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1
Ramachandra, K. Lectures on the mean-value and omega-theorems for the Riemann zeta-function. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1995.
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3
Jürgen, Spilker, ed. Arithmetical functions: An introduction to elementary and analytic properties of arithmetic functions and to some of their almost-periodic properties. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
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4
Schwarz, Wolfgang. Arithmetical functions: An introduction to elementary and analytic properties of arithmetic functions and to some of their almost-periodic properties. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
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5
Bishop, Tom, Gina Bloom, and Erika T. Lin, eds. Games and Theatre in Shakespeare's England. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463723251.
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This collection of essays brings together theories of play and game with theatre and performance to produce new understandings of the history and design of early modern English drama. Through literary analysis and embodied practice, an international team of distinguished scholars examines a wide range of games—from dicing to bowling to roleplaying to videogames—to uncover their fascinating ramifications for the stage in Shakespeare’s era and our own. Foregrounding ludic elements challenges the traditional view of drama as principally mimesis, or imitation, revealing stageplays to be improvisational experiments and participatory explorations into the motive, means, and value of recreation. Delving into both canonical masterpieces and hidden gems, this innovative volume stakes a claim for play as the crucial link between games and early modern theatre, and for the early modern theatre as a critical site for unraveling the continued cultural significance and performative efficacy of gameplay today.
7
Mean Value Theorms and Functional Equations. World Scientific Publishing Company, 1999.
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8
Ramachandra, K. Lectures on the Mean-Value and Omega Theorems for the Riemann Zeta-Function (Lectures on Mathematics and Physics). Springer, 1996.
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9
Hardin, Russell. Normative Methodology. Edited by Janet M. Box-Steffensmeier, Henry E. Brady, and David Collier. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199286546.003.0002.
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This article shows that one should start social science inquiry with individuals, their motivations, and the kinds of transactions they undertake with one another. It specifically discusses four basic schools of social theory: conflict, shared-values, exchange, and coordination theories. Conflict theories almost inherently lead into normative discussions of the justification of coercion in varied political contexts. Religious visions of social order are usually shared-value theories and interest is the chief means used by religions to guide people. Individualism is at the core of an exchange theory. Because the first three theories are generally in conflict in any moderately large society, coercion is a sine qua non for social order. Coordination interactions are especially important for politics and political theory and probably for sociology, although exchange relations might be most of economics, or at least of classical economics. Shared-value theory may possibly turn into the most commonly asserted alternative to rational choice in this time as contractarian reasoning recedes from center stage in the face of challenges to the story of contracting that lies behind it and the difficulty of believing people actually think they have consciously agreed to their political order.
10
Jeske, Diane. Do the Ends Justify the Means? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190685379.003.0004.
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Moral deliberation, like deliberation in general, almost always involves some appeal to the consequences of the actions available to the agent. The case studies of Franz Stangl, Ted Bundy, and Charles Colcock Jones provide examples of an appeal to consequences to attempt to justify action. In order to see what is wrong with the way that these men reasoned, the chapter examines the competing moral theories of consequentialism and deontology, and the nature of intrinsic versus instrumental value. By doing so, the author shows how to isolate errors in appealing to consequences such as failure to identify the full array of options, the effects on all people, and the overweighting of one’s own interests and of the interests of one’s loved ones.
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Chemla, Karine, Renaud Chorlay, and David Rabouin, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Generality in Mathematics and the Sciences. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198777267.001.0001.
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This handbook examines how actors have valued generality in mathematics and the sciences and how they worked with specific types of “general” entities, procedures, and arguments. It argues that actors have shaped these various types of generality, mainly by introducing specific terminologies to distinguish between different levels or forms of generality, as well as designing means to work with them, or to work in relation to them. The book is organized into three parts. Part I deals with the meaning and value of generality, and more specifically the value of generality in Michel Chasles’s historiography of geometry and generality in Gottfried Leibniz’s mathematics. Part II focuses on statements and concepts that make up the general, covering topics such as Henri Poincaré’s work on the recurrence theorem and the role of genericity in the history of dynamical systems theory. Part III explores the practices of generality, including the dispute over tangents between René Descartes and Pierre de Fermat, generality in James Clerk Maxwell’s theory of electromagnetism, and practices of generalization in mathematical physics, biology, and evolutionary strategies.
12
Ohlin, Jens David, Larry May, and Claire Finkelstein, eds. Weighing Lives in War. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796176.001.0001.
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This volume combines philosophical analysis with normative legal theory. Although both disciplines have spent the past fifty years investigating the nature of the principles of necessity and proportionality, these discussions were all too often walled off from each other. However, the boundaries of these disciplinary conversations have recently broken down, and this volume continues the cross-disciplinary effort by bringing together philosophers concerned with the real-world military implications of their theories and legal scholars who frequently build doctrinal arguments from first principles, many of which herald from the historical just war tradition or from the contemporary just war literature. What unites the chapters into a singular conversation is their common skepticism regarding whether the traditional doctrines, in both law and philosophy, have correctly valued the lives of civilians and combatants at war. The arguments outlined in this volume reveal a set of principles, including necessity and proportionality, whose core essence remains essentially contested. What does military necessity mean and are soldiers always subject to lethal force? What is proportionality and how should military commanders attach a value to a military target and weigh it against collateral damage? Do these valuations remain the same for both sides of the conflict? From the secure viewpoint of the purely descriptive, lawyers might confidently describe some of these questions as settled. But many others, even from the vantage point of descriptive theory, remain under-analyzed and radically lacking in clarity and certainty.
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Hutchinson, Ben. Comparative Literature: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198807278.001.0001.
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Comparative literature is both the past and the future of literary studies. Its history is intimately linked to the political upheavals of modernity: from colonial empire-building in the 19th century to the postcolonial culture wars of the 21st century. But what is comparative literature? Comparative Literature: A Very Short Introduction tells the story of comparative literature as an agent of international relations, from the point of view both of scholarship and of cultural history. Outlining the complex history and competing theories of comparative literature, it offers an accessible means of entry into a notoriously slippery subject, and shows the value and importance of encountering literature from outside one’s own culture.
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Christensen, Anne-Marie Søndergaard. Moral Philosophy and Moral Life. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198866695.001.0001.
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This is a work in moral philosophy and its ambition is to contribute to a renewed understanding of moral philosophy, the role of moral theory, and the relation between moral philosophy and moral life. It is motivated by the belief that the lack of a coherent answer to the question of the role and status of moral philosophy and the theories it develops, is one of the most important obstacles for doing work in moral philosophy today. The first part of the book untangles various criticisms of the dominant view of moral theories that challenges the explanatory, foundational, authoritative, and action-guiding role of these theories. It also offers an alternative understanding of moral theory as descriptions of moral grammar. The second part investigates the nature of the particularities relevant for an understanding of moral life, both particularities tied to the moral subject, her character, commitments, and moral position, and particularities tied to the context of the subject, her moral community and language. The final part marks a return to moral philosophy and addresses the wider question of what the revised conception of moral theories and the affirmation of the value of the particular mean for moral philosophy by developing a descriptive, pluralistic, and elucidatory conception of moral philosophy. The scope of the book is wide, but its pretensions are more moderate, to present an understanding of descriptive moral philosophy which may spur a debate about the status and role of moral philosophy in relation to our moral lives.
15
Cureton, Adam. The Moral Concept of Right as Adjudication. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808930.003.0004.
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Rawls proposes that the moral concept of ‘right’ is defined by the functional role it has of properly adjudicating conflicting claims that persons make on one another and on social practices. Substantive moral theories of right and wrong are supposed to provide more specific principles, criteria, values, and ideals for interpreting and resolving this fundamental moral problem. It is not immediately apparent, however, what moral problem Rawls thinks substantive theories of right are supposed to interpret and address. The aim of this chapter is to offer a fuller account of what Rawls could have meant by defining the concept of right as the proper adjudication of conflicting claims that persons make on one another or on social practices. Three implications of this expanded definition of right are explained, and two reasons are then offered in its defense.
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Hutton, Eric L. Extended Knowledge and Confucian Tradition. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198769811.003.0011.
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Although studies in the history of philosophy look backward to the past, developments in contemporary philosophy can often contribute to such studies by teaching us how to analyze particular issues more carefully, and sometimes the lessons learned from reconsidering past thinkers in such a light can in turn contribute to current work in philosophy by highlighting problems or approaches that might otherwise go unnoticed. This phenomenon is not limited to the Western tradition alone: scholars of Asian thought may benefit from the conceptual tools offered by contemporary Western philosophers, and contemporary Western philosophers may find value in insights from the Asian tradition. This chapter hopes to provide support for this last claim by means of a concrete example involving contemporary theories of extended knowledge and an ancient Chinese Confucian thinker, Xunzi.
17
Dillon, Robin S. Feminist Approaches to Virtue Ethics. Edited by Nancy E. Snow. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199385195.013.15.
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Feminist ethics addresses the subordination in society of women and women’s interests to men and men’s interests and the devaluation or exclusion in moral philosophy of women’s perspectives. Feminist approaches to virtue ethics draw on and also criticize assumptions, concepts, methods, values, and theories of traditional virtue ethics, thus expanding the resources of feminist ethics for addressing problems in society and philosophy and making virtue ethics more responsive to the lived realities of most human beings. These approaches apply feminist concepts, concerns, methods, and values to issues of virtue ethics; highlight character issues of subordination and domination; identify virtues needed for resisting injustice and living fully human lives; examine vices that reinforce injustice; and develop new analyses and evaluations of traditional virtues and vices. In so doing, they enrich feminist ethics and broaden, reorient, and improve virtue ethics.
18
Williams, David M., Ryan E. Rhodes, and Mark T. Conner. Overview of Affective Determinants of Health Behavior. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190499037.003.0001.
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This chapter provides a brief introduction to the topic of affective determinants of health behavior. In doing so it analyzes each aspect of the book’s topic. It begins by outlining what is meant by “health behavior.” It then considers traditional views of the key determinants of such behaviors and the value of and need for integrating affective determinants within health behavior theories. Next, it offers a conceptualization of affective determinants in relation to health behaviors, including distinctions between/among (1) affect proper versus affect processing (the latter also known as affective judgments or cognitively mediated affect); (2) core affect versus moods and emotions; (3) integral versus incidental affect; and (4) anticipated affect, affective attitudes, implicit attitudes, and affective associations. It closes with a brief overview of measurement of affect in the context of health behavior research.
19
Möllers, Christoph. The Possibility of Norms. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827399.001.0001.
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This book elaborates on a concept of the normative. It aims to explicate what is meant when norms are spoken of as such. Hence, this book is only concerned with developing a concept of the normative; it seeks to crystallize that which makes a norm a norm. In doing so, the focus is limited to a concept of social norms, of norms that have arisen out of a social context. Questions with which every practice of social norms sees itself confronted are compared and contrasted with philosophical theories of the morally appropriate. What implication does it have for the value and accuracy of philosophical theories of morally right action that social norms need a location, a time, and a form of illustration, that one has to be able to perceive them? Along such a line of inquiry, moral norms represent an important reference, though frequently they are only used as a contrast. Social norms such as religious commandments, legal prescriptions, or rules of etiquette operate quite differently from norms that are typically debated in practical philosophy. The commonalities of social norms are thus the object of this book.
20
Sider, Theodore. The Tools of Metaphysics and the Metaphysics of Science. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198811565.001.0001.
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Metaphysics is sensitive to the conceptual tools we choose to articulate metaphysical problems. Those tools are a lens through which we view metaphysical problems; the same problems look different when we change the lens. There has recently been a shift to "postmodal" conceptual tools: concepts of ground, essence, and fundamentality. This shift transforms the debate over structuralism, in many ways. For instance: structuralist theses say that "patterns" are prior to the "nodes" in the patterns. In modal terms it is clear what this means: the nodes cannot vary independently of the pattern. But it's far less clear what its postmodal meaning is. One expects it to mean that the pattern is fundamental, the entities in the pattern, derivative. But what would a fundamental account of reality that speaks only of patterns and not objects in the patterns look like? I examine three structuralist positions through a postmodal lens. First, nomic essentialism, which says that scientific properties are secondary and lawlike relationships among them are primary. Second, structuralism about individuals, a general position of which mathematical structuralism and structural realism are instances, which says that scientific and mathematical objects are secondary and the pattern of relations among them is primary. Third, comparativism about quantities, which says that particular values of scientific quantities, such as having exactly 1000g mass, are secondary, and quantitative relations, such as being-twice-as-massive-as, are primary. Finally, I take a step back and examine the meta-question of when theories are equivalent, and how that impacts the debate over structuralism.
21
Bishop, Tom, Gina Bloom, and Erika T. Lin, eds. Games and Theatre in Shakespeare's England. Amsterdam University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9789048553525.
Full textAbstract:
This collection of essays brings together theories of play and game with theatre and performance to produce new understandings of the history and design of early modern English drama. Through literary analysis and embodied practice, an international team of distinguished scholars examines a wide range of games—from dicing to bowling to roleplaying to videogames—to uncover their fascinating ramifications for the stage in Shakespeare's era and our own. Foregrounding ludic elements challenges the traditional view of drama as principally mimesis, or imitation, revealing stageplays to be improvisational experiments and participatory explorations into the motive, means, and value of recreation. Delving into both canonical masterpieces and hidden gems, this innovative volume stakes a claim for play as the crucial link between games and early modern theatre, and for the early modern theatre as a critical site for unraveling the continued cultural significance and performative efficacy of gameplay today.
22
Silva, Sidney. A ousadia do π ser racional. Brazil Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-280-3.
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Pi (π) is used to represent the most known mathematical constant. By definition, π is the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter. In other words, π is equal to the circumference divided by the diameter (π = c / d). Conversely, the circumference is equal to π times the diameter (c = π . d). No matter how big or small a circle is, pi will always be the same number. The first calculation of π was made by Archimedes of Syracuse (287-212 BC) who approached the area of a circle using the Pythagorean Theorem to find the areas of two regular polygons: the polygon inscribed within the circle and the polygon within which circle was circumscribed. Since the real area of the circle is between the areas of the inscribed and circumscribed polygons, the polygon areas gave the upper and lower limits to the area of the circle. Archimedes knew he had not found the exact value of π, but only an approximation within these limits. In this way, Archimedes showed that π is between 3 1/7 (223/71) and 3 10/71 (22/7). This research demonstrates that the value of π is 3.15 and can be represented by a fraction of integers, a/b, being therefore a Rational Number. It also demonstrates by means of an exercise that π = 3.15 is exact in 100% in the mathematical question.
23
Miller, Paul B., and John Oberdiek, eds. Civil Wrongs and Justice in Private Law. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190865269.001.0001.
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Civil wrongs occupy a significant place in private law. They are particularly prominent in tort law, but equally have a place in contract law, property and intellectual property law, unjust enrichment, fiduciary law, and in equity more broadly. For example, some tort theorists maintain that tort law is best understood as a (or perhaps the) law of civil wrongs, and some contract law theorists maintain that breach of contract is a civil wrong. Civil wrongs are also a preoccupation of leading general theories of private law, including corrective justice and civil recourse theories. According to these and other theories, the centrality of civil wrongs to civil liability shows that private law is fundamentally concerned with the expression and enforcement of norms of justice appropriate to interpersonal interaction and association. Others, sounding notes of caution or criticism, argue that a preoccupation with wrongs and remedies has meant neglect of other ways in which private law serves justice, and ways in which private law serves values other than justice. This book explores the nature of civil wrongs, their place in private law, and their relationship to other forms of wrongdoing. It should be of broad interest to lawyers and legal theorists as well as moral and political theorists.
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Chodat, Robert. The Matter of High Words. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190682156.001.0001.
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Ambitious scientific accounts of human thought and behavior have been a mainstay of American intellectual culture since World War II. But if such theories are true, what is the status of our highest words, the vocabularies that orient and inspire our actions? What forms are available today for exploring and embodying such terms as “good,” “courage,” or “justice”? This book considers the rise of the “postwar sage,” a strand of post-1945 American writing that takes up these questions in distinctive and illuminating ways. Walker Percy’s clash with behaviorist and cognitivist theories; Marilynne Robinson’s encounter with evolutionary psychology; Ralph Ellison’s combat with sociology; the quarrel with analytic philosophy in Stanley Cavell and David Foster Wallace: at stake in such cases is the status of our normative concepts, and what it means to invoke them in a technological culture that divides “facts” from “values” and treats our high words with deep suspicion. Moving among literary fiction, memoir, essays, personal correspondence, moral philosophy, and contemporary theories of mind, the book examines not only what these philosophical and literary figures think about the relationship between nature and norms, but also how this thinking emerges: when they call upon art, when they call upon argument, and how these various modes can inflect, bolster, and—just as crucially—trouble one another.
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Clarke, Thomas, Justin O’Brien, and Charles R. T. O’Kelley, eds. The Oxford Handbook of the Corporation. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198737063.001.0001.
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The Oxford Handbook of the Corporation assesses the contemporary relevance, purpose, and performance of the corporation. The corporation is one of the most significant, if contested, innovations in human history, and the direction and effectiveness of corporate law, corporate governance, and corporate performance are being challenged as never before. Continuously evolving, the corporation, as the primary instrument for wealth generation in contemporary economies, demands frequent assessment and reinterpretation. The focus of this work is the transformative impact of innovation and change on corporate structure, purpose, and operation. Corporate innovation is at the heart of the value-creation process in increasingly internationalized and competitive market economies, and corporations today are embedded in a world of complex global supply chains and rising state and state-directed capitalism. In questioning the fundamental purpose and performance of the corporation, this Handbook continues a tradition commenced by Berle and Means, and contributed to by generations of business scholars. What is the corporation and what is it becoming? How do we define its form and purpose and how are these changing? To whom is the corporation responsible, and who should judge the ultimate performance of corporations? By investigating the origins, development, strategies, and theories of corporations, this volume addresses such questions to provide a richer theoretical account of the topic.
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Davis, Kevin E. Between Impunity and Imperialism. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190070809.001.0001.
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Between Impunity and Imperialism: The Regulation of Transnational Bribery describes the legal regime that regulates transnational bribery, identifies and explains the rationales that have guided its evolution, and suggests directions for reform. The broad argument is that the current regime embodies a set of values, theories, and practices labeled the “OECD paradigm.” A key premise is that transnational bribery is a serious problem which merits a vigorous legal response, particularly given the difficulty of detecting instances of bribery. The shape of the appropriate response can be summed up in the phrase, “every little bit helps.” In practice this means that: prohibitions should capture a broad range of conduct; enforcement should target as broad a range of actors as possible; sanctions should be as stiff as possible; and as many enforcement agencies as possible should be involved in the enforcement process. The OECD paradigm embraces two interrelated propositions: that transnational bribery is a serious problem and that it demands a uniform response. An important challenge to the OECD paradigm, labeled the “anti-imperialist critique,” accepts that transnational bribery is a serious problem but denies that the appropriate legal responses must be uniform. This book explores both the OECD paradigm and the anti-imperialist critique, and provides a detailed analysis of their implications for the key elements of transnational bribery law. It concludes by suggesting that the competing views can be reconciled by moving toward a more inclusive and experimentalist regime which accommodates reasonable disagreements about regulatory design and is crafted with due attention to the interests of all affected parties.