than other nations (Discovery Bank, 2018). One reason is a lack of financial knowledge. If a mobile application could guide individuals to modify their financial habits slightly by spending less and saving more, they could dramatically improve their financial future. When designing visualisation systems such as a mobile application interface, users' qualitative design feedback and quantitative usability evaluation are both important and complementary. The benefit of usability feedback in software development is undisputed. The importance of qualitative design feedback from users however, seems to be controversial in Science. Gathering users' qualitative design feedback, ahead of usability evaluation, can have a substantial impact on downstream development costs. The researcher used design as a tool for thinking (imagining new possibilities) and communicating (sharing ideas). The purpose was to clarify ways in which a mobile application interface could support users in making better financial decisions and creating better financial futures for themselves and consequently for society. A user centred design (UCD) approach was followed, emphasising design before development, with a strong focus on user involvement in all three phases, namely requirements gathering, design and evaluation. A primary client archetype for mid-career professionals was developed, split into two personas, Alan and Zoe, based on personality and self-rated motivational attributes which were used in an unconventional way to inspire two parallel, diverse designs. In early design stages, before an idea is well formed, producing multiple contrasting designs in parallel and qualitative design feedback from users is beneficial to establishing utility (solving the right problem), tapping into users' domain knowledge, improving the quality of the design and reducing fixation on one idea. Once the concept has been socialised and evolved sufficiently with users' input, converging on one final design and testing usability (solving the problem in the right way) become more important. This research offers two refinements of the UCD process guidelines for the benefit of researchers and practitioners.