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1
Lloyd, Peter D. The design and implementation of a position measuring system for a remotely controlled video camera. Monterey, Calif: Naval Postgraduate School, 1989.
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2
Moschovos, Ioannis S. Compare at sea position using Mini-Ranger, Loran C (Internav) in the context of measuring current velocity with a shipboard ADCP (Acoustic Dopller [i.e. Doppler] Current Profiler). Monterey, Calif: Naval Postgraduate School, 1989.
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3
Hoogeboom, P. J. DME-derived positions compared with MLS- and ILS-derived positions. Amsterdam: National Aerospace Laboratory, 1990.
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4
Ayres, Ian. Measuring positive externalities from unobservable victim precaution: An empirical analysis of Lojack. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1997.
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5
What do children need to flourish?: Conceptualizing and measuring indicators of positive development. New York: Springer, 2005.
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6
Vol'vak, Sergey. Hydraulics. Workshop. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1045068.
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Study guide corresponds to the program discipline "Hydraulics". Consists of two parts and is for carrying out practical and laboratory works.
The first part provides material on the basics of the calculation of hydraulic machines, hydraulic drives of agricultural machinery, systems of land reclamation and hydraulic transport for development of skills of application of theoretical information to solve specific technical problems and development practices of hydraulic calculations.
The second part contains material for the study of the methods and instruments for measuring pressure, the study of the equation of Bernoulli, determination of hydraulic resistance, the study of the structure and principles of operation of positive displacement pumps and dynamic-type, cylinders, volumetric hydraulic drive and hydrodynamic transmission elements and schemes of irrigation systems and agricultural water supply.
To conduct practical and laboratory classes for students of all forms of training in the direction of training 35.03.06 "Agroengineering", as well as for graduate students, teachers and technical workers of agriculture.
7
Analysis of the Positional Accuracy of a Range Difference Missile Position Measuring System. Storming Media, 2000.
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8
Engel, Jakob, Deborah Winkler, and Thomas Farole. SACU in Global Value Chains: Measuring GVC Integration, Position, and Performance of Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa, and Swaziland. World Bank, Washington, DC, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/23789.
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9
Grayson, Michael A. Measuring Mass: From Positive Rays to Proteins. Edited by Michael A. Grayson. Chemical Heritage Foundation, 2005.
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10
A, Grayson Michael, ed. Measuring mass: From positive rays to proteins. Philadelphia, PA: Chemical Heritage Press, 2002.
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11
Orenbuch-Harroch, Efrat, and Charles L. Sprung. Pulmonary artery catheterization in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0133.
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Haemodynamic monitoring is a significant component in the management of critically-ill patients. Flow-directed pulmonary artery catheters (PAC) are a simple and rapid technique for measuring several continuous or intermittent circulatory variables. The PAC is helpful in diagnosis, guidance of therapy, and monitoring therapeutic interventions in various clinical conditions, including myocardial infarction and its complications, non-cardiogenic pulmonary oedema and severely ill patients.The catheter is inserted through a large vein. The PAC is advanced, after ballooninflation with 1.5 mL of air, through the right ventricle across the pulmonary valve and into the pulmonary artery (PA). Finally, the catheter is advanced to the ‘wedge’ position. The pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP) is identified by a decrease in pressure combined with a characteristic change in the waveform. The balloon should then be deflated and the PA tracing should reappear. Direct measurements include central venous pressure, pulmonary artery pressure, and PAWP, which during diastole represents the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and reflects left ventricular preload. Cardiac output can be measured by thermodilution technique. Other haemodynamic variables can be derived from these measurements. Absolute contraindications are rare. Relative contraindications include coagulopathy and conditions that increase the risk of arrhythmias.
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Stegenga, Jacob. Medical Nihilism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747048.001.0001.
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This book defends medical nihilism, which is the view that we should have little confidence in the effectiveness of medical interventions. If we consider the frequency of failed medical interventions, the extent of misleading evidence in medical research, the thin theoretical basis of many interventions, and the malleability of empirical methods in medicine, and if we employ our best inductive framework, then our confidence in the effectiveness of medical interventions ought to be low. Part I articulates theoretical and conceptual groundwork, which offers a defense of a hybrid theory of disease, which forms the basis of a novel account of effectiveness, and this is applied to pharmacological science and to issues such as medicalization. Part II critically examines details of medical research. Even the very best methods in medical research, such as randomized trials and meta-analyses, are malleable and suffer from various biases. Methods of measuring the effectiveness of medical interventions systematically overestimate benefits and underestimate harms. Part III summarizes the arguments for medical nihilism and what this position entails for medical research and practice. To evaluate medical nihilism with care, the argument is stated in formal terms. Medical nihilism suggests that medical research must be modified, that clinical practice should be less aggressive in its therapeutic approaches, and that regulatory standards should be enhanced.
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Ogorzalek, Thomas K. The Cities on the Hill. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190668877.001.0001.
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Recent electoral cycles have drawn attention to an urban–rural divide at the heart of American politics. This book traces the origins of red and blue America. The urbanicity divide began with the creation of an urban political order that united leaders from major cities and changed the Democratic Party during the New Deal era. These cities, despite being the site of serious, complex conflicts at home, are remarkably cohesive in national politics because members of city delegations represent their city as well as their district. Even though their constituents often don’t see eye-to-eye on important issues, members of these city delegations represent a united city position known as progressive liberalism. Using a wide range of congressional evidence and a unique dataset measuring the urbanicity of U.S. House districts over time, this book argues that city cohesion, an invaluable tool used by cities to address their urgent governance needs through higher levels of government, is fostered by local institutions developed to provide local political order. Crucially, these integrative institutions also helped foster the development of civil rights liberalism by linking constituencies that were not natural allies in support of group pluralism and racial equality. This in turn led to the departure from the coalition of the Southern Democrats, and to our contemporary political environment. The urban combination of diversity and liberalism—supported by institutions that make allies out of rivals—teaches us lessons for governing in a world increasingly characterized by deep social difference and political fragmentation.
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Ehrenreich, Samuel E., and Marion K. Underwood. Peer Coercion and Electronic Messaging. Edited by Thomas J. Dishion and James Snyder. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199324552.013.12.
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This chapter examines how features of electronic communication (text messaging, Facebook, and Twitter) make it an ideal environment for peer influence, and how positive and negative peer reinforcement via electronic communication relates to the development and perpetuation of antisocial behavior. Electronic modes of communication allow youth to be in contact with their peer group instantaneously and continuously. The continuous access provided by electronic forms of communication may intensify the role of positive and negative reinforcement processes. Electronic communication extends youths’ ability to engage in the aversive behaviors that characterize peer coercion. This immediacy also permits less aversive, positive reinforcement processes—such as laughter and encouragement—to continue even when peers are not physically together. The role of text message communication in peer coercion and deviancy training is examined, and illustrative examples are presented. The challenges associated with measuring and observing children’s involvement with an ever-changing virtual landscape are also discussed.
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(Editor), Kristin Anderson Moore, and Laura H. Lippman (Editor), eds. What Do Children Need to Flourish?: Conceptualizing and Measuring Indicators of Positive Development (The Search Institute Series on Developmentally Attentive Community and Society). Springer, 2005.
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16
Streiner, David L., Geoffrey R. Norman, and John Cairney. Selecting the items. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199685219.003.0005.
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Not all of the items that have been generated will prove to be useful. This chapter discusses the criteria of a good item, such as its reading level, lack of ambiguity, asking only a single question, freedom from jargon, being worded in a positive direction, and length. Another consideration is the distribution of responses, whether all response alternatives have been used by at least some of the respondents, and when items with very low endorsement frequencies may actually be useful. It also discusses the homogeneity of the scale and the various ways of measuring it (e.g. KR-20, split-halves, and Cronbach’s alpha). Finally, it discusses when homogeneity is and is not important, and which statistical tests should not be used when homogeneity is not required.
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Edelglass, William. Buddhism, Happiness, and the Science of Meditation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190495794.003.0004.
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The widespread discourse of happiness and meditation is part of a “happiness turn” in contemporary Western Buddhism, in which meditation is presented as a path to happiness. This turn is justified, in part, by empirical research on happiness, which appears to be a straightforward scientific inquiry into the causes and conditions of happiness. The two most widespread methods for measuring happiness, life satisfaction questionnaires and random experience sampling, are each committed to a particular theory of happiness: implicit in the random experience sampling method is a hedonic conception of happiness as positive affect or pleasure. In contrast, Śāntideva suggests that cultivating mindfulness and awareness entails relinquishing of self and increasing skill in addressing others’ needs. This contrast demonstrates that the scientific study of meditation and happiness is not value neutral but reframes the meaning of meditation.
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Chiari, Sophie. ‘Vat is the clock, Jack?’: Shakespeare and the Technology of Time. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474427814.003.0011.
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Sophie Chiari opens the volume’s last section with an exploration of the technology of time in Shakespeare’s plays. For if the lower classes of the Elizabethan society derived their idea of time thanks to public sundials, or, even more frequently in rural areas, to the cycles and rhythms of Nature, the elite benefited from a direct, tactile contact with the new instruments of time. Owning a miniature watch, at the end of the 16th century, was still a privilege, but Shakespeare already records this new habit in his plays. Dwelling on the anxiety of his wealthy Protestant contemporaries, the playwright pays considerable attention to the materiality of the latest time-keeping devices of his era, sometimes introducing unexpected dimensions to the measuring of time. Chiari also explains that the pieces of clockwork that started to be sold in early modern England were often endowed with a highly positive value, as timekeeping was more and more equated with order, harmony and balance. Yet, the mechanization of time was also a means of reminding people that they were to going to die, and the contemplation of mechanical clocks was therefore strongly linked to the medieval trope of contemptus mundi.
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Gallagher, Matthew W., and Shane J. Lopez, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Hope. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399314.001.0001.
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The Oxford Handbook of Hope provides a comprehensive overview of current knowledge regarding the science and practice of hope. Hope has long been a topic of interest to philosophers and the general public, but it was only in recent decades that hope became a focus of psychological science. Rick Snyder defined hope as a cognitive trait that helps individuals to identify and pursue goals and consists of two components: pathways, the perceived capacity to identify strategies necessary to achieve goals, and agency, the willpower or motivation to pursue those pathways to achieve goals. Hope has become one of most robust and promising topics in the burgeoning field of positive psychology. This book reviews the progress that has been made in the past 25 years regarding the origins and influence of hope. Topics covered include current theoretical perspectives on how best to define hope and how it is distinct from related constructs, current best practices for measuring and quantifying hope, interventions and strategies for promoting hope across different settings and the lifespan, the impact that hope has on many dimensions and domains of physical and mental health, and the many ways and contexts in which hope promotes resilience and positive functioning. Experts in the field both review what is currently known about the role of hope in different domains and identify topics and questions that can help to guide the next decade of research. The handbook concludes with a collaborative vision on the future directions of the science of hope.
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Gugerty, Mary Kay, and Dean Karlan. The Goldilocks Challenge. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199366088.001.0001.
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Nonprofits, governments, and social enterprises face increasing pressure to prove that their programs are making a positive impact on the world. This focus on impact is positive: learning whether we are making a difference enhances our ability to effectively address pressing social problems, and is critical for wise stewardship of resources. However, measuring the impact of a program is not always possible, nor is impact evaluation always the right choice for every organization or program. Accurately assessing impact requires information about what would have happened had the program not occurred, and it can be difficult and costly (or even impossible) to gather that information. Yet actors in the social sector face stiff competition for funding, and competition often demands evidence of impact. Faced with this pressure, organizations often attempt to measure impact even when the accuracy is questionable or worse. The result? A lot of misleading data and rhetoric about what works. Moreover, in this pursuit, many organizations collect huge amounts of data that cannot be or are not put to good use for learning and program improvement. Bottom line: Impact is great to measure when you can. But not everyone can and should measure impact. What, then, should organizations do? The Goldilocks Challenge presents four key principles to help guide organizations of all sizes and types in building strong, “right-fit” data collection systems. Those principles—Credible, Actionable, Responsible, and Transportable, or “CART”—describe how organizations can build data systems that support learning and improvement and measure impact when the time is right.
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Romagnoli, Stefano, and Giovanni Zagli. Blood pressure monitoring in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0131.
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Two major systems are available for measuring blood pressure (BP)—the indirect cuff method and direct arterial cannulation. In critically-ill patients admitted to the intensive care unit, the invasive blood pressure is the ‘gold standard’ as a tight control of BP values, and its change over time is important for choosing therapies and drugs titration. Since artefacts due to the inappropriate dynamic responses of the fluid-filled monitoring systems may lead to clinically relevant differences between actual and displayed pressure values, before considering the BP value shown as reliable, the critical care giver should carefully evaluate the presence/absence of artefacts (over- or under-damping/resonance). After the arterial pressure waveform quality has been verified, the observation of each component of the arterial wave (systolic upstroke, peak, systolic decline, small pulse of reflected pressure waves, dicrotic notch) may provide a number of useful haemodynamic information. In fact, changes in the arterial pulse contour are due the interaction between the heart beat and the whole vascular properties. Vasoconstriction, vasodilatation, shock states (cardiogenic, hypovolaemic, distributive, obstructive), valve diseases (aortic stenosis, aortic regurgitation), ventricular dysfunction, cardiac tamponade are associated with particular arterial waveform characteristics that may suggest to the physician underlying condition that could be necessary to investigate properly. Finally, the effects of positive-pressure mechanical ventilation on heart–lung interaction, may suggest the existence of an absolute or relative hypovolaemia by means of the so-called dynamic indices of fluid responsiveness.
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Sawada, Osamu. Pragmatic Aspects of Scalar Modifiers. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198714224.001.0001.
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This book investigates pragmatic aspects of scalar modifiers. Through a detailed analysis of the semantics and pragmatics of comparatives with indeterminate pronouns, positive polarity minimizers, intensifiers, and expectation-reversal adverbs in Japanese and other languages, the book shows that scalarity is utilized not just for measuring a thing/event in the semantic level, but also for expressing various kinds of pragmatic information, including politeness, priority of utterance, the speaker’s attitude, and unexpectedness, at the level of conventional implicature (CI). The similarities and differences between at-issue and CI scalar meanings are analyzed using a multidimensional composition system (Potts 2005; McCready 2010). Two types of pragmatic scalar modifiers are proposed: a higher-level pragmatic scalar modifier, which utilizes an implicit pragmatic scale, and a lower-level pragmatic scalar modifier, which recycles the scale of an at-issue gradable predicate. The book also investigates the interpretations of pragmatic scalar modifiers that are embedded in the complement of an attitude predicate, and claims that there is a semantic shift from a CI to a secondary at-issue entailment in the case of non-speaker-oriented readings. It will also show that there is a phenomenon of “projection of not-at-issue meaning via modal support” in lower-level pragmatic scalar modifiers. Finally, the historical development of pragmatic scalar modifiers is also discussed. This book claims that although semantic scalar meanings and pragmatic (CI) scalar meanings are compositionally different, there is a relationship between the two, and it is important to look at both kinds of meaning in a uniform/flexible fashion.