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1
Taffese, Woubishet Zewdu, and Kassahun Admassu Abegaz. "Artificial Intelligence for Prediction of Physical and Mechanical Properties of Stabilized Soil for Affordable Housing." Applied Sciences 11, no. 16 (2021): 7503. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11167503.
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Soil stabilization is the alteration of physicomechanical properties of soils to meet specific engineering requirements of problematic soils. Laboratory examination of soils is well recognized as appropriate for examining the engineering properties of stabilized soils; however, they are labor-intensive, time-consuming, and expensive. In this work, four artificial intelligence based models (OMC-EM, MDD-EM, UCS-EM+, and UCS-EM−) to predict the optimum moisture content (OMC), maximum dry density (MDD), and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) are developed. Experimental data covering a wide range of stabilized soils were collected from previously published works. The OMC-EM, MDD-EM, and UCS-EM− models employed seven features that describe the proportion and types of stabilized soils, Atterberg limits, and classification groups of soils. The UCS-EM+ model, besides the seven features, employs two more features describing the compaction properties (OMC and MDD). An optimizable ensemble method is used to fit the data. The model evaluation confirms that the developed three models (OMC-EM, MDD-EM, and UCS-EM+) perform reasonably well. The weak performance of UCS-EM− model validates that the features OMC and MDD have substantial significance in predicting the UCS. The performance comparison of all the developed ensemble models with the artificial neural network ones confirmed the prediction superiority of the ensemble models.
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Kartika, S., L. A. Asiyanthi, R. R. Irwan, and A. Hidayat. "Strength Behaviour of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash Treated Sewage Sludge-Soil Mixture." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1117, no. 1 (2022): 012049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1117/1/012049.
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Abstract Laboratory tests were conducted on sugarcane bagasse ash treated sewage sludge-soil mixture with 5%, 10% and 30% bagasse ash to assess its strength behaviour. Unconfined compressive strength (UCS) was performed to observed influence of bagasse ash content (BAC), curing time, water content on value of UCS and axial strain. Soil sample were prepared using standard proctor at 60% of optimum water content. Results recorded value of UCS reached peaked at 20% BAC and then dropped by 46% at 30% BAC. Axial strain increased for every additional BAC. Result shown curing period influence UCS, as curing time longer the value of UCS also rose. Other findings of this study were BAC affected maximum dry density (MDD), 5% BAC and 10% BAC improved MDD but 20% BAC and 30% BAC would reduce value UCS. Finally, it could be concluded 20% BAC was the optimum content to get the optimal UCS improvement of sewage sludge-soil.
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Kormu, Solomon, Alemineh Sorsa, and Shelema Amena. "Correlation of Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) with Compaction Characteristics of Soils in Burayu Town." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2022 (October 25, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1548272.
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The unconfined compressive strength is the most widely used parameter to measure the strength of the subgrade or foundation soil for cohesive soils. Due to its time-consuming and cost-effective nature, most of the time-correlation equations have been used to correlate unconfined compressive strength with compaction parameters and soil index properties. The current study was conducted in Burayu town where fifty soil samples were collected and experimental geotechnical soil tests were carried out based on the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards. The correlation and regression analyses were done using the experimental results obtained for unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and compaction characteristics. The regression analysis resulted in a fair coefficient of correlation of 0.61 and 0.78 for single linear regression of UCS with maximum dry density (MDD) and optimum moisture content (OMC), respectively, while R2 = 0.83 for multiple linear regression analysis of UCS with MDD and OMC. After further emphasis, the equation developed using multiple linear regression (UCS = −3105 + 1625 MDD + 40.9 OMC, R2 = 0.83) which was chosen as a prediction equation. After validation of the established model using control tests, the statistical regression analysis shows that the correlation is 97% accurate in the UCS determination for multiple regression analysis. This implies that the established model could be used to predict the UCS in the study area.
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Phoak, Samnang, Ya-Sheng Luo, Sheng-Nan Li, and Qian Yin. "Influence of Submergence on Stabilization of Loess in Shaanxi Province by Adding Fly Ash." Applied Sciences 9, no. 1 (2018): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9010068.
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In this study, the influence of fly ash (FA) content (0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%) on the alteration in the physical and mechanical parameters of loess is investigated. The influences of curing time (0, 14, and 28 days) and submergence and non-submergence conditions are analyzed as well. Analysis considers the variation in Atterberg limits (liquid limit, plastic limit, and plasticity index), compaction parameters (optimum moisture content (OMC), and maximum dry density (MDD)), unconfined compressive strength (UCS) stress, UCS strain, California bearing ratio (CBR) value, and swell potential. Results show that the application of FA-stabilized loess (FASL) is effective. Specifically, the MDD decreases and the OMC increases, the UCS stress increases and the UCS strain decreases, the CBR value improves and the swell potential declines, but Atterberg limits are insignificantly changed by the increase in the FA ratio compared with those of untreated loess. The UCS stress and CBR value are improved with the increase in curing time, whereas the UCS strain is negligible. FASL under submergence condition plays an important role in improving the effect of FA on the UCS stress and CBR value compared with that under non-submergence condition. The UCS stress and CBR value are more increased and more decreased than the UCS strain in submerged samples. Therefore, the application of FASL in flood areas is important for obtaining sustainable construction materials and ensuring environmental protection.
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Razali, Roslizayati. "Experimental Study on Mechanical Behavior of Laterite Soil Treated with Quicklime." Journal of Mechanical Engineering SI 11, no. 1 (2022): 109–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/jmeche.v11i1.23592.
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The present study examines the effect of lime stabilisation on the mechanical properties of laterite soil. Compaction tests were performed in order to obtain optimum moisture content (OMC) and maximum dry density (MDD) for untreated and lime treated laterite soil. A series of Unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests were carried out on the specimen containing different percentages of lime. In preparing test specimens, laterite soil was initially compacted at their respective OMC and MDD conditions and allowed to cure for 0, 3, 7, 14 and 28 days before being tested. Results for the standard compaction test show an increasing trend for optimum moisture content (OMC), whereas maximum dry density (MDD) decreased as the concentration of lime increased. On the other hand, UCS results indicated that all percentages of lime treated laterite increased in strength with the curing period.
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Liang, Chuanyang, Yuedong Wu, Jian Liu, et al. "Effect of Expanded Polystyrene Particle Size on Engineering Properties of Clayey Soil." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (September 6, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9951915.
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The particle size of expanded polystyrene (EPS) has an effect on engineering properties of EPS-clay blends. However, the effect of differences between EPS particle size groups subdivided within 1–3 mm on engineering properties is usually ignored. In this study, different particle sizes of EPS pellets have been considered to separately investigate the effect on the optimum water content (OWC), maximum dry density (MDD), unconfined compressive strength (UCS), ductility, coefficient of permeability, and compression index of EPS-clay blends. Results show that the MDD, ductility, hydraulic conductivity, and compression index of EPS-clay blends do not increase with the increase in the EPS particle size in the range of 0.3–3 mm, while the OWC and UCS do not decrease. For a given EPS content, among samples with the EPS particle size of 0.3–1 mm, 1-2 mm, and 2-3 mm, the MDD and UCS of EPS-clay blends with 1-2 mm in EPS particle size are the largest, while the OWC, ductility, coefficient of permeability, and compression index are the smallest. Microstructure analyses reveal that, for samples with the EPS particle size of 1-2 mm, the pore volume is lower and the microstructure is denser, which are the main reasons why the EPS particle size can influence engineering properties of EPS-clay blends.
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Ogboin, Amadise S., Nwaobakata Chukwuemeka, and Charles Kennedy. "Efficiency of Costus Lateriflorus Bagasse Fiber and Cement Composite as Soil Stabilizer for Road Pavement." Scholars Journal of Engineering and Technology 10, no. 4 (2022): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.36347/sjet.2022.v10i04.002.
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This study investigated the effect of costus lateriflorus bagasse fiber and cement composites on extensive soil compaction. Laterite and clay samples from Ubeta-Ula-Ubie Road at Ahoada West LGA in Rivers, Nigeria were prepared and analyzed for changes in maximum dry density (MDD), Optimum moisture content (OMC), consistency limits, and California bearing ratio (CBR) and unconfined compressive strength (UCS), maximum dry density (MDD), liquid limit (LL), and plasticity index (PI) of laterite and stabilized clay decreased with increasing proportion of bass fiber composites, while optimum moisture content (OMC), plastic limit (PL), and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) increases with the proportion of bagasse fiber. This study found that proper ratio of bagasse fiber content in soil stabilization will improve soil properties suitable for paving and road construction. Bagasse fiber has a relatively better performance in lateritic soil than in clay with the optimum ratio of cement composition of 0.75% and 7.5%.
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Senagah, Amenjor, and Preetpal Singh. "A Review on Stabilizing Clayey Soil Using Waste Materials." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1327, no. 1 (2024): 012001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1327/1/012001.
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Abstract Infrastructural development on unstable clayey soil has resulted to the damage of buildings and roads, the loss of lives, and financial instability in many projects including both vertical and horizontal structures due to the incapability of clayey soil to withstand certain magnitude of loadings. Furthermore, the deposit of materials that are left-over in open areas has also become an environmental challenge for residents in many communities. This review elaborates on the effect of waste materials—SDA (sawdust ash), FA (fly ash), and RHA (rice hush ash)—on the shearing strength of clayey soil as agents for stabilization. The study covers significant books on stabilizing clayey soil with additives as well as high indexed research articles that were published from 1998 to 2023. The findings show that, mixing the ash of sawdust with natural clay soil at the peak values of four (4) percent to seven point five (7.5) percent carries up the UCS (Unconfined Compressive Strength), the MDD (Maximum Dry Density), the CBR (California Bearing Ratio), and lowers the soil’s swelling, Optimum Water Content or OMC and Liquid Limit (LL). Similarly, the mixture of FA and clay soil at the optimum values ranging from 9 to 25%, raises the clayey soil’s UCS, MDD, and CBR while lowering its swelling potential, OMC, and LL. Additionally, the UCS, MDD and CBR increases, and the swelling, OMC, and LL reduce at the optimum value of added rice hush ash ranging from 10 to 20%. Thus, it is established that the addition of sawdust, fly, and rice hush can enhance clayey soil’s engineering properties.
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Chukwuemeka, Nwaobakata, Amadise S. Ogboin, and Charles Kennedy. "Performance of Costus Lateriflorus Bagasse Ash and Cement as Stabilization Materials for Soil in Road Construction." Saudi Journal of Civil Engineering 6, no. 4 (2022): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/sjce.2022.v06i04.001.
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The study investigated the performance of Costus lateriflorus bagasse ash and cement composite for stabilization of Laterite and clay soils from Ubeta-Ula-Ubie road in Ahoada West LGA of Rivers state, Nigeria. The soil samples were prepared and tested for variations in maximum dry density (MDD), optimum moisture content (OMC), consistency limits, California bearing ratio (CBR) and unconfined compressive strength (UCS), maximum dry density (MDD), liquid limit (LL) and plasticity index (PI) of the stabilized laterite and clay soils decreased with increasing percentage of the bagasse ash composite, while optimum moisture content (OMC), plastic limit (PL) and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) were increased with the proportion of bagasse ash. This study establishes that an appropriate proportion of bagasse ash content in soil stabilization would enhance the properties of soil suitable for pavement and road construction. Comparatively, bagasse ash performed better in Laterite soil than clay soil at optimum proportion of 0.75% and 7.5% cement composition.
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Chukwuemeka, Nwaobakata, Amadise S. Ogboin, and Charles Kennedy. "Performance of Costus Lateriflorus Bagasse Ash and Cement as Stabilization Materials for Soil in Road Construction." Saudi Journal of Civil Engineering 6, no. 4 (2022): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/sjce.2022.v06i04.001.
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The study investigated the performance of Costus lateriflorus bagasse ash and cement composite for stabilization of Laterite and clay soils from Ubeta-Ula-Ubie road in Ahoada West LGA of Rivers state, Nigeria. The soil samples were prepared and tested for variations in maximum dry density (MDD), optimum moisture content (OMC), consistency limits, California bearing ratio (CBR) and unconfined compressive strength (UCS), maximum dry density (MDD), liquid limit (LL) and plasticity index (PI) of the stabilized laterite and clay soils decreased with increasing percentage of the bagasse ash composite, while optimum moisture content (OMC), plastic limit (PL) and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) were increased with the proportion of bagasse ash. This study establishes that an appropriate proportion of bagasse ash content in soil stabilization would enhance the properties of soil suitable for pavement and road construction. Comparatively, bagasse ash performed better in Laterite soil than clay soil at optimum proportion of 0.75% and 7.5% cement composition.
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Taffese, Woubishet Zewdu, and Kassahun Admassu Abegaz. "Prediction of Compaction and Strength Properties of Amended Soil Using Machine Learning." Buildings 12, no. 5 (2022): 613. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12050613.
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In the current work, a systematic approach is exercised to monitor amended soil reliability for a housing development program to holistically understand the targeted material mixture and the building input derived, focusing on the three governing parameters: (i) optimum moisture content (OMC), (ii) maximum dry density (MDD), and (iii) unconfined compressive strength (UCS). It is in essence the selection of machine learning algorithms that could optimally show the true relation of these factors in the best possible way. Thus, among the machine learning approaches, the optimizable ensemble and artificial neural networks were focused on. The data sources were those compiled from wide-ranging literature sources distributed over the five continents and twelve countries of origin. After a rigorous manipulation, synthesis, and results analyses, it was found that the selected algorithms performed well to better approximate OMC and UCS, whereas that of the MDD result falls short of the established threshold of the set limits referring to the MSE statistical performance evaluation metrics.
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Majeed, Zaid H., Hassnen M. Jafer, and Ibtehaj T. Jawad. "Evaluating the Geotechnical Properties of Stabilized Problematic Soil by Utilizing Reed Ash and Lime Mixture." Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences 31, no. 2 (2024): 198–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjes.31.2.19.
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Stabilization of problematic soil poses a significant challenge in civil engineering projects, especially in regions with prevalent soft clay soils. This study was carried out to study the impact of using a blend of reed ash and lime on improving and stabilizing problematic soil. A sample of soil was obtained from a location in the south of Iraq, specifically in Al-Muthanna Governorate. The treatment involved adding different proportions of reed ash (3%, 5%, 7%, and 9.0% of the soil's dry weight) along with 5% lime, which was determined as the optimal percentage based on previous research. Various laboratory tests were conducted to assess the characteristics of the treated soil, including compaction and unconfined compressive strength (UCS). The findings indicated a notable enhancement in UCS and the maximum dry density (MDD). It was observed that UCS and MDD increased with increasing the reed ash and lime mixture proportion, reaching an optimal level. Beyond this percentage, the strength started to decline. It was found that the incorporation of lime and reed ash (5% lime and 7% reed ash) into the treated soil significantly improved its strength, up to about 10 times compared to untreated soil after 28 days of curing. This approach offers additional benefits, such as reducing environmental pollution by decreasing CO2 emissions during phases of production and providing cost savings because of the affordability of the materials used.
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Zevanya, Elita Lovely, Joice Elfrida Waani, and Steeva Gaily Rondonuwu. "Perilaku Mekanikal Tanah Ekspansif yang Distabilisasi Semen-Zeolit." Jurnal Sosial Teknologi 5, no. 2 (2025): 246–58. https://doi.org/10.59188/jurnalsostech.v5i2.31976.
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Daya dukung tanah dasar/subgrade sangat berpengaruh terhadap lapisan perkerasan jalan sebagai pemikul beban lalu lintas diatasnya. Tanah ekspansif adalah tanah yang dapat mengalami perubahan volume ketika kadar airnya berubah dan struktur tanah ekspansif sering menimbulkan permasalahan pada struktur diatasnya yang disebabkan oleh daya dukung yang relatif rendah dan perlu dilakukan stabilisasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menyelidiki perilaku mekanikal tanah dengan penambahan semen dan zeolit sebagai bahan stabilisasi. Tiga variasi material pengikat (10%, 12% dan 14%) dengan dua kandungan semen (5% dan 7%) dan berbagai persentase zeolit (3%, 5%, 7% dan 9%). Data dikumpulkan melalui beberapa pengujian yang dilakukan di laboratorium yaitu CBR, UCS, konsolidasi dan pemeriksaan SEM. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penambahan semen menyebabkan peningkatan OMC dan MDD, sedangkan penambahan kandungan zeolit menyebabkan penurunan OMC dan peningkatan MDD. Pengujian CBR menunjukkan semakin tinggi kadar semen dan zeolit maka hasil juga meningkat baik rendam maupun tanpa rendam. Sedangkan hasil UCS juga meningkat seiring bertambahnya semen dan zeolite serta waktu pemeraman juga berpengaruh terhadap kekuatan tanah, dimana semakin lama waktu pemeraman maka nilai UCS lebih besar. Pada pengujian konsolidasi pada tanah yang mengandung semen-zeolit mengalami penuruna lebih kecil daripada tanah asli. Hasil pemeriksaan foto SEM juga menunjukkan perbedaan antara tanah asli dan tanah yang sudah distabilisasi semen-zeolit lebih rapat disebabkan oleh semen yang mampu mengikat butiran-butiran sehingga kurangnya rongga dalam benda uji.
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Theophilus, Akinbuluma Ayodeji, and Charles Kennedy. "Effectiveness of Costus asplundii maas as Admixture of Lime in Soil Stabilization of Highway Pavement." East African Scholars Multidisciplinary Bulletin 6, no. 02 (2023): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.36349/easjmb.2023.v06i02.001.
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The study investigated the performance of lime and bagasse ash composite as soil stabilizer. The bagasse ash was obtained from Costus asplundii maas. Soil samples collected along a newly constructed road in Rivers State, Nigeria were prepared and analyzed for effect of the composite stabilizer on swelling potential, volume change, maximum dry density (MDD), optimum moisture content (OMC), consistency limits, California bearing ratio (CBR) and unconfined compressive strength (UCS). The results revealed that swelling potential, volume change MDD, OMC, liquid limit (LL), plastic limit (PL) and plasticity index (PI) of the stabilized lateritic soil decreased with increasing proportion of lime-bagasse ash composite, while CBR (unsoaked and soaked soil samples) and UCS were with increasing proportion of lime-bagasse ash composite. This study established that the optimum proportion of bagasse ash is 10% and that inclusion of an appropriate proportion of bagasse ash in lime in soil stabilization would enhance the properties of soil suitable for road pavement. Hence, Costus asplundii maas is recommended to be used in soil stabilization, particularly as composite material with lime.
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Kennedy, Charles, and Akinbuluma Ayodeji Theophilus. "Highway Pavement Stabilization of Soil with Costus bracteatus Rowlee and Cement." South Asian Research Journal of Engineering and Technology 5, no. 02 (2023): 6–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.36346/sarjet.2023.v05i02.001.
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The study investigated the performance of cement and bagasse ash composite as soil stabilizer. The bagasse ash was obtained from Costus bracteatus Rowlee. Lateritic soil samples collected along a newly constructed road in Rivers State, Nigeria were prepared and analyzed for effect of the composite stabilizer on maximum dry density (MDD), optimum moisture content (OMC), consistency limits, California bearing ratio (CBR) and unconfined compressive strength (UCS). The results revealed that swelling potential, volume change MDD, OMC, liquid limit (LL), plastic limit (PL) and plasticity index (PI) of the stabilized lateritic soil decreased with increasing proportion of cement-bagasse ash composite, while CBR (unsoaked and soaked soil samples) and UCS were with increasing proportion of cement-bagasse ash composite. This study established that the optimum proportion of bagasse ash is 8% and that inclusion of an appropriate proportion of bagasse ash in cement in soil stabilization would enhance the properties of soil suitable for road pavement. Therefore, Costus bracteatus Rowlee is recommended to be used in soil stabilization, particularly as composite material.
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Faluyi, S. O., O. O. Amu, and E. A. Adetoro. "GEOTECHNICAL PROPERTIES OF LIME AND BAMBOO STEM ASH STABILIZED SOILS FOR ROAD CONSTRUCTION IN SOUTH-WESTERN NIGERIA." FUTA JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY 16, no. 1 (2022): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.51459/futajeet.2022.16.1.378.
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The state of any road layer today and in the future is primarily dictated by the soil beneath its foundation, and knowing enough about the Engineering qualities of soil and the sub-soil condition is crucial in foundation design. This research looked at the geotechnical qualities of soils stabilized with Lime-and-Bamboo Stem Ash (BSA) mixture. Soil samples were obtained from each state in the study area and transported to the laboratory, where they were stabilized with 6% lime and 0 to 10% BSA. California Bearing Ratio (CBR), Compaction, Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS), and Triaxial tests were performed on the combined samples. The local additive was also subjected to a chemical examination. The results showed that BSA additive has a high SiO2 content. As BSA content increases, all strength properties (Maximum Dry Density (MDD), CBR, UCS, Cohesion (C), Shear strength (S) and Angle of Internal Friction (ϕ)) increase and reached peak at 6% BSA content, thereafter decrease; however, Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) decreases. The peak values are 2475 kg/m3, 58.53%, 45.32%, 638.9 kN/m2, 137 kN/m2, 290.57 kN/m2 and 41° for MDD, soaked CBR, unsoaked CBR, UCS, C, S and Ø respectively. After going through the process, almost all of the unsuitable soil samples became suitable for use as pavement layer materials. As a result, a mixture of 6% lime and 6% BSA content is strongly recommended for soil improvement, particularly for road construction in South-Western Nigeria.
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Kennedy, Charles, and Akinbuluma Ayodeji Theophilus. "Comparison of Costus dewevrei De Wild. and T. Durand Admixture with Lime and Cement in Soil Stabilization." Scholars Journal of Engineering and Technology 11, no. 03 (2023): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.36347/sjet.2023.v11i03.002.
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The study investigated the use of cement and lime as composite mixture with Costus dewevrei De Wild. & T. Durand as for soil stabilization aimed at improving the properties of expansive soils used for road pavement. The maximum dry density (MDD), optimum moisture content (OMC), consistency limits, California bearing ratio (CBR) and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of the soil were subjected test to ascertain the performances of the cement and lime with bagasse composite. The results showed that the composite materials improved the soil properties, but the maximum dry density (MDD), optimum moisture content (OMC), liquid limit (LL), plasticity index (PI), California bearing ratio (CBR) and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of the expansive soil stabilized with cement and bagasse ash composite were greater than the soil samples stabilized with lime and bagasse ash composite. Meanwhile, the value of plastic limit (PL) obtained from the soil sample stabilized with lime and bagasse ash was higher than the value recorded in the soil sample stabilized with cement and bagasse ash. The optimum values UCS and CBR were recorded at 8% combined proportion of bagasse ash with cement and lime. Therefore, the improvement recorded in the soil properties proved that the combined effect of bagasse ash obtained from Costus dewevrei De Wild. & T. Durand and cement or lime, is effective and can be applied as stabilization material to reduce shrinkage and swelling of expansive soil that often lead to road pavement failure.
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Ayodele, Adekemi L., Chinedu V. Mgboh, and Adeyemi B. Fajobi. "Geotechnical properties of some selected lateritic soils stabilized with cassava peel ash and lime." Algerian Journal of Engineering and Technology 04 (February 11, 2021): 22–29. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4536448.
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This study presents the influence of cassava peel ash (CPA) and lime on some geotechnical properties of three lateritic soils. This is with a view to the use of locally available agricultural waste in stabilising lateritic soils. Soil samples (termed A, B, and C) were collected from three different locations in Osun state, South West, Nigeria. Some properties such as particle size distribution, liquid limit (LL), plastic limit (PL), Compaction properties (optimum moisture content, OMC and Maximum dry density, MDD), California bearing ratio (CBR) and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of the soil samples were determined. Cassava peel collected from a cassava processing factory was calcined at 700<sup>o</sup>C and CPA produced was sieved through sieve No. 40. Different percentages, 2, 4, 6, 8% (by weight of dry soil) of CPA and a fixed percentage (4%) of lime were mixed with the lateritic soil. Lime was added to supply calcium ion (Ca<sup>2+</sup>) needed for formation of Calcium Silicate stabilising compounds. The LL, PL, OMC, MDD, CBR and UCS of the stabilised soil samples were determined. There was a general improvement in the geotechnical properties of the soil (especially samples A and B) with about 20% reduction in LL, 38% increase in CBR, 120% increase in UCS. The study revealed that a combination of CPA and lime has the potential of improving the geotechnical properties of fine grained lateritic soil.
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Chukwuemeka, Nwaobakata, Charles Kennedy, and Amadise S. Ogboin. "Modification of Expansive Soil with Costus Lateriflorus Bagasse Ash for Road Pavement Materials." East African Scholars Multidisciplinary Bulletin 5, no. 4 (2022): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.36349/easjmb.2022.v05i04.002.
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This study evaluates the effect of costus lateriflorus bagasse ash on expansive soil properties. Laterite and clay samples from the Ubeta-Ula-Ubie road at Ahoada West LGA in Rivers, Nigeria were prepared and laboratory analysis performed for development potential, volume change, maximum dry density (MDD), optimum moisture content (OMC), consistency limits, California bearing ratio (CBR) and unconfined compressive strength (UCS). Initial analysis classified the soil as A-7-6 under the AASHTO classification system. The development potential, volume change, maximum dry density (MDD), liquid limit (LL), and plasticity index (PI) of laterite and stable clay on the Ubeta-Ula-Ubie road decreased with increasing proportion of bagasse Costus ash lateriflorus, while optimum moisture content (OMC), plastic limit (PL) and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) were increased by the addition of Costus lateriflorus bagasse ash. The results showed that increasing the ash content of bagasse increased the soil properties suitable for road construction. However, bagasse ash performs better on lateritic soils than on clay soils, and 7.5% bagasse ash would be suitable for use as a stabilizer in soils with similar properties to laterite and clay soils in the Ubeta-Ula-Ubie road.
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Ogboin, Amadise S., Charles Kennedy, and Nwaobakata Chukwuemeka. "Stabilization of Ula-Ubie-Ubeta Town Road Laterite Soil with Costus Lateriflorus Bagasse Fibre." South Asian Research Journal of Engineering and Technology 4, no. 2 (2022): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.36346/sarjet.2022.v04i02.001.
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The study evaluated the influence of Costus lateriflorus bagasse fibre on the properties of expansive soils. Laterite and clay soil samples along Ubeta-Ula-Ubie road in Ahoada West LGA of Rivers state, Nigeria were prepared and subjected to laboratory analysis for swelling potential, volume change, maximum dry density (MDD), optimum moisture content (OMC), consistency limits, California bearing ratio (CBR) and unconfined compressive strength (UCS). Preliminary analysis classified the soils as A-7- 6 on the AASHTO classification system. Swelling potential, volume change, maximum dry density (MDD), liquid limit (LL) and plasticity index (PI) of the stabilized Laterite and clay soils along Ubeta-Ula-Ubie road decreased with increasing percentage of Costus lateriflorus bagasse fibre, while optimum moisture content (OMC), plastic limit (PL) and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) increased with the addition of Costus lateriflorus bagasse fibre. Results established that increase bagasse fibre content improved the properties of the soil suitable for road construction. However, the bagasse fibre performed better in Laterite soil than clay soil, and 7.5% bagasse fibre would be appropriate for use as stabilization material in soil with similar characteristics like the Laterite and clay soil along Ubeta-Ula-Ubie road.
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Sumit, Kumar, K. Mishra M., and P. Singh J. "Stabilisation of Clayey Soil with Shredded Tyre using Lime." International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT) 9, no. 4 (2020): 1732–37. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.B3996.049420.
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This research work has been done mainly on the compaction characteristic (OMC-MDD, UCS) and strength properties (CBR Values) of expensive soils such as clayey soil. The engineering strength properties of expensive soils (clayey soil) such as compaction characteristics and bearing capacity can be improved by stabilization process of the soil. These properties can be improved by controlled compaction using the mechanical equipment’s or by addition of suitable admixtures like cement, fly ash, lime or by reinforcing the soil with shredded tyre, crumb rubber, plastic waste etc. But in recent years, tyre chips and lime are used very widely for stabilizing the soil, because these are economical than the other admixtures and are abundantly available in the market, so in this work lime treated shredded tyre has been used to improve the various strength properties of natural soil. Lime has been used as a binding material and also used for the treatment of the shredded tyre to make the tyre surface rougher. The objective of this work is to investigate the strength properties of natural clayey soil reinforced with different percentages of lime treated shredded tyre taken by the weight of natural soil and fixed percentage of lime as a binding material. A series of Standard Proctor Tests, Unconfined Compressive strength (UCS) tests and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) tests are being conducted on both the natural soil and reinforced soil with varying percentages of lime treated shredded Tyre (4%, 8%, 12% and 16%) by weight of natural soil and fixed percentage of Lime (10%).The value of MDD increases from 1.75g/cc to 1.93g/cc at 12% of tyre and 10% of lime , the value of UCS also increases from 3.35kg/cm2 to 5.63kg/cm2 at 12% of tyre and 10% of lime and the CBR value will also increase from 3.89% to 10.65% at 12% of shredded tyre and 10% of lime.
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Kumar, Shiv Shankar, and Mani Shankar. "Estimation of Energy Absorption Capacity and Geotechnical Characterization of Silty-clay Soil Blended with Tire Fibres." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1273, no. 1 (2023): 012012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1273/1/012012.
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Abstract This article presents the compaction, consolidation, unconfined and confined characteristics of tire-fibre blended silty-clay at different investigating parameters. The compaction tests were performed to evaluate the Maximum Dry Density (MDD) and Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) of soil-tire fibre mixture at different percentage of tire fibre (0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% by weight). It was found that with increasing the amount of tire-fibre MDD of mixture decreased significantly whereas, OMC increases marginally. Both, unconfined compression strength (UCS) and confined triaxial tests were performed on the soil-tire mixes specimen prepared at MDD and OMC. The result shows that with increasing percentage of tire fibre to the silty-clay soil, the ductility of the soil-tire mixture increases whereas; the maximum shear stress at the failure is reduced. Based on UCS tests, the Energy Absorption Capacity (EAC) of soil-tire mixture is increased increased by 55% at 10% of tire fibre, for strain rate of 1.25mm/min, whereas; on further increase in TF from 10% to 30%, EAC decreased by 44%, 32%, 52% at the shearing rate of 0.62mm/min, 1.25mm/min and 2.5mm/min, respectively. However, based on the confined triaxial test results, the angle of internal friction of soil-tire mixture decreases with increasing tire contents; whereas, cohesion decreased up to 10% of tire fibre and beyond that it increases. EAC was found to be increased up to 20% of the tire fibre and further addition shows reduction in energy absorption capacity.
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Sagala, Sandy D., Syahril S, Dian Adiputra Purba, and Alexandre Marques. "Sustainable Soil Improvement: Soft Clay Stabilization Using Rice Husk Hush and Waste Spent Catalyst RCC 15." Potensi: Jurnal Sipil Politeknik 27, no. 1 (2025): 23–32. https://doi.org/10.35313/potensi.v27i1.6518.
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This study explores the chemical stabilization of soft clay soil to enhance its bearing capacity and improve its performance under structural loads. A fixed proportion of Rice Husk Ash (RHA) at 6% by weight was combined with varying amounts of spent catalyst RCC 15 (5%, 7%, 9%, and 11%) as stabilizing agents. The experimental program included the characterization of soil index properties, followed by engineering tests with emphasis on Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS), Atterberg limits, compaction characteristics, and California Bearing Ratio (CBR). The Atterberg limit tests indicated a consistent reduction in the plasticity index (PI) with increasing RCC content, reflecting improved soil stability. Compaction results showed an increase in Maximum Dry Density (MDD) and a decrease in Optimum Moisture Content (OMC), with the highest MDD (13.29 kN/m³) and an OMC of 25.67% achieved at 6% RHA and 11% RCC. UCS values increased progressively, reaching a maximum of 1.822 kg/cm² with the same mixture. CBR results further supported these findings, with unsoaked values increasing from 4.75% to 6.60%, and soaked values from 3.30% to 6.20%. The combined use of RHA and RCC 15 significantly improves the geotechnical properties of soft clay, highlighting its potential as a sustainable and effective construction material.
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Hu, Li Qun, and Ai Min Sha. "Evaluating the Impact of Coarse Aggregate Content on Properties of Cement Treated Base." Applied Mechanics and Materials 52-54 (March 2011): 729–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.52-54.729.
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This paper mainly presents the study on the properties of cement treated aggregate with different coarse aggregate content. The test specimens which contain 75%, 70%, 65%, 60% and 55% of coarse aggregates were made and the 7d, 28d, and 90d unconfined compressive strengths (UCS), 28d thremal shrinkage coefficient, as well as 90d anti-erosion performance were tested. Results show that with the increase of coarse aggregate, the maximum dry density (MDD)of the cement treated aggregate mixture increased slowly at first to reached the peak value and then decreased rapidly; The optimum moisture content (OMC) declined with the increase of coarse aggregate content; In order to enhance the UCS of cement treated aggregate, coarse aggregate of mixture can be increased to some extent, but too much coarse aggregate will increase the void of the specimen and lead to lower UCS; Increasing the content of coarse aggregate is able to decrease the thermal shrinkage coefficient and erosion quantity of 30 min of the specimens. This is favourable to enhance the cracking resistance and anti-erosion performance of cement treated aggregate base course.
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Zukri, Azhani, and Nadiatul Adilah Ahmad Abdul Ghani. "A Study of Soil Stabilization by Hydrated Lime at Kampung Kedaik Asal, Rompin, Pahang, Malaysia." Applied Mechanics and Materials 695 (November 2014): 738–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.695.738.
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This study involves the clay sample which is taken from Kampung Kedaik Asal, Rompin site and evaluation of its properties in natural state and after stabilization. The main objectives of this paper is to estimate the optimum lime content (OLC) needed to stabilize the soil by using Eades-Grim pH Test, to determine the optimum moisture content (OMC) and maximum dry density (MDD) of the treated soil by Standard Proctor Test and also the strength value of the soil specimens with different percentages of lime content corresponding with different curing period by Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) Test. From this study, the optimum amount to stabilize the clay soil and minimum amount of lime required to stabilize the soil pH level to 12 is 5%. The results showed that addition of lime decreased the maximum dry density (MDD) and increased the optimum moisture content (OMC). Unconfined compressive test on 48 sets of samples has been carried out for 7, 14 and 28 days of curing with different lime contents such as 5%, 7% and 9%. The highest unconfined compressive strength (UCS) achieved is 321 kN/m2 for clay stabilized with 9% lime content cured at 28 days. From the test results, it was found that the longer the immersion of curing period with higher lime content, the greater the compressive strength of the specimen.
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Paul, Surovi, G. Swetha, Gopal Kaliyaperumal, et al. "Effect of different vegetation roots on mechanical properties of soil stabilization on slope." E3S Web of Conferences 529 (2024): 03013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202452903013.
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Soil bioengineering is concerned with the soil stabilisation with the reinforcing agent such as plant roots. This approach is extensively popular in developing countries. Most of the study conducted on soil bioengineering is carried out by ecological researchers, whereas there have been few geotechnical research studies in India that focus on using plant roots for reinforcing purposes. This research aims to investigate the changes in soil strength caused by landslides. The soil will be stabilised using plant roots from regionally common plants in the study region. The lemon roots were collected and planted in the soil, and the alterations in geotechnical properties were investigated. The reinforcing process can result in an increase in the values of MDD, UCS, SS, and OMC due to the improved compaction of soil particles. It was found that as the percentage of plant root added to the soil increases, the MDD, UCS, SS, and OMC also increases until 1% of plant root was added by weight. After that point, these properties decreases. Hence, the most favourable proportion for soil stabilisation is 1% of plant root by weight to the soil. Thus the presence of plant roots in the soil matrix enhanced the soil's stability. Therefore, the plant roots that were examined can serve as cost-effective materials for enhancing slope stability,” particularly in places that are susceptible to landslides.
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Chegenizadeh, Amin, Mahdi Keramatikerman, Stefano Miceli, Hamid Nikraz, and Ayad Salih Sabbar. "Investigation on Recycled Sawdust in Controlling Sulphate Attack in Cemented Clay." Applied Sciences 10, no. 4 (2020): 1441. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10041441.
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Application of sawdust in civil engineering projects, specifically those with geotechnical applications, has been the interest of many studies. This study focuses on exposure of soil samples treated with sawdust to MgSO4. This study was conducted in three stages. The first stage was compaction. In this stage, the compaction characteristics of each mixture were derived. The second stage was to run unconfined compressive strength (UCS) testing and report the UCS peaks relevant to each mixture. The third stage was microstructural examination (i.e., SEM) conducted on the chosen samples before and after sulphate exposure to highlight the reactions during exposure. The results of first stage (i.e., compaction tests) suggested that increasing sawdust content, the OMC (Optimum moisture content) decreased and MDD (Maximum dry density) decreased. In the second stage, the UCS (Unconfined compressive strength) testing was conducted on 640 samples [including reliability tests] and the outcome suggested that sawdust increased the resistance of samples against sulphate attack. In stage three, the micro analysis backed the main body results, suggesting that sawdust had a positive effect on helping to form a better connection between the particles and therefore more resistance noted.
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Oluremi, Johnson R., Rafat Siddique, and Ekundayo P. Adeboje. "Stabilization Potential of Cement Kiln Dust Treated Lateritic Soil ." International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 23 (April 2016): 52–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jera.23.52.
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A dark reddish-brown lateritic soil collected from existing borrow pit abandoned by Reynold Construction Company Ltd behind New WAZOBIA Market on Latitude 08008′N and Longitude 04014′E along Ogbomoso-Ilorin Express road, Ogbomoso, Oyo State. Nigeria was treated with cement kiln dust (CKD), a by-product of long wet kiln, obtained from West African Portland Cement Organisation (WAPCO), Ewekoro, Ogun State, Nigeria, under varying moulding water content.The results show gradual reduction in the plasticity index of the samples, decrease in the maximum dry densities (MDD) with corresponding increase in the optimum moisture contents (OMC) of the treated soil samples. The unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of the treated samples increases with both increase in the treatment content as well as compactive effort from British Standard (BS) to West African Standard (WAS) however, there was reduction in the UCS with varying moulding water content as the water content increases and decreases relative to optimum moisture content. The maximum UCS was obtained at optimum moisture content.Cement kiln dust though regarded as waste can therefore serve as potential material in the stabilization of the lateritic soil when compacted at moisture content within its OMC.
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Kayode-Ojo, N., and E. C. Eteure. "Effect of Addition of Carpet Waste Fibres on the Unconfined Compressive Strength of Cohesive Soils Samples from Umutu, Agbor and Obiaruku in Delta State, Nigeria." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 27, no. 2 (2023): 375–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v27i2.28.
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With the latest trend in the beautification of most homes and offices, there has been a great shift from the use of carpets to floor tile and as such most of these carpets have become waste and causing environmental pollution. Therefore the objective of this paper was to evaluate the effect of adding carpet waste fibre on unconfined comprehensive strength of cohesive soil samples from Umutu, Agbor and Obiaruku in Delta State, Nigeria using standard techniques. The results showed that the maximum dry density (MDD) of the natural soil samples from Umutu, Agbor and Obiaruku were 1.76g/cm3, 1.73 g/cm3 and 1.72 g/cm3 respectively while their respective OMC were 13.6%, 13.86% and 14.2%. The UCS of the natural soil samples were 68.6kN/m2, 73.77kN/m2 and 76.69kN/m2 respectively. The MDD decreased from 1.73 g/cm3 to 1.675g/cm3, 1.72g/cm3 to 1.66g/cm3 and 1.71 g/cm3 to 1.63 g/cm3 when the natural soils from these study areas respectively were compacted with 0.1% to 0.4% fibre content. Also, the OMC from the respective soils-fibre mix increased from 13.8% to 19.0%, 16.0% to 19.6% and 14.9% to 19.2% respectively. The UCS for the respective soil-fibre mix decreased from 60.38kN/m2 to 52.65kN/m2, 66.28kN/m2 to 57.70kN/m2 and72.39kN/m2 to 57.27kN/m2. Hence, the study showed that the addition of fibre to natural soil decreases the strength of the soil.
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AYODELE, Adekemi Loretta, Abideen Saheed Akinniyi, Adeoluwa Peter Gbolade, and Adeyemi Timilehin Adetokunbo. "Strength Properties of Alkaline Activated Phosphoric Acid Stabilized Laterite." Civil Engineering Dimension 24, no. 2 (2022): 115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.9744/ced.24.2.115-124.
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This study investigated the effect of alkaline activation on the properties of Phosphoric Acid (PA) stabilized laterite. Maximum Dry Density (MDD), Optimum Moisture Content (OMC), California Bearing Ratio (CBR) and Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) of the laterite were determined to ascertain its suitability as a construction material. Laterite samples were stabilized with 1M and 2M PA at 5, 10 and 15%, respectively, by weight of dry soil. Some PA stabilized laterite were further mixed with an alkaline activator. All the stabilized laterites were moist cured for up to 14 days. The results show that the laterite was unsuitable as a road construction material in its natural state. The CBR of PA stabilized laterite improved with about 25%, while that with alkaline activation showed more improvement of up to 145%. The UCS of PA stabilized soil and that with alkaline activation increased with about 250% improvement. In conclusion, alkaline activation of phosphoric acid stabilized laterite soil for road construction has a great promise.
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Kaharu, Fitriyanti, Joice Elfrida Waani, and Oktovian Berty Alexander Sompie. "Pengaruh Penambahan Zeolit Pada Karakteristik Geoteknik Tanah Ekspansif Yang Distabilisasi Semen." Jurnal Sosial Teknologi 5, no. 2 (2025): 259–78. https://doi.org/10.59188/jurnalsostech.v5i2.31980.
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Sub grade dikenal sebagai tanah dasar yang merupakan komponen penting dari struktur perkerasan jalan. Oleh karena itu, tanah dasar harus mempunyai daya dukung tanah yang kuat agar dapat memikul beban diatasnya. Tanah lempung ekspansif adalah jenis tanah yang memiliki potensi untuk mengalami perubahan volume yang signifikan ketika terjadi fluktuasi kadar air dalam tanah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperbaiki karakteristik geoteknik dari tanah lempung yang bersifat ekspansif. Pengujian yang dilakukan yaitu sifat-fisik tanah, pemadatan, CBR, UCS, konsolidasi konvensional dan konsolidasi cepat. Material pengikat yaitu (10%, 12% dan 14%), dengan kandungan semen (5% dan 7%) dan persentase zeolit (3%, 5%, 7% dan 9%). Dan dilanjutkan dengan menganalisis persentase semen-zeolit yang dapat ditambahkan pada campuran tanah lempung ekspansif. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa semakin bertambahnya zeolit maka persentase zeolit pada nilai OMC naik dan nilai MDD terbesar terdapat pada campuran semen 7% + zeolit 5% dengan nilai 1,28 gram/cm3. Hasil CBR rendam memiliki nilai lebih tinggi dari pada CBR tanpa rendam. Pengujian UCS selama 14 hari diperam nilainya lebih besar dibandingkan dengan UCS selama 7 hari diperam. Pengujian konsolidasi menunjukkan tanah + bentonit lebih cepat terkompresi dibandingkan dengan variasi yang lain. Pemeriksaan SEM-EDS menunjukkan bahwa dengan adanya penambahan semen dan zeolit dapat membuat sampel menjadi agak rapat atau minimnya porositas. Dengan penambahan semen-zeolit pada tanah ekspansif terbukti memperbaiki karakteristik geoteknik dari tanah lempung. Diharapkan penelitian selanjutnya dilanjutkan dengan pengujian modulus resilien, deformasi permanen dan UCS 21 hari.
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Adedokun, Solomon Idowu, John Oluwagbenga Awoleye, Peter Olugbenga Abayomi, and Samuel Ayanwuyi Ayanlere. "Geochemical and Microstructural Characteristics of Lateritic Soil Treated with Steel Slag for Road Foundation Applications." International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 73 (May 16, 2025): 61–80. https://doi.org/10.4028/p-pn1bu1.
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Reusing industrial waste is a sustainable and eco-friendly way of minimizing environmental pollution in society. In addition, the stabilization of soils with non-conventional stabilizers has been shown to ameliorate engineering features of soils and reduce the cost of construction of road works. This study investigated the impacts of steel slag (SS) on the properties of poor lateritic soil (LS) for road pavement applications. Varying percentages of steel slag from 0-30% of soil dry weight in 5% intervals were employed to stabilize the soil. Plasticity index (PI), Maximum dry density (MDD), Optimum moisture content (OMC), California Bearing Ratio (CBR), Uniaxial Compressive strength (UCS), and chemical composition including the microstructural analysis of the untreated and treated soil were evaluated. With increasing slag content, the PI value decreased significantly from 22.47% to 9.20% indicating a nearly 60% reduction in PI at 20% SS treatment. The soil density became higher with a corresponding decrease in OMC as the SS content increased. The MDD increased from 1.56 g/cm3 for natural soil to 2.10 g/ cm3 at 25% SS content, and further addition of the material reduced the soil density. The CBR and UCS results show a general increase in values with higher SS content. The soaked CBR increased from 11.55 – 22.32% as SS content increased from 0-30%. The 28th day UCS reached the optimum value of nearly 380 kN/m2 at 25% SS compared to 93.57 kN/m2 of the natural soil. The iron oxide, which is a cementing agent, increased as the content of SS became higher in the soil. The microstructural analysis using scanning electron microscopic (SEM) results showed the formation of larger particles and a reduction in pore spaces as the SS content increased. The 25% SS treated soil satisfies the required 12% PI and minimum soaked CBR of 20% for foundation application as a subbase material in light traffic roads. These results suggest that adding 25% steel slag makes the lateritic soil a suitable material for both subgrade and sub-base pavement layers.
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Mostazid, Md Ibrahim. "Effect of rice husk ash on soil stabilization at Dinajpur City." October 2023 4, no. 4 (2024): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.36937/ben.2023.4885.
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Understanding local conditions is crucial for applying soil stabilization principles from other regions to a specific country for effective and sustainable stabilization methods. This investigative study delves into the suitability of locally available Rice Husk Ash (RHA) for incorporation into local building construction practices at Dinajpur, Bangladesh, aiming to minimize the volume of waste disposed of in the environment, thereby mitigating environmental pollution. Conventional soil stabilization techniques are becoming increasingly expensive due to the rising costs of stabilizing agents such as cement. Replacing a portion of the stabilizing agent with RHA could potentially reduce the cost of stabilization while also minimizing environmental harm. RHA comprises 85-90% silica, making it an excellent substitute for silica in soil stabilization. Silica is recognized as an effective binding agent alongside cement. The soil sample selected for this research is a highly plastic clay (CH), which necessitates significant strength enhancement. Three soil samples were stabilized with varying percentages of RHA and a minimal amount of cement. Observations were made to assess the changes in soil properties, including Maximum Dry Density (MDD), Optimum Moisture Content (OMC), and Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS). The results obtained indicate that increasing RHA content leads to an increase in MDD but a decrease in OMC. Additionally, the UCS of the soil exhibits substantial improvement to up to 88% with increasing RHA content up to 10%. Based on the observed maximum strength enhancement, a 10% RHA content combined with 6% cement is recommended as the optimal combination for practical applications.
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Sadek, Younes, Tayeb Rikioui, Toufik Abdoun, and Abdellah Dadi. "Influence of Compaction Energy on Cement Stabilized Soil for Road Construction." Civil Engineering Journal 8, no. 3 (2022): 580–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2022-08-03-012.
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Compactness is an important feature to ensure subgrade stability where temperature and water infiltration exist in semi-arid areas. Chemical soil stabilization can improve soil properties. This research studies the impact of compaction energy on stabilized subgrade soil and how to improve its geotechnical characteristics in the experimental tests on both unstabilized and stabilized soil samples by adding ordinary Portland cement and sulfate-resistant cement, in percentages by the soil's weight, in order of identification and classification, to the strength properties tests: compaction at multiple energies, CBR, and UCS. A test protocol was followed to assess the relationship between cement soil treatment, mechanical characteristics, and compaction parameters at different energy levels. Findings show that the higher UCS values were recorded with an increase in compaction energy. The MDD of cement stabilized soil increases as compaction energy increases, whereas the OMC decreases, the UCS improves, and the CBR increases. These improvements have a positive influence on the performance of soil used as a subgrade. The combination of cement stabilization and a high compaction level for subgrades using weak soil can improve strength parameters throughout any phase of earthwork construction design that leads to strengthening subgrades, reducing the thickness, and, as a result, low construction cost. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2022-08-03-012 Full Text: PDF
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Nnochiri, Emeka Segun, and Olumide Moses Ogundipe. "Geotechnical Properties of Lateritic Soil Stabilized with Ground-Nut Husk Ash." Civil Engineering Journal 2, no. 11 (2016): 568–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2016-00000059.
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This study assesses the geotechnical properties of lateritic soil stabilized with Ground-nut Husk Ash. Preliminary tests were carried out on the natural soil sample for identification and classification purposes, while consistency limits tests were thereafter carried out as well. Engineering property tests such as California Bearing Ratio (CBR), Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) and compaction tests were performed on both the natural soil sample and the stabilized lateritic soil, which was stabilized by adding Ground-nut Husk Ash, GHA, in percentages of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 by weight of the soil. The results showed that the addition of GHA enhanced the strength of the soil sample. The Maximum Dry Density (MDD) reduced from 1960 kg/m3 to 1760 kg/m3 at 10% GHA by weight of soil. The Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) increased from 12.70% to 14.95%, also at 10% GHA by weight of soil. The unsoaked CBR values increased from 24.42% to 72.88% finally, the UCS values increased from 510.25 kN/m2 to 1186.46 kN/m2, for both CBR and UCS, the values were at 10% GHA by weight of soil. It was therefore concluded that GHA performs satisfactorily as a cheap stabilizing agent for stabilizing lateritic soil especially for subgrade and sub base purposes in road construction.
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Haq, Sheikh Azhar Ul. "Investigational Study on the Influence of Sisal Fiber and Rice Husk Ash in the Stabilisation of Clayey Soil." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 08, no. 04 (2024): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem31951.
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The process of improving and enhancing the engineering qualities of soil so that it can support large loads without failing is known as "soil stabilization" in the realm of civil engineering. The behavior of the soil was examined in the current work at various proportions following the addition of Rice Husk Ash (fixed at 15%) and sisal fiber (varying at 1.5%, 2.0%, and 2.5%; length 40 mm). Various soil properties, such as OMC, MDD, CBR value, and UCS values, were then quantified. Utilizing Sisal Fiber and Rice Husk Ash together can enhance the diverse engineering features of soil, according to the conclusion of this experimental research project. Laboratory tests such Atterberg's Limits, Specific Gravity, Particle Size Distribution, Standard Proctor test, Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS), and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) were carried out to examine the engineering qualities of the soil and its mixtures. The results showed that the engineering qualities of clayey soil were significantly enhanced by the addition of Sisal Fiber and Rice Husk Ash. As a result, Sisal Fiber and Rice Husk Ash may act as soil stabilizing agents, making clayey soil a better choice for building foundations. All testing were carried out in accordance with Indian standards regulations. Key Words: Compaction test, CBR, UCS, Rice Husk Ash, Sisal Fiber
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Abang, Michael Okem, and F.O. Okafor. "Assessment of the Mechanical Properties of Subgrade Stabilized with Cement Kiln Dust and Coconut Coir on Silty Clayey Soil." Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research 8, no. 3 (2021): 76–124. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10577484.
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<strong>Abstract</strong> Soft soils are undesirable soils that are not suitable for road construction due to their low shear strength and high compressibility level. Remediation is very essential to avoid potential pavement failure due to traffic and climatic condition because strength and volume stability are important properties in subgrade construction. This research investigates the assessment of the mechanical properties of subgrade stabilized with CKD and CF on silty clayey soil. Samples collected from No7 Ekpenyong Abasi Street, Off Palace Road Anatigha, Calabar South, Cross River. Cement kiln dust and coir fiber have been used as a stabilizing agent in this work and their effect on the physical and geotechnical properties of the soft soil have been measured using the Grain Size Distribution Test, Consistency Limit Test, Specific Gravity Test, Compaction Parameters ((OMC) and (MDD), California Bearing Ratio (CBR) and Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS). The tests were performed using replacement method which content combination of soil of varying percentages of (100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50% and 40%) and varying percentages of CKD of (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% and 60%) and a fixed CF of (0.5%). The dried soil (3000g) by dry weight with the required water content were mixed and then different dosages of CKD was added to the soil, soil was replaced with CKD at a constant dosage of CF was added at each mixed. The dried soil of (3000g) by dry weight with required water content was also mixed without admixture to compare the CBR test results. After the compaction the samples treated with CKD and CF were tested for soaked and unsoaked CBR. The UCS samples were cured for 0 days, 7 days and 14 days. The test results indicated that the MDD progresses from 0% CKD, 0% CF and 0% Soil material to 50% CKD, 50% soil at a fixed CF of 0.5% before dropping showing that the maximum workability at its peak for both materials by percentage replacement is 50% each for CKD and soil material at a fixed CF of 0.5%, thus the soaked and unsoaked CBR and UCS also showed the same characteristics properties.
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Charles, Kennedy, Temilade Tam Wokoma Terence, and Oswald Amgbara Tamunokuro. "Comparative Evaluation of Cementitious Agents Composite materials on Strength Improvement Behavior of Black Cotton Clay Soil." European Journal of Advances in Engineering and Technology 5, no. 6 (2018): 368–74. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10709073.
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<strong>ABSTRACT </strong> This research study investigated the application of cement / lime + costus afer fiber ash ( bush sugarcane bagasse fibre ash) as composite material to effect changes in strength of natural black cotton marine clay to meet the minimum requirements for such applications on Specifications for road pavement structural materials (after FMW 1997). Results of compaction relationship between optimum moisture content (OMC) and maximum dry density (MDD) at 100% clay and cement / lime + bagasse fibre ash treated soil at the ratios of 2.5% +2.5%, 5.0% + 5.0%, 7.5% + 7.5% and 10% + 10% of cement / lime and bagasse ash to soil. OMC results increased from 12.39% to 12.79% clay + cement + bagasse fibre ash and 12.93% to 14.37%. clay +lime + bagasse fibre ash. MDD results increased from1.640KN/m<sup>3</sup> and 1.78 KN/m<sup>3 </sup>clay + cement + bagasse fibre ash and 1.640KN/m<sup>3</sup> and 1.73KN/m<sup>3</sup> (clay) clay +lime + bagasse fibre ash.<strong> </strong>CBR results of clay + lime + bagasse fibre ash (BSBFA) at 100% clay, of 2.5% +2.5%, 5.0% + 5.0%, 7.5% + 7.5% and 10% + 10% of cement / lime and bagasse ash to soil of lime + BSBFA, increased from 7.6% to 17.8% clay +lime + bagasse fibre ash and from 7.6% to 13.9% clay + cement + bagasse fibre ash, both showed tremendous strength increased with lime having higher values in clay cement / lime, low results of cement was attributed to hydration between cement and bagasse ash. Results of UCS of soils + cement + BSBFA with ratios ad above showed an increased values of 78.6kPa to 623kPa and 78.6kPa to 223kPa clay + lime + BSBFA treated clay. Higher strength of UCS was recorded higher in cement to lime samples. Results of clay + lime + BSBFA treated clay soil IP decreased from 33.7% to 30.8% and while clay + cement + BSBFA 36.8% to 31.2%. Composite materials improved strength of expansive soil.
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I.P, Ukwoma,, Akpokodje, E.G., and Nwankwoala, H.O. "TEXTURE AND CEMENT STABILIZATION OF DREDGED SAND USED FOR OGBIA – NEMBE ROAD, BAYELSA STATE, NIGERIA." Engineering Heritage Journal 6, no. 1 (2022): 06–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/gwk.01.2022.06.13.
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This paper is aimed at determining the texture, compaction, and cement stabilization properties of the dredged sand used in the Ogbia-Nembe road construction in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Both field and laboratory studies were undertaken. Results from the laboratory tests revealed the various properties as follows: moisture content (41.3 – 58.2%), Liquid limit (45.5 – 50.5%), Plastic limit (26.2 – 33.7%), Plasticity Index (16.8 – 20.6%), Cu (2,15 – 3.16), Optimum moisture content (OMC) and Maximum dry densities (MDD) for the dredged sands are (9.2 – 9.4) and (1600 – 1620kN/m3 respectively. The OMC, MDD and California bearing ratio (CBR) of the sand-cement mixture are 10.2 – 12.6%, 1830 – 1880kN/m3, 177 -313% and 1140 -2905kN/m2 respectively. The dredged sands are classified as A-3 according to the AASHO classification system. However, the average MDD of the dredged sand is 1620kN/m3 which is below the Federal Ministry of Works (FMW) specification for pavement construction, therefore the need for stabilization. Stabilization of the sand with 6% – 10% cement increased the MDD, CBR, UCS to 1880kN/m3, 313% and 2905kN/m2, respectively. The results of this study revealed that the minimum percentage of cement required to stabilize the dredged sand used for the construction of the road is 6%. Also, particle size of cohesionless soil affects the density and sand-cement stabilization is more economical than paying for additional maintenance cost if the pavement fails. This study also revealed that increasing the percentage of cement of a sample does make the soil brittle as well as increases the strength of the material/soil.
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Nyebe, E. A., J. E. Sani, G. Moses, I. Ibrahim, and E. O. Ameh. "The effect of water pH on unconfined compressive strength of lime-treated clay soil for liner materials in waste containment facilities." Nigerian Journal of Technology 43, no. 2 (2024): 217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v43i2.3.
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Clay soil obtained from the Gwagwalada area of Abuja in the Northern part of Nigeria was obtained and used for this study to determine the suitability of water pH on soil strength for waste containment facilities such as landfills and surface impoundments. Water pH influences the strength and durability of soils employed in these facilities and the potential for chemical reactions that can damage containment barriers. An unconfined compressive strength test was conducted using British Standard Light (BSL) and British Standard Heavy (BSH) compaction at varying water pH (i.e., Acidic, Neutral, and Alkaline water) to see the effect it can have on the life span of the clay as a liner material. High-quality liner materials must meet the minimum unconfined compressive strength requirement of 200 kN/m2. According to the test outcomes, when the amount of lime in the soil increased, especially at 4% content, the maximum dry density (MDD) increased to 1.81, 1.78, and 1.71 Mg/m3, and the optimum moisture content (OMC) decreased to 15.0,14.0, 16.0% for BSL compaction similar trend to BSH. The MDD is 1.93,1.83, 1.90 Mg/m3, and OMC is 13.2, 14.0, and 12.4% for BSH compaction for acidic, alkaline, and neutral water, respectively. The unconfined compressive strength (UCS) decreases as moulding water increases. The UCS values meet the 200 kN/m2 minimum requirement for soils compacted with acidic and neutral pH water for all compaction efforts. When treated with neutral water, the recommendation of 4% lime addition compacted at BSH for liner material construction at -2%, 0, +2% OMC. It is also recommended that alkaline water is unsuitable for constructing liners because it reduces the strength of treated soil.
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Rama Rao, P. Kodanda, and C. Rajakumar. "Green Stabilization of Clay Soil Using Cement Kiln Dust." International Journal of PharmTech Research 13, no. 1 (2020): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.20902/ijptr.2019.130113.
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This research work is aimed to evaluate the suitability of cement kiln dust for stabilization of expansive clay soil in Coimbatore. The laboratory work involved index properties to classify the soil sample. The preliminary investigation of the soil shows that it belongs to CH class of soil in the BIS soil classification system. Soils under this class are generally of poor engineering use. Atterberg limits, free swell, free swell index, compaction, UCS and CBR tests were used to evaluate properties of stabilized soil. The soil was stabilized with cement kiln dust in stepped concentration of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% by dry weight of the soil. Analysis of the results shows that high improvement on the geotechnical properties of cement kiln dust stabilized soil. Cement kiln dust reduces plasticity index, swelling and MDD with an increase in OMC, UCS and CBR with all higher cement kiln dust contents. From this study it was found out that cement kiln dust stabilized soil meet the minimum requirement of IRC pavement specification for use as a sub-grade material in road construction.
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Ramadhanti, Banyu Bening, Andre Primantyo Hendrawan, and Runi Asmaranto. "Perbandingan Hasil Stabilisasi Menggunakan Volcanic Ash dan Kapur Pada Tanah Ekspansif di Kawasan Citraland Surabaya." Jurnal Teknologi dan Rekayasa Sumber Daya Air 4, no. 1 (2023): 126–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jtresda.2024.004.01.011.
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Lempung ekspansif adalah jenis tanah problematik karena mudah mengembang dan menyusut akibat perubahan kadar air tanah. Struktur perkerasan jalan, gedung dan jembatan yang dibangun di atas tanah jenis ini akan mengalami kerusakan atau keruntuhan. Untuk meningkatkan daya dukung dan kekuatannya, proses perbaikan tanah berupa stabilisasi telah sering digunakan. Pada studi ini, material abu vulkanik (volcanic ash) dari Gunung Kelud dan bubuk kapur komersial digunakan sebagai stabilizer untuk meningkatkan karakteristik kekuatan lempung ekspansif yang diambil dari wilayah barat kota Surabaya, Provinsi Jawa Timur Indonesia. Di laboratorium, benda uji eksperimental diambil dengan cara menyampurkan 15% bahan volcanic ash dan kapur dengan tanah ekspansif untuk mengevaluasi pengaruhnya terhadap kuat tekan bebasnya (unconfined compression strength, UCS). Nilai kadar air optimum (OMC) dan kepadatan kering maksimum (MDD) didapat dari pemadatan Standard Proctor. Dari hasil penelitian dapat ditunjukkan bahwa volcanic ash dan kapur mampu menurunkan harga indeks plastisitas lempung ekspansif. Peningkatan tertinggi nilai UCS diamati pada benda uji yang distabilisasi dengan 15% volcanic ash. Pada proses pemadatan, penambahan volcanic ash dan kapur dapat meningkatkan kepadatan kering maksimum tetapi menurunkan kadar air optimum dari benda uji lempung ekspansif.
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Assam, S. A., and J. C. Agunwamba. "Potentials of Processed Palm Kernel Shell Ash (Local Stabilizer) and Model Prediction of CBR and UCS Values of Ntak Clayey Soils in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 5, no. 12 (2020): 96–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2020.5.12.2143.
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It is very essential to improve on the study of stabilization, as we investigate the potential of Processed Palm Kernel Shell Ash (PPKSA) as a Local stabilizer in stabilizing clay soil. The ever-increasing cost of construction materials in Nigeria and other developing countries has created the need for improved research into locally and readily available materials and also on how to convert these local materials such as Palm Kernel Shell Ash for use in construction and soil improvement. To achieve this; soil samples were collected from Ntak – Uyo, Akwa Ibom State classified as an A-2-5 soil on AASHTO and CL on UNIFIED SYSTEM of classification, were sieved and passed through sieve No. 36. It was then stabilized with (2-7%) Processed Palm Kernel Shell Ash (PPKSA) by weight of the dry soil. The investigation includes evaluation of the engineering and geotechnical properties of the soil. 
 The results obtained shows that the increase in PPKSA content at 4.5% increase the Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) by 16.74%, Maximum Dry Density (MDD) by 1.89 gm/cm3, Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) by 433.12 kN/m2, California Bearing Ratio (CBR) by 55% for unsoak and 36% for soak while there was a significant reduction in the value of Liquid Limit (LL) by 30.92% and Plasticity Index (PI) by 10%. The predictive models were developed, and these models showed a good correlation with experimental results in the control tests as they possess a reasonable significant difference and a strong relationship between the measured and predicted values.
 The study concluded that PPKSA can be used to improve the properties of soil for construction purposes and 4.5% PPKSA content was observed to yield maximum improvement for OMC, MDD, CBR and UCS values.
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Assam, S. A., and J. C. Agunwamba. "Potentials of Processed Palm Kernel Shell Ash (Local Stabilizer) and Model Prediction of CBR and UCS Values of Ntak Clayey Soils in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 5, no. 12 (2020): 96–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2020.5.12.2143.
Full textAbstract:
It is very essential to improve on the study of stabilization, as we investigate the potential of Processed Palm Kernel Shell Ash (PPKSA) as a Local stabilizer in stabilizing clay soil. The ever-increasing cost of construction materials in Nigeria and other developing countries has created the need for improved research into locally and readily available materials and also on how to convert these local materials such as Palm Kernel Shell Ash for use in construction and soil improvement. To achieve this; soil samples were collected from Ntak – Uyo, Akwa Ibom State classified as an A-2-5 soil on AASHTO and CL on UNIFIED SYSTEM of classification, were sieved and passed through sieve No. 36. It was then stabilized with (2-7%) Processed Palm Kernel Shell Ash (PPKSA) by weight of the dry soil. The investigation includes evaluation of the engineering and geotechnical properties of the soil. 
 The results obtained shows that the increase in PPKSA content at 4.5% increase the Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) by 16.74%, Maximum Dry Density (MDD) by 1.89 gm/cm3, Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) by 433.12 kN/m2, California Bearing Ratio (CBR) by 55% for unsoak and 36% for soak while there was a significant reduction in the value of Liquid Limit (LL) by 30.92% and Plasticity Index (PI) by 10%. The predictive models were developed, and these models showed a good correlation with experimental results in the control tests as they possess a reasonable significant difference and a strong relationship between the measured and predicted values.
 The study concluded that PPKSA can be used to improve the properties of soil for construction purposes and 4.5% PPKSA content was observed to yield maximum improvement for OMC, MDD, CBR and UCS values.
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Abdulrahman B, Hassan II, Anwar AM, Adebayo K, and Shehu AA. "Improvement of lateritic soil using shredded plastic bottles for road construction in Jos-South, Plateau State of Nigeria." World Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology and Sciences 5, no. 2 (2022): 088–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjaets.2022.5.2.0048.
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Some geotechnical properties of lateritic soil treated with plastic shred were assessed. The test method employed involves treating lateritic soil with Plastic shreds in the percentages of 0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0% by dry weight of soil. Test carried out include preliminary test, compaction test using British Standard light (BSL) and Unconfined compressive strength (UCS) test and shear strength test. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Regression Analysis was carried out using Microsoft Office Excel software. Percentage passing BS No 200 sieve (%) was 19.34. The MDD initially increased from its natural value of 1.70 Mg/m3 to 1.77 Mg/m3 at 0.5% PS content, while OMC increased with increase in PS. The UCS increased from 51 kN/m2 for the natural soil to 72 kN/m2 at 0.5% shredded plastic content and thereafter, a decrease in UCS was observed with further increase in the percentage of shredded plastic (1%, 1.5%, and 2%). The angle of internal friction increased by about 11% and the cohesion coefficient increased by 12%; bearing capacity increased generally with an increase in PS from 147 kN/m2 natural to 215 kN/m2 at 2%. ANOVA analysis shows that shredded plastic has a significant effect on the treated lateritic soil. Based on the result obtained, an optimal 2% of PS content improved the index and strength characteristics of the treated soil and is recommended for geotechnical engineering application based on regulatory standards.
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Kumar, Amit, Kiran Devi, Maninder Singh, and Dharmender Kumar Soni. "Significance of Stone Waste in Strength Improvement of Soil." Journal of Building Material Science 1, no. 1 (2020): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.30564/jbmr.v1i1.1238.
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The evolution of industries is essential for the economic growth of any country; however, this growth often comes with exploitation of natural resources and generation of wastes. The safe disposal and utilisation of industrial wastes has become essential for sustainable development. A possible approach would be to utilize these wastes in construction industries. The stone industry is one such flawed industries that generates waste in dust or slurry form; this leads harmful impacts on human beings, animals, and surrounding areas which, in turn, can lead to soil infertility. In the present study, stone waste was examined for its influence on maximum dry density (MDD), optimum water content (OMC) and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of soil experimentally. Stone waste was used at 0%, 4%, 8%, 12%, 16% and 20% by weight of soil and UCS tests were conducted at maturing periods of 7, 14 and 21 days. Test results reported that the incorporation of stone waste improved the compressive strength value significantly. Maximum dry density was enhanced; however, optimum water content was reduced with the use of stone waste in soil due to its fine particles. Linear regression equations were also derived for various properties.
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Kumar, Amit, Kiran Devi, Maninder Singh, and Dharmender Kumar Soni. "Significance of Stone Waste in Strength Improvement of Soil." Journal of Building Material Science 1, no. 1 (2020): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.30564/jbms.v1i1.1238.
Full textAbstract:
The evolution of industries is essential for the economic growth of any country; however, this growth often comes with exploitation of natural resources and generation of wastes. The safe disposal and utilisation of industrial wastes has become essential for sustainable development. A possible approach would be to utilize these wastes in construction industries. The stone industry is one such flawed industries that generates waste in dust or slurry form; this leads harmful impacts on human beings, animals, and surrounding areas which, in turn, can lead to soil infertility. In the present study, stone waste was examined for its influence on maximum dry density (MDD), optimum water content (OMC) and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of soil experimentally. Stone waste was used at 0%, 4%, 8%, 12%, 16% and 20% by weight of soil and UCS tests were conducted at maturing periods of 7, 14 and 21 days. Test results reported that the incorporation of stone waste improved the compressive strength value significantly. Maximum dry density was enhanced; however, optimum water content was reduced with the use of stone waste in soil due to its fine particles. Linear regression equations were also derived for various properties.
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Chegenizadeh, Amin, Mahdi Keramatikerman, Faizan Afzal, Hamid Nikraz, and Chee Keong Lau. "An Investigation into Performance of Cement-Stabilized Kaolinite Clay with Recycled Seashells Exposed to Sulphate." Sustainability 12, no. 20 (2020): 8367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12208367.
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Sulphate attack is one of the key issues in geotechnical engineering. This study aims to investigate the efficacy of the seashell to reduce negative impacts of the magnesium sulphate concentration on the cement-stabilized clay mixtures by performing a series of unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests. Three percent of cement (3, 5 and 7%) was utilized in this study. In addition, the benchmark and exposed specimens were cured for 7, 14, and 28 days before testing and exposure, respectively. A series of the compaction tests were conducted and the optimum moisture content (OMC) and maximum dry density (MDD) values were achieved. In the next stage, the UCS tests were performed on the specimens containing 10, 20, or 30% seashell contents and the specimens were exposed to sulphate concentration. Scanning electron microscope morphology had indicated that seashells are a suitable replacement for cement. Qualitative X-ray diffraction had shown that the presence of magnesium sulphate reduces the formation of calcium silicate hydrate, which causes durability issues in cement-stabilized soils. The results indicated that seashell is effective to improve the sulphate resistance of cement-stabilized soil.
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Ayodele, A. L., I. K. Ajibola, and A. B. Fajobi. "Impact of Rice Husk Ash Based-Geopolymer on Some Geotechnical Properties of Selected Residual Tropical Soils." Nigerian Journal of Technological Development 21, no. 2 (2024): 22–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njtd.v21i2.2417.
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There is usually a need to enhance the properties of soils with poor geotechnical properties encountered during construction. The utilisation of Rice Husk Ash (RHA) - based geopolymer for improving some properties of two selected tropical soils was investigated. The Atterberg’s limits (Liquid limit, LL and plastic limit, PL), compaction properties (maximum dry density, MDD and optimum moisture content, OMC), California bearing ratio (CBR) and unconfined compression strength (UCS) of the un-stabilized and stabilized soils were estimated. The soil samples were stabilized with alkali activated RHA varying from 3 to 15% (in 3% increment). Alkaline activation was achieved by using a mixture of NaOH(aq) and Na2SiO3(aq) in ratio 1:2. Mineralogy and elemental analysis of the un-stabilized soils, RHA and stabilized soils were obtained using X-Ray diffraction, X-Ray Fluorescence, EDS and SEM. The LL and PI of the stabilized soils decreased with as much as 30 and 40%, respectively, while the CBR and UCS increased as much as 300% and 1500%, respectively. SEM and EDS analysis of the treated soil showed the formation of crystalline hydration products. It is concluded that RHA based geopolymer is a potential environmentally sustainable stabiliser in tropical climatic condition.
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Oke, J. A., N. O. Obaji, and K. J. Osinubi. "Oil palm empty fruit bunch ash stabilized laterite as a fill material for low-volume pavement." Nigerian Journal of Technology 39, no. 3 (2020): 721–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v39i3.10.
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A reddish-brown laterite was treated with up to 14 % oil palm empty fruit bunch ash (EFBA) by dry weight of soil and compacted with the British Standard light, BSL (or Standard Proctor) compactive effort. Index, compaction, strength and durability tests as well as microanalysis of the natural and stabilized specimens were carried out. The index, compaction characteristics (maximum dry density, MDD and optimum moisture content, OMC) and strength properties (California bearing ratio, CBR and unconfined compressive strength, UCS) were improved with higher EFBA treatment. Peak un-soaked and soaked CBR values of 70.0 and 45.0 %, as well as peak UCS strengths of 253.0, 462.0 and 577 kN/m2 at 7, 14 and 28 days curing were recorded at 8 % EFBA content. Based on the CBR specification specified in the Nigerian General Specifications, the laterite optimally treated with 8 % EFBA compacted with the BSL compactive effort can be used as a fill material in the construction of low-volume traffic pavement. The benefit of the EFBA application is primarily the reduction of the adverse environmental impact of the oil palm empty fruit bunch waste.
 Keywords: California bearing ratio, durability, laterite, oil palm empty fruit bunch ash, microanalysis, stabilization