Journal articles: 'Mealy bugs'

1

Lotto, G. "THREE APPARENTLY NEW MEALY BUGS FROM KENYA." Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London. Series B, Taxonomy 23, no. 5-6 (March 18, 2009): 110–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.1954.tb00111.x.

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Surwase, S. R., S. S. Shetgar, R. Y. Khandare, S. J. Magar, and P. K. Nalwandikar. "Biology ofCryptolaemus montrouzieriMulsant on mealy bugs and aphids." Journal of Entomological Research 40, no. 1 (2016): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-4576.2016.00017.7.

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Pennell, C., and O. J. P. Ball. "The effects of Neotyphodium endophytes in tall fescue on pasture mealy bug (Balanococcus poae)." Proceedings of the New Zealand Plant Protection Conference 52 (August 1, 1999): 259–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1999.52.11582.

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The effect of different Neotyphodium endophyte strains in novel and natural tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) associations on pasture mealy bug (Balanococcus poae) was investigated under grazing. All of the endophyte-infected tall fescue treatments had significantly lower numbers of mealy bugs compared to an endophyte-free control. Resistance to pasture mealy bug was maintained in novel associations free of the mammalian toxin ergovaline. Point analysis revealed that endophyte-free plots contained less tall fescue herbage than endophyte infected treatments. This paper raises the possibility that the pasture mealy bug was responsible.

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Prof. Dr. T. V. Sathe, Prof Dr T. V. Sathe, Nishad Sathe, Aruna N. Sathe, and A. G. Khamkar A. G. Khamkar. "Destructive Mealy Bugs of Agricultural and Medical Crops From Kolhapur District, India." Indian Journal of Applied Research 4, no. 5 (October 1, 2011): 638–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/may2014/202.

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Chandrayudu, E., K. Tejeswara Rao, and P. B. Pradeep Kunar. "Stem application technique for sucking pest management in cotton at tribal area of Andhra Pradesh." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT PROTECTION 13, no. 2 (October 15, 2020): 156–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/ijpp/13.2/156-159.

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Cotton is one of the most important fibre and cash crop in tribal area at Visakhapatnam district of Andhra Pradesh and plays a major share in the agricultural economy of the country. Nearly 65 per cent of cotton area is under rainfed and mainly in the plain and High altitude tribal areas of the district. Sucking pests of leaf hopper, white fly, thrips, mealy bugs, mites, redcotton bugs and aphids are becoming more serious, inviting indiscriminate use of pesticides in Bt cotton growing areas. Sucking pest incidence was controlled by the stem application of systemic insecticides viz., monocrotophos 1:4 ratio at 20 days after sowing and imidacloprid 200 SL with 1:20 ratio at 40 and 60 days after sowing. Within three days of application the population of sucking pests was reduced. This technique is being demonstrated and documented for two years at 20 locations in tribal farmers fields of Visakhapatnam district. Stem application in cotton showed better performance by reducing sucking pests damage of aphids (1.89%), leaf hoppers (3.57%), white fly (5.86%), thrips (4.31%), mealy bugs (5.09%), red cotton bug (6.82%) and mite (8.31%) along with more number of bolls and kapas yield in demo plots when compared to the farmers practice aphids (16.16%), leaf hoppers (27.32%), white fly (37.29%), thrips (18.42%), mealy bugs (36.87%), red cotton bug (7.90%) and mite (25.43%). On an average both years cotton kapas yield (2111kg/ha) under Front Line Demonstrations (FLDs) were higher by 19.76 per cent as compared to farmer’s practices. Results from the study showed that farmers realized additional net income of Rs.17, 260 due to increased cotton kapas yield by 19.76 per cent with reduction of cost of cultivation by Rs.3300, it could be attributed in reduction of manual labour requirement for stem application and also increase in yield.

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MHASKE, S. H., S. S. SHETGAR, and P. R. SHINDE. "Biology of Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemi (Esben-Petersen) on mealy bugs and aphids." Journal of Biological Control 31, no. 2 (November 14, 2017): 110–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.18311/jbc/2017/15927.

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Kumari, D. Anitha, D. Vijaya, and Prakash Patil. "Efficacy of imidacloprid soil drenching against thrips and mealy bugs in grape." Indian Journal of Entomology 79, no. 2 (2017): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-8172.2017.00035.9.

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Raja, Shazia, Waseem Gillani, and Mike Copland. "Effect of Different Temperatures and Host Plants on the Biology of the Long-Tailed Mealy Bug Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni and Tozzetti) (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae)." Biological Sciences - PJSIR 54, no. 3 (December 26, 2011): 142–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.52763/pjsir.biol.sci.54.3.2011.142.151.

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Experiments were done to determine the effects of different temperature levels and three host plants namely, Cucurbita moschata (butternut squashes), Solanum tuberosum var. Desiree (red potato), and Solanum tuberosum var. Cara (white potato) on the biology of mealy bug Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni and Tozzetti). It was found that the temperature had a significant effect on the development period of both male and female mealy bugs. For males the period decreased with increasing temperatures up to 28 °C, but increased thereafter and host plant had no effect, except at 24 °C. All the aspects of females including total pre-adult, prelarviposition, larviposition period, life span, fecundity and sex ratio were affected by the fluctuating temperatures, but host plant produced no effect on fecundity and sex ratio.

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Fang, Yi-Wei, Wen-Bing Wang, Ming-Xia He, Xin-Jing Xu, Feng Gao, Jing Liu, Tian-Wei Yang, et al. "Relationship between the honeydew of mealy bugs and the growth of Phlebopus portentosus." PLOS ONE 15, no. 6 (June 12, 2020): e0233710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0233710.

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Mohamed, Gamal, Ashraf Kady, and Fatma Moharum. "Ferrisia virgata, Soluble powder formulation (Sp) of Alum and Citric acid, Alternative Pesticides against Mealy Bugs." Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, F. Toxicology & Pest Control 1, no. 1 (December 1, 2009): 69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/eajbsf.2009.17559.

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HENDAWY, AHMED S., IBRAHEM A. SAAD, and REHAB H. TAHA. "SURVEY OF SCALE INSECTS, MEALY BUGS AND ASSOCIATED NATURAL ENEMIES ON MULBERRY TREES IN THE NILE DELTA." Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research 91, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 1447–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/ejar.2013.165593.

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Sable, S. B., P. B. Deore, H. V. Deshmukh, H. N. Markad, and G. B. Jejurkar. "Variability in Morphology and Growth Characteristics of Different Isolates of Entomopathogenic Fungi Managing the Mealy Bugs Maconellicocus hirsutus." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 8, no. 03 (March 10, 2019): 2156–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.803.258.

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Walter, G. H., and D. Abeeluck. "Confirmation of the existence of alloparasitoids in nature - host relationships of an Australian Coccophagus species that parasitizes mealy bugs." Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 118, no. 2 (February 2006): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.2006.00373.x.

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Kanitkar, Sandeepa, V. M. Raut, S. D. Sawant, D. S. Yadav, Medha Kulkarni, and Meghraj Kadam. "Field Bio-Efficacy of “Brigade-BL” (Beauveria bassiana) an Entomopathogenic Fungi for the Management of Mealy Bugs on Thompson Seedless Grapes." International Journal For Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 7, no. 5 (September 30, 2020): 306–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31033/ijrasb.7.5.40.

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Bharathi, K., and N. Muthukrishnan. "Survey and Records of Mealy Bugs Species on Cotton and Alternate Host of Key Mealy Bug Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley and its Natural Enemies Complex in Major Cotton Growing Areas of South Tamil Nadu." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 6, no. 12 (December 10, 2017): 1047–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.612.118.

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Peer Mohamed, Kalitha Parveen, Sundaralingam M Sundaralingam, Athira Sukumaran, and Christobher Christobher S. "Insecticidal Effect of Adathoda vasica (Leaf) and Trigonella foenum – Graecum (Seed) Extracts against Mealy Bugs (Maconellicoccus hirsutus) On Hibiscus Rosa sinensis Plant." Asian Journal of Biological and Life sciences 10, no. 2 (September 24, 2021): 500–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.5530/ajbls.2021.10.66.

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17

Kumar, Upesh. "Bioefficacy and Phytotoxicity Evaluation of Verticillium lecanii 1.15% WP (1 x 108 cfu/g min.) Against Mealy Bugs (Planococcus citri) on Citrus (Acid lime)." International Journal of Pure & Applied Bioscience 5, no. 1 (March 5, 2017): 104–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2320-7051.2467.

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RESIANI, NI MADE DELLY. "PENGARUH PENYARUNGAN DENGAN BERBAGAI KETEBALAN PLASTIK DAN DIAMETER BUAH TERHADAP SERANGAN PENGGEREK BUAH KAKAO Conopomorha cramerella (Snellen) (LEPIDOPTERA : GRACILLARIDAE)." AGRICA 7, no. 2 (July 22, 2020): 142–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.37478/agr.v7i2.412.

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This research is aimed to find out the preference of cocoa pod borer to diameter, biophysical, and biochemistry cocoa pod; the percentage of infested pods, percentage of seed damaged, and percentage of yield lost. In addition, this research is also aimed to assess the effect of plastic thickness on cacao pod rot disease, the effect of sheathing on the black ant and mealybug populations on pods. This research was conducted at Selemadeg District, Tabanan Regency from October 2009 until January 2010. The field trial was arranged into randomized complete block design (RCBD) by 15 treatments were sheathing with various thickness of plastics (S0-S4) and cocoa pod diameters (B1-B3). The results indicated that, based on the percentage of the infested pod, cocoa pod borer has preferred the fruit with diameter > 4.5-7.5 cm. This condition may be contrasted, the smallest pod size (3,5-4,5 cm) was the healthiest pod, even though it contains more nutritionally compound. The smaller pod rot disease in red and green types. Sheathing by plastic of > 0.02 mm thick in medium size of pods was the most effective to prevent cocoa pod borer infestation. Sheathing with plastic was not affecting the population of both black ants and mealy bugs. Based on these results, it can be suggested that sheathing with plastic of > 0.02 mm thick on medium size of the pod is promising control measure to prevent yield lost caused by cocoa pod borer and cocoa pot rot disease.

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Hylton, Alexandra, Daniel M. Fitzpatrick, Rod Suepaul, Andrew P. Dobson, Roxanne A. Charles, and Jennifer K. Peterson. "Preliminary Characterization of Triatomine Bug Blood Meals on the Island of Trinidad Reveals Opportunistic Feeding Behavior on Both Human and Animal Hosts." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 5, no. 4 (November 4, 2020): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed5040166.

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Chagas disease is a neglected tropical disease caused by infection with Trypanosoma cruzi. The parasite is endemic to the Americas, including the Caribbean, where it is vectored by triatomine bugs. Although Chagas disease is not considered a public health concern in the Caribbean islands, studies in Trinidad have found T. cruzi-seropositive humans and T. cruzi-infected triatomine bugs. However, little is known about triatomine bug host preferences in Trinidad, making it difficult to evaluate local risk of vector-borne T. cruzi transmission to humans. To investigate this question, we collected triatomine bugs in Trinidad and diagnosed each one for T. cruzi infection (microscopy and PCR). We then carried out a blood meal analysis using DNA extracted from each bug (PCR and sequencing). Fifty-five adult bugs (54 Panstrongylus geniculatus and one Rhodnius pictipes) were collected from five of 21 sample sites. All successful collection sites were residential. Forty-six out of the 55 bugs (83.6%) were infected with T. cruzi. Fifty-three blood meal hosts were successfully analyzed (one per bug), which consisted of wild birds (7% of all blood meals), wild mammals (17%), chickens (19%), and humans (57%). Of the 30 bugs with human blood meals, 26 (87%) were from bugs infected with T. cruzi. Although preliminary, our results align with previous work in which P. geniculatus in Trinidad had high levels of T. cruzi infection. Furthermore, our findings suggest that P. geniculatus moves between human and animal environments in Trinidad, feeding opportunistically on a wide range of species. Our findings highlight a critical need for further studies of Chagas disease in Trinidad in order to estimate the public health risk and implement necessary preventative and control measures.

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Vijaya, ,., and Pala Ram. "Influence of temperature on the biology of Aenasius arizonensis (Girault) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), a parasitoid of solenopsis mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley." Journal of Biological Control 30, no. 4 (June 21, 2017): 210. http://dx.doi.org/10.18311/jbc/2016/15473.

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Effect of temperature on the biology of Aenasius arizonensis (Girault) (=Aenasius bambawalei Hayat) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), a parasitoid of solenopsis mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley, was studied at four constant temperatures viz. 20±1, 25±1, 30±1 and 35±10C. Mealybugs were reared on sprouted potatoes. The parasitoid completed its development at all the temperatures studied and males developed faster than the females. For males and females, respectively, total development period was 30.56, 24.16, 13.40 and 11.60 days and 34.40, 26.20, 14.88, and 12.04 days at 20±1, 25±1, 30±1 and 35±10C, respectively. The daily and total fecundity (number of hosts parasitised) was 1.42, 1.82, 3.17, 2.16 and 57.13, 63.15, 65.60, 37.46 at 20±1, 25±1, 30±1 and 35±10C, respectively. Female parasitoids parasitised mealy bugs on the day of emergence at all the temperatures. At respective temperatures oviposition and post-oviposition periods were 35.86, 33.60, 18.93, 15.53 days and 2.86, 2.26, 2.60 and 2.33 days, respectively. Parasitoid males were short lived as compared to females at all the temperatures. The male and female longevity, respectively, was 23.06, 17.26, 13.20, 10.33 days and 38.66, 34.53, 20.86, 17.86 days at 20±1, 25±1, 30±1 and 35±10C, respectively. Sex-ratio (male: female) was in favour of female parasitoids (1: 1.1 to 1: 1.2) at all the temperatures. Net reproductive rate (36.41), intrinsic rate of increase (0.155) and finite rate of increase (1.168) were maximum at 30±10C indicating this temperature to be the most favourable for the development and reproduction of the parasitoid. Males emerged out from the small sized mummies (2.28×1.20mm) whereas; large sized mummies (2.90×1.59mm) yielded mostly the female parasitoids. Males were generally smaller in size (1.26×0.58mm) as compared to female parasitoids (1.84×0.89mm). The results of the present studies could be useful in establishing a mass rearing programme for the parasitoid.

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Aleemullah, Mohammed. "A Success Story of Commercialization of Pineapple in Pakistan." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 807C—807. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.807c.

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From 1950 until the 1980s, pineapple cultivation in Pakistan met with limited success because of a number of constraints. These included saline soils, brackish water, and a poor understanding of the requirements for nutrition, irrigation, growth and varietal adaptation, pest, disease, weather stress, overall crop management, and cultural practices. A new approach was attempted in late 1970 to the early 1980s, when a group of organizations in the Karachi metropolitan area developed a pot culture technique replacing local saline soils by river sand, and providing city city water instead of brackish underground irrigation. This pot culture system was limited by cost, unpredictable performance of survival, growth, and development, yield, and production of planting material. Thus, it could not be adapted on a commercial basis. These limitations were investigated in a 4-year study (1987–1990) at the Plant Introduction Centre, Karachi, of the Pakistan Agricultural Research Council, and technology was developed that led to the successful introduction, adaptation, and commercialization of pineapple production in Pakistan. Under the harsh arid conditions of Karachi, field trials were conducted with the pineapple var. Queen as an intercrop under a coconut canopy with trench and double-row system of planting. The best fertilizer management treatment consisted of the application of 4 kg gypsum and 5 kg cow manure on a per-plant basis, incorporated during land preparation and followed by the application of 56 g N and 60 g K per plant per annum in six split dosages. Fruit weighing 1000 g or more were harvested during 12 to 15 months following planting. Fruits were of high quality, with 13.6 % sugars, 1.5 % acidity, and TSS value of 4.7. Five suckers and slips were produced by each plant. The application of these soil amendments reduced soil pH from 8.5 to 6.9 and ECe by 80%. This regime enabled the use of slightly brackish underground water (ECe 2.7 mmhos) for irrigation. Weekly intervals of irrigation during summer and fortnightly intervals during winter were optimum. The crop was free of serious pest and disease. Mealy bugs and scale insects were controlled by Sumithion, rodents by Raccumin, while physical damage by squirrels and birds was avoided by covering the fruit with perforated paper bags. Through the development of this integrated production technology, Pakistan is now able to grow pineapples commercially.

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Martínez-Ibarra, J. A., B. Nogueda-Torres, T. Meraz-Medina, R. Diaz-Chavez, C. J. Virgen-Cobian, and M. Quirarte-Brambila. "Advantageous Feeding on Different Blood Meal Sources by the Chagas Disease Vector Triatoma barberi (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)." Journal of Medical Entomology 56, no. 6 (June 22, 2019): 1565–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjz103.

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Abstract Triatominae bugs (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) are usually associated with different vertebrate species, upon which many of them feed. Yet how these different blood meal sources influence key biological parameters is rarely investigated for triatomines. To fill this knowledge gap, this study sought to determine the effect of a domestic rat species (Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout (Rodentia: Muridae)), a domestic mice species (Mus musculus L. (Rodentia: Muridae)), and chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus L. (Galliformes: Phasianidae)), as blood meal sources upon several biological parameters (development time, number of required blood meals to moult and feeding and defecation behaviors) of the Mexican major vector Triatoma barberi Usinger. The three studied cohorts’ development times were similar (325–338 d), but the number of required blood meals to moult (21), as well as the total mortality rate (26%), were both the highest in the cohort that fed on chickens. The longevity of females (186–190 d) was similar among the three studied cohorts, as was that of males. The median time elapsed between the presentation of a blood meal source and onset of feeding (10 min) was similar among the three studied cohorts, as were their feeding times and defecation patterns. Most of our studied parameters demonstrate how T. barberi can effectively take advantage of feeding on rodents as much as it does on hens. Those parameter results also show that T. barberi should be considered as a potential yet underappreciated vector in some areas, thus warranting a surveillance program of its current distribution area in Mexico.

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González-Morales, María A., Martín Terán, and Alvaro Romero. "Behavioral Responses of the Common Bed Bug to Essential Oil Constituents." Insects 12, no. 2 (February 21, 2021): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12020184.

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Botanical-derived pesticides have arisen as an attractive alternative to synthetic insecticides to effectively manage infestations of bed bugs (Cimex lectularius L.). While information on contact, residual, and fumigant toxicity of plant-essential oils against bed bugs have been recently published, there is a gap of information regarding the repellent activity of these products and their constituents. Identification of essential oil constituents (EOCs) with repellent activity will help develop potentially efficacious essential oil-based formulations for use in bed bug management programs. In this study, we first screened fresh and 24 h-aged residues of geraniol, eugenol, carvacrol, thymol, citronellic acid, linalool, menthone, trans-cinnamaldehyde, α-pinene, β-pinene, and limonene for avoidance behavior from individual bed bugs with a video-tracking system. Six EOCs, geraniol, eugenol, citronellic acid, thymol, carvacrol, and linalool were further evaluated overnight in choice tests to determine whether 24-h aged residues were still avoided by groups of bed bugs. While bed bugs avoided resting on filter papers treated with 24-h aged residues of geraniol, eugenol, citronellic acid, and carvacrol, bed bugs aggregated in areas treated with linalool-aged residues. Barriers of EOCs did not prevent bed bugs from reaching a warmed blood source and acquiring blood meals. Our results show that novel formulations of natural product insecticides that include geraniol, eugenol, carvacrol, or citronellic acid have potential to repel bed bugs. The presence of host-associated cues might interfere with these responses.

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Pietri, Jose E., and Rashaun Potts. "Effects of NF-kB Signaling Inhibitors on Bed Bug Resistance to Orally Provisioned Entomopathogenic Bacteria." Insects 12, no. 4 (March 30, 2021): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12040303.

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Bed bugs are globally important pests and there is an ongoing need for the development and improvement of bed bug control tools. Though promising against other insect pests, the exploration of biological methods for bed bug control is limited. Previously, we identified several species of bacteria that have entomopathogenic effects against bed bugs when ingested. We also described the conservation of several antibacterial responses in bed bugs, including the expression of immune effector genes regulated by NF-kB transcription factors through the Toll and immune deficiency (IMD) signaling pathways. Accordingly, we predicted that chemical inhibition of NF-kB signaling could reduce bed bug resistance to orally provisioned entomopathogenic bacteria, potentially improving their effectiveness as biological control agents. In the present study, we administered four small molecule inhibitors of NF-kB signaling (BMS345541, IKK16, IMD0354, Takinib) to bed bugs by feeding them in a blood meal. We then quantified basal mortality and mortality in response to oral infection with two different entomopathogenic bacteria (Pseudomonas entomophila and Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis). None of the NF-kB signaling inhibitors tested increased mortality above control levels when administered alone, suggesting a lack of direct toxicity. However, one inhibitor (IKK16) significantly enhanced the rate of mortality from oral infection with P. entomophila. Enhanced mortality was independent of direct effects of IKK16 on P. entomophila growth in vitro but was associated with higher bacterial loads in vivo (i.e., reduced resistance). Together, these results provide new insight into the regulation of the bed bug immune system and suggest that administration of entomopathogens in combination with inhibition of immune signaling pathways to reduce infection resistance may be effective for biological control of bed bugs.

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Sasaki, Hitoshi, Rosales Regina, and Yuichiro Tabaru. "B04 Blood meal sources of the triatomine bugs collected at the rural villages in Guatemala (Hemiptera : Triatomidae)." Medical Entomology and Zoology 51, Supplement (2000): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.7601/mez.51.50_2.

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Zaman, Muhammed Shahriar, Lingkan Barua, Sumia Bushra, Tonima Sultana, Iftekhar Hossain, Sharmin Sultana, Palash Chandra Banik, Mithila Faruque, Md Moniruzzaman, and M. Mostafa Zaman. "Salt Intake Behavior Among the Faculties And Doctors of Bangladesh University of Health Sciences." Cardiovascular Journal 8, no. 2 (February 25, 2016): 94–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cardio.v8i2.26804.

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Background: Excess of salt consumption increases blood pressure which is a leading risk for developing cardiovascular diseases. The real salt intake practice among Bangladeshi population is still unknown which demands further research. The objective of the study was to assess the salt intake pattern among the faculties and doctors of Bangladesh University of Health Sciences (BUHS).Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among a total of 92 faculties and doctors of BUHS in 2015 using a semi-structured, self-administered and modified version of WHO STEPS questionnaire of salt intake. The questionnaire included information regarding knowledge and practice of salt intake.Results: Among the total respondents 58% were women and 60% were academicians with mean age 41.1 ±10.6 years. The prevalence of added salt intake in meal was 28.2%. Regarding practice, 31.6% used salty sauce in meal, 52.8% used salty sauce in cooking, and 41.8% consumed processed food with high salt. But almost three fourth (72.8%) of the respondents believed that lowering salt in meal is very important and 93.5% of them believed that excess salt or salty sauce can cause a health problem.Conclusion: The respondents had overall good knowledge regarding added salt intake but the practice was low. To reduce the prevalence of added salt intake further awareness needs to be developed.Cardiovasc. j. 2016; 8(2): 94-98

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McPherson, R. M., W. C. Johnson, E. G. Fonsah, and P. M. Roberts. "Insect Pests and Yield Potential of Vegetable Soybean (Edamame) Produced in Georgia." Journal of Entomological Science 43, no. 2 (April 1, 2008): 225–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-43.2.225.

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A series of replicated field experiments was conducted with vegetable soybean (edamame), Glycine max (L.) Merrill, to assess the impacts of cultivars, planting dates, and insecticidal controls on insect pest abundance, crop damage and yield potential. The velvetbean caterpillar, Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner, was the most common lepidopteran defoliator in this study, causing heavy defoliation in some years when left untreated. Other lepidopterans observed included the soybean looper, Pseudoplusia includens (Walker), and the green cloverworm, Hypena scabra (F.). Stink bugs, primarily the southern green stink bug, Nezara viridula (L.), also caused seed damage in some cultivars when left untreated. Stink bug damage exceeded expectations on edamame seeds when exposed to moderate stink bug densities (≤3 bugs per 25 sweeps). Other arthropods that were commonly observed included threecornered alfalfa hoppers, Spissistilus festinus (Say), grasshoppers, Melanoplus spp., and the potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae (Harris). Arthropod infestations on edamame were similar to reported pest problems on conventional soybeans being produced for oil and meal. Midseason applications of the insecticides diflubenzuron plus l-cyhalothrin reduced insect pest populations, percentage of arthropod-induced defoliation and percentage of seeds damaged by stink bugs, but had little effect on edamame yields. Most defoliation and seed damage occurred during R5 development when seeds were approaching full size, thus only minimal yield reductions were noted. However, seed quality of the untreated vegetable soybeans would be unacceptable for the consumer. Total fresh green yields ranged from 2343–11,895 kg ha−1, depending on year, cultivar and planting date, whereas fresh green seed yields ranged from 1208–6,119 kg ha−1. Early-maturing edamame cultivars planted in April had fewer insect pests and less damage than the cultivars planted later. Avoidance of insect pests is an important production consideration for insect management, especially critical in an organic production system. The fresh green seed yields produced during this study demonstrate that this emerging alternative crop has the potential for economic success in the southern region, assuming that the arthropod pests are effectively managed to maintain acceptable edamame quality and yield.

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Potts, Rashaun, Vincent Peta, Diing D. M. Agany, Etienne Z. Gnimpieba, Richard Cooper, Changlu Wang, and Jose E. Pietri. "Molecular analysis of the blood meals and bacterial communities of bed bugs (Cimex lectularius L.) to assess interactions with alternative hosts." Parasitology Research 120, no. 4 (February 9, 2021): 1209–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-021-07079-x.

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Seth, Kripa, and Anita Kochhar. "Formulation and nutritional evaluation of baked products supplemented with partially defatted peanut flour." Nutrition & Food Science 47, no. 6 (November 13, 2017): 808–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/nfs-12-2016-0188.

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Purpose Due to the increased consumption of fast foods in India, especially among the youngsters, obesity and related health ailments have become a serious concern. Fast foods provide empty calories which calls for an urgent need to improvise their nutritional value rendering them “nutrient dense”. The purpose of this research was development and nutritional evaluation of baked products incorporated with partially defatted peanut flour. Design/methodology/approach Three baked products, namely, pizza base, buns and bread were developed using standardized recipes with different levels of incorporation of defatted peanut meal flour. These products were organoleptically evaluated by a trained panel of ten judges using nine-point hedonic scale. The selected samples of each product were nutritionally evaluated for proximate composition and mineral content along with their respective control samples. Findings Results from sensory evaluation revealed that pizza base, buns and bread were most acceptable at 10, 10 and 15 per cent level of incorporation of partially defatted peanut flour, respectively. The developed products were found to have high protein, crude fiber, calcium and iron, i.e. 11.5-12.4 per cent, 1.4-1.8 per cent, 19.2-20.4 mg/100 g, 1.8-2.3 mg/100 g content, respectively. p-values for the same were also calculated. Originality/value Keeping in view the nutritional benefits of peanut flour and trending consumption of bakery products among children and other age groups, these products can be commercialized to improve the nutritional value of empty calorie baked products as these products are consumed very frequently. Defatted peanut meal although being nutrient rich has generally been used as animal feed or is discarded as waste. The role of this meal in the human diet has not been explored to the best.

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Peña-García, Víctor H., Andrés M. Gómez-Palacio, Omar Triana-Chávez, and Ana M. Mejía-Jaramillo. "Eco-Epidemiology of Chagas Disease in an Endemic Area of Colombia: Risk Factor Estimation, Trypanosoma cruzi Characterization and Identification of Blood-Meal Sources in Bugs." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 91, no. 6 (December 3, 2014): 1116–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.14-0112.

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Moll-Merks, Christiane, H. Werner, and J. Dönges. "Suitability of in-vitro xenodiagnosis: Development of trypanosoma cruzi in triatoma infestans depending on larval stage of bugs and number of trypomastigotes taken during in-vitro blood meal." Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie, Mikrobiologie und Hygiene. Series A: Medical Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, Virology, Parasitology 268, no. 1 (March 1988): 74–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0176-6724(88)80117-2.

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Lemken, Dominic. "The price penalty for red meat substitutes in popular dishes and the diversity in substitution." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (June 17, 2021): e0252675. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252675.

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Life cycle assessments (LCA) often highlight the environmental and health benefits for consumers if western diets substitute red meat. However, the specific trade-off consumer face when asked to substitute a red meat dish is scarcely researched, often neglecting the bouquet of substitution options and/or the price component involved. Four substitution strategies are evaluated within an individually adapted choice based conjoint: the substitution by (1) the same red meat dishes with a halved meat portion size, (2) novel plant-based products that mimic the functionality and taste, (3) authentic plant-based components that just mimic the functionality, and (4) vegetarian dishes that just neglect the meat component if still familiar to consumers. The analysis is executed for three popular red meat dishes to account for consistency across meal scenarios, namely Meatballs, Spaghetti Bolognese and Sausage Buns. The analysis is sensitive to red meat consumption habits to better understand the preferences of consumers that can actually substitute a red meat intake.

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Gadelha, Ivana Cristina N., Nayanna Brunna S. Fonseca, Silvia Catarina S. Oloris, Marília M. Melo, and Benito Soto-Blanco. "Gossypol Toxicity from Cottonseed Products." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/231635.

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Gossypol is a phenolic compound produced by pigment glands in cotton stems, leaves, seeds, and flower buds (Gossypiumspp.). Cottonseed meal is a by-product of cotton that is used for animal feeding because it is rich in oil and proteins. However, gossypol toxicity limits cottonseed use in animal feed. High concentrations of free gossypol may be responsible for acute clinical signs of gossypol poisoning which include respiratory distress, impaired body weight gain, anorexia, weakness, apathy, and death after several days. However, the most common toxic effects is the impairment of male and female reproduction. Another important toxic effect of gossypol is its interference with immune function, reducing an animal’s resistance to infections and impairing the efficiency of vaccines. Preventive procedures to limit gossypol toxicity involve treatment of the cottonseed product to reduce the concentration of free gossypol with the most common treatment being exposure to heat. However, free gossypol can be released from the bound form during digestion. Agronomic selection has produced cotton varieties devoid of glands producing gossypol, but these varieties are not normally grown because they are less productive and are more vulnerable to attacks by insects.

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Ouali, Radouane, Larissa Rezende Vieira, Didier Salmon, and Sabrina Bousbata. "Early Post-Prandial Regulation of Protein Expression in the Midgut of Chagas Disease Vector Rhodnius prolixus Highlights New Potential Targets for Vector Control Strategy." Microorganisms 9, no. 4 (April 11, 2021): 804. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9040804.

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Chagas disease is a vector-borne parasitic disease caused by the flagellated protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi and transmitted to humans by a large group of bloodsucking triatomine bugs. Triatomine insects, such as Rhodnius prolixus, ingest a huge amount of blood in a single meal. Their midgut represents an important interface for triatomine–trypanosome interactions. Furthermore, the development of parasites and their vectorial transmission are closely linked to the blood feeding and digestion; thus, an understanding of their physiology is essential for the development of new strategies to control triatomines. In this study, we used label-free quantitative proteomics to identify and analyze the early effect of blood feeding on protein expression in the midgut of Rhodnius prolixus. We both identified and quantified 124 proteins in the anterior midgut (AM) and 40 in the posterior midgut (PM), which vary significantly 6 h after feeding. The detailed analysis of these proteins revealed their predominant involvement in the primary function of hematophagy, including proteases, proteases inhibitors, amino acids metabolism, primary metabolites processing, and protein folding. Interestingly, our proteomics data show a potential role of the AM in protein digestion. Moreover, proteins related to detoxification processes and innate immunity, which are largely accepted to be triggered by blood ingestion, were mildly modulated. Surprisingly, one third of blood-regulated proteins in the AM have unknown function. This work contributes to the improvement of knowledge on the digestive physiology of triatomines in the early hours post-feeding. It provides key information for selecting new putative targets for the development of triatomine control tools and their potential role in the vector competence, which could be applied to other vector species.

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Hocking, PJ, A. Pinkerton, and A. Good. "Recovery of field-grown canola from sulfur deficiency." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 36, no. 1 (1996): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9960079.

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Sulfate-sulfur was applied to sulfur (S)-deficient canola at several growth stages in a field experiment at Cargo near Orange, New South Wales. Applications of 0, 10 or 40 kg S/ha (S0, S10 and S40) as mixtures of potassium sulfate and potassium chloride were made at sowing, the 5-6 leaf rosette stage, flower buds visible, stem elongation and first flowering. The plots received either 80 or 160 kg nitrogen (N)/ha at sowing. Plants from the S0 plots showed symptoms of severe S deficiency during rapid stem elongation, and had a 52% reduction in seed yield and a 21% reduction in seed oil concentration compared with the S40 plants. Application of S10 at sowing, or topdressing S-deficient plants with this rate of S, was inadequate because, although seed oil concentrations were normal (39-42%), seed yields were 25% lower than those from plots that received S40. Topdressing S-deficient plants with S40 at either the 5-6 leaf rosette stage, flower buds visible or stem elongation resulted in the same seed yields and seed oil concentrations as obtained when S40 was applied at sowing. However, there was a 15% reduction in seed yield but no reduction in seed oil concentration when the S40 topdressing was delayed until flowering. Although S10 was inadequate to correct the S deficiency, there was no reduction in either seed yield or seed oil concentration when S10 was topdressed as late as flowering, when compared with this rate of S applied at sowing. Seed meal protein levels were increased by the S40 topdressings. Concentrations of S in seed from the S0 and S10 plants were below the critical value of 0.36% for canola. Seed N:S concentration ratios of S-deficient plants were greater than 10, but 7.5 for plants which received adequate S. Total glucosinolates in seed were increased by the application of S, but the levels were still well below the limit set for the canola standard.

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Fujita, Yukihiro, Rhonda D. Wideman, Madeleine Speck, Ali Asadi, David S. King, Travis D. Webber, Masakazu Haneda, and Timothy J. Kieffer. "Incretin release from gut is acutely enhanced by sugar but not by sweeteners in vivo." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 296, no. 3 (March 2009): E473—E479. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.90636.2008.

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Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) are released during meals from endocrine cells located in the gut mucosa and stimulate insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells in a glucose-dependent manner. Although the gut epithelium senses luminal sugars, the mechanism of sugar sensing and its downstream events coupled to the release of the incretin hormones are not clearly elucidated. Recently, it was reported that sucralose, a sweetener that activates the sweet receptors of taste buds, triggers incretin release from a murine enteroendocrine cell line in vitro. We confirmed that immunoreactivity of α-gustducin, a key G-coupled protein involved in taste sensing, is sometimes colocalized with GIP in rat duodenum. We investigated whether secretion of incretins in response to carbohydrates is mediated via taste receptors by feeding rats the sweet-tasting compounds saccharin, acesulfame potassium, d-tryptophan, sucralose, or stevia. Oral gavage of these sweeteners did not reduce the blood glucose excursion to a subsequent intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test. Neither oral sucralose nor oral stevia reduced blood glucose levels in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. Finally, whereas oral glucose increased plasma GIP levels ∼4-fold and GLP-1 levels ∼2.5-fold postadministration, none of the sweeteners tested significantly increased levels of these incretins. Collectively, our findings do not support the concept that release of incretins from enteroendocrine cells is triggered by carbohydrates via a pathway identical to the sensation of “sweet taste” in the tongue.

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Thorning, Tanja Kongerslev, Christel Johanneson Bertolt, Mette S. Nielsen, Christian Ritz, Arne Astrup, and Anne Raben. "Potato Fibers Have Positive Effects on Subjective Appetite Sensations in Healthy Men, but Not on Fecal Fat Excretion: A Randomized Controlled Single-Blind Crossover Trial." Nutrients 12, no. 11 (November 13, 2020): 3496. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12113496.

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Dietary fibers can affect appetite and gut metabolism, but the effect of the novel potato fibers FiberBind and rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) is unknown. We, therefore, aimed to investigate the effect of daily intake of FiberBind and RG-I on appetite sensations and fecal fat excretion. In a single-blinded, randomized, three-way crossover trial, wheat buns with FiberBind, RG-I, or low fiber (control) were consumed by 18 healthy men during a 21-day period. Appetite sensation and blood samples during a 3 h meal test, fecal fat content, and ad libitum energy intake were assessed after each period. Compared to RG-I and control, FiberBind caused a higher composite satiety score (6% ± 2% and 5% ± 2%), lower prospective food consumption (5% ± 2% and 6% ± 2%), and lower desire to eat (7% ± 3% and 6% ± 3%) (all p < 0.05). FiberBind also caused higher satiety (6% ± 2%) and fullness (9% ± 3%) compared to RG-I (all p < 0.01). No effects on fecal fat excretion or energy intake were found. The RG-I fiber caused higher postprandial glucose concentration compared to FiberBind (p < 0.05) and higher insulin concentration at 180 min compared to control (p < 0.05). Compared to the control, RG-I and FiberBind lowered peak insulin concentration (both p < 0.05) and delayed time to peak for glucose (both p < 0.05). In conclusion, FiberBind intake could be beneficial for appetite regulation, but neither FiberBind nor RG-I affected fecal fat excretion or energy intake.

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Maistrenko, L. A. "AMPELOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION AND AGROBIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NIZINА GRAPE VARIETY." Russian Vine 14 (December 25, 2020): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.32904/2712-8245-2020-14-20-29.

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Agrobiological characteristics of grapevine va-riety Nizina is given. The variety was breeded by joint effords of breeder- experimenter Kraynov V.N. and ARRIV&W – Branch of Federal State Budget Scientific Institution «FRARC» as a result of interbreeding of varie-ties Talisman and Kishmish luchistyy. The vari-ety was handed over to the State Test in 2013. It received patent No. 7680 dated 04.02.2015 and was included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements admitted for use in 2015. The variety is of early maturation of table use. The duration of the production period for 5 studied years was 115 days with the amount of active temperatures to full maturity of berries 2673°С. The variety is characterized by high winter hardiness, the percentage of breaking buds varies from 49 to 100 %. With a total amount of minus temperature 519 0C and the absolute minimum temperature of minus 24,6 оC, bud break was 58,5 %. 90-100% of shoots were fruitbearing, fertility ratio 0.6. On a sin-gle-plane trellis, with a planting scheme of 3 m × 1.5 m, the yield from a bush was 5,5 kg or more. Ampelographic description of the variety: flower is complete, clusters of medium density, cylindrical & conical with 1-2 wings, weigh 544 g. The comb is long, the crest is green, herba-ceous. The berry is dark red-purple, widely el-liptical with a pruina coating, weighing about 7.3 g, the parameters of the berry are 24,3 × 21,0 mm. The pulp is meaty. It has moderate sugar accumulation and moderate acidity. The variety has high resistance to mildew and oidi-um. The variety is pointed out as a donor of mildew resistance. It is used for fresh consump-tion. The tasting rating of fresh grapes averages 8.5 points on a ten-point rating scale.

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Bray, George A. "Afferent signals regulating food intake." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 59, no. 3 (August 2000): 373–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665100000422.

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Food intake is a regulated system. Afferent signals provide information to the central nervous system, which is the centre for the control of satiety or food seeking. Such signals can begin even before food is ingested through visual, auditory and olfactory stimuli. One of the recent interesting findings is the demonstration that there are selective fatty acid taste receptors on the tongue of rodents. The suppression of food intake by essential fatty acids infused into the stomach and the suppression of electrical signals in taste buds reflect activation of a K rectifier channel (K 1.5). In animals that become fat eating a high-fat diet the suppression of this current by linoleic acid is less than that in animals that are resistant to obesity induced by dietary fat. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation with either mercaptoacetate (which blocks acetyl-CoA dehydrogenase) or methylpalmoxirate will increase food intake. When animals have a choice of food, mercaptoacetate stimulates the intake of protein and carbohydrate, but not fat. Afferent gut signals also signal satiety. The first of these gut signals to be identified was cholecystokinin (CCK). When CCK acts on CCK-A receptors in the gastrointestinal tract, food intake is suppressed. These signals are transmitted by the vagus nerve to the nucleus tractus solitarius and thence to higher centres including the lateral parabrachial nucleus, amygdala, and other sites. Rats that lack the CCK-A receptor become obese, but transgenic mice lacking CCK-A receptors do not become obese. CCK inhibits food intake in human subjects. Enterostatin, the pentapeptide produced when pancreatic colipase is cleaved in the gut, has been shown to reduce food intake. This peptide differs in its action from CCK by selectively reducing fat intake. Enterostatin reduces hunger ratings in human subjects. Bombesin and its human analogue, gastrin inhibitory peptide (also gastrin-insulin peptide), reduce food intake in obese and lean subjects. Animals lacking bombesin-3 receptor become obese, suggesting that this peptide may also be important. Circulating glucose concentrations show a dip before the onset of most meals in human subjects and rodents. When the glucose dip is prevented, the next meal is delayed. The dip in glucose is preceded by a rise in insulin, and stimulating insulin release will decrease circulating glucose and lead to food intake. Pyruvate and lactate inhibit food intake differently in animals that become obese compared with lean animals. Leptin released from fat cells is an important peripheral signal from fat stores which modulates food intake. Leptin deficiency or leptin receptor defects produce massive obesity. This peptide signals a variety of central mechanisms by acting on receptors in the arcuate nucleus and hypothalamus. Pancreatic hormones including glucagon, amylin and pancreatic polypeptide reduce food intake. Four pituitary peptides also modify food intake. Vasopressin decreases feeding. In contrast, injections of desacetyl melanocyte-stimulating hormone, growth hormone and prolactin are associated with increased food intake. Finally, there are a group of miscellaneous peptides that modulate feeding. β-Casomorphin, a heptapeptide produced during the hydrolysis of casein, stimulates food intake in experimental animals. In contrast, the other peptides in this group, including calcitonin, apolipoprotein A-IV, the cyclized form of histidyl-proline, several cytokines and thyrotropin-releasing hormone, all decrease food intake. Many of these peptides act on gastrointestinal or hepatic receptors that relay messages to the brain via the afferent vagus nerve. As a group they provide a number of leads for potential drug development.

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Molitor, Fred, and Celeste Doerr. "Dietary Behaviors, Diet Quality, and Obesity among Children from Low-Income Households by Gender of Caregiver and Child: Results from the 2018 California Family Health Study." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa043_096.

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Abstract Objectives To examine dietary behaviors, diet quality, and childhood obesity by caregiver and child gender. Methods Permission to interview 2242 children (5–12 y) from randomly-sampled low-income (≤185% of the federal poverty level) households across California was obtained from male or female caregivers screened as the person who “assumes the responsibility in caring for the health and well-being of the child(ren).” A caregiver was further defined as “the male (or female) who prepares the meals or buys food for the child(ren).” Bilingual interviewers administered a 24-hour dietary recall assessment (ASA-24) while referencing a pictorial food and beverage portion-size booklet and measuring cups and spoons. Prior to the interviews, households also received a tape measure with instructions for recording children's height. Height and weight were recorded during the interviews. BMI-for-age weight categories and the corresponding percentiles were calculated. Children at or above the 95th percentile were classified as obese. Outcomes were compared across four caregiver by child gender dyads: daughters of male caregivers; sons of male caregivers; daughters of female caregivers; and sons of male caregivers. Analyses controlled for children's race/ethnicity and age. Results The majority (68.5%) of children participating in the survey were Latino. Adjusted analyses found female caregivers’ sons consumed more teaspoons of added sugar and had higher food-only energy density scores than female caregivers’ daughters. Kilocalories consumed and the obesity rate for female caregivers’ sons were higher than for the other family dyads. Conclusions Unique to the existing literature is our between-family comparisons of children's dietary behaviors by caregiver gender and our findings that female caregivers’ sons are more likely to be obese and report related unhealthful dietary behaviors compared with female caregivers’ daughters. These findings suggest that the focus on female caregivers for nutrition and obesity prevention public health programs such as SNAP-Ed is warranted, but highlight the need to consider the gender of their children when designing and implementing interventions and services aimed a low-income families. Funding Sources California Department of Social Services.

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Linde, C., and W. A. Smit. "First Report of Rhizosis Caused by Ceratocystis radicicola on Date Palms in South Africa." Plant Disease 83, no. 9 (September 1999): 880. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1999.83.9.880b.

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During late summer (February to March) of 1997, a sudden loss of large date palms (Phoenix dactylifera L. ‘Medjool’) and adjacent suckers was observed in the Pofadder area of South Africa. The palms were planted in sandy soil, with flood irrigation from the adjacent Orange River. Initial symptoms included wilting of leaves, chlorosis of young leaves, and root necrosis. Ceratocystis radicicola (D.E. Bliss) C. Moreau (synamorph Ceratostomella radicicola; anamorph Chalara) was consistently isolated from necrotic roots and lower crown portions of diseased palms. Dark colored spores were observed in root sections. Pathogenicity studies were performed in a shadehouse on 5-year-old Medjool clones. Two experiments were conducted in which Medjool plants were inoculated with 2-week-old C. radicicola cultures grown on corn meal agar (CMA). In the first experiment, a 7-mm wound was made at the leaf base of 15 plants and inoculated with an agar plug of C. radicicola culture. The same number of control plants was inoculated with CMA. Wounds were sealed with Parafilm, and lesions were measured after 3 months. In the second experiment, conidial suspensions and pieces of mycelia from five C. radicicola cultures were harvested in 1.5 liters of water, and 100 ml of inoculum was added to each of 15 plants. Control plants (15 total) each received 100 ml of sterile water. Plants were examined after 3 months. In the first experiment, all leaves inoculated at the base with C. radicicola became necrotic at the point of inoculation, wilted rapidly, and died. In the second experiment, roots showed severe necrosis resembling rhizosis observed in the field. In each experiment, only three plants died, and C. radicicola was successfully isolated from all inoculated plants. No symptoms developed on control plants, and C. radicicola could not be isolated from them. Rhizosis of date palms caused by C. radicicola has been described in the United States (1) and differs from the disease of date palm stems, leaves, buds, and inflorescences caused by C. paradoxa (Dade) C. Moreau. This is the first report of rhizosis on date palms in South Africa. Reference: (1) D. E. Bliss. Phytopathology 31:1123, 1941.

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Tejedor Martín, Francisco Javier, Begoña Pérez Llano, María Teresa Mijancos Gurruchaga, and Pilar Gonxález Panero. "El lenguaje y la educación alimentaria. Resultados de un cuestionario poblacional = Language and nutritional education. Results of a population survey." REVISTA ESPAÑOLA DE COMUNICACIÓN EN SALUD 10, no. 1 (June 26, 2019): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/recs.2019.4335.

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A efectos de valorar el conocimiento y uso de expresiones relacionadas con la alimentación como «comida basura», «guarrerías» y «snacking», y su importancia en la educación alimentaria se ha realizado un estudio utilizando un cuestionario entre individuos residentes en España. Los resultados permiten concluir que existe casi una identificación entre las expresiones «comida basura» y «comida rápida», y un alto grado de acuerdo entre «comida basura» y «alimentos poco saludables». Los principales alimentos incluidos son «refrescos», seguidos de «perritos calientes», «hamburguesa», «patatas fritas» y «pizza». Hay un amplio acuerdo en los dos principales motivos por los que se denomina «basura» a un tipo de comida: porque «favorece la obesidad», y porque «puede producir problemas cardiocirculatorios».El 96.3% conoce el término «guarrerías» relacionado con la alimentación, se asocia a «alimentación no saludable». Se relaciona con «chucherías», «golosinas», «bollería», y menos con «patatas chips», «snack salados» o «palomitas».«Snacking», sólo es conocido por el 52.87% de los encuestados, relacionado con «picoteo entre horas» y «consumo habitual de snacks».Se concluye que el uso de expresiones «comida basura» o «guarrerías» puede ser útil en campañas de concienciación sanitaria en el ámbito de la educación alimentaria.Palabras Clave: Lenguaje; Alimentación; Educación alimentaria; Comida basura; Guarrerías; SnackingAbastractIt is intended to assess the use and meaning of food-related expressions in Spanish language such as «comida basura» (junk food), «guarrerías» or «snacking». Methodology: A questionnaire has been developed and answered by residents in Spain. Results: An identification has been observed between the expressions «junk food» and «fast food», and a high agreement between «junk food» and «unhealthy food». The main foods included in this term are «refreshing drinks», followed by «hot dogs», «hamburger», «chips» and «pizza». There is broad agreement that the reason «food» is called «junk» is because it «promotes obesity», and because «it can cause cardiocirculatory problems». The term «guarrerías» related to food is known by 96.3% of surveyed, is related to foods such as «candies», «goodies», «buns», «chips», «salty snacks» or «popcorn». The consumption of «guarrerías» is associated with «unhealthy food».«Snacking» is only known by 52.87% of participants, is related to «eat between meals» and «habitual consumptionof snacks». Conclusion: The use of expressions such as «junk food» (comida basura) or «guarrerías» can be useful in nutritional and health education.Keywords: Language; Healthy nutrition; Nutritional education; Junk food; Snacking.

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Menon, Rebekah, Ada Garcia, and Alison Parrett. "Extensive and Unregulated Use of On-Pack Promotional Claims in Commercially Available Baby Foods in the UK." Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (June 2021): 1268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab056_006.

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Abstract Objectives The number, variety and use of commercially available complementary baby foods (CACF) in the UK is increasing. There are growing concerns about the nutritional quality and promotion of these products. We aimed to explore the use of on-pack claims and categorize the nature of promotional claims in CACF. Methods We surveyed all CACF available from online UK supermarkets and Amazon in 2020. CACF were classified according to product type (e.g., puree, snack). On-pack promotional claims were recorded and classified as marketing, composition, health (e.g., supports the nervous system) and nutrient claims (e.g., added iron). Claims which encouraged the use of CACF but did not refer to health or nutrient qualities were defined as marketing claims (e.g., 2-of 5-a-day). Claims emphasizing the presence or absence of ingredient/s were defined as composition claims (e.g., low salt). The WHO Nutrient Profile Model draft for infants and young children and the European Union regulation on Health and Nutrition claims informed the classification. Results A total of 6265 claims were identified in 724 surveyed products. Marketing (99%,720) and composition claims (98%,713) were found on almost all CACF, compared with nutrient (35%,254) and health claims (6%,41). The median (Q1, Q3) number of total claims per product was 9 (7,10), marketing claims 5 (3,6) composition 3 (2,4), nutrient 0 (0,1) and 0 (0,0) health. The main marketing claims were texture related (e.g., super smooth, chunky bits) on 83% of the products (602) and taste related (e.g., flavours for tiny taste buds, first tastes) on 70% (506) of products. Claims mentioning fruit and veg (e.g., hidden veggies, perfect fruit & veg snack) were used on 42% of the products (307). The main composition claims were organic (62%,452), nothing artificial (58%, 426) and no added sugar (58%, 422). Baby led weaning claims (BLW) (e.g., encourages self-feeding, ideal finger food) were found on 72% of snacks. Snacks had significantly higher (P < 0.01) number of BLW claims (99%, 209), compared to the rest of products with BLW claims (i.e., purees, meals, cereals, deserts, sauces, stock cubes, dry ingredients). Conclusions Promotional claims on CACF packaging are extensively used. CACF are promoted using “healthy halo” connotations that might confuse parents. Regulations on their use should be implemented to avoid inappropriate marketing. Funding Sources None.

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Hussnain, S. Z., S. Afghan, M. I. Haq, S. M. Mughal, A. Shahazad, K. Hussain, K. Nawaz, et al. "First Report of Ratoon Stunt of Sugarcane Caused by Leifsonia xyli subsp. xyli in Pakistan." Plant Disease 95, no. 12 (December 2011): 1581. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-02-11-0137.

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Sugarcane (Saccharum hybrids), the second largest cash crop of Pakistan, is planted on 1.029 million ha with an annual production of 50 million tons. During a survey of the sugarcane crop in Faisalabad, Sargodha, and the Dera Ghazi Khan Division of the Punjab Province of Pakistan from 2007 to 2010, symptoms consistent with ratoon stunting, including stunted growth and reddening of the vascular bundles at the nodal regions (1), was observed on sugarcane cvs. CP77-400, SPF-241, CP72-2086, and NCo-310. CP72-2086 and NCo-310 showed severely stunted growth in both crop cycles. A chemical test was performed for detecting ratoon stunt from the field. Longitudinal sections of mature nodes were treated with a combination of hydrogen peroxide and hydrochloric acid. Healthy canes developed a blue-green color in the parenchymatous tissue around the fibrovascular bundles, diseased cane did not. This field test illustrated that as much as 25% of the plants were infected by ratoon stunt in the survey area. Aerobic bacteria were isolated from a stunted sample (NCo-310) on modified sugarcane medium (17 g of cornmeal agar, 8 g of peptone from soy meal, 1 g of K2HPO4, 1 g of KH2PO4, 0.2 g of MgSO4·7H2O, 0.5 g of glucose, 1 g of cysteinefree base, 2 g of bovine serum albumin, and 15 mg of bovine hemin chloride) and incubated for 3 to 4 weeks at 28°C. Light, off-white, round, and raised growth bacterial colonies (1.5 to 4.5 × 0.2 to 0.35 μm). Isolates were positive for the gram and catalase reactions and negative for oxidase, aesculin hydrolysis, urease production, and motility. The pathogen was identified as Leifsonia xyli subsp. xyli (formerly Clavibacter xyli subsp. xyli) based on its morphological characteristics (2). A direct antigen coating-ELISA was developed with antiserum raised against L. xyli subsp. xyli at the National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Infected or suspected to be infected plants of different cultivars were used for an ELISA test. Results showed that sugarcane cvs. NCo-310 (Log 1.342 CFU/ml) and CP72-2086 (Log 0.118 CFU/ml) had higher L. xyli subsp. xyli titres than the other cultivars tested (SPF-213 [Log 0.071CFU/ml], CPF-237 [Log 0.077CFU/ml], HSF-240 [Log 0.069 CFU/ml], NSG-555 [Log 0.060 CFU/ml], SPSG-26 [Log 0.076 CFU/ml], SPSG-79 [Log 0.074 CFU/ml], SPF-238 [Log 0.057 CFU/ml], and CP77-400 [Log 0.063 CFU/ml]). Cv. SPF-241 (Log 0.107 CFU/ml) was weakly positive for ratoon stunt (4). Axillary buds of sugarcane were injected via a sterile hypodermic syringe with an 18-gauge needle to deliver a bacterial suspension of 109 cells/ml (3). Inoculated sugarcane plants were examined at intervals over 9 months for the development of symptoms and the presence of bacteria. Cultivars were evaluated on the basis of average number of colonized vascular bundles. SPF-213, CPF-237, HSF-240, NSG-555, SPSG-26, SPSG-79, SPF-238, and CP77-400 were resistant; SPF-241 showed moderate resistance and CP72-2086 and NCo-310 were highly susceptible to ratoon stunt. The pathogen was reisolated from the inoculated plants and identified as L. xyli subsp. xyli by bacteriological tests and its serological reaction. To our knowledge, this is the first report of ratoon stunt of sugarcane in Punjab Province of Pakistan. References: (1) M. J. Davis et al. Science 210:1365, 1980. (2) L. I. Evtushenko et al. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 50:371, 2000. (3) M. P. Nayiager et al. Phytopathol. Z. 99:273, 1980. (4) G.-P. Rao and G.-P. Singh. Sugar Tech. 2:35, 2000.

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Gupta, Vandana, and Sonal Deshmukh. "Exploring Momardica Charantia Leaves as Biopesticide Against Mealy Bugs: A Comparative Study." International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology, December 21, 2020, 94–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.48175/ijarsct-651.

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A pesticide is a substance used for controlling pests that damage the crops. Azadirachta indica (Neem) is widely studied and commercially used as a biopesticide against various pests. The present study aims to explore Momardica charantia (Bitter gourd) leaves as a biopesticide and compare its effectiveness with the Azadirachta indica (Neem) leaves and chemical pesticide (Admire). The test plant used for study is Hibiscus rosa-sinensis infected with Red Hibiscus mealy bug. Soil parameters (pH, conductivity, organic matter content, available potassium and available phosphorus) and plant characteristics (height, leaves count, flowering and chlorophyll content) of all test plants under study were estimated and compared. The soil parameter like pH showed no changes in control and treated plants while organic matter, available potassium and available phosphorus comparatively showed slight increase in concentration in plants treated with all pesticides. The plant characteristics viz. height, leaf count and branching showed improvement in growth after treatment with pesticides.All the pesticides under study were capable to kill mealy bugs in one month. Even though the biopesticidal property of Momardicacharantia leaves was found to be less as compared to Azadirachta indica leaves and chemical pesticide (Admire), it can be used effectively to control mealy bugs infecting Hibiscus plant.

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Kozakiewicz, Z. "Aspergillus parasiticus. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria]." IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria, no. 100 (July 1, 1990). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dfb/20056400994.

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Abstract A description is provided for Aspergillus parasiticus. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASES: On Insects. Frequently found on mealy bugs, corn borers, grasshoppers (Raper & Fennell, 1965), bees (Batra et al., 1973), and ticks (Samsinakova et al., 1974). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Worldwide.

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"Scale Insects and Mealy Bugs Associated with Citrus Trees in El Beheira Governorate, Egypt." Alexandria Science Exchange Journal: An International Quarterly Journal of Science Agricultural Environments 34, July-September (September 1, 2013): 299–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/asejaiqjsae.2013.3056.

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Giliomee, Johannes H. "Dopluise (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) geassosieer met die wipstertmier, Crematogaster peringueyi Emery (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 34, no. 1 (April 30, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/satnt.v34i1.1286.

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Nests of the cocktail ant, Crematogaster peringueyi (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), were collected from various locations along the coast of the Western Cape. The purpose was to determine which scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) live in association with these ants. Scale insects of three families, that is, Pseudococcidae (mealy bugs), Coccidae (soft scales) and Kerriidae (lac scales) were found in the nests, all of them known for secreting honeydew. This mutualistic association between the ants and scale insects, known as myrmecophily, is facultative, as the cocktail ant and the scale insects were also both found separately. The cocktail ant does not appear to be selective in choosing a plant on which to build a nest.

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PERERA, PCD, and NILANTHI DAHANAYAKE. "Effects of Paracoccus marginatus (Mealy bug) and Myzus persicae (Mite) attack on forming of Exacum ritigalensis (Binara / Ginihiriya) Flower." Journal of AgriSearch 3, no. 4 (December 8, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.21921/jas.v3i4.6712.

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Seeds of Exacum ritigalensis were taken in Pannala, Sri Lanka and potted in green house at the Department of Agriculture Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka. Four pots replicates were conducted on E. ritigalensis plants that were infested with Paracoccus marginatus and four pots replicates were conducted on E. ritigalensis plants that were infested with Myzus persicae. Two pots were used as controls. Potting medium was taken 1:1:1; sand, compost and topsoil and one E. ritigalensis plants were cared in each pot. At the flowering stage, two adults of Paracoccus marginatus which were taken from infected papaya plant (Carica papaya) and two aphids which were taken from infected tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum L.) introduced to the every branch of E. ritigalensis plants separately. Data were collected from maturity stage of the flower (after blooming 3days). Data regarding E. ritigalensis flowers diameter reduction were subjected to analysis mean average value and compared with the control. There were no significant difference of flowers which plant attacked by aphids and it was shown the reduction of number of flowers per bunch. Mealy bugs and aphids severely damage to E. ritigalensis flower production. Researchers and farmers should have to use control measures to prevent mealy bug and ants entering to the plantation.

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Bem, A. A., M. Toryila, T. M. Anakaa, and J. B. Orpin. "Incidence of Plant Viral Disease Symptoms and Their Transmission Agents in Dutsin-Ma Metropolis." Annual Research & Review in Biology, February 25, 2019, 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/arrb/2018/v30i330016.

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This work explores the incidence of plant viral disease symptoms as well as their transmission agents in Dutsin-Ma Local Government Area Katsina State, Nigeria. The studied diseased plants were identified while diseases were based on visual inspection using characteristic symptoms. Organisms associated with such symptoms were collected by handpicking, shacking/beating and tissue teasing methods. Identification was done using a standard voucher. Incidence of plants with viral symptoms was determined by plant disease index method. Chi square analysis was used to ascertain significant differences (P≥ 0.05) of plants showing viral symptoms. Results shows that plants with viral symptoms included Amaranthus sp. (Amaranthus), Vigna unguiculata (cowpea), Zea mays (maize), Abelmoschus esculentus (okra), Carica papaya (pawpaw) and Capsicum sp (pepper). Studies also reveal Myzus persicae (aphids), Frankinella occidentalis (thrips), Bemisa tabaci (whitefly), Peregrinus maydis (leafhoppers) and Pseudococcidae (mealy bugs) as organisms associated with diseased plants with viral symptoms. Disease index showed Amaranthus spp. 63%, Vigna unguiculata 84%, Zea mays 73%, Abelmoschus esculentus, Carica papaya and Capsicum spp. 100%. Incidence rate varied significantly (P≥ 0.05) in the various locations surveyed. Further studies need to be carried out to identify the individual viruses.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Mealy bugs'

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