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1
Searight, Susan. The Prehistoric rock art of Morocco: A study of its extension, environment and meaning. Poole: Bournemouth University, 2001.
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2
The prehistoric rock art of Morocco: A study of its extension, environment and meaning. Oxford: Archaeopress, 2004.
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3
Instruments, Great Britain Statutory. Financial Services: The Financial Services Act 1986 (Extension of scope act and meaning of collective investment scheme) Order 1988. London: HMSO, 1988.
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4
Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons. Ninth Standing Committee on Delegated Legislation. Financial Services Act 1986 (Extension of scope of act and meaning of collective investment scheme) order 2001, Wednesday 2 May 2001. London: Stationery Office, 2001.
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5
Glanzberg, Michael. Lexical Meaning, Concepts, and the Metasemantics of Predicates. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198739548.003.0007.
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This chapter examines how concepts relate to lexical meanings. It focuses on how we can appeal to concepts to give specific, cognitively rich contents to lexical entries, while at the same time using standard methods of compositional semantics. This is a problem, as those methods assume lexical meanings provide extensions, while concepts are mental representations that have very different structure from an extension. The chapter proposes a way to solve this problem which is by casting concepts in a metasemantic role for certain expressions, notably verbs, but more also generally, with expressions that function as content-giving predicates in a sentence.
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The Prehistoric Rock Art of Morocco: A Study of Its Extension, Environment and Meaning. Not Avail, 2004.
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7
Boudon, Pierre. Le Reseau Du Sens II: Extension D'Un Principe Monadologique A L'Ensemble Du Discours (Sciences Pour La Communication). Peter Lang Publishing, 2002.
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Gilbert, E. The Meaning of the Maize Revolution in Sub-Saharan Africa: Seeking Guidance from Past Impacts (Agricultural Research and Extension Network (AgREN) Paper). Overseas Development Institute, 1995.
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Britain, Great. The Financial Services Act 1986 (Extension of Scope of Act and Meaning of Collective Investment Scheme) Order 1988 (Statutory Instruments: 1988: 496). Stationery Office Books, 1988.
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10
Barcelona, Antonio. Metaphor and Metonymy in Language and Art. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190636647.003.0014.
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Interpreting sacred notions of the Hebrew Bible in a non-literal sense was part of the hermeneutical manoeuvres of Early Christian writers. They proceeded by deliteralization and metaphorization, meta-linguistic speech acts by which a word usually understood in its literal sense receives a non-literal meaning. The author develops a two-phase model of Paul’s notion of the ‘circumcision of the heart.’ First the initial values (Jewishness and ritual circumcision) are projected upon a newly created target, inwardness. Then the original value is abolished. This process can be termed a value-shift, versus similar instances which should be seen as value-extensions, the source value being preserved and extended to other realms. Corollaries of value-shift and value-extension are duty-shift and duty-extension. From a socio-religious perspective, metaphorization accompanies a widening of the religious community; it reveals itself to be a moment in the genesis of new philosophical concepts, such as inwardness as the locus of redemption.
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Segal, Gabriel. Truth and Meaning. Edited by Ernest Lepore and Barry C. Smith. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199552238.003.0009.
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This article says something about previous work related to truth and meaning, goes on to discuss Davidson (1967) and related papers of his, and then discusses some issues arising. It begins with the work of Gottlob Frege. Much work in the twentieth century developed Frege's ideas. A great deal of that work continued with the assumption that semantics is fundamentally concerned with the assignments of entities (objects, sets, functions, and truth-values) to expressions. So, for example, those who tried to develop a formal account of sense did so by treating senses as functions of various kinds; the sense of a predicate, for example, was often seen as a function from possible worlds to extensions.
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Schein, Barry. Plurals. Edited by Ernest Lepore and Barry C. Smith. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199552238.003.0029.
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Extension of the logical language to deliver plural reference and the logical relations that constitute knowledge of the singular and plural acquires empirical bite just in case it conforms with increasing precision to the syntax of the natural language and affords explanation of what speakers know about the distribution and meaning of plural expressions in their language. As for the syntax of natural language, this discussion, being none too precise, is guided throughout by just two considerations and their immediate consequences, which is discussed at greater length in this article. The first, morpheme univocality, is that a morpheme despite its various syntactic and morphological contexts has a single meaning that supports all its occurrences.
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Pietroski, Paul M. Reprise. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812722.003.0009.
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This chapter summarizes the main themes. Humans naturally acquire generative procedures that connect meanings with pronunciations. These meanings are neither concepts nor extensions. Meanings are composable instructions for how to access and assemble concepts of a special sort. In particular, phrasal meanings are instructions for how to build monadic (i.e., predicative) concepts that are massively conjunctive. Theories of meaning should not be confused with theories of truth. Lexicalization is a process of introducing concepts that can be combined via simple operations whose inputs must be monadic or dyadic. In theorizing about meanings, we can and should eschew much of the powerful typology and combinatorial operations that the founders of modern logic introduced for very different purposes.
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Alvesson, Mats, Yiannis Gabriel, and Roland Paulsen. Return to Meaning. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198787099.001.0001.
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This book argues that we are currently witnessing not merely a decline in the quality of social science research, but a proliferation of meaningless research of no value to society and modest value to its authors—apart from securing employment and promotion. The explosion of published outputs, at least in social science, creates a noisy, cluttered environment which makes meaningful research difficult, as different voices compete to capture the limelight even briefly. Older, but more impressive contributions are easily neglected as the premium is to write and publish, not read and learn. The result is a widespread cynicism among academics on the value of academic research, sometimes including their own. Publishing comes to be seen as a game of hits and misses, devoid of intrinsic meaning and value and of no wider social uses whatsoever. This is what the book views as the rise of nonsense in academic research, which represents a serious social problem. It undermines the very point of social science. This problem is far from ‘academic’. It affects many areas of social and political life entailing extensive waste of resources and inflated student fees as well as costs to taxpayers. The book’s second part offers a range of proposals aimed at restoring meaning at the heart of social science research, and drawing social science back, address the major problems and issues that face our societies.
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The Source New Testament With Extensive Notes On Greek Word Meaning. Smith & Stirling Publishing, 2007.
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Azzouni, Jody. The Transcendence of The Natural-Language “Exist” When Used to Assert or Deny Ontological Commitment. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190622558.003.0002.
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It’s shown that the existence concept that we express in natural languages and that we use to think about what we—philosophers and non-philosophers—take to exist in the world is criterion-transcendent, transcendent, and univocal. That is, speakers use a notion that they take to be fixed in its extension across languages and to be the same one they’ve used in the past and will use in the future. Furthermore, the existence concept has no meaning entailments. We do not understand what exists to have certain properties (or not to have certain properties) on the basis of the meaning of the word “exist.” “Exist” and “there is,” when used to express or deny ontological commitments, are neither ambiguous nor polysemous. Language-usage evidence is presented that confirms these claims.
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Pietroski, Paul M. Conjoining Meanings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812722.001.0001.
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Humans naturally acquire languages that connect meanings with pronunciations. These distinctive languages are described here as generative procedures that respect substantive constraints. Children acquire meaningful lexical items that can be combined, in certain ways, to form meaningful complex expressions. This raises questions about what meanings are, how they can be combined, and what kinds of meanings lexical items can have. This book argues that meanings are neither concepts nor extensions, and sentences do not have truth conditions. Rather, meanings are composable instructions for how to access and assemble concepts of a special sort. More specifically, phrasal meanings are instructions for how to build monadic concepts (a.k.a. mental predicates) that are massively conjunctive, while lexical meanings are instructions for how to fetch concepts that are monadic or dyadic. This allows for polysemy, since a lexical item can be linked to an address that is shared by a family of fetchable concepts. But the posited combinatorial operations are limited and limiting. They impose severe restrictions on which concepts can be fetched for purposes of semantic composition. Correspondingly, the argument here is that in lexicalization, available representations are often used to introduce concepts that can be combined via the relevant operations.
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Tulloch, John, and Belinda Middleweek. Real Sex Films. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190244606.001.0001.
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Within the domain of film studies, the recent surge in films depicting graphic and high-impact sex and sexualized violence has been variously classified under the terms transgressive, brutal, provocative, real sex, and extreme cinema. These classifications, however, tend to underplay the films’ sociohistorical contexts and reflexive struggle for meaning. We argue that the similarities and differences between these real or simulated sex films are determined and mediated within geographical space and historical time. But every film book has its own personal historical starting point: in our case, this is the coming together as intertexts of the real sex film Intimacy with a major academic text, The Transformation of Intimacy, and as authorial agents of a television and documentary film producer and a media academic. This book argues that the meanings we attach to “real sex” cinema are discursively constructed not only by academic experts but by filmmakers, performers, audiences, and film reviewers. Debates about the meaning of real sex cinema are best understood in dialogue, and for the first time in interdisciplinary studies, we foster “mutual understanding” and “critical extension” among new risk sociology, feminist mapping theory, feminist film studies, and film reviewers, while also embracing film/media studies concepts of production, social audiences and spectators, genre, narrative, authorship, and stars. Above all, this is an interdisciplinary book, which engages with, supports, critiques, and extends each of these professional fields of discourse, each with its own schema of filmic understanding.
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Ball, Derek, and Brian Rabern, eds. The Science of Meaning. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198739548.001.0001.
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Semantics is the systematic study of linguistic meaning. The past fifty years have seen an explosion of research into the semantics of natural languages. There are now sophisticated theories of phenomena that were not even known to exist mere decades ago. Much of the early work in natural language semantics was accompanied by extensive reflection on the aims of semantic theory, and the form a theory must take to meet those aims. But this meta-theoretical reflection has not kept pace with recent theoretical innovations. The aim of this volume is to re-address these questions concerning the foundations of natural language semantics in light of the current state-of-the-art in semantic theorizing. The volume addresses a range of foundational questions about formal semantics: what is the best methodology for semantic theorizing, and should experimental techniques play a crucial role? How should we understand the use of formal tools such as model theory, and are there better formal alternatives? How should we think about compositionality? What does semantic theory tell us about the language faculty or linguistic competence? What are the advantages of dynamic semantics? How do formal semantic theories relate to philosophical notions of context, content, interpretation, and propositions?
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Warier, Lakshmi. Rantidevacaritam, Vol. 1 ; With Extensive Introduction, Text with English Meaning and Transliteration. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1999.
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Davis, Coralynn V. Ponds, the Feminine Divine, and a Shift in Moral Register. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038426.003.0007.
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This chapter explores the meaning of ponds in Maithil women's tales. In many stories featuring ponds and occasionally, by extension, other bodies of water, female characters demonstrate special capacities. In Maithil women's folktales, ponds are often sites for the articulation of women's insights, as well as social and metaphysical agency in plots featuring male protagonists. Frequently, the trope of ponds shifts the imaginative register toward women's perspectives and to the importance of women's knowledge and influence in shaping their world. The tales in which such register shifts occur can be called “pond-woman tales” and the insightful women characters found in them “pond women.”
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Cook, Nicholas. Beyond Music. Edited by John Richardson, Claudia Gorbman, and Carol Vernallis. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199733866.013.0005.
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This article appears in theOxford Handbook of New Audiovisual Aestheticsedited by John Richardson, Claudia Gorbman, and Carol Vernallis. “Multimedia” is not simply a genre category but also a mentality. Aesthetic thinking has been conditioned by text-based approaches according to which meaning is inherent. By contrast, multimedia practice and theory are predicated on dynamic interaction of media and generation of emergent meaning in real time. Digital and Internet technologies have enabled significant extension of multimedia practices, transforming principles of montage and extreme intertextuality into a core cultural practice. The chapter illustrates this through a case study of the remix trio Eclectic Method, whose work ranges from Web-based multimedia to live performance and from subversion of copyright to innovative forms of marketing for multinational corporations. The chapter also considers the collision between such practices and intellectual property law, which identifies creativity with individual authorship. The media business has been based on the exploitation of intellectual property, but aesthetic and technological developments suggest that it is becoming a service industry.
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Auerbach, Jeffrey A. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827375.003.0007.
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The Conclusion links the emergence of boredom to the modernist construction of the individual as the producer of meaning in his or her own life. It explains how imperial boredom differed from domestic forms of boredom, and not only reflected changes in the empire, but was also the product of unmet expectations about personal happiness, professional fulfillment, and financial security. It asserts that expressions of boredom were veiled confessions of discontent with the empire. And, it locates imperial boredom in the ongoing debate about whether the British Empire—and by extension empire more broadly—should be regarded as a force for good in the world, suggesting, as Hannah Arendt did, that the imperial experience was fundamentally banal. It calls into question key assumptions about the British Empire, not least that it was glamorous, glorious, and filled with adventure, excitement, and opportunity. It also hints at the broader applicability of the notion of imperial boredom to empire building in the twenty-first century, as well as to the challenges of finding meaning and engagement in a world increasingly orientated around rapid stimulation.
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Farriss, Nancy. Adoptions and Adaptations. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190884109.003.0010.
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The double bind between orthodoxy and intelligibility is examined further through the translating tool of semantic extension. Efforts to make the Christian message more accessible by expanding or extending the meaning of an “inherited” word confronted vast cultural differences in the realms of cosmology and morality that lay behind the linguistic gaps. Christian concepts such as heaven and hell were so far removed from the way that the Zapotec and other Mesoamericans conceived of the afterlife that no degree of semantic expansion could bridge the gap. Conversely, attempts to convey a Christian concept of God in such doctrines as the Trinity and the Eucharist by incorporating indigenous terms for the divinity and sacrifice risked contamination from pagan symbols and rituals.
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Vallier, Kevin, and Michael Weber. Conscience, Religion, and Exemptions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190666187.003.0002.
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There is widespread agreement about the necessity of legally protecting the freedom to determine one’s own stance toward religion and to act on the basis of one’s deeply held beliefs. But the agreement stops there. The question of the meaning and extension of religious freedom and of its relationship with arguably broader notions of freedom of conscience is vexed and controversial. Moreover, as a consequence of the indeterminacy about the meaning and scope of religious freedom, the normative status of religious exemptions and other forms of accommodation remains contested. Do religious accommodations have a role to play in a fair system of social cooperation? Is there something special about religion that makes it acceptable to exempt religiously committed citizens from otherwise legitimate rules of general application? Political and legal theorists are divided on this issue. This chapter argues that there is something special about religion that warrants, under specific circumstances, reasonable accommodation measures. It also argues that religious and spiritual commitments can and should be analogized with a certain category of secular commitments that can be called “meaning-giving beliefs and commitments.” Both religious and secular meaning-giving beliefs and commitments will be presented as legitimate grounds for accommodations claims. The chapter first summarizes why the author thinks that religious exemptions are morally justified, and then addresses some of the criticisms put forward by those who argue that something crucial is lost when religious freedom is collapsed into an allegedly broader category such as freedom of conscience or ethical independence. This chapter mainly focuses on Cécile Laborde’s challenge to what she calls “egalitarian theories of religious freedom.”
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Hamilton, John T. Before Discipline. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198818489.003.0002.
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If a discipline rests on a canonical body of knowledge to be learned, understood, and mastered, if it marks out a cognitive space that has been delineated by a particular horizon, then philology—and, by extension, philosophy—may be located more at the margins of these disciplinary sites. Perhaps it would be more correct to regard both philology and philosophy as pre-disciplines, as modes of free but rational questioning that comprise the conditions of possibility for authorized, regulated, disciplinary work. To illustrate, the present article turns to Pascal Quignard’s essayistic reflections as an example of a philological approach that concerns the pre- or proto-semantic production of meaning, focusing in particular on the figure of the horizon and on the concept of the aorist that inheres in the French jadis.
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Charles, Parkinson. 1 Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199231935.003.0001.
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This introductory chapter defines the scope of this book by setting out the British overseas territories and the timing of their decolonization and the meaning of the term ‘bill of rights’. It also identifies the two major existing theories on the reasons for the growth of bills of rights in the British overseas territories during the 1950s and 1960s: first, that bills of rights were incorporated into colonial constitutions as a result of local demand for minority protection at independence; second, that bills of rights appeared throughout the British territories as a result of Britain's extension of the European Convention on Human Rights over her overseas territories. The chapter also explains the methodological approach of the book, namely to model the complex interrelationship between the key decision makers in each of the overseas territories examined.
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Costa, Maria Adélia da, Eduardo Henrique Lacerda Coutinho, Alexandre Ferry, Roberto Valdés Puentes, Daniela Masckio Gramático Puentes, Michele de Oliveira Gonçalves Araújo, Cláudio Eduardo Resende Alves, et al. Ensino pesquisa e extensão na educação profissional e tecnológica: Olhares multidisciplinares. Brazil Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-86854-06-0.
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This is the third book in the EPT Teaching, Research and Extension Collection. The purpose of the seminar is to dialogue with researchers in the field of EFA, enabling the exchange of interinstitutional experiences. The organization of this work consists of a transcript of the opening conference given by the respected professional education researcher, Prof. Dr. Dante Henrique Moura (IFRN), who provided master students, teachers and other participants, a class on the advances and setbacks in EPT. The exquisite debate of the researcher professor, Dr. Alexandre Ferry (Cefet-MG) was also transcribed, which in a very didactic way, provides a better understanding of the terminological inaccuracies that make up the EFA. The other texts that consolidate the collection are the results of research carried out by teachers and students, the Master in Technological Education (Cefet-MG) and the Master in Professional and Technological Education (ProfEPT) from IFMG and IF Sudeste de Minas. And, also, by professors from the Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), from other courses at Cefet-MG, as well as from other institutions such as Faculdade Pitágoras and Puc-Minas. The themes that make up this volume are quite variable and broad, as is the field of professional and technological education. The idea of the subtitle: multidisciplinary views, translates well the meaning of the work. It is a network of knowledge that gets mixed up in a hybrid connection, showing the reader that science is not linear, nor is it watertight.
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Cappelen, Herman. Externalist Conceptual Engineering. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198814719.003.0006.
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This chapter continues to consider some foundational semantic issues important for the author’s theory, and for conceptual engineering in general. It argues that conceptual engineering is not—despite the nomenclature—concerned with concepts, but rather with the intensions and extensions of words. It introduces externalism about meaning, which is a key component of the Austerity Framework, and draws connections between meaning change and externalist discussions of reference shift. It responds to the objection that externalism makes changing meaning either impossible or extremely difficult by denying the first—it’s built into externalism that meaning change is possible—and frankly accepting the latter. It then argues that not only semantic values but also metasemantics can change over time, draws out some consequences, and discusses expressions that do not have intensions or extensions.
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Collins, John. Linguistic Pragmatism and Weather Reporting. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198851134.001.0001.
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Linguistic pragmatism claims that what we literally say goes characteristically beyond what the linguistic properties themselves mandate. In this book, John Collins provides a novel defence of this doctrine, arguing that linguistic meaning alone fails to fix truth conditions. While this position is supported by a range of theorists, Collins shows that it naturally follows from a syntactic thesis concerning the relative sparseness of what language alone can provide to semantic interpretation. Language–and by extension meaning–provides constraints upon what a speaker can literally say, but does not characteristically encode any definite thing to say. Collins then defends this doctrine against a range of alternatives and objections, focusing in particular on an analysis of weather reports: ‘it is raining/snowing/sunny’. Such reporting is mostly location-sensitive in the sense that the utterance is true or not depending upon whether it is raining/snowing/sunny at the location of the utterance, rather than some other location. Collins offers a full analysis of the syntax, semantics, and pragmatics of weather reports, including many novel data. He shows that the constructions lack the linguistic resources to support the common literal locative readings. Other related phenomena are discussed such as the Saxon genitive, colour predication, quantifier domain restriction, and object deletion.
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Stuart, Susan A. J. Feeling Our Way. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190210465.003.0003.
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Every action, touch, utterance, and look, every listening, taste, smell, and feel is a living question. But it is no ordinary propositional one-by-one question, rather it is a plenisentient sensing and probing non-propositional enquiry about how our world is and how we anticipate its becoming. Using the notion of enkinaesthesia, this paper explores the ways in which an agent’s affectively saturated coengagement with its world establishes patterns of co-articulation of meaning within the anticipatory affective dynamics and the experiential entanglement necessary for expedient action and adaptation. An amplification and extension of the claims made by the most radical of the embodied mind theories transcends minimalist notions of embodiment and yields a new wave of embodiment theory. This suggests an immanent intercorporeality where the living being of other agents is experienced by us directly, without cognitive mediation.
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Pietroski, Paul M. Overture. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812722.003.0001.
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The main goal of this chapter is to explain the book’s proposal about what meanings are. Meanings are initially characterized as the “interpretations,” whatever they are, that certain child-acquirable languages connect with pronunciations. If these languages turn out to be generative procedures, meanings can be described more substantively in terms of these procedures. In reviewing some reasons for not identifying meanings with concepts, there is a discussion of polysemy and the broader point that meanings are conceptually equivocal, before reviewing some reasons for not identifying meanings with extensions, not even if we posit many possible worlds. This leads into a discussion of natural kinds, words like ‘water’, and the idea that meanings at least determine extensions. After arguing against this idea, the proposed alternative is sketched.
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Suriano, Matthew. The History of the Judahite Bench Tomb. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190844738.003.0003.
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The history of the Judahite bench tomb provides important insight into the meaning of mortuary practices, and by extension, death in the Hebrew Bible. The bench tomb appeared in Judah during Iron Age II. Although it included certain burial features that appear earlier in the Middle and Late Bronze Ages, such as burial benches, and the use of caves for extramural burials, the Judahite bench tomb uniquely incorporated these features into a specific plan that emulated domestic structures and facilitated multigenerational burials. During the seventh century, and continuing into the sixth, the bench tombs become popular in Jerusalem. The history of this type of burial shows a gradual development of cultural practices that were meant to control death and contain the dead. It is possible to observe within these cultural practices the tomb as a means of constructing identity for both the dead and the living.
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Camper, Martin. Letter versus Spirit. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190677121.003.0004.
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Chapter 4 turns its attention to the stasis of letter versus spirit. Traditionally, this stasis has been understood as pitting the exact words of a text against the author’s intent, but the chapter expands the notion of spirit to include other animating forces of textual meaning, such as an overarching principle of interpretation brought by readers to the text. The chapter shows how both the letter and spirit of a text can be divided, with arguers disputing the text’s real versus apparent letter or the author’s real versus apparent intent. To demonstrate how arguers construe authorial intention for their own ends, the chapter analyzes the controversy during the 2008 presidential campaign over the “God damn America” sound bite extracted from a sermon preached by Jeremiah Wright, Barack Obama’s then-pastor. Critics dismissed Wright’s defense of his intentions, pointing to the sermon’s exact wording as evidence of his, and by extension Obama’s, anti-Americanism.
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Alvesson, Mats, Yiannis Gabriel, and Roland Paulsen. Methodologies and Writings that Turn into Black Holes of Meaning. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198787099.003.0005.
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The training and socialization of social science researchers encourages a quest of tiny gaps in which to make contributions, membership of academic microtribes, a language full of jargon, and a near total indifference to the wider meaning or purpose of their work. Bad habits are reinforced by the review process which encourages further use of jargon, extensive digressions, esoteric arguments, the splitting of hairs, and a general indifference to social meaning and purpose. Almost any trivial or commonsensical observation can be blown up and made into something significant and impressive through the use of grandiose but often deceptive and meaningless labels. Empirical material, whether qualitative or quantitative, is routinely deployed to reinforce existing assumptions rather than to test them. While these trends are not entirely new in social science publications, they have assumed far greater dominance and significance.
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Study New Testament for Lesbians, Gays, Bi, and Transgender: With Extensive Notes on Greek Word Meaning and Context. Smith and Stirling, 2007.
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Champollion, Lucas. The stage. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198755128.003.0002.
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This chapter presents a distilled picture of the crucial issues in the theoretical background assumptions and develops the framework on which strata theory is built. This framework is essentially a synthesis of the work by Lønning (1987), Link (1998), Krifka (1998), Landman (2000), and others. Its mathematical foundation is classical extensional mereology, which is presented and discussed at length. The overview in this chapter is intended as a reference point for future researchers, and spells out the relevant background assumptions as explicitly as possible, especially in the case of points where the literature has not yet reached consensus on a preferred analysis. Issues discussed in this chapter include the meaning of the plural morpheme, the question whether the meanings of verbs are inherently pluralized, the formal properties of thematic roles, and the compositional process.
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Bezanson, Randall P. Is There such a Thing as Too Much Free Speech? University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037115.003.0007.
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The question we have been examining in this book is limited but fundamental: how should the Supreme Court’s recent definitional expansions of the meaning and scope of “speech” protected by the First Amendment be judged? In the cases we have reviewed, the constitutional term “speech” has been expanded to include speech by corporations, speech by government, voting and petitioning, and speech “out of thin air.” These decisions are not just extensions of the freedom enjoyed by speech. They are extensions—indeed very substantial ones—of the definitional range of the free speech guarantee itself....
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Peacocke, Christopher. The Primacy of Metaphysics. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198835578.001.0001.
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Is the metaphysics of a domain prior in the order of philosophical explanation to a theory of intentional contents and meanings about that domain? Or is the opposite true? This book argues from the nature of meaning and intentional content to the conclusion that content and meaning are never prior to the metaphysics. For every domain, either a metaphysics-first view or a no-priority view is correct. Metaphysics-first views are developed for several specific domains. For extensive magnitudes, a new realistic metaphysics is developed, and this metaphysics is used to explain features of the perception of magnitudes, and to elucidate analogue computation and analogue representation. A metaphysics-first treatment of time is developed and used to develop new accounts of temporal representation, and to address some puzzles about time and present-tense content. A metaphysics-first treatment of subject and the first person develops a new account of the ownership of mental events by subjects, and argues for a greater role of agency in the first person than in earlier accounts. A noncausal metaphysics-first view is developed for the natural numbers and the real numbers. The account gives an explanatory priority to the application of numbers to properties and to ratios of magnitudes. The final chapter of the book argues the materials earlier in the book permit a new account of the limits of intelligibility. Spurious concepts, such as absolute space, are ones for which there is no account of the relation that would have to hold for a thinker to latch onto it.
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Hom, Christopher, and Robert May. Pejoratives as Fiction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198758655.003.0006.
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Fictional terms have null extensions, and in this regard pejorative terms are a species of fictional term: although there are Jews, there are no kikes. The central consequence of the Moral and Semantic Innocence (MSI) view of Hom and May (2013) is that for pejoratives, null extensionality is the semantic realization of the moral fact that no one ought to be the target of negative moral evaluation solely in virtue of their group membership. In having null extensions, pejorative terms are much like mythological terms like “unicorn horn” that express concepts with empty extensions: people who believed the mythology were misled into thinking that ordinary objects (i.e., whale tusks) were magical objects, and pejorative terms work likewise. In this chapter, the consequences of this parallelism are explored, with an eye to criticisms of MSI. The chapter concludes with meta-semantic reflections on the nature of word meanings.
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Meilinger, Phillip S. Thoughts on War. University Press of Kentucky, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813178899.001.0001.
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In these provocative essays, military historian Phillip Meilinger explores timeless issues. Beginning with an iconoclastic look at the ideas of Carl von Clausewitz, Meilinger sees an unfortunate influence due to an emphasis on bloody battle, combined with a Euro-centric worldview. Moreover, Clausewitz’s dictum that war is an extension of policy actually says very little to guide modern world leaders. Other essays examine the nature of war in the twenty-first century, principles of war, the meaning of decisive victory, the importance of second front operations, the influence of time in battle, and a look at the first major amphibious and joint campaign of World War II in Norway. He also notes the crucial role played by service culture, and his controversial look at the American military tradition reveals that the US military has played a major role in politics throughout our history. An essay on unity of command in the Pacific during World War II reveals interservice rivalry and conflicting strategic views. Strategic bombing in World War II depended on new analytical tools, such as intelligence gathering. The United States Strategic Bombing Survey examined the results of those bombing campaigns in depth. The United States now engages in wars of choice and requires an international mandate to intervene to restore peace or destroy a terrorist group. We must therefore limit risk and cost, especially to the civilian populace. This leads to a new paradigm emphasizing the use of airpower, special operations forces, intelligence gathering and dissemination systems, and indigenous ground forces.
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Cappelen, Herman. The Limits of Revision. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198814719.003.0009.
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This chapter articulates the central challenge to the project of conceptual engineering, which is called the Strawsonian Challenge. The central idea is that if conceptual engineering involves changing the extensions and intensions of our terms, then a successful change of meaning will not give us a better way to talk about the issues and questions we were concerned with; rather it will simply change the topic. This challenge was first articulated in Strawson’s response to Carnap’s project of explication, but reoccurs throughout work on conceptual engineering in various different forms. The chapter articulates various different forms of this challenge, and previews the author’s responses to them.
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Arregui, Ana, María Luisa Rivero, and Andrés Salanova, eds. Modality Across Syntactic Categories. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198718208.001.0001.
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This volume explores the extremely rich diversity found under the “modal umbrella” in natural language. Offering a cross-linguistic perspective on the encoding of modal meanings that draws on novel data from an extensive set of languages, the book supports a view according to which modality infuses a much more extensive number of syntactic categories and levels of syntactic structure than has traditionally been thought. The volume distinguishes between “low modality,” which concerns modal interpretations that associate with the verbal and nominal cartographies in syntax, “middle modality” or modal interpretation associated to the syntactic cartography internal to the clause, and “high modality” that relates to the cartography known as the left periphery. By offering enticing combinations of cross-linguistic discussions of the more studied sources of modality together with novel or unexpected sources of modality, the volume presents specific case studies that show how meanings associated with low, middle, and high modality crystallize across a large variety of languages. The chapters on low modality explore modal meanings in structures that lack the complexity of full clauses, including conditional readings in noun phrases and modal features in lexical verbs. The chapters on middle modality examine the effects of tense and aspect on constructions with counterfactual readings, and on those that contain canonical modal verbs. The chapters on high modality are dedicated to constructions with imperative, evidential, and epistemic readings, examining, and at times challenging, traditional perspectives that syntactically associate these interpretations with the left periphery of the clause.
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Branford, Ruth, Emily Wighton, and Joy Ross. Principles of drug therapy: focus on opioids. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656097.003.0091.
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Key principles of clinical pharmacology inform prescribing in palliative care. The use of opioid therapy for pain in populations with serious medical illness exemplifies the relevance of these principles. Concepts include the differences among efficacy, effectiveness, and cost-effectiveness; the nature of a benefit-to-risk analysis; and the meaning of pharmacokinetic variation and pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships. This information complements related information about opioid therapy, including best practices during routine care and the role of opioid switching, opioid abuse, and opioid prescribing at the end of life. More extensive information about general pharmacology is available in comprehensive pharmacology textbooks.
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Doquang, Mailan S. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190631796.003.0001.
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This book offers new perspectives on the role of vegetal ornament in medieval church design by focusing on an extensive series of foliate friezes articulating iconic French monuments. It demonstrates that church builders strategically used organic motifs to integrate the interior and exterior of their structures, and to reinforce the connections and distinctions between the entirety of the sacred edifice and the profane world beyond its boundaries. This section introduces the reader to different types of foliate friezes, addresses the three primary themes that run through the body of the book (nature, meaning, and ornament), and provides a chapter summary.
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Hughes, Kit. Television at Work. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190855789.001.0001.
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This book explores how work, television, and waged labor come to have meaning in our everyday lives. However, it is not an analysis of workplace sitcoms or quality dramas. Instead, it explores the forgotten history of how American private sector workplaces used television in the twentieth century. It traces how, at the hands of employers, television physically and psychically managed workers and attempted to make work meaningful under the sign of capitalism. It also shows how the so-called domestic medium helped businesses shape labor relations and information architectures foundational to the twinned rise of the technologically mediated corporation and a globalizing information economy. Among other things, business and industry built extensive private television networks to distribute live and taped programming, leased satellite time for global “meetings” and program distribution, created complex closed-circuit television (CCTV) data search and retrieval systems, encouraged the use of videotape for worker self-evaluation, used videocassettes for training distributed workforces, and wired cantinas for employee entertainment. Television at work describes the myriad ways the medium served business’ attempts to shape employees’ relationships to their labor and the workplace in order to secure industrial efficiency, support corporate expansion, and inculcate preferred ideological orientations. By uncovering industrial television as a prolific sphere of media practice—one that continually sought to reshape the technology’s cultural meanings, affordances, and uses—Television at Work positions the medium at the heart of Post-Fordist experiments into reconfiguring the American workplace and advancing understandings of labor that increasingly revolved around dehumanized technological systems and information flows.
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Lamarque, Peter. Fiction. Edited by Jerrold Levinson. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199279456.003.0021.
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The concept of fiction is not identical to that of literature, and the discussion that follows concentrates on the former alone. Not only do the terms ‘fiction’ and ‘literature’ have different extensions — not all fictions are literary and not all literary works are fictional — but their meanings differ too, not least because the latter has an evaluative element lacking in the former. Of course, many of the great works of literature are also fictional, so an analysis of fiction will shed light on one aspect of them. But it should not be supposed that an analysis of fiction will exhaust all there is to say about literature, nor that such an analysis will encompass distinctively literary qualities.
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Berger, Tobias. Global Norms and Local Courts. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807865.001.0001.
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What happens to transnational norms when they travel from one place to another? How do norms change when they move; and how do they affect the place where they arrive? This book develops a novel theoretical account of norm translation that is located in-between theories of norm diffusion and norm localization. It shows how such translations do not follow linear trajectories from ‘the global’ to ‘the local’. Instead, they unfold in a recursive back and forth movement between different actors located in different contexts. As norms are translated, their meaning changes; and only if their meaning changes in ways that are intelligible to people within a specific context, the social and political dynamics of this context change as well. This book analyses translations of ‘the rule of law’. It focuses on contemporary donor-driven projects with non-state courts in rural Bangladesh and shows how in these projects, global norms change local courts—but only if they are translated, often in unexpected ways from the perspective of international actors. Based on extensive fieldwork, this book reveals how grassroots-level employees of local non-governmental organizations significantly alter the meaning of global norms—for example when they translate secular notions of the rule of law into the language of Islam and Islamic Law—and only thereby also enhance participatory spaces for marginalized people. Such translations that change both global norms and local courts have been largely neglected by scholars and policy makers alike; they are the central theme of this book.
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Pfeifer, Michael J. Lynching in Late-Nineteenth-Century Michigan. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037467.003.0008.
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This chapter examines the contexts and discourse surrounding the seven lynchings that occurred in Michigan in the latter decades of the nineteenth century. The relative infrequency of lynching in Michigan was due to the Wolverine State's somewhat earlier white settlement in the 1820s and 1830s, slightly before a prolonged culture conflict between “rough justice” and “due process” sentiments flared across extensive parts of the Midwest, West, and South. The comparative paucity of collective killing in Michigan also stemmed from its preponderance of Yankee settlers, and from its smaller proportion of emigrants from the Upland South. Sporadic lynchings in Michigan drew meaning from varied contexts that included the highly racialized discourse that accompanied the social and political alterations of the Civil War and Reconstruction.
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Arregui, Ana, María Luisa Rivero, and Andrés Salanova. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198718208.003.0001.
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This chapter offers an introduction to the book. Modality is a core research topic for most disciplines interested in language, including linguistics, philosophy, and psychology. By putting forward specific case studies across an extensive range of languages, the chapters in this book allow us to gain insights into features that are common across languages in the construction of modal meanings, as well as into constraints that are language-specific. The broad range of syntactic and morphological configurations under study in this book succeed in giving readers a sense of the extremely rich diversity found in natural language under the “modal umbrella.”