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1
Wagenaar, Jan-Paul. Using the girth measuring tape to assess live weight of Barotse cattle in Western Province, Zambia. Mongu [Zambia]: RDP Livestock Services B.V., 1991.
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3
O'Rourke, Kevin H. Measuring protection: A cautionary tale. Dublin: University College Dublin, Centre for Economic Research, 1994.
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4
Jenkins-Clarke, Sue. Measuring nursing workload: A cautionary tale. York: Centre for Health Economics,University of York, 1992.
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6
Learning, Thomson Delmar. Automotive Collision Repair Video Series Tape 7: Measuring Vehicle Damage I (Auto Collision Repair Technology). Delmar Learning, 2003.
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7
Hewitt, Sally. Take Off With Measuring (Take Off With). Heinemann Library (P), 1997.
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Stegenga, Jacob. Measuring Effectiveness. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747048.003.0008.
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There are three methodological challenges to measuring the effectiveness of medical interventions: the choice of good measuring instruments, the use of appropriate analytic measures, and the use of a reliable method of extrapolating measures from an experimental context to a more general context. In practice each of these challenges contributes to overestimating the effectiveness of medical interventions. These challenges suggest corrective principles. The instruments employed in clinical research should measure patient-relevant and disease-specific parameters. Effectiveness always should be measured and reported using absolute outcome measures (such as ‘risk difference’), and we should employ caution when interpreting relative outcome measures (such as ‘relative risk reduction’). Extrapolating from research settings to clinical settings should more rigorously take into account possible ways in which interventions can fail to be effective in a target population. Current regulatory standards for drug approval are insufficient to manage these problems of measurement.
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Caplan, Richard. Measuring Peace. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198810360.001.0001.
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How can we know if the peace that has been established following a civil war is a stable peace? More than half of all countries that experienced civil war since World War II have suffered a relapse into violent conflict—in some cases more than once. Meanwhile the international community expends billions of dollars and deploys tens of thousands of personnel each year in support of efforts to build peace in countries emerging from violent conflict. This book argues that efforts to build peace are hampered by the lack of effective means of assessing progress towards the achievement of a consolidated peace. Rarely, if ever, do peacebuilding organizations and governments seek to ascertain the quality of the peace that they are helping to build and the contribution that their engagement is making (or not) to the consolidation of peace. More rigorous assessments of the robustness of peace are needed. These assessments require clarity about the characteristics of, and the requirements for, a stable peace. This in turn requires knowledge of the local culture, local history, and the specific conflict dynamics at work in a given conflict situation. Better assessment can inform peacebuilding actors in the reconfiguration and reprioritization of their operations in cases where conditions on the ground have deteriorated or improved. To build a stable peace, it is argued here, it is important to take the measure of peace.
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Lighton, John R. B. Measuring Metabolic Rates. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830399.001.0001.
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Measuring Metabolic Rates demystifies the field of metabolic rate measurement, explaining every common variation of the art, from century-old manometric methods through ingenious syringe-based techniques, direct calorimetry, aquatic respirometry, stable-isotope metabolic measurement, and every type of flow-through respirometry. Each variation is described in enough detail to allow it to be applied in practice. Special chapters are devoted to metabolic phenotyping and human metabolic measurement, including room calorimetry. Background information on different analyzer and equipment types allows users to choose the best instruments for their application. Respirometry equations—normally a topic of terror and confusion to researchers—are derived and described in enough detail to make their selection and use effortless. Tools and skills—many of them open source—that will amplify the innovative researcher’s capabilities are described. Vital topics such as manual and automated baselining, implementing multi-animal systems, common pitfalls, and the correct analysis and presentation of metabolic data are covered in enough detail to turn a respirometry neophyte into a hardened metabolic warrior, ready to take on the task of publication in peer-reviewed journals with confidence.
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Brazier, John, Julie Ratcliffe, Joshua Saloman, and Aki Tsuchiya. Measuring and Valuing Health Benefits for Economic Evaluation. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198725923.001.0001.
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This is the second edition of the first comprehensive textbook about the measurement and valuation of health benefits for economic evaluation. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) and similar agencies around the word require cost-effectiveness evidence in the form of incremental cost per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) in order to make comparisons across competing demands on resources, and this has resulted in an explosion of theoretical and empirical work in the field. This book addresses the theoretical and practical considerations in the measurement and valuation of health benefit with empirical examples and applications to help clarify understanding and make relevant links to the real world. It includes a glossary of key terms and provides guidance on the use of different methods and instruments. This updated edition provides an-up-to date review of the theoretical basis of the QALY; the definition of health; the techniques of valuation (including ordinal); the modelling of health state values (including mapping between measures); a detailed review of generic preference-based measures and other instruments for obtaining health state utility values (with recent developments); cross-cultural issues (including the disability-adjusted life year); the aggregation of QALYs; and the practical issues surrounding the use of utility values in cost-effectiveness models. The book concludes with a discussion on the way forward in light of the substantial methodological differences, the role of normative judgements, and where further research is most likely to take forward this fascinating component of health economics.
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Catalogue of Measuring Rules, Tapes, Straight Edges, and Steel Band Chains;Spirit Levels, &C.: Manufactured by John Rabone & Sons. Astragal Pr, 1995.
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13
Furst, Eric M., and Todd M. Squires. Microrheology applications. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199655205.003.0010.
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The wide number of microrheology methods and techniques serve as new tools for measuring the rheology of soft materials. Several emerging applications of microrheology are presented, including the rheology of hydrogelators, gelation kinetics, and degradation (gel breaking). Viscosity measurements, in particular of protein solutions, is also discussed. These problems generally take advantage of the small volume requirements of microrheology as well as its sensitivity. The chapter begins with a discussion of mechanical and microrheology operating regimes to aid the reader in planning experiments. It concludes with a discussion of emerging trends and future areas of microrheology, including interfacial rheology.
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Kaimal, J. C., and J. J. Finnigan. Atmospheric Boundary Layer Flows. Oxford University Press, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195062397.001.0001.
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Boundary layer meteorology is the study of the physical processes that take place in the layer of air that is most influenced by the earth's underlying surface. This text/reference gives an uncomplicated view of the structure of the boundary layer, the instruments available for measuring its mean and turbulent properties, how best to make the measurements, and ways to process and analyze the data. The main applications of the book are in atmospheric modelling, wind engineering, air pollution, and agricultural meteorology. The authors have pioneered research on atmospheric turbulence and flow, and are noted for their contributions to the study of the boundary layer. This important work will interest atmospheric scientists, meteorologists, and students and faculty in these fields.
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Carini, Chiara, and Maurizio Carpita. Are Co-operatives Small? Evidence from the World Co-operative Monitor. Edited by Jonathan Michie, Joseph R. Blasi, and Carlo Borzaga. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199684977.013.18.
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There is a widespread belief that co-operatives are small-sized enterprises. However, some reports highlight that co-operatives have larger dimensions in certain areas than other types of companies. Starting from this premise, this paper contributes to the existing literature by providing empirical evidence on the size of co-operatives in different areas of the world, and by analysing data from approximately 2,000 co-operatives and mutual organizations from fifty-six different countries. These data are taken from the World Co-operative Monitor, a project promoted by the International Co-operative Alliance (ICA) in collaboration with the European Research Institute on Co-operative and Social Enterprises (Euricse). The purpose of the project is to take a step forward in measuring the dimensions of co-operatives and to make an initial attempt at quantifying the economic and social impact of the largest co-operatives worldwide.
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Nowakowska, Natalia. A New Narrative? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813453.003.0002.
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Our three existing master narratives of the early Reformation in Poland are all over a century old and mutually contradictory, drawing on different sources to serve differing confessional and national/ist agendas. This chapter offers a fresh narrative of the impact of Lutheranism on the Polish composite monarchy to c.1540, synthesizing these older accounts and updating them with new research findings. This is a narrative in three parts: early signs (1517–24), the great Reformation year (1525), and aftershocks (1526–40). The chapter discusses the challenges of measuring ‘Lutheran’ sentiment, sets these Polish-Prussian events clearly in their comparative European context, and considers what implications they might have for that bigger, familiar tale. It stresses the precocity of Sigismund I’s monarchy, which saw the most far-reaching urban and violent Reformation in 1520s Europe (Danzig), a peasant Reformation rising, and Christendom’s first territorial-princely Reformation, in Ducal Prussia.
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Vassilakopoulos, Theodoros, and Charis Roussos. Respiratory muscle function in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0077.
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The inspiratory muscles are the diaphragm, external intercostals and parasternal internal intercostal muscles. The internal intercostals and abdominal muscles are expiratory. The ability of a subject to take one breath depends on the balance between the load faced by the inspiratory muscles and their neuromuscular competence. The ability of a subject to sustain the respiratory load over time (endurance) depends on the balance between energy supplied to the inspiratory muscles and their energy demands. Hyperinflation puts the diaphragm at a great mechanical disadvantage, decreasing its force-generating capacity. In response to acute increases in load the inspiratory muscles become fatigued and inflammed. In response to reduction in load by the use of mechanical ventilation they develop atrophy and dysfunction. Global respiratory muscle function can be tested using maximum static inspiratory and expiratory mouth pressures, and sniff pressure. Diaphragm function can be tested by measuring the transdiaphragmatic and twitch pressures developed upon electrical or magnetic stimulation of the phrenic nerve.
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Anheier, Helmut K., Matthias Haber, and Mark A. Kayser, eds. Governance Indicators. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817062.001.0001.
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As difficult as it might seem to define governance, it appears to be that much more difficult to measure it. Since the World Bank Institute launched the Worldwide Governance Indicators in the late 1990s, the governance indicators field has flourished and experienced significant advances in terms of methodology, data coverage and quality, and policy relevance. Other major initiatives have added to a momentum that propelled research on governance indicators seen in few other academic fields in the economic and social sciences. Given these developments and the prominence and policy relevance the field of governance indicator research has achieved, the time is ripe to take stock and ask what has been accomplished, what the shortcomings and potentials might be, and what steps present themselves as a way forward. This volume—the fifth edition in an annual series tackling different aspects of governance around the world—assesses what has been achieved, identifies strengths and weaknesses of current work, and points to issues that need to be tackled in order to advance the field, both in its academic importance as well as in its policy relevance. In short, the contributions to this volume explore the scope of existing governance indices and indicator frameworks, elaborate on current challenges in measuring and analysing governance, and consider how to overcome them.
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Japan. Kankyōshō. Sōgō Kankyō Seisakukyoku. Sōmuka. Kankyō Kenkyū Gijutsushitsu., ed. Kankyō osen busshitsu ni kakawaru keisoku gijutsu no kōdoka ni shisuru tame no kenkyū =: Research on advancement techniques for measuring pollutants 2006. Chiiki mitchakugata kankyō kenkyū = Research on local environmental issues 2006. [Tokyo]: Kankyōshō, 2007.
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Kankyō osen busshitsu ni kakawaru keisoku gijutsu no kōdoka ni shisuru tame no kenkyū =: Research on advancement techniques for measuring pollutants 2006. Chiiki mitchakugata kankyō kenkyū = Research on local environmental issues 2006. [Tokyo]: Kankyōshō, 2007.
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21
White, Robert E. Understanding Vineyard Soils. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199342068.001.0001.
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The first edition of Understanding Vineyard Soils has been praised for its comprehensive coverage of soil topics relevant to viticulture. However, the industry is dynamic--new developments are occurring, especially with respect to measuring soil variability, managing soil water, possible effects of climate change, rootstock breeding and selection, monitoring sustainability, and improving grape quality and the "typicity" of wines. All this is embodied in an increased focus on the terroir or "sense of place" of vineyard sites, with greater emphasis being placed on wine quality relative to quantity in an increasingly competitive world market. The promotion of organic and biodynamic practices has raised a general awareness of "soil health", which is often associated with a soil's biology, but which to be properly assessed must be focused on a soil's physical, chemical, and biological properties. This edition of White's influential book presents the latest updates on these and other developments in soil management in vineyards. With a minimum of scientific jargon, Understanding Vineyard Soils explains the interaction between soils on a variety of parent materials around the world and grapevine growth and wine typicity. The essential chemical and physical processes involving nutrients, water, oxygen and carbon dioxide, moderated by the activities of soil organisms, are discussed. Methods are proposed for alleviating adverse conditions such as soil acidity, sodicity, compaction, poor drainage, and salinity. The pros and cons of organic viticulture are debated, as are the possible effects of climate change. The author explains how sustainable wine production requires winegrowers to take care of the soil and minimize their impact on the environment. This book is a practical guide for winegrowers and the lay reader who is seeking general information about soils, but who may also wish to pursue in more depth the influence of different soil types on vine performance and wine character.
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Kirchman, David L. Microbial primary production and phototrophy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789406.003.0006.
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This chapter is focused on the most important process in the biosphere, primary production, the turning of carbon dioxide into organic material by higher plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. Photosynthetic microbes account for roughly 50% of global primary production while the other half is by large, terrestrial plants. After reviewing the basic physiology of photosynthesis, the chapter discusses approaches to measuring gross and net primary production and how these processes affect fluxes of oxygen and carbon dioxide into and out of aquatic ecosystems. It then points out that terrestrial plants have high biomass but relatively low growth, while the opposite is the case for aquatic algae and cyanobacteria. Primary production varies greatly with the seasons in temperate ecosystems, punctuated by the spring bloom when the biomass of one algal type, diatoms, reaches a maximum. Other abundant algal types include coccolithophorids in the oceans and filamentous cyanobacteria in freshwaters. After the bloom, small algae take over and out-compete larger forms for limiting nutrients because of superior uptake kinetics. Abundant types of small algae include two coccoid cyanobacteria, Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus, the latter said to be the most abundant photoautotroph on the planet because of its large numbers in oligotrophic oceans. Other algae, often dinoflagellates, are toxic. Many algae can also graze on other microbes, probably to obtain limiting nitrogen or phosphorus. Still other microbes are mainly heterotrophic but are capable of harvesting light energy. Primary production in oxic environments is carried out by oxygenic photosynthetic organisms, whereas in anoxic environments with sufficient light, it is anaerobic anoxygenic photosynthesis in which oxygen is not produced. Although its contribution to global primary production is small, anoxygenic photosynthesis helps us understand the biophysics and biochemistry of photosynthesis and its evolution on early Earth. These microbes as well as aerobic phototrophic and heterotrophic microbes make up microbial mats. These mats can provide insights into early life on the planet when a type of mat, “stromatolites,” covered vast areas of primordial seas in the Proterozoic.