Relevant bibliographies by topics / Mean ratio of exclusive-or

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Mean ratio of exclusive-or'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 8 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Mean ratio of exclusive-or"

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Rao, T. J. "Mean of ratios or ratio of means or both?" Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference 102, no. 1 (2002): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-3758(01)00181-1.

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Cernigliaro, Palmeri, Casuccio, Scondotto, Restivo, and In Primis Working Group. "Association of the Individual and Context Inequalities on the Breastfeeding: A Study from the Sicily Region." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 19 (2019): 3514. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193514.

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Despite the advantages of breastfeeding being widely recognized, the economic level can have an influence on breastfeeding rates, with rich women breastfeeding longer than poor in high-income countries. In Italy, socio-economic differences affect breastfeeding start and continuation among most deprived people, such as in Southern Italy. The objective of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of the initiation and continuation of exclusive breastfeeding and its association with the levels of socio-economic deprivation in Sicily. A prospective cohort study with a two-phase survey in three brea
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Khan, Rafiullah, Rene Alderliesten, Saeed Badshah, and Rinze Benedictus. "Effect of stress ratio or mean stress on fatigue delamination growth in composites: Critical review." Composite Structures 124 (June 2015): 214–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2015.01.016.

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Haag, Dandara G., Lisa M. Jamieson, Joanne Hedges, and Lisa G. Smithers. "Is There an Association between Breastfeeding and Dental Caries among Three-Year-Old Australian Aboriginal Children?" Nutrients 11, no. 11 (2019): 2811. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11112811.

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An unresolved question about breastfeeding is its effect on caries, in particular, early childhood caries (ECC). In secondary analyses of data from an ECC intervention, we describe breastfeeding among Aboriginal children and associations between breastfeeding and ECC. Breastfeeding (duration and exclusivity to six months) was grouped into mutually exclusive categories. ECC was observed by a calibrated dental professional. Outcomes were prevalence of ECC (% decayed, missing, and filled teeth in the primary dentition (% dmft>0)) and caries severity (mean number of decayed, missing, and filled
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Koh, Sung-Eun. "Graphs with constant ratio of mean curvatures and spherical caps." Bulletin of the Australian Mathematical Society 74, no. 1 (2006): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0004972700035516.

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Let f be a smooth nonconstant function defined on an n dimensional ball and zero on the boundary n − 1 dimensional sphere. It is shown that the graph of f is a spherical cap (1) if f is positive and if the ratio Hk/Hr is a nonzero constant for 1 ≤ k < r ≤ n on the graph of f or (2) if the ratio Hn/Hk is a nonzero constant on the graph of f.
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Barbour, Andrew D., and Andrea Pugliese. "On the variance mean ratio in models of parasite distributions." Advances in Applied Probability 32, no. 03 (2000): 701–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001867800010211.

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We study the variance-to-mean ratio of the distributions of parasites among hosts for some models of parasite infection, using the cohort approach. We consider a model with density dependence in parasite mortality, and two different formulations of disease induced host mortality. We show that the distributions of parasites, conditional on host survival, converge to quasi-stationary distributions as host age increases. When there is density dependence in parasite mortality, the limiting variance-to-mean ratio is less than 1 (an ‘under-dispersed’ distribution). In contrast, the two modes of dise
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Barbour, Andrew D., and Andrea Pugliese. "On the variance mean ratio in models of parasite distributions." Advances in Applied Probability 32, no. 3 (2000): 701–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1239/aap/1013540240.

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We study the variance-to-mean ratio of the distributions of parasites among hosts for some models of parasite infection, using the cohort approach. We consider a model with density dependence in parasite mortality, and two different formulations of disease induced host mortality. We show that the distributions of parasites, conditional on host survival, converge to quasi-stationary distributions as host age increases. When there is density dependence in parasite mortality, the limiting variance-to-mean ratio is less than 1 (an ‘under-dispersed’ distribution). In contrast, the two modes of dise
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Michlin, Yefim H., Dov Ingman, and Yoram Dayan. "Sequential Test for Arbitrary Ratio of Mean Times Between Failures." International Journal of Operations Research and Information Systems 2, no. 1 (2011): 66–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/joris.2011010103.

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This paper describes a planning methodology and tools for a truncated SPRT (sequential probability ratio test) for checking the means ratio of the times between failures (assumed to be exponentially distributed) of two items. The problem is considered for the situation in which the ratio may differ from unity, whereby the results are applicable for any specified ratio, or wherever multiple copies of each item are tested simultaneously (group test). The authors present a methodology for optimal test choice and dependences for determining the acceptance/rejection boundaries of such a test with g
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de Oliveira, Livia Costa, Karla Santos da Costa Rosa, Ana Luísa Durante, et al. "Palliative Care and COVID-19 Pandemic: Retrospective Study of Factors Associated With Infection and Death at an Oncological Palliative Care Reference Center." American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine® 38, no. 5 (2021): 512–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1049909120986962.

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Background: Advanced cancer patients are part of a group likely to be more susceptible to COVID-19. Aims: To describe the profile of advanced cancer inpatients to an exclusive Palliative Care Unit (PCU) with the diagnosis of COVID-19, and to evaluate the factors associated with death in these cases. Design: Retrospective cohort study with data from advanced cancer inpatients to an exclusive PCU, from March to July 2020, with severe acute respiratory syndrome. Diagnostic of COVID-19 and death were the dependent variables. Logistic regression analyses were performed, with the odds ratio (OR) and
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Mannaerts, Dominique, Suzanne Heyvaert, Chania De Cordt, Claartje Macken, Charlotte Loos, and Yves Jacquemyn. "Are neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and/or mean platelet volume (MPV) clinically useful as predictive parameters for preeclampsia?" Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine 32, no. 9 (2017): 1412–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2017.1410701.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Mean ratio of exclusive-or"

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Wang, Sai. "GLR Control Charts for Monitoring the Mean Vector or the Dispersion of a Multivariate Normal Process." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/77227.

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In many applications, the quality of process outputs is described by more than one characteristic variable. These quality variables usually follow a multivariate normal (MN) distribution. This dissertation discusses the monitoring of the mean vector and the covariance matrix of MN processes. The first part of this dissertation develops a statistical process control (SPC) chart based on a generalized likelihood ratio (GLR) statistic to monitor the mean vector. The performance of the GLR chart is compared to the performance of the Hotelling Χ² chart, the multivariate exponentially weighted movin
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Ben, Salem Aymen. "The Application of Multiuser Detection to Spectrally Efficient MIMO or Virtual MIMO SC-FDMA Uplinks in LTE Systems." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/30351.

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Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) is a multiple access transmission scheme that has been adopted in the 4th generation 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) of cellular systems. In fact, its relatively low peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) makes it ideal for the uplink transmission where the transmit power efficiency is of paramount importance. Multiple access among users is made possible by assigning different users to different sets of non-overlapping subcarriers. With the current LTE specifications, if an SC-FDMA system is operating at its full capacity and a new user re
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Petit, Claire. "Méta-analyse en réseau et cancer ORL : utilité des critères de jugement multiples Individual Patient Data Network Meta-Analysis Using Either Restricted Mean Survival Time Difference or Hazard Ratios: Is There a Difference? A Case Study on Locoregionally Advanced Nasopharyngeal Carcinomas." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASR010.

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Les cancers des voies aéro-digestives supérieures, qu’ils soient des carcinomes épidermoïdes “classiques” ou des carcinomes indifférenciés du nasopharynx sont traités par des associations thérapeutiques en cas de maladie localement avancée. Le traitement loco-régional en est le socle, avec une chirurgie et/ou une radiothérapie. Cette radiothérapie peut être standard (66-70 Grays en 33-35 séances) ou avoir un fractionnement modifié (hyperfractionnement ou accélération). Une chimiothérapie est souvent associée à ces traitements, avec différents temps d’administration possible : en induction, en
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Guo, Zheng Feng, and 郭正豐. "A new block matching criterion based on mean exclusive-OR difference." Thesis, 1996. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/93529967888382125857.

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Books on the topic "Mean ratio of exclusive-or"

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Goodall, Heather. Beyond Borders. Amsterdam University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462981454.

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Beyond Borders: Indians, Australians and the Indonesian Revolution, 1939 to 1950 rediscovers an intense internationalism — and charts its loss — in the Indonesian Revolution. Momentous far beyond Indonesia itself, and not just for elites, generals, or diplomats, the Indonesian anti-colonial struggle from 1945 to 1949 also became a powerful symbol of hope at the most grassroots levels in India and Australia. As the news flashed across crumbling colonial borders by cable, radio, and photograph, ordinary men and women became caught up in in the struggle. Whether seamen, soldiers, journalists, act
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Chousterman, Benjamin, and Didier Payen. Pulmonary vasodilators in critical illness. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0039.

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Pulmonary vasodilators (PV) are commonly used in the intensive care unit (ICU) to treat pulmonary hypertension and/or hypoxaemia. The choice of drug is based on its pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. The inhaled route of administration is preferred to treat hypoxaemia as it improves the ventilation/perfusion ratio. Systemic administration of PVs can lead to a decrease of mean arterial pressure and a worsening of hypoxaemia. Despite their beneficial effects, PVs have not shown improvement in mortality in acute respiratory distress syndrome patients. Rebound of hypoxaemia and/or pul
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Stone, Emily. Do Women Compete for Mates When Men Are Scarce? Edited by Maryanne L. Fisher. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199376377.013.16.

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This review explores whether and how imbalances in the number of men and women—the sex ratio—affects mating competition. I evaluate the available evidence against two hypotheses: a mating supply and demand hypothesis, which predicts mate competition to increase when mates are scarce, and predictions from a ‘faithful as your options’ hypothesis, which suggests mate competition should increase with a surplus of mates because the returns to mating effort are greatest. Men’s mating effort consistently increased with a surplus of mates, supporting the ‘faithful as your options’ hypothesis, but resu
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Turner, Neil, and Stewart Cameron. Proteinuria. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0050.

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Excess protein in the urine almost always comes from the kidney. Proteinuria up to 150 mg/day in an adult (protein:creatinine ratio (PCR) up to 15 mg/mmol) is considered normal. Daily average excretion is 80 mg, of which about 30 mg is albumin that has been filtered and not reabsorbed. Other components comprise low-molecular-weight filtered proteins that have escaped reabsorption, and proteins secreted or lost into urine from cells of the nephron. Increased permeability of the glomerulus to high-molecular-weight proteins is the most common cause of the clinically detected proteinuria, and albu
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Studii legalis ratio, or, Directions for the study of the law: Under these heads, the [brace] qualifications or nature, means, method, time and place [brace] of [brace] the study. Printed for F. Kirkman and T. Dring and are to be sold by most London booksellers, 1985.

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Garrett, Don. Spinoza’s Theory of Metaphysical Individuation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195307771.003.0015.

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Spinoza’s theory of metaphysical individuation explains the existence, persistence, and difference of extended individuals as functions of what he calls “fixed ratios of motion and rest.” This chapter answers several important questions about the theory as Spinoza presents it in the so-called Physical Excursus (also called the “Physical Interlude” or “Physical Digression”) following Ethics 2p13s. First, what does he mean by the terms “motion” and “rest”? Second, what does he conceive “fixed ratios” of motion and rest to be? Third, what does he intend the scope of his term “individual” (and hen
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Stirr, Anna Marie. Tending the Flower Garden. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190631970.003.0002.

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Focusing on dohori’s place in state constructions of nationalism, this chapter traces the genealogies of musical tropes in dohori and the umbrella genre of lok gīt, or folk song, through a history of musical nationalism and associated musical and language ideologies. It looks at song genres chosen to represent the nation after the founding of Radio Nepal in 1951, and tells how men in charge of the folk song department at the radio shaped Nepali national folk music. It also tells the story of national dohori competitions and how they, along with the radio and national cultural policy, helped co
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Coles, Richard. Fathomless riches ; or how I went from pop to pulpit. 2015.

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Slater, Leigh Ann, and Pamela A. Lipsett. Environmental decontamination and isolation strategies in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0285.

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Potential avenues for infection transmission range from the initial hospital construction itself to unit and room layout, design materials, disinfection materials and methods, isolation equipment, and staff ratios and training. Better understanding of these avenues for transmission will suggest the means to decrease the burden of environmental contamination. There is a limited evidence base for many currently employed cleaning and isolation techniques. Many are simply intuitive or based on non-controlled observations, and rigorous studies may be prohibitively expensive. In addition, reduced co
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Tenney, James. The Structure of Harmonic Series Aggregates. Edited by Larry Polansky, Lauren Pratt, Robert Wannamaker, and Michael Winter. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038723.003.0011.

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James Tenney discusses the structure of harmonic series aggregates and provides a detailed explanation of the genesis of his HD function. He describes, through first principles (perception, simple mathematics), what happens when “two or more compound tones are sounded simultaneously.” Using simple properties of relatively prime (reduced) ratios, the harmonic series, and least common multiples and greatest common divisors, Tenney approaches harmony in the way he had suggested some thirty years earlier: “to start if possible at the very beginning, to clear the mind of loose ends whose origins ar
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Book chapters on the topic "Mean ratio of exclusive-or"

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Scholle, Markus, Marcel Mellmann, Philip H. Gaskell, Lena Westerkamp, and Florian Marner. "Multilayer Modelling of Lubricated Contacts: A New Approach Based on a Potential Field Description." In Springer Tracts in Mechanical Engineering. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60124-9_16.

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AbstractA first integral approach, derived in an analogous fashion to Maxwell’s use of potential fields, is employed to investigate the flow characteristics, with a view to minimising friction, of shear-driven fluid motion between rigid surfaces in parallel alignment as a model for a lubricated joint, whether naturally occurring or engineered replacement. For a viscous bilayer arrangement comprised of immiscible liquids, it is shown how the flow and the shear stress along the separating interface is influenced by the mean thickness of the layers and the ratio of their respective viscosities. Considered in addition, is how the method can be extended for application to the more challenging problem of when one, or both, of the layers is a viscoelastic material.
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He, Wenliang, Peng Li, and Guoyao Wu. "Amino Acid Nutrition and Metabolism in Chickens." In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54462-1_7.

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AbstractBoth poultry meat and eggs provide high-quality animal protein [containing sufficient amounts and proper ratios of amino acids (AAs)] for human consumption and, therefore, play an important role in the growth, development, and health of all individuals. Because there are growing concerns about the suboptimal efficiencies of poultry production and its impact on environmental sustainability, much attention has been paid to the formulation of low-protein diets and precision nutrition through the addition of low-cost crystalline AAs or alternative sources of animal-protein feedstuffs. This necessitates a better understanding of AA nutrition and metabolism in chickens. Although historic nutrition research has focused on nutritionally essential amino acids (EAAs) that are not synthesized or are inadequately synthesized in the body, increasing evidence shows that the traditionally classified nutritionally nonessential amino acids (NEAAs), such as glutamine and glutamate, have physiological and regulatory roles other than protein synthesis in chicken growth and egg production. In addition, like other avian species, chickens do not synthesize adequately glycine or proline (the most abundant AAs in the body but present in plant-source feedstuffs at low content) relative to their nutritional and physiological needs. Therefore, these two AAs must be sufficient in poultry diets. Animal proteins (including ruminant meat & bone meal and hydrolyzed feather meal) are abundant sources of both glycine and proline in chicken nutrition. Clearly, chickens (including broilers and laying hens) have dietary requirements for all proteinogenic AAs to achieve their maximum productivity and maintain optimum health particularly under adverse conditions such as heat stress and disease. This is a paradigm shift in poultry nutrition from the 70-year-old “ideal protein” concept that concerned only about EAAs to the focus of functional AAs that include both EAAs and NEAAs.
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Hankin, David G., Michael S. Mohr, and Ken B. Newman. "Ratio and regression estimation." In Sampling Theory. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815792.003.0007.

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Inexpensive and/or readily available auxiliary variable, x, values may often be available at little or no cost. If these variables are highly correlated with the target variable, y, then use of ratio or regression estimators may greatly reduce sampling variance. These estimators are not unbiased, but bias is generally small compared to the target of estimation and contributes a very small proportion of overall mean square error, the relevant measure of accuracy for biased estimators. Ratio estimation can also be incorporated in the context of stratified designs, again possibly offering a reduction in overall sampling variance. Model-based prediction offers an alternative to the design-based ratio and regression estimators and we present an overview of this approach. In model-based prediction, the y values associated with population units are viewed as realizations of random variables which are assumed to be related to auxiliary variables according to specified models. The realized values of the target variable are known for the sample, but must be predicted using an assumed model dependency on the auxiliary variable for the non-sampled units in the population. Insights from model-based thinking may assist the design-based sampling theorist in selection of an appropriate estimator. Similarly, we show that insights from design-based estimation may improve estimation of uncertainty in model-based mark-recapture estimation.
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Hankin, David G., Michael S. Mohr, and Ken B. Newman. "Multi-phase sampling." In Sampling Theory. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815792.003.0010.

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Attention is restricted to two-phase or double sampling. A large first-phase sample is used to generate a very good estimate of the mean or total of an auxiliary variable, x, which is relatively cheap to measure. Then, a second-phase sample is selected, usually from the first-phase sample, and both auxiliary and target variables are measured in selected second-phase population units. Two-phase ratio or regression estimators can be used effectively in this context. Errors of estimation reflect first-phase uncertainty in the mean or total of the auxiliary variable, and second-phase errors reflect the nature of the relation and correlation between auxiliary and target variables. Accuracy of the two-phase estimator of a proportion depends on sensitivity and specificity. Sensitivity is the probability that a unit possessing a trait (y = 1) will be correctly classified as such whenever the auxiliary variable, x, has value 1, whereas specificity is the probability that a unit not possessing a trait (y = 0) will be correctly classified as such whenever the auxiliary variable, x, has value 0. Optimal allocation results for estimation of means, totals, and proportions allow the most cost-effective allocation of total sampling effort to the first- and second-phases. In double sampling with stratification, a large first-phase sample estimates stratum weights, a second-phase sample estimates stratum means, and a stratified estimator gives an estimate of the overall population mean or total.
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Muramatsu, Kumiko, Hitoshi Miyaoka, Kunitoshi Kamijima, et al. "Prevalence and Comorbidity of Anxiety and Depressive Disorders in Studies of PRIME-MD and PHQ (Patient Health Questionnaire) in Japan." In Anxiety Disorders - The New Achievements. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97218.

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We examine two studies on the prevalence and comorbidity of anxiety and depressive disorders in Japanese patients in primary care settings. The PRIME-MD study (Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders) in Japan was conducted in seven primary care sites. The sample group included 601 adult patients (249 males, 352 females, mean age = 58.9 years, SD = 16.5). Of the 12.5% of patients diagnosed with mood disorders, 5.0% (n = 29) were major depressive disorder, and 6.7% (n = 40) were minor depressive disorder. The odds ratio for co-occurrence of major depressive disorder with generalized anxiety disorders and major depressive disorder with anxiety disorders (NOS) was 11.5 (95% CI: 2.17–18.45) and 8.00 (95% CI: 3.19–20.07), respectively. The PHQ (Patient Health Questionnaire) study in Japan was conducted in eleven primary care sites. A total of 1409 adult patients (611 males, 797 females; mean age: 56.2 years, SD: ±20.4) completed the PHQ in full. The prevalence of diagnosis of any mood disorder or any anxiety disorder was 25.0%. Of the 15.8% of patients diagnosed with mood disorders, 5.3% were for major depression and 8.4% for other depressive disorders. The odds ratio for co-occurrence of major depressive disorder with other anxiety disorders was 30.4 (95% CI: 13.19–70.28).
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Latif, Rana Muhammad Amir, Javed Ferzund, Muhammad Farhan, N. Z. Jhanjhi, and Muhammad Umer. "A Case Study of Career Counseling for ICT." In ICT Solutions for Improving Smart Communities in Asia. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7114-9.ch008.

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In the education system, the students may find counselors, but student-to-counselor ratio is higher, which forces us to implement an automated system for the guidance of the students. Career counseling can be useful for students to evaluate their careers and select the best direction for the future. This chapter aims to explore, develop, and implement the effective means of analyzing student career counseling, guidelines, and decision making. The authors have developed a realistic dataset from a different mindset of students. The research started once the student provides the machine input about the individual choices about taking admission for matriculation, intermediate, and or short course. The machine learning algorithms like logistic model tree, naïve Bayes, J48, and random forest are used to predict career options. In evaluated results, they found the best algorithm based on the accuracy of kappa statistics, mean absolute error, and correctly classified or incorrectly classified for career-related problems.
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Kang, Hao. "Using the Boundary Element Method to Simulate Visco-Elastic Deformations of Rough Fractures." In Recent Developments in the Solution of Nonlinear Differential Equations. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96229.

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In many engineering applications, such as tribology and rock mechanics, it is very important to understand the deformation of rough fractures to evaluate the safety and profitability of the project. Since a lot of materials can be characterized as visco-elastic materials, it is very significant to simulate the visco-elastic deformation of rough fractures. This chapter focuses on using the boundary element method to simulate visco-elastic deformations of rough fractures. First, the principles and procedures of the above-mentioned method will be introduced. Then, one example will be given in detail. This example investigates the effect of surface geometry on visco-elastic deformations of rough rock fractures under normal compressive stresses. The rock fracture surfaces are assumed to be self-affine, and synthetic rough surfaces are generated by systematically changing three surface roughness parameters: the Hurst exponent, root mean square roughness, and mismatch length. The results indicate that by decreasing the Hurst exponent or increasing the root mean square roughness or increasing the mismatch length, the fracture mean aperture increases, and the contact ratio (the number of contacting cells/total number of cells) increases slower with time. Finally, the limitations and possible future research directions will be briefly discussed.
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Gray, John S., and Michael Elliott. "Diversity." In Ecology of Marine Sediments. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198569015.003.0008.

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In the previous chapter we covered ways of describing samples of benthos, but specifically did not include diversity. We can talk of primary community variables, such as abundance (A), species richness (S) and biomass (B), and derived variables from these such as true diversity indices, evenness indices, and ratios indicating the relationship between species richness and abundance (A/S, the abundance ratio or the average abundance per species) and between biomass and abundance (B/A, the biomass ratio or the mean biomass per individual). Diversity is not just simply about the number of species found in a sample or area, but also uses data on the abundances of individuals among the species and the way those abundances are distributed among the species within the assemblage. There are many ways of describing diversity. Here we give a summary of the most important ones and reference sources of recent literature on the subject (see also the data analysis summary in Chapter 11). In the following section we consider simple indices (univariate) as measures of diversity; multivariate methods of analysing patterns will be covered in Chapter 7 on the effects of disturbance. The simplest way to measure diversity is the number of species found in a sample, called the species richness (S or SR). Yet diversity is not just about numbers of species; it is also concerned with the distribution of numbers of individuals per species. For example, if one assemblage has 50 individuals of each of 2 species A and B whereas another assemblage has 99 individuals of species A and 1 individual of species B, then both have the same species richness but the first assemblage is the more diverse. Thus a measure of diversity (an index) must take into account not only the number of species, but also the number of individuals per species. To distinguish this from species richness, the combination of individuals per species and number of species is called heterogeneity diversity. In fact there are a large number of diversity indices, and we do not propose to consider them all here (Magurran 2004 gives an excellent and detailed account and others are mentioned in the summary in Chapter 11).
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Dean, Jennifer, and Edward Donato. "New micro-mobilities and aging in the suburbs." In Aging People, Aging Places. Policy Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447352563.003.0010.

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This chapter discusses the World Health Organization's (WHO) launch of the Age-Friendly Cities (AFCs) program as a response to the global trend towards aging populations and increasing urbanization. It outlines the WHO's anticipation that by 2050, approximately 22 percent of the global population will be over the age of 60 years, with the majority residing in sub/urban areas. It examines the intensity of older adults that will be felt in small and mid-sized cities where the mean older adult dependency ratio will grow by 103 percent and 90 percent respectfully by 2036. The chapter considers the certainty of demographic change and the heterogeneity of the older adult population, which acquires a time-sensitive need to understand how to support older adults who desire to age in place or live safely and independently in their existing communities. It looks at academic literature that links built environments and human health.
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Lin, Tsung-Chih, Yi-Ming Chang, and Tun-Yuan Lee. "System Identification Based on Dynamical Training for Recurrent Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Neural Network." In Contemporary Theory and Pragmatic Approaches in Fuzzy Computing Utilization. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-1870-1.ch013.

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This paper proposes a novel fuzzy modeling approach for identification of dynamic systems. A fuzzy model, recurrent interval type-2 fuzzy neural network (RIT2FNN), is constructed by using a recurrent neural network which recurrent weights, mean and standard deviation of the membership functions are updated. The complete back propagation (BP) algorithm tuning equations used to tune the antecedent and consequent parameters for the interval type-2 fuzzy neural networks (IT2FNNs) are developed to handle the training data corrupted by noise or rule uncertainties for nonlinear system identification involving external disturbances. Only by using the current inputs and most recent outputs of the input layers, the system can be completely identified based on RIT2FNNs. In order to show that the interval IT2FNNs can handle the measurement uncertainties, training data are corrupted by white Gaussian noise with signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) 20 dB. Simulation results are obtained for the identification of nonlinear system, which yield more improved performance than those using recurrent type-1 fuzzy neural networks (RT1FNNs).
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Conference papers on the topic "Mean ratio of exclusive-or"

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Arena, Felice, Carlos Guedes Soares, and Petya Petrova. "Theoretical Analysis of Average Wave Steepness Related to Peak Period or to Mean Period." In ASME 2010 29th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2010-20811.

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The average wave steepness may be defined as the ratio between the significant wave height Hs and the wavelength associated to either the zero-up-crossing mean period Lm or the peak period Lp (Bitner Gregersen et al., 1998). This parameter may be calculated from wave data at fixed locations, as well as by starting from theoretical spectra. In this paper the average wave steepness is firstly analyzed by considering a JONSWAP spectrum. It is shown that for this spectrum the ratio Sm = Hs/Lm, as well as Sp = Hs/Lp, depends upon the values of the spectrum parameters. The theoretical values are the
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Liu, L. K., C. J. Fang, M. C. Wu, C. Y. Lee, and Y. H. Hung. "Fluid Flow Characteristics of a Confined Slot Jet Without or With a Target Surface." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-80028.

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A series of experimental investigations with a stringent measurement method on the fluid flow characteristics of slot jet without or with a target surface have been successfully conducted. From all the fluid velocity data measured in the present study, the experimental conditions have been verified to be spanwise-symmetrically maintained and the results have been achieved in a spanwise-symmetric form. Three types of jet configuration without or with target surface are investigated: (A) Confined Slot Jet without Target Surfaces – the fluid flow parameters studied in the present investigation is
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Untaroiu, Alexandrina, Vahe Hayrapetian, Costin D. Untaroiu, et al. "Fluid-Induced Forces in Pump Liquid Seals With Large Aspect Ratio." In ASME-JSME-KSME 2011 Joint Fluids Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajk2011-06085.

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The instability due to fluid flow in seals is a known phenomenon that can occur in pumps and compressors as well as in steam turbines. Traditional annular seal models are based on bulk flow theory. While these methods are computationally efficient and can predict dynamic properties fairly well for short seals, they lack accuracy in cases of seals with complex geometry or with large aspect ratios (above 1.0). Unlike the bulk flow models, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) makes no simplifying assumption on the seal geometry, shear stress at the wall, relationship between wall shear stress and m
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Katayama, Makito, Naoya Fukushima, Masayasu Shimura, Mamoru Tanahashi, and Toshio Miyauchi. "DNS on Autoignition and Flame Propagation of Inhomogeneous Methane–Air Mixtures in a Closed Vessel." In ASME/JSME 2011 8th Thermal Engineering Joint Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajtec2011-44476.

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Direct numerical simulations (DNSs) on autoignition and flame propagation of inhomogeneous methane–air mixtures in a closed vessel are conducted with considering detailed kinetic mechanism and temperature dependence of transport and thermal properties. The mixtures with spatial inhomogeneity of temperature or equivalence ratio are investigated. Periodic condition for non-heatloss cases or isothermal wall condition for heatloss cases is imposed on the boundaries. From the DNS results without heatloss, effects of spatial inhomogeneity of temperature and equivalence ratio on mean heat release rat
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McClean, John F., and David Sumner. "Aerodynamic Forces and Vortex Shedding for Surface-Mounted Finite Square Prisms and the Effects of Aspect Ratio and Incidence Angle." In ASME 2012 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting collocated with the ASME 2012 Heat Transfer Summer Conference and the ASME 2012 10th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2012-72005.

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The flow around a surface-mounted square prism of finite height was investigated experimentally using a low-speed wind tunnel. Of interest were the effects of aspect ratio and incidence angle on the mean aerodynamic forces and vortex shedding. Compared to the case of the “infinite” (or two-dimensional) square prism, the flow around the finite square prism has not been extensively studied. The experiments were conducted at a Reynolds number of Re = 7.2 × 104 for aspect ratios of AR = 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11 and incidence angles of α = 0°, 15°, 30° and 45°. The thickness of the boundary layer on the
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De Jesus, Abi´lio M. P., M. Luisa Ruiz Ripoll, Norberto J. Gonc¸alves, and He´lder F. S. G. Pereira. "Probabilistic Fatigue Assessment of a Notched Detail Taking Into Account Mean Stress Effects." In ASME 2010 Pressure Vessels and Piping Division/K-PVP Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2010-25056.

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Probabilistic fatigue models are required to account conveniently for the several sources of uncertainty arising in the prediction procedures, such as the scatter in material behavior. In this paper, a recently proposed stress-based probabilistic model is assessed using fatigue data available for the P355NL1 steel (a pressure vessel steel). The referred probabilistic model is a log-Gumbel regression model, able to predict the probabilistic Wo¨hler field (P-S-N field), taking into account the mean stress (or stress R-ratio) effects. The parameters of the probabilistic model are identified using
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Gadgil, Ashwin A., and Robert E. Randall. "Two Phase Annular Flow Approximation Using 1-D Flow Equations Coupled With a Drift Flux Model for Concurrent Flow in Vertical or Near Vertical Channels." In ASME 2017 36th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2017-61480.

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Annular flow is a flow regime of two-phase gas-liquid flow dominated by high gas flowrate moving through the center of the pipe (gas core). In this paper we have developed and studied an innovative phenomenological model which combines the Zuber & Findlay’s Drift Flux Model’s weighted mean value approach [1] with the 1-D flow approximation equations. The flow is described in terms of a distribution parameter and an averaged local velocity difference between the phases across the pipe cross-section. The average void fraction is calculated as a function of the ratio of weighted mean gas velo
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Tsugawa, Takuji. "Case Study of Impeller Profile With Suitable Rotative Guidevane." In ASME 2006 2nd Joint U.S.-European Fluids Engineering Summer Meeting Collocated With the 14th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2006-98045.

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In the previous paper, the optimum meridian profile of multi-stage impeller with guidevane was obtained by means of diffusion factor using twelve shape factors. The coefficient of peripheral absolute velocity at impeller inlet kCu1c means the effect of multi-stage impeller with guidevane. In this paper, the optimum meridian profile of multi-stage or single-stage impeller with rotative guidevane was obtained by means of fifteen shape factors. The fifteen shape factors mean impeller inlet relative flow angle β1, impeller turning angle Δβ, impeller axial velocity ratio kc12 = Cm2/Cm1, impeller di
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Wang, Lei, Mirko Salewski, and Bengt Sunde´n. "PIV Measurements of Turbulent Flow in a Channel With Solid or Perforated Ribs." In ASME 2010 3rd Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Summer Meeting collocated with 8th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm-icnmm2010-30015.

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Particle image velocimetry measurements are performed in a channel with periodic ribs on one wall. We investigate the flow around two different rib configurations: solid and perforated ribs with a slit. The ribs obstruct the channel by 20% of its height and are arranged 10 rib heights apart. For the perforated ribs, the slit height is 20% of the rib height, and the open-area ratio is 16%. We discuss the flow in terms of mean velocity, streamlines, vorticity, turbulence intensity, and Reynolds shear stress. We find that the recirculation bubbles after the perforated ribs are significantly small
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Casarsa, Luca, Murat C¸akan, and Tony Arts. "Characterization of the Velocity and Heat Transfer Fields in an Internal Cooling Channel With High Blockage Ratio." In ASME Turbo Expo 2002: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2002-30207.

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The present experimental study is dealing with a detailed aero/thermal investigation of the turbulent flow inside a rib-roughened turbine blade cooling channel by means of Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and Liquid Crystal Thermometry (LCT). The main objectives of the paper are to provide detailed information about the behaviour of such a complicated flow, useful for its understanding, and to create a wide and reliable data base for numerical code validation. The measurements are carried out at engine representative Reynolds number within a scaled up model of a stationary straight cooling cha
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Reports on the topic "Mean ratio of exclusive-or"

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Viswanathan, Meera, Jennifer Cook Middleton, Alison Stuebe, et al. Maternal, Fetal, and Child Outcomes of Mental Health Treatments in Women: A Systematic Review of Perinatal Pharmacologic Interventions. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer236.

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Background. Untreated maternal mental health disorders can have devastating sequelae for the mother and child. For women who are currently or planning to become pregnant or are breastfeeding, a critical question is whether the benefits of treating psychiatric illness with pharmacologic interventions outweigh the harms for mother and child. Methods. We conducted a systematic review to assess the benefits and harms of pharmacologic interventions compared with placebo, no treatment, or other pharmacologic interventions for pregnant and postpartum women with mental health disorders. We searched fo
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Bell, Jack, Rik Law, Howell Li, Ben Anderson, and Darcy M. Bullock. New Opportunities for Automated Pedestrian Performance Measures. Purdue University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317351.

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Pedestrian safety is an important concern when evaluating intersections. Previous literature has shown that exclusive pedestrian phases improve safety, but at the expense of imposing greater pedestrian and motorist delay. However, outside of crash data, there are no easily implementable performance measures for pedestrians at traffic signals. This study proposes two performance metrics: (1) a time-to-jaywalk measure, and (2) the Conflict Occupancy Ratio (COR) for evaluating concurrent pedestrian signal phasing with turning vehicles. The COR quantifies conflicts between turning vehicles and ped
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van den Boogaard, Vanessa, Wilson Prichard, Rachel Beach, and Fariya Mohiuddin. Strengthening Tax-Accountability Links: Fiscal Transparency and Taxpayer Engagement in Ghana and Sierra Leone. Institute of Development Studies, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2020.002.

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There is increasingly strong evidence that taxation can contribute to expanded government responsiveness and accountability. However, such positive connections are not guaranteed. Rather, they are shaped by the political and economic context and specific policies adopted by governments and civil society actors. Without an environment that enables tax bargaining, there is a risk that taxation will amount to little more than forceful extraction. We consider how such enabling environments may be fostered through two mixed methods case studies of tax transparency and taxpayer engagement in Sierra
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Baloch, Imdad, Tom Kaye, Saalim Koomar, and Chris McBurnie. Pakistan Topic Brief: Providing Distance Learning to Hard-to-reach Children. EdTech Hub, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.53832/edtechhub.0026.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in mass school closures across the world. It is expected that the closures in low- and -middle-income countries (LMICs) will have long-term negative consequences on education and also on broader development outcomes. Countries face a number of obstacles to effectively delivering alternative forms of education. Obstacles include limited experience in facing such challenges, limited teacher digital and pedagogical capacity, and infrastructure constraints related to power and connectivity. Furthermore, inequalities in learning outcomes are expected to widen with
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