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1
Ramachandra, K. Lectures on the mean-value and omega-theorems for the Riemann zeta-function. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1995.
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3
Jürgen, Spilker, ed. Arithmetical functions: An introduction to elementary and analytic properties of arithmetic functions and to some of their almost-periodic properties. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
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4
Schwarz, Wolfgang. Arithmetical functions: An introduction to elementary and analytic properties of arithmetic functions and to some of their almost-periodic properties. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
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5
Polishchuk, Efim Mikhaĭlovich. Continual means and boundary value problems in function spaces. Basel: Birkhäuser Verlag, 1988.
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6
Polishchuk, Efim Mikhaĭlovich. Continual means and boundary value problems in function spaces. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1988.
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7
Kant, Immanuel. Sette scritti politici liberi. Edited by Maria Chiara Pievatolo. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6655-000-6.
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At the end of the eighteenth century, before and during the French Revolution, Kant wrote intensively about politics. This book brings together the translations of his principal philosophical-political works, with the editor's annotations, from the essay on Enlightenment through to the writing on progress. The texts are subject to a Creative Commons licence, so that they can be amended without restrictions, retaining the same rights. Open access publication alone can achieve freedom in the public use of reason. The decision to free a classic work from economic monopoly and censure is intended to demonstrate that open access is not an academic theory but a reality that can give value and meaning to the establishment of a public university. Making Kant read means much more than merely reading him.
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Bishop, Tom, Gina Bloom, and Erika T. Lin, eds. Games and Theatre in Shakespeare's England. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463723251.
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This collection of essays brings together theories of play and game with theatre and performance to produce new understandings of the history and design of early modern English drama. Through literary analysis and embodied practice, an international team of distinguished scholars examines a wide range of games—from dicing to bowling to roleplaying to videogames—to uncover their fascinating ramifications for the stage in Shakespeare’s era and our own. Foregrounding ludic elements challenges the traditional view of drama as principally mimesis, or imitation, revealing stageplays to be improvisational experiments and participatory explorations into the motive, means, and value of recreation. Delving into both canonical masterpieces and hidden gems, this innovative volume stakes a claim for play as the crucial link between games and early modern theatre, and for the early modern theatre as a critical site for unraveling the continued cultural significance and performative efficacy of gameplay today.
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1966-, Pérez Joaquín, and Galvez José A. 1972-, eds. Geometric analysis: Partial differential equations and surfaces : UIMP-RSME Santaló Summer School geometric analysis, June 28-July 2, 2010, University of Granada, Granada, Spain. Providence, R.I: American Mathematical Society, 2012.
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11
Mean Value Theorms and Functional Equations. World Scientific Publishing Company, 1999.
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12
Ramachandra, K. Lectures on the Mean-Value and Omega Theorems for the Riemann Zeta-Function (Lectures on Mathematics and Physics). Springer, 1996.
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13
Tiberius, Valerie. Well-Being as Value Fulfillment. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809494.001.0001.
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We don’t always know how to help people, even when those people are our friends. This is not just a problem about how to provide the help we know others need. It is also the problem of what help they need in the first place, and this is a problem that requires ethical thinking. The theory of well-being defended in this book—the value fulfillment theory—provides a solution to this problem. In short, the theory says that our lives go well to the extent that we succeed in terms of what matters to us emotionally, reflectively, and over the long term. In other words, well-being consists in fulfilling or realizing our appropriate values over time. Therefore, according to the value fulfillment theory, when we want to help others achieve greater well-being, we should pay attention to their values. This means attending to how others’ values fit together, how they understand what it means to succeed in terms of these values, and how things could change for them over time. Being a good and helpful friend, then, requires cultivating some habits of humility that overcome our tendency to think we know what’s good for other people without really understanding what it’s like to be them. This work presents the first book-length defense of value fulfillment theory. It is aimed at philosophers and psychologists, and anyone with an interest in philosophical research on human well-being.
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Hardin, Russell. Normative Methodology. Edited by Janet M. Box-Steffensmeier, Henry E. Brady, and David Collier. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199286546.003.0002.
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This article shows that one should start social science inquiry with individuals, their motivations, and the kinds of transactions they undertake with one another. It specifically discusses four basic schools of social theory: conflict, shared-values, exchange, and coordination theories. Conflict theories almost inherently lead into normative discussions of the justification of coercion in varied political contexts. Religious visions of social order are usually shared-value theories and interest is the chief means used by religions to guide people. Individualism is at the core of an exchange theory. Because the first three theories are generally in conflict in any moderately large society, coercion is a sine qua non for social order. Coordination interactions are especially important for politics and political theory and probably for sociology, although exchange relations might be most of economics, or at least of classical economics. Shared-value theory may possibly turn into the most commonly asserted alternative to rational choice in this time as contractarian reasoning recedes from center stage in the face of challenges to the story of contracting that lies behind it and the difficulty of believing people actually think they have consciously agreed to their political order.
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Alexander, Gregory S. Flourishing and Welfare. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190860745.003.0001.
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This chapter argues that the moral end of property is human flourishing, a concept which the author uses in a neo-Aristotelian sense. The bulk of the chapter is devoted to an analysis of the concept of human flourishing. It stresses three points: First, human flourishing, although overlapping at times with the concept of welfare, is fundamentally different from welfare. Second, human flourishing is a value-plural concept, encompassing multiple and incommensurable moral values; hence property has multiple ends. Third, property’s pluralistic moral foundation does not mean that rationality and consistency must be sacrificed when property’s various ends come into conflict. Value pluralism is reconcilable with both rational choice and rule-of-law values such as consistency. The human flourishing theory is a consequentialist theory, but in measuring human flourishing, its primary focus is on capabilities rather than resources, and thus the theory draws upon the capabilities approach of Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum.
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Spencer, Thomas. Number theory. Edited by Gernot Akemann, Jinho Baik, and Philippe Di Francesco. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198744191.013.24.
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This article examines some of the connections between random matrix theory (RMT) and number theory, including the modelling of the value distributions of the Riemann zeta function and other L-functions as well as the statistical distribution of their zeros. Number theory has been used in RMT to address seemingly disparate questions, such as modelling mean and extreme values of the Riemann zeta function and counting points on curves. One thing in common among the applications of RMT to number theory is the L-function. The statistics of the critical zeros of these functions are believed to be related to those of the eigenvalues of random matrices. The article first considers the truth of the generalized Riemann hypothesis before discussing the values of the Riemann zeta function, the values of L-functions, and further areas of interest with respect to the connections between RMT and number theory
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Chemla, Karine, Renaud Chorlay, and David Rabouin, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Generality in Mathematics and the Sciences. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198777267.001.0001.
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This handbook examines how actors have valued generality in mathematics and the sciences and how they worked with specific types of “general” entities, procedures, and arguments. It argues that actors have shaped these various types of generality, mainly by introducing specific terminologies to distinguish between different levels or forms of generality, as well as designing means to work with them, or to work in relation to them. The book is organized into three parts. Part I deals with the meaning and value of generality, and more specifically the value of generality in Michel Chasles’s historiography of geometry and generality in Gottfried Leibniz’s mathematics. Part II focuses on statements and concepts that make up the general, covering topics such as Henri Poincaré’s work on the recurrence theorem and the role of genericity in the history of dynamical systems theory. Part III explores the practices of generality, including the dispute over tangents between René Descartes and Pierre de Fermat, generality in James Clerk Maxwell’s theory of electromagnetism, and practices of generalization in mathematical physics, biology, and evolutionary strategies.
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Polishchuk, Efim M., and Bernd Luderer. Continual Means and Boundary Value Problems in Function Space (Operator Theory Advances and Applications). Birkhauser, 1989.
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19
Jeske, Diane. Do the Ends Justify the Means? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190685379.003.0004.
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Moral deliberation, like deliberation in general, almost always involves some appeal to the consequences of the actions available to the agent. The case studies of Franz Stangl, Ted Bundy, and Charles Colcock Jones provide examples of an appeal to consequences to attempt to justify action. In order to see what is wrong with the way that these men reasoned, the chapter examines the competing moral theories of consequentialism and deontology, and the nature of intrinsic versus instrumental value. By doing so, the author shows how to isolate errors in appealing to consequences such as failure to identify the full array of options, the effects on all people, and the overweighting of one’s own interests and of the interests of one’s loved ones.
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Milona, Michael. On the Epistemological Significance of Value Perception. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786054.003.0011.
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This chapter explores the epistemological significance of the view that we can literally see, hear, and touch evaluative properties (the high-level theory of value perception). Its central contention is that, from the perspective of epistemology, the question of whether there are such high-level experiences doesn’t matter. Insofar as there are such experiences, they most plausibly emerged through the right kind of interaction with evaluative capacities that are not literally perceptual (e.g., of the sort involved in imaginative evaluative reflection). Even if these other evaluative capacities turn out not to alter the content of perceptual experience, they would still be sufficient to do all the justificatory work that high-level experiences are meant to do. The chapter closes by observing that it may matter a great deal whether a certain other picture of value perception is true. This alternative picture has it that desires and/or emotions are perceptual-like experiences of value.
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Walsh, Bruce, and Michael Lynch. Long-term Response: 3. Adaptive Walks. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830870.003.0027.
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One model for long-term evolution is an adaptive walk, a series of fixations of mutations that moves the trait mean toward some optimal value. The foundation for this idea traces back to Fisher's geometric model, which showed that mutations of large effect are favored when a trait is far from its optimal, while smaller effects are favored as it approaches the optimal value. Under fairly general conditions, this results in a roughly exponential distribution of fixed adaptive effects. An alternative to trait-based walks are walks in fitness space, motivated by considering a series of mutations to improve the fitness of a particular sequence. In such settings, extreme value theory also suggests a roughly exponential distribution, now of fitness (instead of trait) effects, for mutations fixed during the walk. Much of this theory offers at least partial experimental testing, and this chapter describes not only the theory, but also some of the empirical work testing the models.
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Ohlin, Jens David, Larry May, and Claire Finkelstein, eds. Weighing Lives in War. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796176.001.0001.
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This volume combines philosophical analysis with normative legal theory. Although both disciplines have spent the past fifty years investigating the nature of the principles of necessity and proportionality, these discussions were all too often walled off from each other. However, the boundaries of these disciplinary conversations have recently broken down, and this volume continues the cross-disciplinary effort by bringing together philosophers concerned with the real-world military implications of their theories and legal scholars who frequently build doctrinal arguments from first principles, many of which herald from the historical just war tradition or from the contemporary just war literature. What unites the chapters into a singular conversation is their common skepticism regarding whether the traditional doctrines, in both law and philosophy, have correctly valued the lives of civilians and combatants at war. The arguments outlined in this volume reveal a set of principles, including necessity and proportionality, whose core essence remains essentially contested. What does military necessity mean and are soldiers always subject to lethal force? What is proportionality and how should military commanders attach a value to a military target and weigh it against collateral damage? Do these valuations remain the same for both sides of the conflict? From the secure viewpoint of the purely descriptive, lawyers might confidently describe some of these questions as settled. But many others, even from the vantage point of descriptive theory, remain under-analyzed and radically lacking in clarity and certainty.
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Arnocky, Steven, and Tracy Vaillancourt. Sexual Competition among Women. Edited by Maryanne L. Fisher. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199376377.013.3.
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Darwin (1871) observed in his theory of evolution by means of sexual selection that “it is the males who fight together and sedulously display their charms before the female” (p. 272). Researchers examining intrasexual competition have since focused disproportionately on male competition for mates, with female competition receiving far less attention. In this chapter, we review evidence that women do indeed compete with one another to secure and maintain reproductive benefits. We begin with an overview of the evolutionary theory of competition among women, with a focus on biparental care and individual differences in men’s mate value. We discuss why competition among women is characteristically different from that of men and highlight evidence supporting women’s use of epigamic display of physical attractiveness characteristics and indirect aggression toward same-sex peers and opposite-sex romantic partners as sexually competitive tactics. Finally, individual differences in competition among women are discussed.
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Linett, Maren Tova. Literary Bioethics. NYU Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479801268.001.0001.
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Literary Bioethics reads four novels as thought experiments through which to grapple with questions of value regarding animal lives, old lives, disabled lives, and engineered lives. Drawing from literary and cultural theory, disability studies, age studies, animal studies, and bioethics, it considers the value of these different kinds of lives as presented in fiction. The study treats “bioethics” broadly; rather than treating practical issues of medical ethics, it takes “bioethical questions” to mean 1) questions about the value and conditions for flourishing of different kinds of human and nonhuman lives, and 2) questions about what those in power ought to be permitted to do with those lives as we gain unprecedented levels of technological prowess. Exploring how the literary texts engage ideologies such as human exceptionalism, ableism, ageism, and a curative imaginary—a proto-transhumanism that cannot tolerate imperfection—the study demonstrates the power of reading literature bioethically.
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Seth, Raghav, and George E. Smith. Brownian Motion and Molecular Reality. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190098025.001.0001.
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Legend has it that Jean Perrin’s experiments on Brownian motion between 1905 and 1913 “put a definite end to the long struggle regarding the real existence of molecules.” Close examination of these experiments, however, shows how little access they gained to the molecular realm. They did succeed in determining mean kinetic energies of particles in Brownian motion, but the values for molecular magnitudes Perrin inferred from them simply presupposed that those energies match the mean kinetic energies of molecules in the surrounding fluid. This presupposition became increasingly suspect between 1908 and 1913 as distinctly different values for these magnitudes were obtained from alpha-particle emissions (by Rutherford et al.), from ionization (by Millikan), and from Planck’s blackbody radiation equation. This monograph explains how Perrin’s measurements of the kinetic energies in Brownian motion were nevertheless exemplars of theory-mediated measurement—the practice of inferring values for inaccessible quantities from values of accessible proxies via theoretical relationships between them. Moreover, though Planck in 1900 had proposed turning to complementary theory-mediated measurements of interlinked molecular magnitudes as a source of evidence, it was Perrin more than anyone else who championed this approach. The concerted efforts of Rutherford, Millikan, Planck, Perrin, and their colleagues during the years in question led to evidence of this form becoming central to microphysics. The analysis here of how this came about replaces an untenable legend with an account that is not only tenable, but far more instructive about what the evidence did and did not show.
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Christensen, Anne-Marie Søndergaard. Moral Philosophy and Moral Life. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198866695.001.0001.
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This is a work in moral philosophy and its ambition is to contribute to a renewed understanding of moral philosophy, the role of moral theory, and the relation between moral philosophy and moral life. It is motivated by the belief that the lack of a coherent answer to the question of the role and status of moral philosophy and the theories it develops, is one of the most important obstacles for doing work in moral philosophy today. The first part of the book untangles various criticisms of the dominant view of moral theories that challenges the explanatory, foundational, authoritative, and action-guiding role of these theories. It also offers an alternative understanding of moral theory as descriptions of moral grammar. The second part investigates the nature of the particularities relevant for an understanding of moral life, both particularities tied to the moral subject, her character, commitments, and moral position, and particularities tied to the context of the subject, her moral community and language. The final part marks a return to moral philosophy and addresses the wider question of what the revised conception of moral theories and the affirmation of the value of the particular mean for moral philosophy by developing a descriptive, pluralistic, and elucidatory conception of moral philosophy. The scope of the book is wide, but its pretensions are more moderate, to present an understanding of descriptive moral philosophy which may spur a debate about the status and role of moral philosophy in relation to our moral lives.
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Birch, Jonathan. Hamilton’s Rule as an Organizing Framework. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198733058.003.0002.
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Queller’s version of Hamilton’s rule (HRG), derived from the Price equation, states that the mean breeding value for a social character increases if and only if rb > c, where r is the coefficient of relatedness between social partners, b is the benefit conferred on recipients, and c is the cost incurred by actors. The value of HRG lies in its ability to provide an organizing framework for social evolution theory, helping us to interpret, classify, and compare more detailed models of particular scenarios. HRG does this by allowing us to classify causal explanations of positive change by their commitments regarding the sign of rb and c. This leads to a four-part taxonomy of explanations, comprising indirect fitness explanations, direct fitness explanations, hybrid explanations, and wholly or partially non-selective explanations. There are plausible instances of all four categories in the natural world.
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Miller, Richard B. Why Study Religion? Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197566817.001.0001.
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This book asks, can the study of religion be justified? It poses this question on the view that scholarship in religion, especially work in “theory and method,” is preoccupied with matters of methodological procedure and is thus inarticulate about the goals that can justify the study of religion and motivate scholarship in the field. For that reason, it insists, the field suffers from a crisis of rationale. The book identifies six prevailing methodologies in the field, each of which it critically examines as symptomatic of this crisis, on the way toward offering an alternative framework for thinking about purposes for studying religion. Shadowing these methodologies is a Weberian scientific ideal for studying religion, one that privileges value-neutrality. This ideal poses obstacles to making justificatory claims on behalf of studying religion and fortifies a repressive conscience about thinking normatively within the field’s regime of truth. After making these points, the book describes an alternative framework, Critical Humanism, especially how it theorizes about the ends rather than the means of humanistic scholarship and offers a basis for thinking about the ethics of religious studies as held together by four values: post-critical reasoning, social criticism, cross-cultural fluency, and environmental responsibility. Ordered to such purposes, the book argues, the study of religion can imagine itself as a valuable and desirable enterprise so that scholars of religion can relax their commitment to matters of methodological procedure and avow the values of studying religion.
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Prah Ruger, Jennifer. An Alternative Account. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199694631.003.0004.
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The world community clearly needs a moral orientation to assess and reshape the global health architecture; it needs a moral compass to determine the best way forward. It needs a comprehensive theory of global health and a governance structure to effectuate it. Such a theory would enable analysis and evaluation of the current global health system; it would ground proposals, ethically and empirically, to reform global health and align the global system more closely with moral values. This chapter sets out the foundational components of a global health justice theory, arguing for universal ethical norms with shared global and domestic responsibility for health. It offers a global minimalist view, provincial globalism, as a mean between nationalism and cosmopolitanism, in which a provincial consensus accompanies a global consensus on health morality.
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Hutchinson, Ben. Comparative Literature: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198807278.001.0001.
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Comparative literature is both the past and the future of literary studies. Its history is intimately linked to the political upheavals of modernity: from colonial empire-building in the 19th century to the postcolonial culture wars of the 21st century. But what is comparative literature? Comparative Literature: A Very Short Introduction tells the story of comparative literature as an agent of international relations, from the point of view both of scholarship and of cultural history. Outlining the complex history and competing theories of comparative literature, it offers an accessible means of entry into a notoriously slippery subject, and shows the value and importance of encountering literature from outside one’s own culture.
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Bacon, Andrew. Beyond Vagueness. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198712060.003.0017.
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On the view of this book, sentential vagueness is a derivative notion: a sentence is vague iff it expresses a vague proposition. According to an alternative account, sentential vagueness consists in semantic indecision: the way in which a sentence is used does not determine which of several candidate propositions it expresses. However, even if ordinary vagueness does not consist in semantic indecision, it does not mean that the phenomenon of semantic indecision doesn’t exist. In this chapter, several putative examples of genuine semantic indecision are investigated. The chapter considers modal and epistemic ways of spelling out the sense in which semantic facts are ‘undecided’, but both are found to be inadequate. It is argued, instead, that semantic indecision can be explained within a theory of propositional vagueness: a sentence is semantically undecided when it is propositionally borderline which of several propositions the sentence expresses. Semantically, indefiniteness arises when some of those propositions are true and others false.
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Hankin, David, Michael S. Mohr, and Kenneth B. Newman. Sampling Theory. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815792.001.0001.
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We present a rigorous but understandable introduction to the field of sampling theory for ecologists and natural resource scientists. Sampling theory concerns itself with development of procedures for random selection of a subset of units, a sample, from a larger finite population, and with how to best use sample data to make scientifically and statistically sound inferences about the population as a whole. The inferences fall into two broad categories: (a) estimation of simple descriptive population parameters, such as means, totals, or proportions, for variables of interest, and (b) estimation of uncertainty associated with estimated parameter values. Although the targets of estimation are few and simple, estimates of means, totals, or proportions see important and often controversial uses in management of natural resources and in fundamental ecological research, but few ecologists or natural resource scientists have formal training in sampling theory. We emphasize the classical design-based approach to sampling in which variable values associated with units are regarded as fixed and uncertainty of estimation arises via various randomization strategies that may be used to select samples. In addition to covering standard topics such as simple random, systematic, cluster, unequal probability (stressing the generality of Horvitz–Thompson estimation), multi-stage, and multi-phase sampling, we also consider adaptive sampling, spatially balanced sampling, and sampling through time, three areas of special importance for ecologists and natural resource scientists. The text is directed to undergraduate seniors, graduate students, and practicing professionals. Problems emphasize application of the theory and R programming in ecological and natural resource settings.
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Gipps, Richard G. T. Cognitive Behavior Therapy. Edited by K. W. M. Fulford, Martin Davies, Richard G. T. Gipps, George Graham, John Z. Sadler, Giovanni Stanghellini, and Tim Thornton. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199579563.013.0072.
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Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) theorists propose that disturbances in cognition underlie and maintain much emotional disturbance. Accordingly the cognitive addition to behavioral therapy typically consists in collaboratively noticing, restructuring, de-fusing from, and challenging these cognitions by the therapist and the patient. With the right group of problems, patients, and therapists, the practice of CBT is well known to possess therapeutic efficacy. This chapter, however, primarily considers the theory rather than the therapy of CBT; in particular it looks at the central significance it gives tocognitionin healthy and disturbed emotional function. It suggests that if "cognition" is used to mean merely ourbelief and thought, then CBT theory provides an implausible model of much emotional distress. If, on the other hand, "cognition" refers to the processing ofmeaning, then CBT risks losing its distinctiveness from all therapies other than the most blandly behavioral. The chapter also suggests: (a) that the appearance, in CBT's causal models of psychopathology, of what seem to be distinct causal processes and multiple discrete intervention sites may owe more to the formalism of the theory than to the structure of the well or troubled mind; (b) that CBT theorists sometimes unhelpfully assimilate the having of thoughts to episodes of thinking; (c) that CBT models may sometimes overemphasize the significance of belief and thought in psychopathology because they have unhelpfully theorized meaning as belonging more properly to these, rather than to emotional, functions; (d) that CBT approaches can also misconstrue the nature and value of acknowledgement and self-knowledge-thereby underplaying the value of some of the CBT therapist's own interventions. The theoretical and clinical implications of these critiques is discussed-such as that there are reasons to doubt that CBT always works, when it does, in the manner it tends to describe for itself.
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Bryan H, Druzin. Part I How Practices Become Norms: The Continued Development of Shipping Law, 4 Spontaneous Standardization and the New Lex Maritima. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198757948.003.0004.
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This chapter examines the processes whereby shipping law may converge internationally in the absence of state intervention. It outlines a theory explaining such convergence through the operation of network effects. The theory is based on the argument that because legal standards are instruments that facilitate interaction with a larger group, the inherent value of a legal standard as a means to that end increases with the number of other people who also subscribe to and employ the same legal standard. Therefore, a particular standard emerges as the dominant standard as it becomes more widely used for such interactions, and the number of people adopting it in turn also increases. The chapter argues that shipping law is especially susceptible to network effects because it exhibits particularly high levels of interaction across the globe. These effects therefore form a good explanation for standardization of shipping norms.
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Hutton, Eric L. Extended Knowledge and Confucian Tradition. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198769811.003.0011.
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Although studies in the history of philosophy look backward to the past, developments in contemporary philosophy can often contribute to such studies by teaching us how to analyze particular issues more carefully, and sometimes the lessons learned from reconsidering past thinkers in such a light can in turn contribute to current work in philosophy by highlighting problems or approaches that might otherwise go unnoticed. This phenomenon is not limited to the Western tradition alone: scholars of Asian thought may benefit from the conceptual tools offered by contemporary Western philosophers, and contemporary Western philosophers may find value in insights from the Asian tradition. This chapter hopes to provide support for this last claim by means of a concrete example involving contemporary theories of extended knowledge and an ancient Chinese Confucian thinker, Xunzi.
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Silva, Sidney. A ousadia do π ser racional. Brazil Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-280-3.
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Pi (π) is used to represent the most known mathematical constant. By definition, π is the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter. In other words, π is equal to the circumference divided by the diameter (π = c / d). Conversely, the circumference is equal to π times the diameter (c = π . d). No matter how big or small a circle is, pi will always be the same number. The first calculation of π was made by Archimedes of Syracuse (287-212 BC) who approached the area of a circle using the Pythagorean Theorem to find the areas of two regular polygons: the polygon inscribed within the circle and the polygon within which circle was circumscribed. Since the real area of the circle is between the areas of the inscribed and circumscribed polygons, the polygon areas gave the upper and lower limits to the area of the circle. Archimedes knew he had not found the exact value of π, but only an approximation within these limits. In this way, Archimedes showed that π is between 3 1/7 (223/71) and 3 10/71 (22/7). This research demonstrates that the value of π is 3.15 and can be represented by a fraction of integers, a/b, being therefore a Rational Number. It also demonstrates by means of an exercise that π = 3.15 is exact in 100% in the mathematical question.
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Dillon, Robin S. Feminist Approaches to Virtue Ethics. Edited by Nancy E. Snow. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199385195.013.15.
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Feminist ethics addresses the subordination in society of women and women’s interests to men and men’s interests and the devaluation or exclusion in moral philosophy of women’s perspectives. Feminist approaches to virtue ethics draw on and also criticize assumptions, concepts, methods, values, and theories of traditional virtue ethics, thus expanding the resources of feminist ethics for addressing problems in society and philosophy and making virtue ethics more responsive to the lived realities of most human beings. These approaches apply feminist concepts, concerns, methods, and values to issues of virtue ethics; highlight character issues of subordination and domination; identify virtues needed for resisting injustice and living fully human lives; examine vices that reinforce injustice; and develop new analyses and evaluations of traditional virtues and vices. In so doing, they enrich feminist ethics and broaden, reorient, and improve virtue ethics.
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Sider, Theodore. The Tools of Metaphysics and the Metaphysics of Science. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198811565.001.0001.
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Metaphysics is sensitive to the conceptual tools we choose to articulate metaphysical problems. Those tools are a lens through which we view metaphysical problems; the same problems look different when we change the lens. There has recently been a shift to "postmodal" conceptual tools: concepts of ground, essence, and fundamentality. This shift transforms the debate over structuralism, in many ways. For instance: structuralist theses say that "patterns" are prior to the "nodes" in the patterns. In modal terms it is clear what this means: the nodes cannot vary independently of the pattern. But it's far less clear what its postmodal meaning is. One expects it to mean that the pattern is fundamental, the entities in the pattern, derivative. But what would a fundamental account of reality that speaks only of patterns and not objects in the patterns look like? I examine three structuralist positions through a postmodal lens. First, nomic essentialism, which says that scientific properties are secondary and lawlike relationships among them are primary. Second, structuralism about individuals, a general position of which mathematical structuralism and structural realism are instances, which says that scientific and mathematical objects are secondary and the pattern of relations among them is primary. Third, comparativism about quantities, which says that particular values of scientific quantities, such as having exactly 1000g mass, are secondary, and quantitative relations, such as being-twice-as-massive-as, are primary. Finally, I take a step back and examine the meta-question of when theories are equivalent, and how that impacts the debate over structuralism.
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Williams, David M., Ryan E. Rhodes, and Mark T. Conner. Overview of Affective Determinants of Health Behavior. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190499037.003.0001.
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This chapter provides a brief introduction to the topic of affective determinants of health behavior. In doing so it analyzes each aspect of the book’s topic. It begins by outlining what is meant by “health behavior.” It then considers traditional views of the key determinants of such behaviors and the value of and need for integrating affective determinants within health behavior theories. Next, it offers a conceptualization of affective determinants in relation to health behaviors, including distinctions between/among (1) affect proper versus affect processing (the latter also known as affective judgments or cognitively mediated affect); (2) core affect versus moods and emotions; (3) integral versus incidental affect; and (4) anticipated affect, affective attitudes, implicit attitudes, and affective associations. It closes with a brief overview of measurement of affect in the context of health behavior research.
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Klosko, George. Political Obligation. Edited by George Klosko. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199238804.003.0044.
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By political obligation, theorists generally mean a moral requirement to obey the law of one's state or one's country. In the liberal tradition, liberty is a central value, and so the fact that some individuals should obey others must be explained. The liberal—or “modern”—view of political obligation is classically expressed in John Locke's Second Treatise of Government. According to Locke, political obligation must stem from an individual's own consent, and so must be self-assumed, based on a specific action or performance by each individual himself. Thomas Hobbes presented a fully modern theory of political obligation. With Hobbes, the burden of argument shifts. Whereas, in the late medieval period, the default position favored obedience, Hobbes's starting point is individual freedom. Locke's view of tacit consent was classically criticized by David Hume, who believes that his account has the considerable advantage of doing without the fictions of an original state of nature, individual consent, and social contract. Contemporary debates about political obligation have been heavily influenced by the popularity of so-called philosophical anarchism.
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Cureton, Adam. The Moral Concept of Right as Adjudication. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808930.003.0004.
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Rawls proposes that the moral concept of ‘right’ is defined by the functional role it has of properly adjudicating conflicting claims that persons make on one another and on social practices. Substantive moral theories of right and wrong are supposed to provide more specific principles, criteria, values, and ideals for interpreting and resolving this fundamental moral problem. It is not immediately apparent, however, what moral problem Rawls thinks substantive theories of right are supposed to interpret and address. The aim of this chapter is to offer a fuller account of what Rawls could have meant by defining the concept of right as the proper adjudication of conflicting claims that persons make on one another or on social practices. Three implications of this expanded definition of right are explained, and two reasons are then offered in its defense.
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Bishop, Tom, Gina Bloom, and Erika T. Lin, eds. Games and Theatre in Shakespeare's England. Amsterdam University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9789048553525.
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This collection of essays brings together theories of play and game with theatre and performance to produce new understandings of the history and design of early modern English drama. Through literary analysis and embodied practice, an international team of distinguished scholars examines a wide range of games—from dicing to bowling to roleplaying to videogames—to uncover their fascinating ramifications for the stage in Shakespeare's era and our own. Foregrounding ludic elements challenges the traditional view of drama as principally mimesis, or imitation, revealing stageplays to be improvisational experiments and participatory explorations into the motive, means, and value of recreation. Delving into both canonical masterpieces and hidden gems, this innovative volume stakes a claim for play as the crucial link between games and early modern theatre, and for the early modern theatre as a critical site for unraveling the continued cultural significance and performative efficacy of gameplay today.
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Möllers, Christoph. The Possibility of Norms. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827399.001.0001.
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This book elaborates on a concept of the normative. It aims to explicate what is meant when norms are spoken of as such. Hence, this book is only concerned with developing a concept of the normative; it seeks to crystallize that which makes a norm a norm. In doing so, the focus is limited to a concept of social norms, of norms that have arisen out of a social context. Questions with which every practice of social norms sees itself confronted are compared and contrasted with philosophical theories of the morally appropriate. What implication does it have for the value and accuracy of philosophical theories of morally right action that social norms need a location, a time, and a form of illustration, that one has to be able to perceive them? Along such a line of inquiry, moral norms represent an important reference, though frequently they are only used as a contrast. Social norms such as religious commandments, legal prescriptions, or rules of etiquette operate quite differently from norms that are typically debated in practical philosophy. The commonalities of social norms are thus the object of this book.
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Vacchelli, Elena. Embodied Research in Migration Studies. Policy Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447339069.001.0001.
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The definition of data in qualitative research is expanding. This book highlights the value of embodiment as a qualitative research tool and outlines what it means to do embodied research at various points of the research process. It shows how using this non-invasive approach with vulnerable research participants such as migrant, refugee, and asylum-seeking women can help service users or research participants to be involved in the co-production of services and in participatory research. Drawing on both feminist and post-colonial theory, the author uses her own research with migrant women in London, focusing specifically on collage making and digital storytelling, whilst also considering other potential tools for practicing embodied research such as yoga, personal diaries, dance, and mindfulness. Situating the concept of ‘embodiment’ on the map of research methodologies, the book combines theoretical groundwork with actual examples of application to think pragmatically about intersectionality through embodiment.
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Grabowski, Andrzej. Argumenty i rozumowania prawnicze w konstytucyjnym państwie prawa: Komentarz. Edited by Monika Florczak-Wątor. Ksiegarnia Akademicka Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/9788381383370.
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LEGAL ARGUMENTS AND REASONING IN THE CONSTITUTIONAL LAW-GOVERNED STATE: THE COMMENTARY The interdisciplinary research on legal argumentation presented in this volume, entitled Legal Arguments and Reasoning in the Constitutional Law-governed State: The Commentary (edited by Monika Florczak-Wątor and Andrzej Grabowski), is primarily inspired by the theory of constitutional law-governed state developed in Italy, Spain, and Latin American countries, by scholars proposing doctrines of positivist or postpositivist constitutionalism and neoconstitutionalism. As explained by Andrzej Grabowski in the “Introduction” [pp. 23–29], the theory is focused first and foremost on legal reasoning as it is conducted in the process of judicial law application and with particular stress on how it is affected by constitutional norms and values. Legal theory on its own does not seem to possess sufficient means to examine legal reasoning in constitutional law-governed states adequately—such an endeavour might be done far better with the help of dogmatics of constitutional law. Hence, this commentary on 91 arguments, topoi, and legal reasoning schemata result from the research team’s joint efforts composed of 18 legal theorists and constitutionalists.
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Héritier, Adrienne. Fritz W. Scharpf, “The Joint-Decision Trap: Lessons from German Federalism and European Integration”. Edited by Martin Lodge, Edward C. Page, and Steven J. Balla. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199646135.013.32.
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This chapter examines the joint decision trap (JDT), a decision-making mechanism developed in 1988 by Fritz Scharpf to show the link between higher level government’s decisions and the unanimous or consensus agreement of lower level governments. JDT explains how the interlinking of decision-making processes translates to suboptimal policy outcomes because higher level decisions can be blocked by each lower level actor. The chapter discusses how the concept and theory of JDT offer important insights into the dynamic of European decision-making, but by no means all of its aspects. It considers the definition of JDT and its important contribution to theoretical and empirical and research on European decision-making. It then evaluates some of the arguments against JDT and the limits of its explanatory power, as well as Scharpf’s alternative to the theoretical debate between (liberal) intergovernmentalism and neofunctionalism. The chapter concludes by assessing the continuing heuristic value of JDT.
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Miller, Paul B., and John Oberdiek, eds. Civil Wrongs and Justice in Private Law. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190865269.001.0001.
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Civil wrongs occupy a significant place in private law. They are particularly prominent in tort law, but equally have a place in contract law, property and intellectual property law, unjust enrichment, fiduciary law, and in equity more broadly. For example, some tort theorists maintain that tort law is best understood as a (or perhaps the) law of civil wrongs, and some contract law theorists maintain that breach of contract is a civil wrong. Civil wrongs are also a preoccupation of leading general theories of private law, including corrective justice and civil recourse theories. According to these and other theories, the centrality of civil wrongs to civil liability shows that private law is fundamentally concerned with the expression and enforcement of norms of justice appropriate to interpersonal interaction and association. Others, sounding notes of caution or criticism, argue that a preoccupation with wrongs and remedies has meant neglect of other ways in which private law serves justice, and ways in which private law serves values other than justice. This book explores the nature of civil wrongs, their place in private law, and their relationship to other forms of wrongdoing. It should be of broad interest to lawyers and legal theorists as well as moral and political theorists.
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Beavers, John, and Andrew Koontz-Garboden. The Roots of Verbal Meaning. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198855781.001.0001.
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This book explores possible and impossible word meanings, with a specific focus on the meanings of verbs. It adopts the now common view that verb meanings consist at least partly of an event structure, made up of an event template describing the verb’s broad temporal and causal contours that occurs across lots of verbs and groups them into semantic and grammatical classes, plus an idiosyncratic root describing specific, real world states and actions that distinguish verbs with the same template. While much work has focused on templates, less work has addressed the truth conditional contributions of roots, despite the importance of a theory of root meaning in fully defining the predictions event structural approaches make. This book addresses this lacuna, exploring two previously proposed constraints on root meaning: The Bifurcation Thesis of Roots, whereby roots never introduce the meanings introduced by templates, and Manner/Result Complementarity, which has as a component that roots can describe either a manner or a result state but never both at the same time. Two extended case studies, on change-of-state verbs and ditransitive verbs of caused possession, show that neither hypothesis holds, and that ultimately there may be no constraints on what a root can mean. Nonetheless, the book argues that event structures still have predictive value, and it presents a new theory of possible root meanings and how they interact with event templates that produces a new typology of possible verbs, albeit one where not just templates but also roots determine systematic semantic and grammatical properties.
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Chodat, Robert. The Matter of High Words. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190682156.001.0001.
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Ambitious scientific accounts of human thought and behavior have been a mainstay of American intellectual culture since World War II. But if such theories are true, what is the status of our highest words, the vocabularies that orient and inspire our actions? What forms are available today for exploring and embodying such terms as “good,” “courage,” or “justice”? This book considers the rise of the “postwar sage,” a strand of post-1945 American writing that takes up these questions in distinctive and illuminating ways. Walker Percy’s clash with behaviorist and cognitivist theories; Marilynne Robinson’s encounter with evolutionary psychology; Ralph Ellison’s combat with sociology; the quarrel with analytic philosophy in Stanley Cavell and David Foster Wallace: at stake in such cases is the status of our normative concepts, and what it means to invoke them in a technological culture that divides “facts” from “values” and treats our high words with deep suspicion. Moving among literary fiction, memoir, essays, personal correspondence, moral philosophy, and contemporary theories of mind, the book examines not only what these philosophical and literary figures think about the relationship between nature and norms, but also how this thinking emerges: when they call upon art, when they call upon argument, and how these various modes can inflect, bolster, and—just as crucially—trouble one another.
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Holbo, Christine. Legal Realisms. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190604547.001.0001.
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U.S. historians have long considered the Civil War and its Reconstruction as a second American revolution. Literary scholars, however, have yet to show how fully these years revolutionized the American imagination. One marker of this was the postwar search for a “Great American Novel”—a novel fully adequate to the breadth and diversity of the United States in the era of the Fourteenth Amendment. The debate over what full representation would mean led to a thoroughgoing reconstruction of the meaning of “literature” for readers, writers, politics, and law. Legal Realisms examines the transformation of the idea of “realism” in literature and beyond in the face of uneven developments in the racial, ethnic, gender, and class structure of American society. The ideal of equality before the law conflicted with persistent inequality, and it was called into question by changing ideas about accurate representation and the value of cultural difference within the visual arts, philosophy, law, and political and moral theory. Offering provocative new readings of Mark Twain, Henry James, William Dean Howells, Helen Hunt Jackson, Albion Tourgée, and others, Legal Realisms follows the novel through the worlds of California Native American removal and the Reconstruction-era South, of the Mississippi valley and the urban Northeast. It shows how incomplete emancipation haunted the celebratory pursuit of a literature of national equality and explores the way novelists’ representation of the difficulty of achieving equality before the law helped Americans articulate the need for a more robust concept of society.