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Journal articles on the topic 'Mdgc'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 5 February 2022

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1

Mutangabende, Shepherd, and Elvin Shava. "Assessing Progress and Pitfalls of the Millennium Development Goals in Zimbabwe: A Critical Analysis." Africa’s Public Service Delivery and Performance Review 4, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 573. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/apsdpr.v4i4.141.

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Zimbabwe adopted the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) at their inception in 2000 and it has trends of its progress in its attempt to attain these MDGs as indicated in progress reports since 2004, 2010, 2012 and 2015. In these reports optimistic trends are chiefly found in MDG2 on universal primary education which is Zimbabwe’s pride in Africa, MDG3 regarding gender parity in schools and MDG6 on HIV and AIDS. The country continues to face its biggest challenges in attaining MDG1 which is eliminating extreme poverty and hunger and MDG5 which is increase nurturing mortality, whereas all the objectives under these goals are dubious that would be attained at the cut-off date. It was unfortunate that, the inception of the MDGs coincided with the deepening of socioeconomic, political and environmental crisis in the country which made it very difficult for Zimbabwe to accomplish all of its MDGs. The focal motive of this study was to check the progress, policies, programmes and strategies which were in place to promote the attainment of the MDGs from 2000-2015 and other strategies or policies in place to attain the SDGs 2016-2030. This paper recommended that there is need for institutionalisation of SDGs that is aligning them with Zimbabwe Agenda for Sustainable Socioeconomic Transformation (Zim-Asset) cluster; for instance, value accumulation and beneficiation, nourishment security, poverty extermination, social services and strengthening partnership with all stakeholders. The research uses intensive secondary data analysis from various sources including government gazette, journal articles, e-books, and government website, reports, published and unpublished books.

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Pažitná, Alexandra, Nikoleta Jánošková, and Ivan Špánik. "Multidimensional gas chromatography and its applications in food and environmental analysis." Acta Chimica Slovaca 6, no. 1 (April 1, 2013): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/acs-2013-0021.

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Abstract This review deals with overview of methods of multidimensional gas chromatography (MDGC), the classical meaning- conventional heart-cut MDGC, and the comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC). MDGC is widely used because it increases required separation efficiency, which cannot be achieved by one-dimensional gas chromatography. Selected applications in food quality and safety, monitoring of environment, food authentication are summarized. This review summarizes the advances and applications of MDGC that have been published over last 10 years.

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English, Mike, Rex English, and Atti English. "Millennium Development Goals progress: a perspective from sub-Saharan Africa." Archives of Disease in Childhood 100, Suppl 1 (January 22, 2015): S57—S58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2013-305747.

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Sub-Saharan Africa is a highly diverse geo-political region. Any brief discussion of the progress made over the last 15 years towards the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) will therefore not do justice to the true complexity of context and events. Our focus will be MDG4—to reduce child mortality by 66% from 1990 levels. We will touch briefly on MDG1, to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger, MDG2, to achieve universal primary education, and MDG5, to improve maternal health, which are inextricably linked with child well-being. We will also draw on an eclectic mix of additional global indicators. Acknowledging the limitations of this approach, we first offer a summary of expected progress and then point to debates on future goals.

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Sewenig, Sabine, Dino Bullinger, Uwe Hener, and Armin Mosandl. "Comprehensive Authentication of (E)-α(β)-Ionone from Raspberries, Using Constant Flow MDGC-C/P-IRMS and Enantio-MDGC-MS." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 53, no. 4 (February 2005): 838–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf040356k.

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Sciarrone, Danilo, Antonino Schepis, Gemma De Grazia, Archimede Rotondo, Filippo Alibrando, Roger Raupp Cipriano, Humberto Bizzo, Cicero Deschamps, Leonard M. Sidisky, and Luigi Mondello. "Collection and identification of an unknown component from Eugenia uniflora essential oil exploiting a multidimensional preparative three-GC system employing apolar, mid-polar and ionic liquid stationary phases." Faraday Discussions 218 (2019): 101–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8fd00234g.

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Janta, Pannipa, Duangkamol Pinyo, Yamonporn Yodta, Porames Vasasiri, Meinolf Weidenbach, Matthias Pursch, Xiuhan (Grace) Yang, and Chadin Kulsing. "Strategies towards simpler configuration and higher peak capacity with comprehensive multidimensional gas chromatography." RSC Advances 11, no. 14 (2021): 7946–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra10495g.

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7

Full, Gerhard, Peter Winterhalter, Gertraut Schmidt, Peter Herion, and Peter Schreier. "MDGC-MS: A powerful tool for enantioselective flavor analysis." Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 16, no. 11 (November 1993): 642–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240161104.

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Janta, Pannipa, Duangkamol Pinyo, Yamonporn Yodta, Porames Vasasiri, Meinolf Weidenbach, Matthias Pursch, Xiuhan (Grace) Yang, and Chadin Kulsing. "A multi-location peak parking approach for calculation of second dimensional retention indices for improved volatile compound identification with cryogen-free comprehensive heart-cut two-dimensional gas chromatography." Analytical Methods 13, no. 1 (2021): 124–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ay01976c.

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Comprehensive heart-cut multidimensional gas chromatography (CH/C MDGC) without a cryogenic trapping device was developed with an approach for calculation of first and second dimensional retention indices (¹I and ²I).

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Legrum, Charlotte, Elisa Gracia-Moreno, Ricardo Lopez, Theodoros Potouridis, Johannes Langen, Petra Slabizki, Jörg Weiand, and Hans-Georg Schmarr. "Quantitative analysis of 3-alkyl-2-methoxypyrazines in German Sauvignon blanc wines by MDGC–MS or MDGC–MS/MS for viticultural and enological studies." European Food Research and Technology 239, no. 4 (May 15, 2014): 549–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00217-014-2250-8.

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Schubert, Vera, Renate Diener, and Armin Mosandl. "Enantioselective Multidimensional Gas Chromatography of Some Secondary Alcohols and Their Acetates from Banana." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 46, no. 1-2 (February 1, 1991): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1991-1-206.

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Abstract Using enantioselective MDGC the enantiomeric distribution of alkan-(alken-)2-yl-acetates from bananas is achieved. After simple acetylation their corresponding alcohols 2-pentanol, 2-hexanol, 2-heptanol an d (Z)-4-hepten-2-ol respectively are also exactly stereodifferentiated by the same method. All compounds investigated -esters as well as alcohols -exhibit a remarkable excess of the (S)-enantiomers.

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Kulsing, Chadin, Yada Nolvachai, Paul Rawson, David J. Evans, and Philip J. Marriott. "Continuum in MDGC Technology: From Classical Multidimensional to Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography." Analytical Chemistry 88, no. 7 (March 22, 2016): 3529–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03839.

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Tomás, José Manuel, Pedro M. Hontangas, Amparo Oliver, Laura Galiana, and Patricia Sancho. "More on the Dimensionality of the GHQ-12: Competitive Confirmatory Models." Universitas Psychologica 18, no. 1 (February 20, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.11144/javeriana.upsy18-1.mdgc.

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The General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) was designed to measure minor psychiatric morbidity by assessing normal ‘healthy’ functioning and the appearance of new, distressing symptoms. Among its versions, the 12-item is one of the most used. GHQ-12’s validity and reliability have been extensively tested in samples from different populations. In the Spanish version, studies have come to different conclusions, of one, two, and three-factor structures. This research aims to present additional evidence on the factorial validity of the Spanish version of the GHQ-12, using competitive confirmatory models. Three samples of workers (N= 525, 414 and 540) were used to test a set of substantive models previously found in Spanish and international literature. Results showed that multidimensional models had moderate to substantial inter-factor correlations (ranging from 0.29 to 0.76) but not as high as to jeopardize their discriminant validity. The best-fitting models were the original solution by Graetz (1991) and the exploratory three-factor solution offered by Rocha et al. (2011), multidimensional three-factor solutions with correlated factors. The conclusion is that a multidimensional three-factor structure underlies the items in the GHQ-12.

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Nitz, Siegfried, Bernd Weinreich, and Friedrich Drawert. "Multidirmensional gas chromatography - isotope ratio mass spectrometry (MDGC-IRMS). Part A: System description and technical requirements." Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15, no. 6 (June 1992): 387–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240150607.

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MOBIN, M., S. G. DE LIMA, L. T. G. ALMEIDA, J. P. TAKAHASHI, J. B. TELES, M. W. SZESZS, M. A. MARTINS, A. A. CARVALHO, and M. S. C. MELHEM. "MDGC-MS analysis of essential oils from Protium heptaphyllum (Aubl.) and their antifungal activity against Candida specie." Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais 18, no. 2 (June 2016): 531–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-084x/15_110.

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ABSTRACT Protium heptaphyllum is found in the Amazon region, and in various Brazilian states and South American countries. Also Known as almecega, it produces an oil resin used in traditional medicine as analgesic, anti-inflammatory, cicatrizant and expectorant, it is rich in pentacyclic triterpenes and essential oil. The main objective of this study was to analyze the chemical composition of P. heptaphyllumresin (OEPh) over different extraction times and to evaluate their antifungal activity against Candida species, obtained from gardeners with onychomycosis, using the disk diffusion method. The OEPh was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by Multidimensional Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry (MDGC / MS). Candida species were obtained from lesions on the nails of horticulturist from a community garden in the city of Teresina, Piauí, Brazil. The antifungal activity in concentrations of 1000 µg/L, 500 µg/L and 250 µg/L, PROTOCOL M44-A2 (CLSI 2009) OEPh was tested. The main constituents identified were: l-limonene, α-terpineol, p-cineol, o-cymene and α-phellandrene, however, its composition varies significantly with extraction time. All species, except C. rugosa, were inhibited with halo (≥ 14 mm) at 1000 μg / L. C. krusei is naturally resistant to the drug fluconazole, but when tested with OEPh the clinical species (case 9) demonstrated sensitivity in three dilutions (halo ≤ 10 ≥ 14) and the standard strain was inhibited at concentration of 1000 μg/Lg / L (halo 14mm). A similar situation also occurred with the standard strain of C. parapsilosis (halo ≥ 11mm). OEPh has considerable antifungal activity, which merits further investigation for alternative clinical applications, since this species is widely distributed in our community, and it presents good yields, and also has important therapeutic applications.

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Striebich, Richard C., Wayne A. Rubey, and Joy R. Klosterman. "Trace-level measurement of complex combustion effluents and residues using multidimensional gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (MDGC–MS)." Waste Management 22, no. 4 (July 2002): 413–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0956-053x(02)00024-7.

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Weckerle, Bernhard, Renate Bastl-Borrmann, Elke Richling, Katja Hör, Christiane Ruff, and Peter Schreier. "Cactus pear (Opuntia ficus indica) flavour constituents-chiral evaluation (MDGC-MS) and isotope ratio (HRGC-IRMS) analysis." Flavour and Fragrance Journal 16, no. 5 (August 14, 2001): 360–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1012.

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Kreck, Mirjam, Annette Scharrer, Steffi Bilke, and Armin Mosandl. "Enantioselective analysis of monoterpene compounds in essential oils by stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE)-enantio-MDGC-MS." Flavour and Fragrance Journal 17, no. 1 (2001): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1033.

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Ghosh, Rakesh Kumar, Zareen S. Khan, Kaushik Banerjee, D. Damodar Reddy, Nalli Johnson, and Deb Prasad Ray. "Elucidation of False Detection of Pesticides During Residue Analysis in Indian Tobacco by Multidimensional GC-MS." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 103, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.19-0204.

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Abstract Background: False detection of pesticides in agricultural produce may raise serious questions regarding both consumer safety and trade. High levels of delta-hexachlorocyclohexane (δ-HCH; 11.7–22.3 mg/kg) were detected in some tobacco samples in a retention time–based GC analysis. Hence, the selection of an appropriate analytical method is an uncompromisable necessity. Objectives: This research work aimed to elucidate false detection of pesticides along with identification of coeluting tobacco matrix compounds to understand the dynamics of false detection with an increase in the number of analyzed pesticides and to screen suitable analytical methods. Methods: Initially, retention time–based GC analysis was performed for monitoring of 10 pesticide residues in tobacco leaf matrix, followed by GC-MS/selected-ion monitoring (SIM) analysis. Then, the total number of pesticides to be analyzed was increased to 47, and residue analysis was performed by involving GC-MS/SIM and multidimensional (MD) GC-MS. Results: A false-positive detection of δ-HCH due to a coeluting tobacco aroma compound, neophytadiene, during residue analysis of 10 pesticides in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) leaf was observed. This problem was resolved by employing the unique quantifier and qualifier ions in SIM mode. However, with 47 pesticides, neophytadiene completely masked the signal of δ-HCH, which resulted in an impure spectrum of δ-HCH (<30% similarity match) even after application of selective quantifier and qualifier ions. Finally, MDGC-MS analysis could resolve it by chromatographic separation of the said analyte from the coeluting matrix compound. Conclusions: The findings of this work offer the potential to minimize false reporting of target pesticides to comply with consumer safety and trade standards. Highlights: The study identifies various tobacco matrix compounds coeluting with pesticides during multiresidue analysis. Neophytadiene, a tobacco aroma compound, resulted in false-positive detection of δ-HCH. The MDGC-MS could be effectively used as a confirmatory analysis tool for reliable detection of pesticide residue in tobacco leaf matrix.

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Begnaud, Frédéric, Christian Starkenmann, Matthijs Van de Waal, and Alain Chaintreau. "Chiral Multidimensional Gas Chromatography (MDGC) and Chiral GC–Olfactometry with a Double-Cool-Strand Interface: Application to Malodors." Chemistry & Biodiversity 3, no. 2 (February 2006): 150–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.200690018.

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Gómara, Belén, Luisa R. Bordajandi, and María José González. "Feasibility of two multidimensional techniques, heart-cut MDGC and GC×GC, for the separation of PCBs and PBDEs." Journal of Separation Science 30, no. 12 (August 2007): 1920–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jssc.200700045.

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Oduwaiye, RO, S. Oyeniran, and OO David. "Impact of Teacher Development Programmes on Teachers’ Attitudes towards MDG2: the Case of Abeokuta South Local Government." Journal of Science and Sustainable Development 4, no. 1 (June 12, 2013): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jssd.v4i1.6.

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Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 2 focuses on attainment of universal primary education (UPE). Taking cognizance of the fact that attainment of the goal depends heavily on the attitudes and work of teachers involved in the delivery of primary education, this study delved into these teachers’ attitudes towards the goal as shaped by their involvement in professional development programmes, taking the case of Abeokuta South Local Government. The findings were that teacher development programmes improve teachers’ capacity and disposition towards attainment of MDG2. Pertinent recommendations for theory, policy and practice grounded on thisfinding are propounded. Keywords · Teacher development programmes · Primary education · MDGs

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Krock, Kevin A., and Charles L. Wilkins. "Qualitative analysis of contaminated environmental extracts by multidimensional gas chromatography with infrared and mass spectral detection (MDGC-IR-MS)." Journal of Chromatography A 726, no. 1-2 (March 1996): 167–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(95)01065-3.

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Tipler, A., L. Marotta, F. DiSanzo, and H. Grecsek. "Determination of Low Levels of Methanol in Crude Oils by Multi-dimensional Gas Chromatography (MDGC) Using Novel Micro Channel Flow Technology." Journal of Chromatographic Science 50, no. 3 (February 15, 2012): 184–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/bmr045.

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Kreck, Mirjam, Annette Scharrer, Steffi Bilke, and Armin Mosandl. "Stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE)-enantio-MDGC-MS – a rapid method for the enantioselective analysis of chiral flavour compounds in strawberries." European Food Research and Technology 213, no. 4-5 (October 2001): 389–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002170100397.

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Larionova, Marina. "The Challenges of Attaining the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)." International Organisations Research Journal 15, no. 1 (April 5, 2020): 155–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/1996-7845-2020-01-07.

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The history of the millennium development goals (MDGs), the achievement of which experienced a major setback with the outbreak of the 2008 global economic and financial crisis, may provide some useful insights on the global partnership for the sustainable development goals (SDGs). There is a vast literature devoted to the MDGs. Most of the analysis is focused on the implementation and progress made toward achieving the MDGs. Fewer authors explore reasons for shortfalls or describe intrinsic limitations to the MDG framework, including limitations in the development, formulation and content of the MDGs themselves. This article reviews cooperation on the MDGs, exploring the priorities of different stakeholders and the challenges to progress inthe broader context of development and global governance.The review focuses on MDG 8, developing a global partnership for development. Added to the MDGs due to Kofi Annan’s leadership, MDG 8 helped to attract support from developing countries which viewed the MDGs as reflecting a one-sided deal favouring the interests of rich countries. Inclusion of the goal to reform the international economic system appeased some critics of the international development goals that were put forward by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and taken as the basis for the MDGs. This article argues that despite the endeavour by the United Nations (UN) General Assembly to steer the development of global partnerships, extrinsic barriers such as lack of political will on the part of the key stakeholders, the financial crisis, and vested interests prevented deliveryon MDG 8’s key target ofdeveloping an open, predictable, rule-based, non-discriminatory trading and economic system. Achievement of this goal is necessary in order to create the equitable and inclusive international order demanded by developing countries for decades. Most markedly, a lack of progress on MDG 8’s goal of addressing systemic issues of global economic governance became the greatest challenge to achieving the MDGs, and the greatest disappointment. Systemic problems were inherited by the SDGs, the achievement of which requires a truly global partnership able to build a new economic order as a foundation for inclusive and sustainable development. This review draws on content analysis of General Assembly resolutions and the official records of its 55th to 70th sessions, documents from the three conferences on financing for development, the crisis summit, reports on MDG results, and public statements and analytical narratives about the MDGs

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Juchelka, Dieter, Thomas Beck, Uwe Hener, Frank Dettmar, and Armin Mosandl. "Multidimensional Gas Chromatography Coupled On-Line with Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (MDGC-IRMS): Progress in the Analytical Authentication of Genuine Flavor Components." Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 21, no. 3 (March 1, 1998): 145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1521-4168(19980301)21:3<145::aid-jhrc145>3.0.co;2-z.

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Hong, Joon Ho, Naeem Khan, Nargis Jamila, Young Shin Hong, Eun Yeong Nho, Ji Yeon Choi, Cheong Mi Lee, and Kyong Su Kim. "Determination of Volatile Flavour Profiles of Citrus spp. Fruits by SDE-GC-MS and Enantiomeric Composition of Chiral Compounds by MDGC-MS." Phytochemical Analysis 28, no. 5 (April 25, 2017): 392–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pca.2686.

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Greule, Markus, and Armin Mosandl. "Heptan-2-ol and trans-linalool oxide (fur.) as inherent indicators of natural blackberry flavour using enantioselective and multielement-MDGC-IRMS analysis." European Food Research and Technology 226, no. 5 (April 12, 2007): 1001–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00217-007-0622-z.

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Katamba, David, Cedric Marvin Nkiko, Charles Tushabomwe-Kazooba, Sulayiman Babiiha Mpisi, Imelda Kemeza, and Christopher M.J. Wickert. "Integrating corporate social responsibility into efforts to realize millennium development goals." World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development 10, no. 4 (October 7, 2014): 314–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wjemsd-09-2013-0051.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present corporate social responsibility (CSR) as an alternative roadmap to accelerating realization of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in Uganda, even after 2015. Design/methodology/approach – Using a mixed research methodology, this research documented CSR activities of 16 companies operating in Uganda. Data collection was guided by quantitative and qualitative methodologies (semi-structured interviews with CSR managers, plus non-participant observation of CSR activities and projects linked with MDGs). Triangulation was used to ensure credibility and validity of the results. For data analysis, the authors followed a three-stepwise process, which helped to develop a framework within which the collected data could be analyzed. For generalization of the findings, the authors were guided by the “adaptive theory approach”. Findings – Uganda will not realize any MDGs by 2015. However, CSR activities have the potential to contribute to a cross-section of various MDGs that are more important and relevant to Uganda when supported by the government. If this happens, realization of the MDGs is likely to be stepped up. CSR's potential contributions to the MDGs were found to be hindered by corruption and cost of doing business. Lastly, MDG 8 and MDG 3 were perceived to be too ambiguous to be integrated into company CSR interventions, and to a certain extent were perceived to be carrying political intentions which conflict with the primary business intentions of profit maximization. Practical implications – Governments in developing countries that are still grappling with the MDGs can use this research when devising collaborations with private-sector companies. These documented CSR activities that contribute directly to specific MDGs can be factored into the priority public-private partnership arrangements. Private companies can also use these findings to frame their stakeholder engagement, especially with the government and also when setting CSR priorities that significantly contribute to sustainable development. Originality value – This research advances the “Post-2015 MDG Development Agenda” suggested during the United Nations MDG Summit in 2010, which called for academic and innovative contributions on how MDGs can be realized even after 2015.

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Song, Mei, Ying Xia, and Elizabeth Tomasino. "Investigation of a Quantitative Method for the Analysis of Chiral Monoterpenes in White Wine by HS-SPME-MDGC-MS of Different Wine Matrices." Molecules 20, no. 4 (April 22, 2015): 7359–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules20047359.

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Agyekum, Owusu. "PAEDIATRIC AND OBSTETRICS EMERGENCIES TOWARDS THE ACHIEVEMENT OF MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL’S 4, 5, AND 6: THE ROLE OF THE PHYSICIAN ASSISTANT." Indian Journal of Medical Sciences 68, no. 1 (October 10, 2016): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.0019-5359.indianjmedsci20163527.

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<p>The Physician Assistant (PA) plays a very important role in the rural areas manning clinics and health centers where no doctor is available. Millennium development goal (MDG 4) is targeted at reducing under-five mortality rates by half between 1990 and 2015. However, the current rate of 80 deaths per 1000 live births is far greater than the target rate of 40 per 1000 by 2015. MDG5 is aimed at reducing maternal mortality ratio by 2/3 by 2015. However, the current trend shows maternal death of 451 per 10,000 live births as against 185 by 1000 live births. MDG6 aims at combating HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases such as tuberculosis, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension. There is still the need to reduce the prevalence of these diseases. Therefore, there is a need to increase the knowledge and number of PAs in the rural areas to help solve these problems.</p>

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Matafwali, Muleba, and Kenny Makungu. "An Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Communication Strategies for Achieving Millennium Development Goals in Zambia." Journal of Law and Social Sciences 2, no. 1 (January 27, 2021): 141–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.53974/unza.jlss.2.1.438.

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According to various reports by the UN and other organizations, Africa is facing big challenges in achieving the world's anti-poverty Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). This prompted a study by Muleba Matafwali (2010) which aimed at enhancing the understanding that communication plays a very critical role in the quest to attain development in Zambia. Key findings were that Twenty-Five point Five percent (25.5%) of the respondents indicated that television and radio documentaries were the most useful tool sources of information on MDGs for them. Forty-Three point Six percent (43.6%) indicated that community education on MDGs should be intensified. A total of 16.4% of respondents indicated that radio and television programmes should be prioritized in an effort to accelerate the achievement of MDGs. The findings also revealed that MDG experts and politicians make up 19.1% and 18.2% respectively of people who were good sources of information for them. A total of 126 people were sampled for the study. In the conclusion, the study noted that all key players in the MDG campaign were making significant efforts to reach the wider public with the MDG message. However there was need to accelerate these efforts in order to reach the wider population. The study recommended that MDG campaigners should use more inexpensive communication methods such as folk media alongside conversional means of communication such as radio.

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Durokifa, Anuoluwapo A., and Babatunde Moshood Abdul-Wasi. "Evaluating Nigeria’s Achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs): DETERMINANTS, DELIVERABLES, AND SHORTFALLS." Africa’s Public Service Delivery and Performance Review 4, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 656. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/apsdpr.v4i4.147.

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Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) was implemented in 2000 ostensibly to accelerate development within its 15 years plan of action. In the credence of this notion, Nigeria was one of the early countries that adopted the rational policy. Prior to the introduction of MDG, the country had implemented diverse developmental policies which are said not to have delivered the expected dividend. Hence, no sooner, the MDGs came to an end; the impulse of another developmental goal became necessary. Sustainable development Goals (SDGs) succeeding MDGs reiterates questions such as, how well did MDGs perform in developing countries? Where the aims of the MDGs met? If MDGs struggle to achieve 8 goals, how possible will SDGs 17 goals be realized? It is in this light, that the study using secondary data evaluate the MDG era in Nigeria, how far and how well they achieved their set target. The study suggests that although MDGs era in Nigeria recorded slight progress with regards to targeted goals, it did not meet the required plausible targets. Hence, as a very effective way of achieving sustainable development, the study recommends good governance and prioritizing of goals according to the country needs.

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Shoeib, Mahiba, Kenneth A. Brice, and Ray M. Hoff. "Studies of toxaphene in technical standard and extracts of background air samples (Point Petre, Ontario) using multidimensional gas chromatography–electron capture detection (MDGC–ECD)." Chemosphere 40, no. 2 (January 2000): 201–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0045-6535(99)00297-0.

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Mosandl, A., and V. Schubert. "Stereoisomeric Flavor Compounds XXXVII: Enantiomer Separation of l-Alken-3-yl Esters and their Chirality Evaluation from Essential Oils Using Multidimensional Gas Chromatography (MDGC)." Journal of Essential Oil Research 2, no. 3 (May 1990): 121–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1990.9697841.

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Utomo, Budi. "Tantangan Pencapaian Millenium Development Goals (MDGs) Bidang Kesehatan di Indonesia." Kesmas: National Public Health Journal 1, no. 5 (April 1, 2007): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.21109/kesmas.v1i5.296.

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Laporan pemerintah tentang pencapaian MDGs di Indonesia sampai tahun 2002 merefleksikan komitmen dalam mensejahterakan rakyat. Kesehatan yang dijabarkan dalam berbagai indikator tujuan 4, 5, dan 6 dilaporkan membaik. Tulisan ini menelaah status pencapaian, mencari penjelasan latar belakang pencapaian, dan menilai prospek pencapaian MDGs utamanya bidang kesehatan. Hasil telaah menunjukkan sebagian besar indikator kesehatan membaik, tetapi lamban. Walau menurun, angka kematian ibu dan anak masih tinggi. Penyakit infeksi dan masalah gizi masih prevalen. Akses masyarakat terhadap pelayanan kesehatan masih rendah. Biaya masih menjadi penghambat utama pelayanan kesehatan bagi mereka yang membutuhkan. Program pemberantasan penyakit menular, termasuk HIV/AIDS, malaria, dan TB masih dihadapkan pada banyak hambatan. Prevalensi malaria dan TB masih tinggi, sementara epidemi HIV/AIDS di beberapa daerah sudah mulai masuk kedalam populasi rendah. Gambaran ini menyiratkan prognosis pencapaian MDGs di Indonesia yang kurang menggembirakan. Tantangan utama pencapaian MDGs bidang kesehatan adalah bagaimana pemerintah dapat menerjemahkan komitmen dan kebijakan intervensi efektif yang sudah tersedia menjadi program rutin pelayanan kesehatan yang dapat langsung menyentuh masyarakat, terutama mereka yang paling membutuhkan, yaitu masyarakat miskin.Kata kunci: Pencapaian MDGs, bidang kesehatan, masyarakat miskinAbstractGovernment’s report on achievement of MDGs in Indonesia until 2002 reflects commitment towards people’s welfare. Health area as explained in indicators of goals 4, 5, and 6 were reported as improved. This review examines achievement status, elucidates background explanation about those achievement status, and assesses prospect of MDG achievement, particularly in health area. The review shows that most of MDG’s health indicators improved but in a slow manner. Funding is still posed as the main constraint of health care of those who needed it. Eradication program of infectious and contagious diseases, including HIV/AIDS, malaria, and TB faces many hurdles. Malaria and TB prevalences are still high , while HIV/AIDS epidemic in several areas has shown infiltration and spread among low socio-economic population groups. This situation reflects a not very good prognostic of MDG achievement in Indonesia. The main challenge of MDG achievement in health area in Indonesia is related to question on how the government could translate commitment and effective intervention policy into routine health care program that directly touch the people, especially those who need most: the poor.Keywords: MDG achievement, health area, the poor

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Dugo, G., I. Bonaccorsi, D. Sciarrone, L. Schipilliti, M. Russo, A. Cotroneo, P. Dugo, L. Mondello, and V. Raymo. "Characterization of cold-pressed and processed bergamot oils by using GC-FID, GC-MS, GC-C-IRMS, enantio-GC, MDGC, HPLC and HPLC-MS-IT-TOF." Journal of Essential Oil Research 24, no. 2 (April 2012): 93–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2012.659526.

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Pérez-Fernández, Virginia, María Castro-Puyana, María José González, María Luisa Marina, María Ángeles García, and Belén Gómara. "Simultaneous enantioselective separation of polychlorinated biphenyls and their methyl sulfone metabolites by heart-cut MDGC: Determination of enantiomeric fractions in fish oils and cow liver samples." Chirality 24, no. 7 (May 22, 2012): 577–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.22062.

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Akinboade, Oludele Akinloye, and Emilie Chanceline Kinfack. "Financial development, economic growth and millennium development goals in South Africa." International Journal of Social Economics 42, no. 5 (May 11, 2015): 459–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-01-2013-0006.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to empirically report the findings on the relationship between financial sector development, economic growth and of millennium development goals (MDGs) for poverty reduction, education and health development in South Africa. Design/methodology/approach – The autoregressive distributed lag bounds testing technique was applied to two indicators of financial development, economic growth and four indicators of MDGs. Findings – Economic growth and MDGs jointly cause financial development. Similarly, economic growth and financial sector development jointly cause the attainment of MDGs. The attainment of MDGs such as increased per capita expenditure on food and education as well as economic growth jointly cause financial development. Practical implications – The findings highlight the complexity of the relationship between financial development, economic growth and MDGs. It is essential that the government of South Africa pursue a three track strategy of promoting financial sector development, economic growth and MDGs. The development of one strategy causes and is caused by the development of the other two. Originality/value – Relationships between financial development, economic growth and MDG targets are unsettled in the literature. This paper studies the link between the three variables in South Africa. Hence, the contribution of this study is to enrich the understanding of this important field in the context of an important African country.

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Nielsen, Rune Damgaard, Maja Abitz, and Bente Pakkenberg. "NEURON AND GLIAL CELL NUMBERS IN THE MEDIODORSAL THALAMIC NUCLEUS IN BRAINS OF SCHIZOPHRENIC SUBJECTS." Image Analysis & Stereology 27, no. 3 (May 3, 2011): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.5566/ias.v27.p133-141.

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Several stereological studies of schizophrenic subjects have shown reduction in both the total number of neurons and in the total volume of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus (MD). This is in contrast to other studies in that no differences have been found. Using systematic random sampling and an optical fractionator design, the total number of neuron and glial cells in the MD subdivisions: parvocellular (MDPC), magnocellular (MDMC), and densocellular (MDDC) were counted in brains from 9 schizophrenic and 8 control subjects. The control subjects were age, height and body-weight matched to the schizophrenic subjects. We found the neuronal numbers in the schizophrenic subjects to range more than a factor of two, from 3.68 to 9.22 x 106. This is in contrast to the control subjects, who ranged from 5.24 to 7.10 x 106 in neuronal cell numbers. Within our inhomogeneous sample, some schizophrenic subjects thus exhibited relative high total neuron numbers in MD, while others exhibited relative low neuron numbers. The result is in line with the heterogeneity of this severe mental disease and may help to explain why different research groups get different results. The major limitation in this study is the small number of brains of schizophrenic subjects with a high degree of inhomogeneity in length of disease and age of onset. The debates of the comparison of the neurons in the MD in brains of schizophrenic subjects and control subjects and the possible impact of this variance on the disease are still not complete.

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Dreschler, Wouter A., and A. Rens Leeuw. "Speech Reception in Reverberation Related to Temporal Resolution." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 33, no. 1 (March 1990): 181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3301.181.

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In this study, the influence of temporal properties of the auditory system on speech recognition, either in noise or in both noise and reverberation, has been investigated. Temporal resolution parameters consisted of both the temporal resolution factor (TRF) and the minimum detectable gap (MDG). TRFs were measured for probe-tone frequencies of 500, 1000, and 3000 Hz; MDGs were measured for octave-band noises centered at 500, 1000, and 3000 Hz and for a wideband noise. TRF and MDG proved to be rather independent parameters of temporal resolution. For both temporal-resolution parameters, there was considerable overlap between the performance of the normal-hearing and hearing-impaired listeners. A correlation analysis shows that MDG for wideband noise is related to speech recognition in reverberation. However, there is a mutual dependence of speech recognition and MDG on the pure-tone audiogram.

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Podebrad, Frank, Martin Heil, Saandra Leib, Bernhard Geier, Thomas Beck, Armin Mosandl, Adrian C. Sewell, and Hans Böhles. "Analytical approach in diagnosis of inherited metabolic diseases: Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) - simultaneous analysis of metabolites in urine by enantioselective multidimensional capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (enantio-MDGC-MS)." Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 20, no. 7 (July 1997): 355–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240200703.

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Prachitha, J., Akshay Dhume, and S. Subramanian. "India in Pursuit of Millennium Development Goals: Were the Targets Really Feasible?" Journal of Developing Societies 35, no. 1 (March 2019): 105–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0169796x19826737.

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In recent years, the Indian National Health Mission (NHM) was introduced by the Government of India as an umbrella of health programs to cover reproductive and child health, adolescent health, and selected disease control programs. These programs were given a mandate to accelerate the achievement of the health-related Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by 2015. Considerable progress toward realizing the MDG objectives has been achieved, especially reductions in infant and child mortality and improvement in measles vaccination coverage (MDG Goal 4), as well as the reduction of maternal mortality and an increase in the number of births attended by skilled personnel (MDG Goal 5). Nevertheless, an overall appraisal of the status of the indicators in 2015 reveals that many of the targets remained to be achieved. The analytical issue explored here is whether the targets were too high to achieve or whether Indian health policies were flawed or too long delayed. This article offers a state-wise analysis of the achievements in health indicators relating to MDGs 4 and 5. The rate of achievement for two time periods, pre-NHM and NHM until 2015, is analyzed here. Our key finding is that most of the targets were indeed infeasible, but that lack of achievement could be attributed to delays in planning; sometimes poor execution of the policies and programs; and to the economic, social, and political disparities within the country. Better organized and more innovative approaches at the state level could improve the realization of vital MDG targets, providing improved public health for all.

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Clemente, Ann Maria, Giulia Fadigati, Roberto Caporale, Damiano G. Marchese, Giuseppe Castronovo, Anna Rosa Sannella, Carlo Severini, et al. "Modulation of the Immune and Inflammatory Responses by Plasmodium falciparum Schizont Extracts: Role of Myeloid Dendritic Cells in Effector and Regulatory Functions of CD4+Lymphocytes." Infection and Immunity 81, no. 5 (March 18, 2013): 1842–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.01226-12.

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ABSTRACTThe optimal immune response to malaria infection comprises rapid induction of inflammatory responses promptly counteracted by regulatory mechanisms to prevent immunopathology. To evaluate the role of dendritic cells (DC) in the balance of parasite-induced inflammatory/anti-inflammatory mechanisms, we studied the activity of monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDC), previously exposed to soluble extracts ofPlasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells (PfSE), in the differentiation of CD4 cells isolated from donors never exposed to malaria infection. We show that MDDC exposed toPfSE are extremely efficient to induce a contemporary differentiation of TH1 effector cells and T regulatory (Treg) cells in CD4 T cells even when exposed to low concentrations of parasitic extracts. Treg cells induced by MDDC infected withPfSE (MDDC-PfSE) produce transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and interleukin 10 (IL-10) and are endowed with strong suppressive properties. They also show phenotypical and functional peculiarities, such as the contemporary expression of markers of Treg and TH1 differentiation and higher sensitivity to TLR4 ligands both inducing an increasing production of suppressive cytokines. On the whole, our data indicate that MDDC exposed toPfSE orchestrate a well-balanced immune response with timely differentiation of TH1 and Treg cells in CD4 cells from nonimmune donors and suggest that, during the infection, the role of MDCC could be particularly relevant in low-parasitemia conditions.

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Romaine, Suzanne. "Keeping the promise of the Millennium Development Goals: Why language matters." Applied Linguistics Review 4, no. 1 (March 29, 2013): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/applirev-2013-0001.

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AbstractThe adoption of the Millennium Declaration in 2000 by 189 member-states of the United Nations defined a critical moment for global cooperation as leaders committed themselves to achieve eight specific development objectives known as the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by 2015. As the largest and arguably most ambitious initiative on the international development agenda, the MDGs have become the normative framework for human development, and the MDG language of goals and targets now shapes the global debate about how to define and measure development. Examination of the progress achieved thus far towards the MDGs pinpoints language at the very heart of major fault lines in the development process: those most often left behind are language minorities. Keeping the promise of the MDGs requires a new understanding of the critical role of language in human development. Because there can be no true development with linguistic development, only by putting language at the center of development can we close the gaps and meet key targets of the MDGs and other global agendas such as Education for All (EFA) and Education for Sustainable Development (ESD). This article issues an urgent call for linguists to make their voices heard.

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Chiguware, Tendai. "Compatibility between the Millennium Development Goals and the Global Development Discourse: PERSPECTIVES FROM ZIMBABWE." Africa’s Public Service Delivery and Performance Review 4, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 539. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/apsdpr.v4i4.138.

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The Millennium Development Goals were a rather a bold initiate meant to curtail rising levels of poverty in developing countries. While the intention of the MDGs has been roundly praised, what has beenquestioned is the capacity of the respective governments to implement and achieve the stated goals. Conceptually, there were also questions about a program with uniform indicators that did not take cognisance of disparities within countries. However, the design of the MDGs did not raise as much questions as the execution of them. In recent, there have also been questions on the possibility and efficacy of achieving the MDG. While there were always doubts about the capacity of the international community to raise the requisite resources to achieve the MDGs, there were always undercurrents of the capacity of beneficiary countries to implement the goals. Further, the study argues that the prevailing development discourse in Zimbabwe entrenched in the use and dependence of donor agencies and their respective implementing NGOs further reduced the chances of the MDGs, and consequently, sustainable development ever being achieved in the country.

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Homer, Caroline. "Maternal Health and the Sustainable Development Goals – A new focus for the world and for our region." Pacific Journal Reproductive Health 1, no. 7 (July 12, 2018): 344. http://dx.doi.org/10.18313/pjrh.2018.900.

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By the year 2015, we had all become very familiar with the Millennium Development Goals and many countries were used to reporting their health indicators using MDGs. For those of us working in maternal and child health, in many ways, there was a simple direction to our reporting – we predominately focussed on MDG 4 (child health), MDG 5 (maternal health) and MDG 6 (HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases including tuberculosis). Across the Pacific Island region, there was reported to be good progress from 1990 to 2015 in reducing maternal mortality, with only fair progress in reducing child mortality, ensuring access to reproductive health and poor progress in the halt and reversal of the spread of TB. Clearly, we all still have work to do in our region especially to improve maternal health.

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Idaiani, Sri. "Kesehatan Jiwa yang Terabaikan dari Target Milenium." Kesmas: National Public Health Journal 4, no. 3 (December 1, 2009): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.21109/kesmas.v4i3.186.

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Millenium Development Goals (MDG) yang dicanangkan pada tahun 2000 sangat didominasi oleh penyakit menular serta kesehatan ibu dan anak, tetapi mengabaikan berbagai masalah penyakit tidak menular. Tidak sedikitpun terlintas dalam benak para pemimpin dunia itu target dan indikator yang menyen-tuh atau berhubungan dengan masalah kesehatan jiwa. Tulisan ini bertujuan membahas posisi kesehatan jiwa di seluruh dunia yang cenderung semakin memprihatinkan, tetapi justru terabaikan dari target MDG. Pencapaian target milenium tampaknya tidak memperhitungkan beban penyakit akibat berbagai masalah kejiwaan. Padahal, jika dibiarkan, pada masa mendatang masalah kesehatan jiwa akan menjadi besar seperti yang tengah dihadapi oleh berbagai negara maju. Berdasarkan prediksi tahun 2020, depresi unipolar akan menempati rangking ke-2 penyebab beban penyakit. Beberapa upaya dapat ditempuh untuk memelihara kelangsungan program kesehatan jiwa, antara lain tetap menjalankan kebijakan kesehatan jiwa dan upaya advokasi untuk mendapatkan anggaran yang memadai. Hal tersebut dapat dilakukan dengan memasukkan berbagai isu internasional dan lokal spesifik serta mempersiapkan landasan hu-kum yang merupakan salah satu persyaratan pengajuan pendanaan. Kata kunci : Pencapaian target milenium, kesehatan jiwa, beban penyakit.AbstractSince the Millenium Development Goals was developed in 2000, many health priorities are directed to that goals. The MDGs dominated by communicable diseases, maternal and child health, meanwhile non-communicable diseases get less attention and was allocated relatively low budget to maintain their prog-rams. The objective of this study was to discuss mental health position from MDGs perspectives. MDGs have ignored mental health by no target or indicator of MDGs is related to mental disorders. The MDGs did not calculate the non-communicable burden of those diseases. That condition affected not only Indonesia as developing country but also in developed country, which cause low mental health budget from the total health budget country. It will become se-rious problem in the future as it was predicted that that uni-polar depression will rank second as the leading burden of disease. The mental health policy and advocacy have to implement to maintain the program by proposing sufficient budget and developing international and local specific issues while preparing the legal foundation as a requirement to propose the budget.Keywords : MDGs, mental health, burden of diseases.

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Katamba, David, Cedric Marvin Nkiko, Charles Tushabomwe Kazooba, Imelda Kemeza, and Sulayman Babiiha Mpisi. "Community involvement and development." International Journal of Social Economics 41, no. 9 (September 2, 2014): 837–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-05-2013-0110.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore how ISO 26000 inter-marries with millennium development goals (MDGs) with a view to demonstrate and recommend how businesses can successfully use this intermarriage to solve society problems. Design/methodology/approach – Case methodology was used to investigate how a company can use the social responsibility standard, ISO 26000, to guide its corporate social responsibility (CSR) aimed at contributing to MDGs. The paper focussed on the CSR dimension of community involvement and development (CI&D) interventions in health-related MDGs (4, 5 and 6). Data collection was by semi-structured interviews with CSR managers of the studied company, plus non-participant observation of CSR activities and projects. In order to develop a framework within which the collected data could be analyzed, the authors employed pattern-matching, explanation building and time series analysis. For generalization purposes of findings, the authors were guided by the “adaptive theory approach.” Findings – The intermarriage is much revealed in health and wellness. This intermarriage also reveals cross-cutting issues which support universal access to health care and prevent illnesses. Lastly, the intermarriage is symbiotic in nature, that is, MDGs contribute what to achieve while ISO 26000 contributes how to achieve. Research limitations/implications – The case study (Uganda Baati Ltd, - UBL) that informed this research is a subsidiary company of a multinational, SAFAL Group. This provided an indication that global or trans-national forces drive CSR/CI&D at UBL. Thus, the findings may not fit directly with a company that has a local/national focus of its CSR/CI&D. Practical implications – The paper presents guidelines to use and localize this intermarriage so as to focus CSR on global socio-economic development priorities, identify strategic stakeholders, and pathways to solutions for complex CI&D issues. Originality/value – This research advances the Post-2015 MDG Development Agenda suggested during the United Nations MDG Summit in 2010 which called for academic contributions on how MDGs can be realized even after 2015.

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Miyazato, Hironari. "Identification of the Compounds Responsible for the Sweat-Like Odor in Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) Volatile Oil." Journal of Food Research 2, no. 5 (August 7, 2013): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v2n5p34.

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<p>The aroma of hop volatile oil contains a sweat-like odor. We studied the odorous volatile compounds responsible for the sweat-like odor in the volatile oil extracted from Hallertau Perle hop (<em>Humulus</em><em> </em><em>lupulus</em><em> </em>L.) pellets. The combined use of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/olfactometry (GC-MS/O), aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA) by GC-MS/O (an odor dilution technique), and heart-cut multidimensional GC-MS (heart-cut MDGC-MS) equipped with the polar (1D) and apolar (2D) capillary columns revealed seven sweat-like odor producing compounds: methyl-branched saturated and unsaturated aliphatic acids, such as 3-methylbutanoic acid (sweaty/rancid/cheese-like), 2-methylbutanoic acid (sweaty/rancid/cheese-like), 4-methyl-3-pentenoic acid (sweaty/urine-like/malodor in laundry), and (<em>E</em>)-4-methyl-3-hexenoic acid (sweaty/urine-like/malodor in laundry), as well as others, such as an unknown compound (sweaty), methyl (<em>E</em>)-4-methyl-3-hexenoate (sweaty/malodor in laundry/fruity), and <em>S</em>-methyl (<em>E</em>)-4-methyl-3-hexenethioate (sweaty/rubber). The reference substances were synthesized stereo selectively using for the identification procedures. In this study, (<em>E</em>)-4-methyl-3-hexenoic acid, methyl (<em>E</em>)-4-methyl-3-hexenoate, and <em>S</em>-methyl (<em>E</em>)-4-methyl-3-hexenethioate were identified for the first time in hop volatile oil.</p>

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