Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Meat drying'

Mathematical modeling of thin-layer solar drying and organoleptic properties of eland jerky was investigated in this study. Eland jerky was compared to the traditional beef jerky, inasmuch as both were treated with traditional jerky marinade (TM), TM with fresh pine apple juice (TMP), TM with honey (TMH), TM with Coca Cola (TMCCL) and compared to an untreated control (C). The influence of the marinades on the drying process was statistically significant. Based on the coefficient of determination, the root mean square errors and the chi-squares, the Two-term model was found to be the most suitable model for describing the solar drying kinetics of eland jerky. The mean effective moisture diffusivities of solar dried eland meat for the C and selected pre-treatments TM and TMH samples were 2.07 x 10-10, 1.45 x 10-10 and 1.43 x 10-10 m2.s-1, respectively. The activation energy values for solar dried eland jerky were 23.75, 26.22 and 26.97 kJ.mol-1 for C, TM and TMH, respectively. Organoleptic properties of dried eland meat was assessed by the 22 member degustation panel. The best scored pre-treatment was TMP, which has significant effect on texture, color and taste. Effect of the different pre-treatments on the overall combined color was calculated. Generally for both meat dried in both driers TMH marinade was evaluated as the one with the highest total difference contrariwise meat dipped in TMP pre-treatment has the lowest total difference.

Microbial load can be controlled using either synthetic or natural preservatives. Particular interest has been focused on the potential application of plant essential oils as safer additives for meat. However, there is no published research on the use of essential oils during the meat drying process. This study was focused on enhancing the meat drying process. At first a value-added dried meat product by using oregano essential oil (OEO) to inhibit the growth of bacteria, and the sensorial response from assessors is presented. It was found that the application of the OEO in meat is effective in inhibiting Salmonella enteritidis and Escherichia coli. After 6 hours of drying at 55°C, 2 ml (0.038 ml l-1 air) and 1.5 ml (0.028 ml l-1 air) of OEO were considered the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against S. enteritidis and E. coli, respectively. Samples treated with 0.75 ml of OEO were more attractive for consumption compared with the control; at a higher concentration of OEO, the sensory quality of the food was affected. Next, the effect of modified blanching treatments on the drying behaviour of beef meat was evaluated by determining moisture ratio versus time curves and the influence on sensory quality of the resulted product. The 3 treatments under investigation were (1) oil treatment (2) steam blanching and (3) hot air blanching with 3 doses of oregano essential oil (1) 1.5 ml (2) 3 ml and (3) 6 ml. Each treatment had an effect on the drying time of the beef samples, however, the dose of oregano essential oil applied did not affect the drying process. The results showed that steam blanching was very effective reducing the drying time. Meanwhile, 1.5 ml and 3 ml hot air blanching samples and 1.5 ml oil treatment samples were judged as better from sensory point of view and the respondents considered that adding oregano essential oil enriched the pleasantness of the smell. In conclusion, a value-added dried meat product obtained by using oregano essential oil to enhance food safety received an acceptable sensorial response from consumers. Additionally, each modified blanching treatment tested influences the drying kinetics process, but the dose of oregano applied did not affect the drying process. In this sense, hot air blanching and oil treatment with the lowest dose had an acceptable sensorial response from consumers.

The aim of this study was to investigate drying characteristics (temperature gradient, rate of drying and temperature change, drying time, diffusivity values, shrinkage) of isotropic and anisotropic foods by observing the changes in temperatures at four different locations and moisture contents and to build an appropriate model for simulation of temperature and moisture distribution using finite element method. The lean meat samples (anisotropic) with three fiber configurations (v
flow normal to fiber, drying along the fiber, h1
flow normal to fiber, h2
flow along to fiber) and minced meat (isotropic) were dried at two different temperatures (48

With the objective to study food safety aspects of innovative meat technologies and combinations among them, QDS (Quick-dry-slice), NaCl-free processing and high pressure were integrated in the production of two types of sliced dry-cured meat products. Dry fermented sausages (chorizo) were produced at acid (4,8) and low acid (5,2) pH and hurdles such as acidification and smoking were introduced in the production of dry-cured hams. The food safety was evaluated by challenge tests with Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella. Pathogenic microorganisms could not grow in any of the products, however, their survival was affected by NaCl-free processing, acidification, smoking and pressurization at 600 MPa. High pressure was necessary to assure food safety during storage of the chorizo with the lowest hurdle combination and had an important bactericidal effect in dry-cured hams, which was lower in NaCl-free processing.
Con el objetivo de valorar el impacto que tienen las tecnologías innovadoras en la industria cárnica y combinaciones entre ellas sobre la seguridad alimentaria, el proceso QDS®, el “procesado sin NaCl añadido“ y las altas presiones se integraron en la producción de dos tipos de productos crudo-curados loncheados: chorizo (ácido, pH 4,8, y poco ácido, pH 5,2) y jamón curado (con y sin acidificación y/o ahumado). La seguridad de los productos se avaluó mediante challenge tests con Listeria monocytogenes y Salmonella. Ninguno de los productos permitió el crecimiento de los patógenos pero su evolución se vio afectada por el “procesado sin NaCl añadido“, la acidificación, el ahumado y la presurización a 600 MPa. La presurización fue necesaria para asegurar la seguridad alimentaria durante el almacenaje del chorizo con menos obstáculos y en los jamones curados tuvo un efecto bactericida importante, que fue menor en “procesado sin NaCl añadido“.

La présente étude porte sur la modélisation à l'échelle du produit, puis à l'échelle du procédé, des transferts de chaleur et de matière, au cours du séchage solaire de viande de bœuf, et entre ce produit et son environnement. A l'échelle du produit, les isothermes de désorption et cinétiques de séchage de la viande de bœuf sont déterminées expérimentalement, puis modélisées afin de caractériser la viande sur le plan hygroscopique et de prédire son comportement au cours du séchage. L'étude et la modélisation du comportement hygroscopique permet de passer à une échelle du procédé par la mise en place d'un modèle de séchage solaire de la viande de bœuf adapté à un séchoir solaire, conçu et réalisé pour le séchage des produits carnés dans un contexte tropical (séchoir solaire de Kilichi). Le modèle est validé par des essais expérimentaux menés dans un contexte tropical (N'Gaoundéré-Cameroun). L'impact du séchage solaire sur la qualité du produit est étudié à travers des analyses microbiologiques et biochimiques effectuées sur des échantillons de viande de bœuf séchés, à l'échelle du laboratoire, dans un séchoir solaire conçu et réalisé pour une bonne maitrise des paramètres de séchage solaire. Les analyses microbiologiques montrent que l'impact du rayonnement solaire sur la destruction des microorganismes est plus significatif que celui de la température de séchage. Les analyses biochimiques montrent que le séchage induit une forte oxydation des lipides mais n'a pas d'impact sur la teneur en lipide de la viande
This study deals with the modeling of heat and mass transfers during solar drying of beef, and between this product and its environment, at the scale of the product and thereafter at the scale of the process. At the scale of the product, desorption isotherm and drying kinetics of fresh beef were determined and modeled to characterize and predict the hygroscopic behavior of the beef during its drying. At the scale of the process, we proposed a model of solar drying of beef, adapted to a solar dryer that was designed and manufactured for the solar drying of beef in tropical environment (Solar dryer of Kilichi). This model was validated by experimental tests conducted in situ, in a tropical country (Cameroon- N'gaoundéré). The impact of solar drying on the quality of the product was investigated through microbiological and biochemical analyzes conducted on beef samples, dried at the laboratory with a solar dryer that was designed and manufactured to obtain a good control of solar drying parameters. These analyzes showed that the impact of solar radiation on the destruction of microorganisms is more significant than that of the drying temperature. Biochemical analysis showed that drying induces a severe lipid oxidation but has no impact on the lipid content of the meat

Salt weathering is a major cause of deterioration of porous building materials. Of the salts responsible, especially sodium sulfate is seen as very damaging. However many questions arise concerning which sodium sulfate phase will crystallize out during salt weathering. In this study we focused on the crystallization during isothermal drying of a sample saturated with a sodium sulfate solution. As the material is drying moisture will leave and hence the salt concentration will rise until the maximum solubility is reached. From that point on crystals will be formed. Using NMR we have measured quasi simultaneously both the moisture and Na profiles during drying. These experiments have been performed at various temperatures and concentrations. In our NMR experiments we observe the formation of a metastable phase of sodium sulfate, the heptahydrate crystals.

Salt weathering is a major cause of deterioration of porous building materials. Of the salts responsible, especially sodium sulfate is seen as very damaging. However many questions arise concerning which sodium sulfate phase will crystallize out during salt weathering. In this study we focused on the crystallization during isothermal drying of a sample saturated with a sodium sulfate solution. As the material is drying moisture will leave and hence the salt concentration will rise until the maximum solubility is reached. From that point on crystals will be formed. Using NMR we have measured quasi simultaneously both the moisture and Na profiles during drying. These experiments have been performed at various temperatures and concentrations. In our NMR experiments we observe the formation of a metastable phase of sodium sulfate, the heptahydrate crystals.

Este trabalho visou obter extratos secos padronizados de Curcuma longa L., e sua otimização visando o aumento da solubilidade dos curcuminóides e melhoria nas suas atividades biológicas. No estudo de extração, os curcuminóides foram extraídas utilizando dois solventes, etanol e solução etanólica alcalina e dois processos microondas e ultrassom seguindo planejamentos fatoriais completos 24, e com pH do solvente, teor de etanol, tempo de extração, potência do microondas ou temperatura no ultrassom, e proporção massa da droga pela massa do solvente como variáveis independentes. Os extratos foram caracterizados quanto ao rendimento de sólidos totais, teor de curcuminóides totais, rendimento de curcuminóides totais, teor de curcumina, rendimento de curcumina e atividade antioxidante por difenil-picril-hidrazila. A condição de extração com melhor resultado foi o ultrassom a 20 ºC, solvente etanol 96 ºGL, 1 parte de planta para 7 de solvente, pH 10 e duração de 5 min., pois, nesta condição, obteve-se maior teor de curcumina e maior atividade antioxidante. O estudo visando aumento da solubilidade da curcumina constou da preparação de dispersões sólidas pelos métodos de spray drying e hot melt coating. Ambos os métodos foram estudados com os polímeros hidrofílicos Gelucire® 44:14 e 50:13, e aplicando-se planejamento fatorial tipo Box-Behnken. As dispersões sólidas particuladas foram avaliadas pela morfologia, densidade aparente e de compactação, fator de Hausner, índice de Carr, ângulo de repouso, umidade residual, atividade de água, calorimetria diferencial de varredura, termogravimetria, difração de raio-X, espectrometria de infravermelho, solubilidade em água e teste de dissolução. A maior solubilidade foi obtida com secagem no spray drying a 40 ºC, proporção Gelucire®44/14:curcumina 1:1 e proporção 1:5 de Aerosil:dispersão (DS16). No hot melt coating, a melhor solubilidade foi obtida com maior quantidade de Gelucire 50/13 e menor de Lactose (DS 3). Dispersões sólidas particuladas foram preparadas também com o Gelucire® 50/13 por spray drying (DS 17). Considerando-se os fatores solubilidade e teor de curcumina nas partículas, a dispersão DS 17 foi escolhida como a mais adequada para os ensaios biológicos posteriores. A mesma condição de preparo da DS17 foi usada para produzir dispersões sólidas com o extrato obtido por ultrassom (DSE). Nesta dispersão a solubilidade dos curcuminóides demonstrou ser 330 vezes maior do que o extrato seco nas mesmas condições porém sem a adição de carreador. No ensaio de avaliação da atividade antitumoral in vitro, foram avaliadas a citotoxicidade da curcumina pura, DS 17, DS 3 e a DSE, em diferentes linhagens tumorais, leucemia T (jurkat), melanona (C8161), adenocarcinoma coloretal (HT29), carcinoma hepatocelular (HepG2) e de célula não tumoral (PBMC). A curcumina apresentou atividade citotóxica para células tumorais e esta não foi afetada pelo processo de produção da dispersão sólida. Além disso, a DS do extrato apresentou maior citotoxicidade, o que pode ser devido ao sinergismo de outros compostos. O extrato também foi mais seletivo para células tumorais que a curcumina e as dispersões. O estudo de atividade anti-inflamatória in vivo usando o modelo de edema de pata, demonstrou que a dispersão DS 17 apresentou maior atividade do que a curcumina na mesma dose, indicando que o aumento da solubilidade possibilita uma maior absorção e consequentemente maior biodisponibilidade.
The aim of this work was to obtain standardized dried extracts of Curcuma longa L. and to develop pre-formulations and capsules with improved curcuminoids solubility and higher biological activities. In the extraction study, the powdered roots of Curcuma longa L. were extracted using ethanol and an aqueous alkaline ethanol solution by microwave and ultrasound assisted methods, together with the application of 24 full factorial designs of experiments to better understand the effects of solvent pH, ethanol concentration, microwave power, ultrasound temperature and ratio of drug to solvent (w/w) on the extract. The extracts were characterized by solids yield, curcuminoid content and yield, curcumin content and yield and antioxidant activity by the diphenylpycril hydrazil method. The best extraction resulted from the ultrasound assisted using ethanol 96 oGL at pH 10, 20oC, 1:7 drug to solvent ratio (w/w), during 5 minutes. This condition was chosen because it resulted in the best yields and antioxidant activities. The work developed to improve curcumin and curcuminoid solubilities was based on the preparation of solid dispersions by spray drying and hot melt coating using the hydrophilic carriers Gelucire® 44:14 and 50:13. Applying Box-Behnken designs the effect of process conditions on microparticulate solid dispersions properties, like morphology, bulk and tapped densities, Hausner factor, Carr index, angle of repose, moisture content, water activity, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray powder diffraction, infrared spectrometry, curcuminoid solubility in water and dissolution rate. The highest improvement in drug solubility was obtained by dispersion prepared by spray drying at 40oC, Gelucire® 44:14/curcumin 1:1 ratio, and adding 16,7% Aerosil (DS16). On the other hand, the hot melt granules with best solubility were prepared with higher Gelucire® 50:13 and lower substrate (lactose) contents (DS3). Additional solid dispersion, DS17, was prepared by spray-drying in the same conditions applied to DS16 but using Gelucire® 50:13 as carrier. Considering the aspects drug solubility and content in solid dispersions, DS17 showed the best performance and the same set of conditions used for its preparation was also applied to produce a solid dispersion containing the raw extract obtained by ultrasound extraction. This solid dispersion increased curcumin solubility by a 330-fold factor. In the in vitro antitumor assays pure curcumin, DS3, DS17 and DSE cytotoxicities were evaluated in several tumor cell lines, leukemia T (jurkat), melanona (C8161), adenocarcinoma coloretal (HT29), hepatic carcinoma (HepG2) and in one non tumor (PBMC). The antitumor activities were not influenced by the thermal processes and the extract presented higher cytotoxicity and better selectivity to tumor cells. The in vivo antinflammatory study was performed by the rat paw edema method and showed that solid dispersion DS17 resulted in antinflammatory effect higher than pure curcumin and indomethacin at some doses. The results are an indicative that the increase in drug solubility may incur in an increase oral bioavailability and that the process proposed herein are adequate for preparation of pre-formulations containing less soluble herbal drugs.

Water scarcity combined with an increasing world population is creating pressure to develop new methods for producing food using less water. Rice is a staple crop with a very high water demand. This study examined the success in maintaining yields under water-saving irrigation management, including alternate wetting and drying (AWD). A meta-analysis was conducted examining yields under various types of water-saving irrigation compared to control plots kept under continuous flooding. The results indicated that yields can indeed be maintained under AWD as long as the field water level during the dry cycles is not allowed to drop below -15 cm, or the soil water potential is not allowed to drop below -10 kPa. Yields can likewise be maintained using irrigation intervals of 2 days, but the variability increases. Midseason drainage was not found to affect yield, though non-flooded conditions when maintained throughout most of the crop season appeared to be detrimental to yields. Increasingly negative effects on yields were found when increasing the severity of AWD or the length of the drainage periods. Potential benefits and drawbacks of water-saving irrigation management with regards to greenhouse gas emissions, soil quality and nutrient losses were discussed to highlight the complexity of the challenges of saving water in rice production.

L'amélioration de la solubilité des principes actifs peu solubles est devenue l'un des principaux challenges de l'industrie pharmaceutique. Bien que présentant une structure chimique potentiellement idéale pour interagir avec la cible, elles échouent dans l'efficacité in vivo : après administration, elles ne peuvent se dissoudre dans les milieux aqueux biologiques et par conséquent ne peuvent être transportées sur leur site d'action pour atteindre la concentration efficace, amenant à un échec thérapeutique. De nombreuses stratégies très intéressantes ont été proposées pour surmonter ce sérieux obstacle.Les dispersions solides sont étudiées depuis plus de 40 ans et ont conduit à de très nombreuses publications mais jusqu'à aujourd'hui peu de produits ont été commercialisés principalement pour des raisons de stabilité physico-chimique. Celles-ci ont pour but de présenter le principe actif sous sa forme amorphe : cette dernière présentant un état d'énergie plus élevé et par conséquent une solubilisation facilitée. Dans le même temps, le système doit rester stable durant le stockage, ainsi la recristallisation ou tout autre changement entraînant une modification du profil de libération doivent être évités. Différentes techniques de production peuvent être utilisées pour préparer ce genre de systèmes polymériques tels que l'extrusion en phase chauffante ou l'atomisation-séchage. Le principal objectif de ce travail a été d'améliorer la solubilité des principes actifs peu solubles par formation de dispersions solides utilisant les deux techniques les plus utilisées : l'extrusion en phase chauffante et l'atomisation-séchage. Dans cette étude, le kétoprofène a été incorporé dans des matrices polymériques hydrophiles pour augmenter sa solubilité apparente. Les deux techniques ont été employées et l'Eudragit® E a été considéré comme une matrice intéressante pour plusieurs raisons : c'est un polymère thermoplastique, offrant une stabilité thermique suffisante pour l'extrusion en phase chauffante, il se dissout rapidement en milieu acide et peut interagir avec les groupements acides de par ses nombreux azotes ternaires. Des mélanges binaires " principe actif - Eudragit®E " ainsi que des mélanges ternaires " principe actif - Eudragit®E - PVP ", " principe actif - Eudragit®E - PVPVA ", " principe actif - Eudragit®E - HPMC " ont été étudiés et caractérisés Les systèmes obtenus ont été caractérisés par macro/microscopie optique, microscopie électronique à balayage, diffraction laser, analyse calorimétrique différentielle modulée, diffraction des rayons X et l'étude du profil de libération in vitro en milieu acide (HCl 0.1M). Les libérations ont été intentionnellement réalisées en condition " non sink " afin d'évaluer le potentiel des formulations à produire des solutions sur-saturées et la durée de ces dernières. Tous les systèmes présentent un profil de libération du kétoprofène beaucoup plus rapide comparé au produit commercial et à la dissolution du principe actif pur. De plus, des solutions sur-saturées peuvent être obtenues et restent stables au moins 2 h. Cependant, en fonction des polymères utilisés, différents profils de libération ont été obtenus indiquant que l'utilisation de matrices polymériques pour l'accélération de la libération de principes actifs peu solubles peut être très complexe puisqu'elle n'est pas seulement influencée par la composition du système mais aussi potentiellement par leur structure interne et notamment par l'homogénéité/hétérogénéité de la distribution des excipients.[...].

La principale difficulté lors de l'administration orale d'un ingrédient pharmaceutique actif (API) est de garantir que la dose clinique de l’API sera dissoute dans le volume disponible de liquides gastro-intestinaux. Toutefois, environ 40% des API sur le marché et près de 90% des molécules en cours de développement sont peu solubles dans l’eau et présentent une faible absorption par voie orale, ce qui entraîne une faible biodisponibilité. Les dispersions solides amorphes (ASD) sont considérées comme l’une des stratégies plus efficaces pour résoudre des problèmes de solubilité des principes actifs peu solubles dans l’eau et, ainsi, améliorer leur biodisponibilité orale. En dépit de leur introduction il y a plus de 50 ans comme stratégie pour améliorer l’administration orale des API, la formation et la stabilité physique des ASD font toujours l'objet de recherches approfondies. En effet, plusieurs facteurs peuvent influer sur la stabilité physique des ASD pendant le stockage, parmi lesquels la température de transition vitreuse du mélange binaire API-polymère, la solubilité apparente de l'API dans le polymère, les interactions entre l'API et le polymère et le procédé de fabrication. Cette thèse consistait en deux parties qui avaient pour objectif le développement de nouvelles formulations sous forme d’ASD d'un antirétroviral, l'Efavirenz (EFV), dispersé dans un polymère amphiphile, le Soluplus, en utilisant deux procédés différents, le séchage par atomisation (SD) et l'extrusion à chaud (HME). EFV est l’API BCS de classe II de notre choix car c’est un API qui représente un défi pour les nouvelles formulations. En effet, il a besoin d’ASD plus fortement concentrées, pour lesquelles la stabilité chimique et physique pendant le stockage et la dissolution seront essentielles. Dans le but de développer de manière rationnelle les ASDs EFV- Soluplus à forte concentration, la première partie s'est concentrée sur la construction d'un diagramme de phases EFV-Soluplus en fonction de la composition et de la température. Le diagramme de phases a été construit à partir d'une étude thermique de recristallisation d'un ASD sursaturé (85 %m EFV), générée par séchage par atomisation. À notre connaissance, il s'agit de la première étude à présenter un diagramme de phase pour ce système binaire. Ce diagramme de phases est très utile et démontre que la solubilité de l'EFV dans les solutions varie de 20 %m (25 °C) à 30 %m (40 °C). Les ASD de EFV dans le Soluplus contenant plus de 30 %m d'EFV doivent être surveillées pendant le stockage dans des conditions typiques de température. Ce diagramme de phases peut être considéré comme un outil de pré-formulation pour les chercheurs qui étudient de nouvelles ASD d'EFV dans le Soluplus afin de prédire la stabilité (thermodynamique et cinétique). Les ASD préparées par différentes techniques peuvent afficher des différences dans leurs propriétés physicochimiques. La deuxième partie de cette thèse portait sur la fabrication d’ASD par des procédés HME et SD. Cette étude montre clairement que la formation d’ASD est une stratégie de formulation utile pour améliorer la solubilité dans l'eau et la vitesse de dissolution de l'EFV à partir de mélanges binaires EFV-Soluplus. Les procédés de fabrication (HME et SD) se sont révélés efficaces pour générer des ASD dans une large gamme de compositions en EFV. L'optimisation du ratio EFV-Soluplus peut être utilisée pour adapter la libération cinétique des ASD. Le choix d’une charge EFV élevée dépassant la solubilité thermodynamique de l’EFV dans le Soluplus est possible, mais il convient de prendre en compte sa stabilité cinétique dans le temps
The main difficulty when an Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) is orally administered is to guarantee that the clinical dose of the API will be dissolved in the available volume of gastrointestinal fluids. However, about 40% of APIs with market approval and nearly 90% of molecules in the discovery pipeline are poorly water-soluble and exhibits a poor oral absorption, which leads to a weak bioavailability. Amorphous solid dispersions (ASD) are considered as one of the most effective strategies to solve solubility limitations of poorly-water soluble compounds and hence, enhance their oral bioavailability. Despite their introduction as technical strategy to enhance oral APIs bioavailability more than 50 years ago, ASD formation and physical stability remains a subject of intense research. Indeed, several factors can influence the physical storage stability of ASD, among them, the glass transition temperature of the API-carrier binary mixture, the apparent solubility of the API in the carrier, interactions between API and carrier, and the manufacturing process. This thesis consisted of two parts that aim on developing new formulations of ASD of an antiretroviral API, Efavirenz (EFV), dispersed in an amphiphilic polymer, Soluplus, by using two different processes, Spray-drying (SD) and Hot-melt extrusion (HME). EFV is the class II BCS API of our choice because it is a challenging API for new formulations. It needs higher-dosed ASDs, for which chemical and physical stability during storage and dissolution will be critical. Aiming a rational development of high-loaded EFV-Soluplus ASDs, the first part focused on the construction of a temperature- composition EFV-Soluplus phase diagram. The phase-diagram was constructed from a thermal study of recrystallization of a supersaturated ASD (85 wt% in EFV), generated by spray drying. To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting a phase-diagram for this binary system. This phase-diagram is very useful and demonstrated that the EFV solubility in Soluplus ranges from 20 wt% (25 °C) to 30 wt% (40 °C). ASD of EFV in Soluplus containing more than 30 wt% of EFV should be monitored over storage under typical temperature conditions. This phase-diagram might be considered as a preformulation tool for researchers studying novel ASD of EFV in Soluplus, to predict (thermodynamic and kinetic) stability. ASD prepared by different techniques can display differences in their physicochemical properties. The second part of this thesis focused on the manufacturing of ASD by HME or SD processes. This study clearly shows that ASD is a useful formulation strategy to improve the aqueous solubility and the dissolution rate of EFV from EFV-Soluplus binary mixtures. HME and SD manufacturing processes demonstrated to be efficient to generate ASDs in a large range of compositions and loads of EFV. The optimization of EFV to Soluplus ratio can be used to tailor the release kinetics from ASD. The choice of a high EFV load exceeding the thermodynamic solid solubility in Soluplus is possible but it needs the consideration of its kinetic stability over time

碩士
國立澎湖科技大學
食品科學研究所
103
Spectacled caiman (Caiman crocodilus, SC) is low fat and high protein of emerging edible meat. The study aimed to examined the differentiation of vacuum-packaging (VP) and polyethylene packaging (PEP) regarding of quality changes in dorsal meat, with storage temperature at 4℃ and -20℃. It was found that the shelf life of spectacled caiman dorsal meat by using PEP and VP was 6 and 9 days, respectively, as determined by overall acceptability quality parameters at 4℃ storage. When stored at -20℃ for six month, the overall acceptability quality did not exceed the limited value. On the other hand, this study also evaluate the physicochemical, nutritional composition, digestion rate, protein and lipid oxidation from caiman muscle in associate with cooking processes. It had a cook loss of 30-31%. C18:0, C20:4n-6 and DHA increased, whereas C18:1n-9, C16:1 and EPA decreased. Taurine, carnosine and anserine significant decreased. The cooking process was resulted in a significant increasing of the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), carbonyl and surface hydrophobicity, whereas sulfhydryl content decreased. After cooking, the digestibility form pepsin was decreased compared with uncooked, whereas trypsin and chymotrypsin digestibility increased 1.4-fold. The aim of this work was also to study the effective of hot air drying at four temperature (35, 45, 55 and 65℃) and quality characteristics of the spectacled caiman dorsal meat. The dried meat products were divided into two parts of samples (Aw 0.6 and Aw 0.7). The yield and water content of the dried meat with the different drying temperature and Aw, were 26-31% and 10.89-17.56%. The results showed that APC slight increased comparing to the starting raw material. The Tau content of 35 and 65℃ treatment were increased to 750.35 and 983.39 mg/100 g (dry weight basis), respectively. The decomposition of IMP resulted in the accumulation of inosine (HxR) and hypoxanthine (Hx) were significantly increased with the dried temperature. Here the recommended dried temperature and the Aw of product were 35℃with Aw 0.6. In addition, this study also determine the quality of the dried spectacled caiman dorsal meat (35℃, Aw 0.6) packed by PEP or VP and stored at 4℃ during 60 days showed that the vacuum package (VP) samples had more hygienic quality than PE package.

My thesis which deals with optimization of durable meat products processing. Research has found that during drying a durable meat product, there has been a gradual water loss and impairment of aw below 0.85. Fat and salt levels were rising. Measured values show that an optimum time to dry durable meat products is 42 days and it should be done gradually. Measurements have shown that the results are strongly influenced by random variations. Only the difference in the average proportion of fat between 7th and 14th day wasn´t proved at the 5% level of significance.

A significant challenge in large scale industrial production of butanol is its low product titer. Butanol needs to be purified to higher than 99% purity in order to be used for fuel applications. The focus of this study is to selectively remove water from butanol-water vapor to achieve fuel grade butanol in a pressure swing adsorption (PSA) system using biosorbents developed from agricultural byproduct canola meal (CM). CM was characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) that CM contains polar groups such as hydroxyls, carboxyls, and amines in cellulose, hemi-cellulose and protein that have the potential for water adsorption. Physico-chemical characterizations were also done to understand the major composition, elemental make-up, devolatilization characteristics and particle size distribution of the CM used. The results demonstrated that biosorbent based on CM was able to successfully dry lower grade butanol and generate fuel grade butanol of over 99 v/v%. Five operating parameters were studied at two different levels to get the optimum process conditions for butanol drying, including temperature (95 and 111°C); pressure (135 and 201 kPa); feed butanol concentration (55 and 95 v/v %); feed flow rate (1.5 and 3 mL min-1) and particle size of adsorbent (0.425-1.18 mm and 4.7 mm pellets). Orthogonal array design (OAD) tool was used to design experiments and to evaluate the effects of these parameters. The performance of butanol dehydration was evaluated using five indices - water uptake; butanol uptake; water selectivity; butanol recovery; and maximum effluent butanol concentration in the effluent. The results demonstrated that feed butanol concentration, temperature and pressure were found to be the most significant factors overall, affecting most of the indices. The effects of individual operating parameters on each butanol dehydration index were determined and a set of optimum operating conditions were proposed by the range analysis of the orthogonal array design at 111oC, 135 kPa, feed butanol concentration of 55 v/v%, feed butanol-water liquid flowrate of 3 mL/min and biosorbent particle size of 0.43-1.18 mm. The experiments conducted at the above mentioned optimum conditions resulted in water uptake of 0.48 g/g-ads, water selectivity of 5.4, butanol recovery of 90%, and the maximum butanol concentration in the effluent being over 99 v/v% , which are better than that obtained at any other conditions investigated in this work. The Dubinin–Polanyi model based on adsorption potential theory displayed a goodness of fit to the water adsorption isotherm data with a r2 value of 0.95 and average relative error of just 3.5%. The mean free energy determined from the model was 0.02 kJ/mol indicated the adsorption is physical. Thermodynamic parameters were also evaluated which revealed that the water adsorption is exothermic and spontaneous. Water saturated adsorbent was regenerated at 110°C under vacuum and reusability was studied. The contribution of two major components of CM namely cellulose and protein were also examined for their capability to selectively remove water from butanol. The results showed both of them were able to dry water, however cellulose was found to have a higher water uptake and water selectivity than protein, indicating that it plays a major role in drying butanol. In order to compare the performance of CM on drying of butanol with other biomaterials, adsorption experiments were done using corn meal as adsorbent, which is one of the most common starch based biosorbents for ethanol drying. The results demonstrated that canola meal had a higher water uptake and water selectivity than corn meal. Use of CM over corn meal adsorbent is also desirable so as to avoid placing pressure on food consumption. In addition, drying of butanol using other cellulose based biosorbents such as oat hull was also explored. Oat hull demonstrated a potential to adsorb water and dehydrate butanol, which requires further in-depth investigation.

M.Sc. (Chemistry)
The preparatIon of fine powders having large surface are as was carried out using the Hot Kerosene Drying Method (H.K.D.). In this method an emulsion containing An aqueous solution of a sought after cation is emulsified along with kerosene having a high boiling point (200+ C). The emulsion is then added to a given amount of the kerosene at a predetermined temperature above the boiling point of water, in a drop-wise fusion, during which the water con concerned in the emulsion rapidly evaporates resulting in the solid accumulating on the bottom of the flask. The powder is then separable from the kerosene using conventional means. Tungsten and iron-containing powders were each, made according to this method. The preliminary preparations were carried out with tungsten containing emulsions. In an attempt to produce an emulsion having the smallest internal phase diameter, w/o iron-containing emulsions prepared using different concentrations of the emulsifying agents and various kerosene-water ratios, were photographed microscopically under high magnification. Sedimentation rates and the presence of phase separation of the emulsions were recorded. In this manner an optimum emulsion with regard to particle size and stability was found. This emulsion composition was employed to prepare a series of emulsions with varying concentratiOns of the iron sulphate solution. Powders were prepared from these emulsions by subjecting them to the ".K.D. procedure. In another series of experiments the effect of the kerosene bath temperature on the quality of the poWders was studied. The surface areas of the solids were determined by using a dynamic method, and these could be directly related to the particle size of the powders for purposes of comparison...

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OBJECTIVES: To compare the properties of solid dispersions of felodipine for oral bioavailability enhancement using two different polymers, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS), by hot-melt extrusion (HME) and spray drying. METHODS: Felodipine solid dispersions were prepared by HME and spray drying techniques. PVP and HPMCAS were used as polymer matrices at different drug : polymer ratios (1 : 1, 1 : 2 and 1 : 3). Detailed characterization was performed using differential scanning calorimetry, powder X-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy and in-vitro dissolution testing. Dissolution profiles were evaluated in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate. Stability of different solid dispersions was studied under accelerated conditions (40 degrees C/75% RH) over 8 weeks. KEY FINDINGS: Spray-dried formulations were found to release felodipine faster than melt extruded formulations for both polymer matrices. Solid dispersions containing HMPCAS exhibited higher drug release rates and better wettability than those produced with a PVP matrix. No significant differences in stability were observed except with HPMCAS at a 1 : 1 ratio, where crystallization was detected in spray-dried formulations. CONCLUSIONS: Solid dispersions of felodipine produced by spray drying exhibited more rapid drug release than corresponding melt extruded formulations, although in some cases improved stability was observed for melt extruded formulations.