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Books on the topic 'Measures of morbidity'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 7 June 2025

Last updated: 2 August 2025

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1

Nutritional Morbidity in Children with Cancer: Mechanisms, Measures & Management (1997 Puebla, Mexico). International workshop: Nutritional Morbidity in Children with Cancer: Mechanisms, Measures & Management. Wiley-Liss, 1998.

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2

1954-, Siu Albert L., HMO Quality of Care Consortium., John A. Hartford Foundation, and National Institute on Aging, eds. Choosing quality-of-care measures based on the expected impact of improved quality of care for the major causes of mortality and morbidity. RAND, 1992.

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3

Bhopal, Raj S. Summarizing, presenting, and interpreting epidemiological data: Building on incidence and prevalence. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198739685.003.0008.

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Basic epidemiological data on disease occurrence and population structure can be manipulated and presented in many ways. Epidemiological summary measures, broadly, estimate absolute or relative frequency of outcomes. Usually, relative measures are more useful in causal enquiry while absolute measures are better in health planning and policy. These measures, usually in association with risk factor prevalence data, allow estimation of the risk attributable to a risk factor in those exposed and in the entire population. Avoidable mortality (and morbidity) refers to the potential to avoid death (o

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4

Choosing quality-of-care measures based on the expected impact of improved quality of care for the major causes of mortality and morbidity. RAND, 1992.

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5

Waldmann, Carl, Neil Soni, and Andrew Rhodes. Renal disorders. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199229581.003.0019.

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Prevention of acute renal failure 312Diagnosis of acute renal failure 314Acute kidney injury (AKI) often complicates the course of critical illness and was previously considered as a marker rather than a cause of adverse outcomes, it is independently associated with an increase in both morbidity and mortality. The major causes of AKI in the ICU include hypoperfusion, sepsis and direct nephrotoxicity, with the common aetiology believed to be a change in intrarenal haemodynamics with resultant acute tubular dysfunction and oxidant stress. Treatment of established acute renal failure in the ICU e

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6

Dodds, Chris, Chandra M. Kumar, and Frédérique Servin. Anaesthesia for major abdominal surgery in the elderly. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198735571.003.0008.

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Major abdominal surgery and laparotomy are common procedures that are associated with a high risk of mortality and morbidity, especially in the elderly. Outcomes can be improved by formal risk stratification, appropriate perioperative resuscitation and optimization, early surgery, senior anaesthetist involvement, and careful postoperative critical. Assessment of dehydration is imperative because fluid losses are very common and may be difficult to measure. Hypothermia is common, and measures should be instituted to conserve heat loss. Use of nitrous oxide can cause bowel distension and should

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7

Burris, Scott, Micah L. Berman, Matthew Penn, and, and Tara Ramanathan Holiday. Identifying Public Health Problems. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190681050.003.0005.

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Chapter 5 discusses the use of epidemiology to identify the source of public health problems and inform policymaking. It uses a case study to illustrate how researchers, policymakers, and practitioners detect diseases, identify their sources, determine the extent of an outbreak, and prevent new infections. The chapter also defines key measures in epidemiology that can indicate public health priorities, including morbidity and mortality, years of potential life lost, and measures of lifetime impacts, including disability-adjusted life years and quality-adjusted life years. Finally, the chapter

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8

Ehmann, Michael. Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199976805.003.0042.

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Necrotizing soft tissue infections (NSTI) are characterized by extensive and rapidly progressive necrosis that may involve the skin, subcutaneous tissue, fascia, or muscle and are associated with a high degree of morbidity and mortality. Preceding trauma, foreign body penetration, wound contamination, and surgical intervention are all risk factors for NSTI. Clinical examination often reveals extensive tissue involvement with pain but commonly without signs of cellulitis. Crepitant cellulitis occurs most commonly in patients with preexisting lower extremity peripheral arterial disease, decubitu

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9

Finkelstein, Fredric O., and Susan H. Finkelstein. Health-related quality of life and the patient with chronic kidney disease. Edited by David J. Goldsmith. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0134.

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The association of various health-related quality of life (HRQOL) measures with patient morbidity and mortality is well documented, but attention is now being directed at HRQOL assessments as primary outcomes measures themselves. A variety of instruments have been suggested to assess the HRQOL of patients, encompassing a variety of domains. Instruments that are used include generic, disease-specific, and symptom specific instruments. These instruments reply on both subjective and objective information to document the difficulties presented by both the disease itself as well as the treatment of

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10

Neisius, Andreas, Michael E. Lipkin, and Glenn M. Preminger. Kidney stone treatment. Edited by John Reynard. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0022.

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Following the first large cohort of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) reported by Alken in 1981, PCNL has subsequently become the preferred treatment method for large and/or complex renal and large proximal ureteral calculi. Current guidelines recommend PCNL as first-line therapy for all renal calculi ≥20 mm and for lower pole stones ≥15 mm. In this chapter we review the current indications, techniques, and outcomes of PCNL. Nowadays stone-free rates of approximately 70% overall can be achieved with PCNL, while at experienced high-volume centres, stone-free rates can approach 100%. While gen

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11

Hart, Kimberly J., and Heather A. Flynn. Screening, Assessment, and Diagnosis of Mood and Anxiety Disorders During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period. Edited by Amy Wenzel. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199778072.013.009.

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Mood and anxiety disorders are highly prevalent in perinatal samples, affecting as many as 20% of childbearing women (Gavin et al., 2005). In an effort to prevent adverse outcomes associated with perinatal mood and anxiety disorders, researchers and clinicians have advocated routine screening during the perinatal period (NRC, 2009). Although, there are several screening measures for depression, many of which have been used or validated in perinatal populations, few screening tools have been developed specifically for or validated in perinatal samples for bipolar disorder or anxiety disorders.

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12

Hanson, Ardis, and Bruce Lubotsky Levin. Epidemiology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190238308.003.0004.

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Epidemiology, a basic science of public health, is a quantitative discipline based on probability, statistics, research methodologies, and disease etiology, to examine what factors cause, exacerbate, and/or prevent disease (morbidity) and death (mortality). Epidemiology can increase our understanding of at-risk populations, meet selected needs for addressing specific disease states or physical/mental/substance use disorders, identify services utilization, and potentially drive policy. Hence, a basic understanding of the principles and applications of epidemiological vocabulary, methods, and th

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13

Twisk, Jos, and Isabel Ferreira. Physical activity, physical fitness, and cardiovascular health. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199232482.003.0025.

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The incidence of morbidity and mortality related to CVD is rather low in a paediatric population. Studies investigating the relationship between physical activity, physical fitness, and cardiovascular health in children and adolescents are therefore mostly limited to CVD risk factors as outcome measures. For this reason, this chapter will focus on the association of physical activity and physical fitness with CVD risk factors in children and adolescents. These risk factors can be divided into the so-called traditional CVD risk factors; that is, lipoproteins [total cholesterol, low-density lipo

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14

Pittelkow, Mark R., Charles L. Loprinzi, and Thomas P. Pittelkow. Pruritus and sweating in palliative medicine. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656097.003.0112.

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Itching (pruritus) and sweating (perspiration, diaphoresis) are physiological functions of the skin that normally serve human existence well. Itching is the sensory input arising from the skin and mucous membranes that alerts man to potentially harmful insults from physical, chemical, and biological sources. The reflex of scratching is closely linked to the perception of itch, and in most situations functions effectively as an aversive motor response to relieve the sensation and protect the skin. Similarly, sweating is a well-developed and finely coordinated sudomotor response designed to regu

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Iqbal, Muhammad Waqas, Ghalib Jibara, Michael E. Lipkin, and Glenn M. Preminger. Evaluation of stone formers. Edited by John Reynard. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0014.

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Urolithiasis is among the most common urologic disorders with high incidence and recurrence rates. High environmental temperatures, prevalence of the Western diet, obesity, age, gender, and race are among the common risk factors associated with this disease. The primary goal of evaluating these patients is to provide a simple, economic, and effective workup, which yields information that is directly applicable to providing relevant medical preventative measures. The management of urolithiasis requires a relevant history, targeted physical exam, appropriate chemistry, urinary and stone analyses

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16

Richardson, Michael G. STAT Caesarean Delivery. Edited by Matthew D. McEvoy and Cory M. Furse. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190226459.003.0043.

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During emergency cesarean delivery (CD), indicated by immediate threat to fetal or maternal life, the anesthesiologist must quickly provide anesthesia that is rapid in onset and safe for both patients. Neuraxial anesthesia using well-functioning in-dwelling epidural catheters is achievable with early enough notification. Still, general anesthesia is often the most expedient method. Advanced airway devices and evolving difficult airway management algorithms have likely contributed to observed reductions maternal morbidity and mortality associated with general anesthesia. Long before the crisis

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Badgwell, Brian, and Robert S. Krouse. The role of general surgery in the palliative care of patients with cancer. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656097.003.0124.

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Palliative surgery is defined as surgical intervention in patients with incurable malignancy for symptoms attributable to their cancer. A considerable percentage of consultations at major cancer centres are palliative in nature, resulting in 13-21% of all operations meeting the criteria for palliative surgery. Common symptom groups for evaluation include gastrointestinal obstruction, wound problems/infections, gastrointestinal bleeding, and obstructive jaundice. This chapter outlines the indications, treatment options, and outcomes for these diagnoses and a few less common indications for surg

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18

Lawson, A. J. Campylobacteriosis. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0016.

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Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli are frequent cause of bacterial enteritis in industrialised countries and is a major cause of childhood illness in the developing world. Although deaths due to campylobacteriosis are rare, the morbidity and public health and economic burden is high because of its very high incidence. Campylobacters normally inhabit the intestinal tract of wild birds and domestic animals. Poultry is a major source of campylobacter infection and a large proportion of retail chicken meat is contaminated. Other meats are contaminated to a lesser degree. Human infection is mostly sp

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19

Staender, Sven, and Andrew Smith. Safety and quality assurance in anaesthesia. Edited by Philip M. Hopkins. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0036.

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Quality assurance has its roots in industry and therefore is strongly influenced by concepts from business, hence the reference to the definition of the term ‘quality’ according to the International Standard Organization (ISO), for example. In order to better understand the various concepts of quality assurance, this chapter clarifies concepts such as ‘effectiveness’, ‘efficiency’, ‘patient-centredness’, and ‘equity’. Of major importance in clinical medicine are guidelines, standards, recommendations, and their grade of evidence. Guidelines in particular have the advantage of facilitation of t

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20

Bienvenu, O. Joseph. Depressive Mood States Following Critical Illness. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199653461.003.0020.

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Patients with critical illnesses treated in intensive care units face severe physical and psychic stresses, and survivors often have financial and other burdens. The prevalence of depressive mood states in survivors varies by measure and follow-up time, but the median prevalence across >30 studies was 28% (mostly measured within a year of critical illness). Severe depressive states (e.g. major depressive episodes) are less common than minor depressive states. Risk factors include female sex, lesser educational attainment, unemployment, and medical and psychiatric comorbidity. Potential crit

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21

Strakowski, Stephen, ed. The Bipolar Brain. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780197574522.001.0001.

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Bipolar disorder is the 6th leading cause of disability worldwide and causes substantial morbidity and mortality among its sufferers. The estimated costs of bipolar disorder are enormous, approaching $50 billion annually in the United States alone. The societal and personal suffering caused by this condition is immeasurable. Nonetheless, despite its public health significance, bipolar disorder remains difficult to diagnosis and complicated to manage. A major factor contributing to these difficulties is that there is no established neurophysiological model for bipolar disorder. Such a model mig

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22

Rafferty, Gerrard, and John Moxham. Assessment of Peripheral and Respiratory Muscle Strength in ICU. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199653461.003.0047.

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Skeletal muscle weakness affecting the respiratory and peripheral muscles is common in critically ill patients and can lead to difficulties in weaning, prolonged ICU admission, and significant morbidity in survivors. A number of techniques can be used to assess muscle strength. In the peripheral muscles, volitional techniques employing scoring systems or portable hand dynamometers are relatively simple and quick to use, requiring little or no specialist equipment. Such techniques can, however, only be applied to conscious and cooperative patients, preventing assessment of muscle weakness in ma

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23

Mukherjee, Joia S. Global Health and the Global Burden of Disease. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190662455.003.0004.

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This chapter defines terms used to describe the health of populations, such as incidence, prevalence, morbidity, and mortality. It introduces the concept of the burden of disease: that is, the quantity and impact of diseases and conditions that affect the health of populations. The Global Burden of Disease project, first launched in 1990 by the World Health Organization (WHO) seeks to measure disease burden on a regular basis. This chapter also examines the epidemiological transition, a concept that describes changes in causes of morbidity and mortality associated with economic development. Th

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24

Goffin, Eric, Laura Labriola, and Michel Jadoul. Bacterial and fungal infections in patients on peritoneal dialysis. Edited by Jonathan Himmelfarb. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0270.

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Infections specifically related to peritoneal dialysis include peritonitis on the one hand, and exit-site and tunnel infections on the other hand.The diagnosis of peritonitis rests on the classical triad of cloudy dialysate, abdominal pain, and presence of < 100 white-cells (including < 50 % polymorphonuclear cells) within the dialysate effluent. Because peritonitis is associated with high mortality and morbidity rates, empiric antibiotics should be initiated without delay, covering both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms. Most regimens include vancomycin or a first-generation cep

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25

Minden, Kirsten. Outcomes of paediatric rheumatic disease. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0035.

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Paediatric rheumatic illnesses are among the most common chronic diseases in children and adolescents. These illnesses have important impacts on patient's body functions and structures, activities, and social participation. Knowledge about the effect and consequences of these diseases is necessary to formulate appropriate aims of treatments. The multidimensional outcomes of paediatric rheumatic diseases and their measurement are reviewed in this chapter. Outcome measurement is complex in patients who have growing needs and changing expectations as they develop, especially in chronic conditions

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Minden, Kirsten. Outcomes of paediatric rheumatic disease. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0035_update_002.

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Paediatric rheumatic illnesses are among the most common chronic diseases in children and adolescents. These illnesses have important impacts on patient’s body functions and structures, activities, and social participation. Knowledge about the effect and consequences of these diseases is necessary to formulate appropriate aims of treatments. The multidimensional outcomes of paediatric rheumatic diseases and their measurement are reviewed in this chapter. Outcome measurement is complex in patients who have growing needs and changing expectations as they develop, especially in chronic conditions

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Minden, Kirsten. Outcomes of paediatric rheumatic disease. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0035_update_003.

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Paediatric rheumatic illnesses are among the most common chronic diseases in children and adolescents. These illnesses have important impacts on patient’s body functions and structures, activities, and social participation. Knowledge about the effect and consequences of these diseases is necessary to formulate appropriate aims of treatments. The multidimensional outcomes of paediatric rheumatic diseases and their measurement are reviewed in this chapter. Outcome measurement is complex in patients who have growing needs and changing expectations as they develop, especially in chronic conditions

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Phillips, Katharine A., ed. Body Dysmorphic Disorder. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190254131.001.0001.

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Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a devastating yet underrecognized illness. People with BDD are preoccupied with the belief that they look abnormal or ugly—when they actually do not. Their appearance preoccupations cause clinically significant distress or impairment in occupational, academic, social, or other areas of functioning. Psychosocial functioning and quality of life are typically markedly impaired, and rates of suicidality are very high. BDD is common, yet this disorder often goes undiagnosed and untreated. This book provides an up-to-date, comprehensive, and clinically focused overv

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Petit, Véronique, Kaveri Qureshi, Yves Charbit, and Philip Kreager, eds. The Anthropological Demography of Health. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198862437.001.0001.

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This book provides an integrative framework for the anthropological demography of health, a field of interdisciplinary population research grounded in ethnography and in critical examination of the social, political, and economic histories that have shaped relations between peoples. The field has grown from the 1990s, extending to a remarkable range of key human and policy issues, including: genetic disorders; nutrition; mental health; infant, child and maternal morbidity; malaria; HIV/AIDS; disability and chronic diseases; new reproductive technologies; and population ageing. Collaboration wi

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30

Degenhardt, Louisa, Wayne Hall, and Chiara Bucello. Illicit Drugs. Edited by Kenneth J. Sher. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199381678.013.016.

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Although illicit drug use has been documented across the world, the quality of these estimates is best in the developed countries of Europe, North America, and Australasia. Regular use, “problem drug use,” and drug dependence are less frequently measured but are important to quantify in order to identify disease burden. This paper reviews European, North American, and Australasian estimates of illicit drug use, problem drug use, and drug dependence and presents risk factors of illicit drug use. These risk factors include health risks related to cannabis and mortality associated with problem dr

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31

McAuley, Danny F., and Thelma Rose Craig. Measurement of extravascular lung water in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0140.

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The accumulation of fluid in the interstitium and alveolar space is known as extravascular lung water (EVLW). EVLW is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients and is elevated in patients with cardiogenic pulmonary oedema, acute lung injury (ALI), and the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Pulmonary oedema is a consequence of increased pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure and/or an increased capillary permeability. The quantity of pulmonary oedema fluid is dependent on the balance of fluid formation and clearance, and this contributes to the over

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32

Gendelman, Howard E., Igor Grant, Ian Paul Everall, et al., eds. The Neurology of AIDS. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780195399349.001.0001.

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This resource discusses how neurological complications of progressive HIV-1 infection remain a common cause of morbidity even during widespread use of antiretroviral therapy (ART). It addresses how long-term resistance to ART, drug compliance, untoward drug side effects, a myriad of opportunistic infection, depression and other psychiatric disease manifestations, concomitant drug abuse, neuropathies, and an inability to clear viral reservoirs, explain, in large measure, disease progression and immune deterioration. It then covers the association with a number of psychiatric, muscle, nerve, inf

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Nates, Joseph L., and Sharla K. Tajchman. Indirect calorimetry in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0205.

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Critically-ill patients have unpredictable and dynamic metabolic demands that are difficult to predict and quantify. Combined with the high incidence of pre-existing or development of malnutrition in the ICU, these metabolic demands have deleterious effects on outcomes when patients are provided with inadequate or inappropriate nutrition support. Providing adequate nutritional support that meets these varying metabolic demands is a long-standing challenge in the intensive care unit (ICU). Indirect calorimetry (ICal) is a tool that allows ICU practitioners to accurately assess energy expenditur

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34

Paro, John A. M., and Geoffrey C. Gurtner. Pathophysiology and assessment of burns. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0346.

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Burn injury represents a complex clinical entity with significant associated morbidity and remains the second leading cause of trauma-related death. An understanding of the local and systemic pathophysiology of burns has led to significant improvements in mortality. Thermal insult results in coagulative necrosis of the skin and the depth or degree of injury is classified according to the skin layers involved. First-degree burns involve only epidermis and heal quickly with no scar. Second-degree burns are further classified into superficial partial thickness or deep partial thickness depending

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Dahl, Vegard, and Ulrich J. Spreng. Anaesthesia for non-obstetric surgery. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198713333.003.0010.

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Anaesthesia for non-obstetric reasons is performed in 1–2% of all pregnant women. Although the chances of complications like miscarriage, preterm labour, and abortion are higher when surgery is performed during gestation, careful evaluation, preparation, and a multidisciplinary approach will minimize these risks. There are no methods of anaesthesia that are preferable to others during pregnancy. The most important preventive measure is to maintain maternal haemodynamic stability and normoventilation in order to ensure fetal well-being. Extensive knowledge of the profound anatomical and physiol

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36

Frew, Anthony. Air pollution. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0341.

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Any public debate about air pollution starts with the premise that air pollution cannot be good for you, so we should have less of it. However, it is much more difficult to determine how much is dangerous, and even more difficult to decide how much we are willing to pay for improvements in measured air pollution. Recent UK estimates suggest that fine particulate pollution causes about 6500 deaths per year, although it is not clear how many years of life are lost as a result. Some deaths may just be brought forward by a few days or weeks, while others may be truly premature. Globally, household

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