Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Mécanique humaine'
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Cappello, Matteo. "Mécanique thoracique dans le volet costal." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211699.
Full textGünzel, Klaus. "Caractérisation mécanique multidirectionnelle de la colonne cervicale humaine." Strasbourg, 2009. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2009/GUNZEL_Klaus_2009.pdf.
Full textIn spite of the advances in the domain of passive vehicle safety the low AIS neck injuries due to car accidents related to rear, lateral and oblique impacts remain an important problem of vehicle safety. Mathematical and physical models of the human head-neck system that are validated inadequately relating to human kinematics make it difficult to optimize passive safety systems. Up to now dummies are validated against corridors in the cime domain. It is not possible to characterise a multi-degree of freedom model by only regarding its cime response. So in the frame of the present the sis we analysed the head-neck system of adult and child in the frequency domain with original methods based on modal analysis techniques. A fust part is a multidirectional in-vivo experimental input-output modal analysis of the head-neck system of ten adults carried out in the sagittal, the frontal and the transverse plane. For the fust cime five natural modes have been identified outgoing from frequency response functions. These are the flexion-extension mode, the inclination mode, the rotation mode coupled the inclination mode, the frontal retraction mode and the lateral retraction mode. A 5-DOF lumped model of the head-neck system featuring two univers al joints has been proposed and validated against experimental data. Mechanical parameters for joint stiffness and damping have been identified. An output only modal analysis has been performed on the child's head-neck system. Vibration data has been acquired during rides on a rollercoaster in an amusement park. This analysis permitted to extract five modes. These are similar to the modes that have been identified for adults. To our knowledge this is the fust output only modal analysis that has been performed on humans. And it is the first time that modal parameters of the child's head-neck ~ystem have been identified. As a general conclusion it can be stated that this thesis contributes to a better understanding of the 3D dynamic behaviour of the human cervical spine. New validation parameters appropriated for mathematical and experimental models have been established
Estenne, Marc. "Mécanique thoracique dans la tétraplégie statique et dynamique." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/213666.
Full textAbdel-Azeim, Safwat. "Etude des interactions protéine-ligand par des approches de mécanique quantique et de mécanique moléculaire." Paris 11, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA112110.
Full textDuring this thesis we discussed various topics concerning the process of molecular recognition protein ligand. The binding properties of calcium ions to the centrin human protein-2 (HsCen2, the human centrin-2 is a ubiquitous protein involved in several basic biological processes such as the duplication of centrosome and DNA repair. Experimental studies on the binding of calcium by the human centrin-2 showed that the domain C has a strong affinity for calcium and however, the domain N shows one very affinity. The purpose of this study is to clarify the origin of these differences in the affinity. The binding process induces a large conformational change (the opening-closing mechanism). Different families of molecular modelling are used for this study as the method hybrid quantum mechanics / molecular mechanics (QM / MM), homology modelling, molecular dynamics and the method "Molecular Mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann-Surface Area "(MM-PB-SA). Our results show that the sequence of the site 2 in the domain N is the origin of this difference of affinity. In particular, lysine located at the interface between the two sites. We also using methods of protein-ligand docking studied some molecular mechanisms of two biological processes. The inhibition signal STAT / JAK (Signal Transducer and Activators of Transcription (STATs) / Janus Kinase) by the flavonoids and the mechanism of an anti-cancer agent α-bisabolol
Wang, Wenlong. "Caractérisation géométrique et mécanique multi-échelle de la dentine humaine." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLC083/document.
Full textHuman dentin is one of the main components of human tooth. It shows a hierarchicalstructure from a multi-scale point of view. Generally speaking, dentin can be seen as a hard biomaterial consisting in 3 phases: the porous phase made of tubules, the inclusion phase made of peritubular dentin and the matrix phase made of intertubular dentin. These hierarchical structures strongly determine its mechanical properties. The knowledge of its structure, its mechanical property and its deformation behavior due to the variation of the external environment may be useful to improve the dentin restoration process. In this work, four observation techniques (µCT, optical microscope, ESEM and confocal microscope) have been used and compared. Particularly, confocal microscopy is proposed to allow 3D visualization of the complex dentin porous network. Compared with usual 2D observation tool, it may provide new information. For example, near the DEJ, tubules show a more complex treestructure than the Y-shaped deduced from 2D observations. These findings may also allow to achieve more realistic modeling considering the complex porous structure inside human dentin.Later on, compression test associated with DIC was carried out within an integrated system which can control simultaneously the humidity and the temperature of the environment. Using this system, the elastic modulus of human dentin was measured to be 16.7GPa with a standard deviation of 5.1GPa. And the Poisson’s ratio was found to be 0.31. The dilatation behavior of human dentin due to relative humidity was also explored. Furthermore, resonant ultrasound spectroscopy was performed in order to compare the results with these mechanical testing. At the micro-scale, the mechanical properties of peritubular dentin and intertubular dentin werecharacterized by nanoindentation. The two methods used in this work (dynamic CSM method and the static unload method) present the same trends of elastic moduli for the two components. Peritubular dentin has a higher elastic modulus (26.7GPa with a standard deviation of 3.1GPa) than intertubular dentin(16.2GPa with a standard deviation of 5.5GPa). Besides, the creep behavior of dentin was assessed by nanoindentation. Four elements Maxwell-Voigt model can be used to model dentin’s creep behavior.To sum up, a morphological and mechanical study of the dentinal tissue has been performed. New techniques, such as confocal microscopy have been used and showed their usefulness in order to give new insight into the dentinal tissue. The mechanical testing protocols that have been set up at different scales will enable to better understand the structure-property relationship by using them associated with the observation tools validated in this work
Neige, Cécilia. "Caractérisation des mécanismes neurophysiologiques qui sous-tendent la préparation de mouvements avec et sans douleur associée : études en stimulation magnétique transcrânienne et mesures comportementales." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/32764.
Full textIntroduction: Motor preparation is a complex process at the interplay between cognitive and motor aspects, during which multiple steps occur and allow to define the parameters of the upcoming movement. When a movement generates pain repeatedly, the central nervous system should eventually be able to anticipate movement-related pain and establish self-protective strategies during motor preparation in order to avoid pain or to minimize its harmful consequences. It has been previously shown that when pain occurs during movement execution, specific changes occur in the muscular activity depending on the role of the agonist/antagonist muscle that protect the painful limb. However, the mechanisms in the origins the effects of pain anticipation during motor preparation remain poorly understood. The main objective of this thesis is to better understand neurophysiological mechanisms that underlie motor preparation with and without associated pain. Methods: A systematic review (study 1) was performed in order to synthetize studies that have investigated motor preparation by measuring changes in reaction time, induced by non-invasive brain stimulation in healthy participants. This offered an opportunity to evaluate the causal contribution of a given cortical region during motor preparation. Then, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was used in two studies in order to evaluate corticospinal excitability changes in proximal arm muscles during a pre-cued reaching task. In study 2, motor evoked potentials (MEPs) and TMS-evoked movements have been measured in the biceps and the triceps at various time intervals prior to elbow flexion and extension, when executed without pain. This aimed at characterizing corticospinal excitability changes associated with motor preparation. In study 3, nociceptive stimulations were applied during the execution of flexion or extension for two experimental groups and MEPs were measured in the biceps during motor preparation. Behavioral measures (reaction time and peaks of velocity) were also measured to assess the phases of initiation and execution of the movement. Results: Results obtained in study 1 support a functional implication of five cortical regions (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, posterior parietal cortex, supplementary motor area, dorsal premotor cortex and primary motor cortex), integrated in a fronto-parietal network, in various components of motor preparation ranging from attentional to motor aspects. The results of study 2 reveal an asymmetry in the corticospinal output between flexor and extensor muscles of the elbow as well as differences in the preparation of flexion and elbow extension movements. The results of study 3 show that corticospinal excitability of the biceps is greater before extension (antagonistic context) than before flexion (agonist context) for the direction associated with pain. In addition, participants take longer to initiate the movement associated with pain, but then realize it faster. Conclusion: The results obtained in this thesis have revealed the prominent role of the motor goal on the processes which operate during motor preparation. Indeed, the cortical correlates underlying motor preparation differ according to the type of movement prepared. In addition, corticospinal output for elbow flexor and extensor muscles varies according to the direction of the prepared movement and the stimulation interval during the preparation phase. Finally, pain anticipation affects corticospinal excitability measured during motor preparation. These latest results have also confirmed and extended what the motor control adaptation theory forecast, suggesting the implementation of protective strategies reflected through an increase in the corticospinal excitability of the antagonist muscle and conversely through a decrease of the agonist muscle to the painful movement.
Niass, Abou. "Contribution à la modélisation mécanique du crâne et de la face humaine." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003STR13200.
Full textBonnard, Mireille. "Contrôle volontaire d'un automatisme sensorimoteur : la locomotion humaine." Aix-Marseille 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991AIX22029.
Full textDescoins, Médéric [François]. "Etude du contrôle prédictif de la force de préhension lors de la manipulation rythmique d'objet." Aix-Marseille 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX22033.
Full textDuring object manipulation, grip force must overcome the external load force that threaten grasp stability. Behavorial studies have revealed that grip force, during volontary movement, involves predictive control. Grip force is regulated in parallel or slighttly ahead of load force variations. This thesis investigates the neural processes engaged in the coupling between arm movement (generating the load force on the object) and grip force during rhythmic object manipulation. In experiments 1 and 2, we showed in young and elderly healthy adults, that the central nervous system uses distinct representations of the external force applied on the arm and on the object to predict load force variations. In external force fields in which load force varies at twice the frequency of movement (coordination 1 /2), the grip/load force coupling was altered in all subjects and especially in the elderly one. The last experiment focussed on the effects of the movement frequency and on the ratio between movement frequency and load force frequency (1/1 and 1/2 coordination). Interestingly the grip/load force coupling was significantly altered by movement frequency in the 1/2 coordination mode, but was not the case in the 1/1 coordination mode. Those last results are discussed in the context of coordination dynamic approach
Karkar, Manaf. "Personnalisation morpho-mécanique de la voûte crânienne humaine à différentes vitesses de sollicitations." Thesis, Valenciennes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017VALE0035/document.
Full textToday, the digital models are usually used in the world of research, but also in industry, health, finance, etc.… The quality of the results will always be connected to the accuracy with which the engineer is able of formalizing the physical phenomena. More specifically in the biomechanical modelling, working with a high number of parameters, making very complicated the standardization of the models. This thesis has an approach of improvement in the quality of the digital models of the human skull through several studies having for aim the analysis of the morphological parameters of the skull and their use for the personalization of a morpho-mechanical model.The method of scan by micro-tomography was used to scan more than 360 samples taken from 10 skulls, and then mechanical tests of compression in quasi-statics and dynamics were led on a part of these samples. The results we obtained allowed us to develop a card of evolution of a number of morphological parameters of the skull based on a polynomial model. A statistical comparative study allowed to highlight the existing links between the morphology and the mechanical behaviour of these samples. Finally, the connection of these two studies allowed to propose a customizable morpho-mechanical model, and to validate it for various finite elements simulations on bones samples and on complete human skull
Trudeau, Matthieu. "La fonction multi-articulaire des fascias dans la biomécanique humaine." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2008. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/5322.
Full textQiu, Zhaopeng. "Déplacement d'un manequin virtuel dans un environnement encombré : simulation de mouvement en intégrant les contraintes d'équilibre." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066537.
Full textThis thesis was carried out in collaboration and co-funding of LSI of CEA/LIST and LBMC of IFSTTAR. The aim of the thesis was to study and develop a method for simulating the movement of a virtual manikin (VM) in a cluttered environment based on a priori knowledge. This thesis presents firstly motion capture (MoCap) experiments. The recorded data were analyzed to define some principles on human motion in cluttered environments. We then propose a general balance criterion and stability margin, based on a simplified model of VM. Then, we present a hierarchical framework that can generate and simulate dynamic movements of VM in a cluttered environment in three stages: a global trajectory of the center of mass (CoM) is generated at the global level to ensure balance in the VM's motion; then the trajectories of end-effectors (EE, ie feet, hands) and postures are generated locally under constraints of kinematics and collision avoidance; finally at the execution level, trajectories (CoM and EEs) and postures are used as references in a dynamic controller associated with VM so that the VM realizes the motion in a simulation. This framework is implemented in a car-ingress scenario in order to evaluate its performance and to suggest future improvements
Ghattas, Hambli Faten. "Etude du plongeon de départ en natation ; détermination d'un protocole expérimental d'aide à la décision à l'usage des entraîneurs." Poitiers, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997POIT2311.
Full textBelluye, Nicolas. "Analyse biomécanique du positionnement en cyclisme." Bordeaux 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001BOR12319.
Full textHayot, Chris. "Analyse biomécanique 3D de la marche humaine : comparaison des modèles mécaniques." Poitiers, 2010. http://nuxeo.edel.univ-poitiers.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/79a24c44-5587-4172-abb4-2eb7651d6ce5.
Full textSimplified mechanical models of gait aim to analyze the walker behavior leaning upon the whole body center of mass trajectory. The purpose of this work was to (i) study the accuracy of those models in relation to the multilink modelling ; and (ii) propose a more realistic simplified mechanical model of human gait. A preliminary study of the gait determinants theory was realized. The respective contribution of gait determinants was firstly evaluated on the center of mass trajectory. Secondly, we evaluated their influence on the ground reaction force. Considering the results of this study, an original simplified mechanical model was proposed to simulate the 3D center of mass trajectory : the 3D Extended Inverted Pendulum (EIP3D) model. An energetic-mechanical analysis of different simplified mechanical models extended this study. First, the analysis was based on the center of mass trajectory, getting onto the mathematical formulation of external mechanical energy and external work. The study of internal forces applied to the multilink system then proceeded the energetic-mechanical analysis of gait. From the Kinetic Energy Theorem, different formulations of the internal work calculation were presented. This chapter underlined the significance to dissociate positive work from negative work to approach the actual energetic-mechanical cost of human gait
Lim, Pascal. "Etude de la mécanique ventriculaire en échographie : modélisation de l'asynchronisme mécanique." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00660675.
Full textSadouk, Saïd. "Analyse mécanique par éléments finis du système actif-passif de la colonne lombaire humaine." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0010/MQ38705.pdf.
Full textLeboeuf, Fabien. "Contribution à l’analyse dynamique et à la synthèse dynamique du mouvement humain." Poitiers, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004POIT2314.
Full textInverse dynamic analysis of human movement leds to joint coordination in terms of actuating torques. These parameters result to dynamic model witch recur either on Lagrange equations, or on Newton-Euler equations. The aim is to analyse the effect on output parameters of dynamic model create by disruption of teh input parameters. Thanks to comparative anaysis, we bring out the combination of data processing, anthropometric model and dynamic model with are the best to compute joint torques. The dynamic synthesis consists to generate an optimal movement by mimization of performance criterion. Our work wants to be a first approach in biomechanics because it recur on only on criterion : the minimization of joint actuating torques. The initial dynamic optimisation problem is recast as a parametric optimisation problem. Our application bring up the moving up phase of handstand. The generated movements are acceptable that we compare with a real movement
Boucher, Mathieu. "Limites et précision d'une analyse mécanique de la performance sur ergocycle instrumenté." Poitiers, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005POIT2260.
Full textIn biomechanics, the modelling of the human body is a major stake to estimate, in an imposed task, muscular effort and subjacent metabolic expenditure. In parallel, the evaluation of physical abilities in sport medicine needs to characterize the athletes' motion and their interactions with the external environment, in order to compare physiological measurements more objectively. These two orientations are based mainly on the activities of cycling. The objective of this work is thus to study the limits of the mechanical analysis of the performance on ergocycle using inverse dynamics technique. These limits depend on the measuring instruments and on the adequacy between the data input of the cycling model and the data measured. The evaluations of the uncertainty of the quantities used in the calculation of the intersegment effort allow to estimate the consequences of them on the precision of each mechanical parameter used in the analysis of the performance
Gignoux, Pierre. "Etude tridimensionnelle des sollicitations mécaniques d'une hanche en mouvement." Lyon 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994LYO10023.
Full textDecatoire, Arnaud. "Analyse tri-dimensionnelle de la gestion des mouvements vrillés en gymnastique : la simulation : vers un outil de formation des entraîneurs en activités acrobatiques." Poitiers, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004POIT2286.
Full textThe purpose is the understanding of the aerial movement's management during complex acrobatics in gymnastics using a mechanical analysis. A three-dimensional cinematographic analysis method and a simulation algorithm of aerial movement are developed, presented and validated using twisting somersaults. The concept of angular momentum transfert is clarified; its measure leads us to express an hypothesis concerning the difficulties of the beginner who perform a false twist. An original evaluation quantitative method of the contact, aerial and cat twist contributions in a twisting somersault are proposed. The upper limbs' action in the twist creation is analysed by changing the original coordination during the aerial phase. The effectiveness of the upper limbs' delaying adduction, which create twists is evaluated by considering several cases. The shoulder joint torques are calculated using inverse dynamic's method during a twisting somersault and compared with the ones obtained during the realization of same coordination without somersault. It leads reflexion elements relating to the training of these kind of movements
Monteil, Karine. "Analyse biomécanique du nageur de crawl lors d'un test conduisant à épuisement : étude des paramètres cinématiques, cinétiques et électromyographiques." Lyon 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LYO10019.
Full textFerrand, Thierry. "Coopération bimanuelle intra- et inter-individuelle dans une tâche de pointage." Aix-Marseille 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998AIX22067.
Full textChaverot, Jean-Luc. "Modélisation et simulation du comportement mécanique des semelages soumis à des contraintes biomécaniques." Lyon 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LYO10082.
Full textMellah, Samira. "Etude des effets de la préparation motrice sur la musculature : modalités de décharge des unités motrices et rôle de la voie corticospinale." Aix-Marseille 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990AIX30041.
Full textAissaoui, Rachid. "Instrumentation et techniques de traitement de signal adaptées à l'étude du mouvement." Grenoble 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990GRE10149.
Full textBesson, Delphine. "Modélisation ergonomique cinématique directe et inverse du dos et du cou à partir de marqueurs externes." Lyon 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LYO10193.
Full textBlanchard, Bastien. "Mesure des propriétés mécaniques de la peau humaine : variations sous l'effet de différents stress." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Pau, 2023. https://theses.hal.science/tel-04582559.
Full textSkin is the envelope of the human body, acting as our body's first protective barrier. The mechanical properties of human skin play a key role in skin integrity, as they confer its ability to remain intact to the cutaneous tissue. Measuring the mechanical properties of the skin therefore has many benefits, such as providing a method for objectively assessing the effects of medical or cosmetic products, and for quantifying skin pathologies that could affect them.In this context, a specific instrument for assessing the mechanical properties of human skin ex vivo has been developed. The aim of this equipment is to characterise both the conventional mechanical properties obtained from a tensile test at a constant stretching rate, and the two mechanical components, elasticity and dissipation, obtained from a mechanical spectrometry test, in order to discriminate each phenomenon. The proposed approach is to establish a phenomenological link between viscoelasticity and skin structure.The first part of the thesis was devoted to instrumental work to ensure that the equipment accurately and reliably measures the mechanical properties of deformable tissues. Its development and continuous improvement finally enabled these properties to be characterised on ex vivo human skin explants.Initial tests on ex vivo human skin explants enabled to confront and adapt the instrumentation with the study of biological samples. Firstly, preliminary studies were carried out on pre-conditioning, pre-tension state and mechanical anisotropy, to validate the reliability of the instrumentation and the methods developed. Once all these concepts had been studied, the viscoelastic properties of the explants were fully characterised. This characterisation also enabled to study their viability over time and the notion of skin ageing.This patented device, combined with the use of ex vivo skin explants under physiological conditions for several days, has finally allowed to assess the effect of different stresses on the mechanical properties of the skin. A study of stretch marks revealed that these damaged areas of skin were characterised by high mechanical anisotropy and had degraded viscoelastic properties. In addition, a study of explant freezing, a process used to preserve tissue over time, showed that freezing the skin appears to have a slight stiffening effect on its mechanical properties. Finally, the effect of enzymatic stress on the skin, mimicking a natural process of accelerated tissue ageing, was studied. This last study demonstrated a significant deterioration in the mechanical properties of explants exposed to proteolytic enzymes: collagenase and elastase. A link with histological analyses is proposed.The various studies carried out during this thesis have shown that this instrumentation can contribute to answering scientific and technical questions and could help in the development of products intended for treatments. Indeed, it could be used to objectively analyse and assess the effects of various external stresses (exposure to UV rays, chemical or atmospheric pollution, incisions, etc.) and the effects of medical or dermo-cosmetic products (moisturising creams, stretch mark creams, healing dressings, etc.) on the viscoelastic properties of human skin
Jacquemoud, Clémentine. "Caractérisation mécanique et modélisation du comportement jusqu'à rupture de membranes biologiques fibreuses : application à la peau humaine." Lyon, INSA, 2007. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2007ISAL0113/these.pdf.
Full textFocusing on planar and fibrous soft tissues, this work has consisted in determining both the mechanical properties and the failure characteristics of the human skin, in loading conditions close to an impact. In the experimental study, the results have pointed out the relationship between some micro structural parameters of the tissue and the mechanical properties measured at the macroscopic scale. According to this micro/macro dependency, a constitutive law, including structural parameters related to the fibres, has been implemented in a finite element model. The main advantage of such a model is to more locally simulate the tissue behaviour and its failure. The experiments on the human skin bring original and more precise data than classical studies. On the one hand, a heterogeneous strain field has clearly appeared and its heterogeneity has been quantified thanks to a full field measurement technique adapted to the skin. On the other hand, at the microscopic scale, the collagen fibre orientations have been determined and linked to different rupture mechanisms. The first simulations on the human skin have pointed out the importance of using a structural constitutive law in order to model complex physical phenomenon (heterogeneous strain field, gradual rupture of the tissue). Being easily suitable for any planar and fibrous soft tissues, both the testing methodology and the finite element model present interesting perspectives for tissues that are severely injured in automotive collisions. Then, considering individual diversity, such a structural approach will enable to personalize models as structural parameters are everyone's identity
Rousset, Alexandre. "La maturation des concepts de base en mécanique, à travers la pensée humaine de Galilée à Lagrange." Paris 12, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA120035.
Full textMouton, Martine. "Les écritures du mouvement : sémiologie de la représentation écrite du mouvement du corps humain en Occident à travers ses systèmes d'écriture : problématique de la transcription du mouvement corporel du XVIème au XXème siècles : application théorique et pratique d'une écriture contemporaine." Paris 5, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA05H031.
Full textWe have so often heard that movement is condemned to the fleeting that we have come to believe it. Movement, it means all human physical action leaves its traces in space and time. Dance, sport or daily gestures of the human being crossed with fragility the centuries. The verb, the drawing, the photography and now the audio-visual technics described, reproduced and recorded physical action without representing it totally. However, in the western world, since the middle age, appeared the desire to represent by writing the human body movements, and create a writing for the movement, as it exist for the music the sound. After several attempts which have had more or less importance in dance and gesture history, the xxth century is a witness of the coming of four movement notations : laban, conte, benesh and eskhol. The writing of movement is a mean for transcribing and analyzing movement. "ecriture conte" for example, is a writing system using signs, most of which are borrowed from musical writing. Besides, writing brings to movement a new status: it gives to movement the memory it has never had. Movement, then, is no longer condemned to the fleeting but to interpretation, a tem which seems to become less clear as one tries to comprehend it. But is it not here the becoming of each writing ?
Faure, Céline, and Céline Faure. "Vers des environnements virtuels plus écologiques : étude des modifications du comportement moteur en réalité virtuelle lors de l'ajout d'informations haptiques par un mécanisme parallèle entraîné par câbles." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/37886.
Full textIntroduction : Les nouvelles technologies qui permettent de capter et d’analyser les mouvements des utilisateurs ne cessent de se développer et représentent un potentiel intéressant dans le domaine de la santé. Grâce à l’essor de ces nouvelles technologies, des systèmes de réalité virtuelle (RV) clefs en main intègrent les services de réadaptation, et les études démontrent leur capacité à optimiser la rééducation motrice et l’évaluation des clients présentant des troubles du contrôle moteur. Le marché de la RV est ainsi en pleine expansion, et l’ajout d’informations haptiques permettant de modéliser les caractéristiques physiques des entités virtuelles représente un intérêt considérable pour améliorer l’écologie des environnements virtuels (EVs) et le transfert des apprentissages aux activités quotidiennes. Toutefois, l’effet de l’ajout de ces informations sur le comportement moteur des sujets demeure très peu connu. L’objectif principal de cette thèse était ainsi d’évaluer l’impact de l’ajout d’informations haptiques, par un mécanisme parallèle entrainé par câbles (robot à câbles), sur le contrôle moteur de sujets sains, lors de la réalisation de tâches complexes et fonctionnelles dans des EVs. Les deux hypothèses principales étaient que cet ajout améliore le contrôle du mouvement lors de tâche de manutention d’objet ayant des contraintes environnementales statiques, et modifie les stratégies locomotrices proactives en présence de contraintes dynamiques. Méthode : Le comportement moteur de participants sains a été analysé lors de la réalisation de deux tâches. En premier lieu, une tâche de manutention de caisse nécessitant la préhension et le déplacement d’une caisse à partir d’une posture debout a été étudiée. Celle-ci a été réalisée dans un environnement réel et dans des EVs, en absence et en présence d’informations haptiques, relatives aux contraintes physiques de l’étagère et de la caisse manipulée, fournies grâce à un robot à câbles (Chapitre 3, N=12). En second lieu, une tâche nécessitant l’évitement d’avatars au cours de la marche sur un tapis roulant a été réalisée en présence et en absence de risque de contact physique avec les avatars, délivré par un robot à câbles (Chapitre 4, N=10). Les EVs étaient vus au travers d’un visiocasque. Résultats : La première étude a démontré une amélioration des paramètres spatiaux du mouvement réalisé dans l’EV en présente d’informations haptiques, au cours des différentes phases de la tâche de manutention (préhension, montée et descente de la caisse). L’organisation spatiale du mouvement était ainsi plus similaire à ce qui était observé dans un environnement réel, avec un meilleur respect des contraintes environnementales (éloignement plus important de la caisse avec l’étagère, trajectoire plus longue). De plus, le contrôle du mouvement était influencé par la demande de précision requise pour ne pas toucher les étagères en présence d’informations haptiques uniquement. La deuxième étude a démontré la mise en place de stratégies motrices plus précautionneuses pour éviter les avatars lors de l’ajout d’informations haptiques. Les participants tendaient à anticiper plus précocement l’évitement des avatars. Ils maintenaient une distance minimale plus importante avec les avatars et conservaient un espace péripersonnel plus large, indépendamment de l’angle d’approche de l’avatar. Conclusion : L’ajout d’informations haptiques dans les EVs impacte les stratégies motrices proactives des participants sains aussi bien lors de la tâche de manutention de caisse que de locomotion avec évitement d’avatars. Les résultats suggèrent que l’ajout d’informations haptiques favorise la prise en compte des entités virtuelles lors de la planification mouvement. Ces informations haptiques imposent en effet des restrictions plus réalistes dans les possibilités d’actions fournies par les EVs, et modifient probablement l’évaluation des conséquences que représente le contact avec les entités virtuelles. Il serait pertinent de poursuivre l’étude de l’influence de ces informations afin de proposer à des clients ayant des déficiences motrices des environnements encore plus écologiques, qui favorisent l’évaluation et la prise en compte des risques implicites que représentent les entités environnementales.
Introduction: New technologies that capture and analyze user movement are constantly developing and represent a great potential in healthcare. Thanks to the recent technological advances, turnkey virtual reality (VR) systems are progressively integrated into the rehabilitation setting, and studies have demonstrated their ability to optimise sensorimotor rehabilitation and clinical assessment of people with motor control disorders. The market for VR is growing and adding haptic feedback that provides physical characteristics to virtual entities represents a great potential to improve the ecological validity of virtual environments (VE) and to the transfer of learning to daily tasks. However, the impact that adding haptic feedback has on motor behavior remains poorly understood. The main objective of this thesis was to assess the impact of adding haptic feedback, using a novel cable-driven parallel robot, on the motor control of healthy participants during complex, functional tasks in VEs. The two mains hypotheses were that haptic feedback improves motor control during a handling task with static environmental constraints and modifies proactive locomotor strategies in the presence of dynamic constraints. Method: The motor behavior of healthy participants was analysed during two tasks. First, a manual handling task was studied during which participants grasped and moved a crate while standing. This task was realised in a real environment and in VEs with the absence and the presence of haptic information. The latter simulated the physical constraints of the shelf and the crate to be manipulated using a cable-driven robot (Chapter 3, N=12). Second, avatar avoidance tasks were realised when participants walked on a self-paced treadmill in the absence and then in the presence of a risk of physical contact with avatars. Contact was simulated by a cable-driven robot (Chapter 4, N=10). VEs were viewed through a head mounted display for all tasks. Results: The first study showed that adding haptic feedback to the VE improved spatial parameters of movement realised in a VE during all phases of movement (reaching, ascent and descent phases). The spatial organisation of movement was closer to those observed in a physical environment, and better respected environmental constraints (higher clearances from the shelf and longer trajectories). Moreover, movement control was influenced by task precision required to avoid any contact with the shelf in the presence of haptic feedback only. The second study demonstrated that when avoiding avatars in VR, more cautious behavior was measured in the presence of potential physical contact. Participants tended to start their avoidance strategy earlier and increased minimum clearance along with a larger personal space regardless of the avatar’s approach angle. Conclusion: Adding haptic feedback in VEs impacts the proactive motor strategies of healthy participants during a manual handling task as well as a locomotor task involving the avoidance of avatars. These results suggest that adding haptic feedback enhances one’s consideration of virtual entities during movement planning. Haptic information imposes more realistic restrictions on the actions afforded by EVs, and likely modifies the perceived consequences of potential contact with virtual entities. It will be important to continue to study the impact of haptic feedback within VEs to provide even more ecological environments to people with motor deficits in order to improve assessment and the consideration of implicit risks posed by the environment.
Introduction: New technologies that capture and analyze user movement are constantly developing and represent a great potential in healthcare. Thanks to the recent technological advances, turnkey virtual reality (VR) systems are progressively integrated into the rehabilitation setting, and studies have demonstrated their ability to optimise sensorimotor rehabilitation and clinical assessment of people with motor control disorders. The market for VR is growing and adding haptic feedback that provides physical characteristics to virtual entities represents a great potential to improve the ecological validity of virtual environments (VE) and to the transfer of learning to daily tasks. However, the impact that adding haptic feedback has on motor behavior remains poorly understood. The main objective of this thesis was to assess the impact of adding haptic feedback, using a novel cable-driven parallel robot, on the motor control of healthy participants during complex, functional tasks in VEs. The two mains hypotheses were that haptic feedback improves motor control during a handling task with static environmental constraints and modifies proactive locomotor strategies in the presence of dynamic constraints. Method: The motor behavior of healthy participants was analysed during two tasks. First, a manual handling task was studied during which participants grasped and moved a crate while standing. This task was realised in a real environment and in VEs with the absence and the presence of haptic information. The latter simulated the physical constraints of the shelf and the crate to be manipulated using a cable-driven robot (Chapter 3, N=12). Second, avatar avoidance tasks were realised when participants walked on a self-paced treadmill in the absence and then in the presence of a risk of physical contact with avatars. Contact was simulated by a cable-driven robot (Chapter 4, N=10). VEs were viewed through a head mounted display for all tasks. Results: The first study showed that adding haptic feedback to the VE improved spatial parameters of movement realised in a VE during all phases of movement (reaching, ascent and descent phases). The spatial organisation of movement was closer to those observed in a physical environment, and better respected environmental constraints (higher clearances from the shelf and longer trajectories). Moreover, movement control was influenced by task precision required to avoid any contact with the shelf in the presence of haptic feedback only. The second study demonstrated that when avoiding avatars in VR, more cautious behavior was measured in the presence of potential physical contact. Participants tended to start their avoidance strategy earlier and increased minimum clearance along with a larger personal space regardless of the avatar’s approach angle. Conclusion: Adding haptic feedback in VEs impacts the proactive motor strategies of healthy participants during a manual handling task as well as a locomotor task involving the avoidance of avatars. These results suggest that adding haptic feedback enhances one’s consideration of virtual entities during movement planning. Haptic information imposes more realistic restrictions on the actions afforded by EVs, and likely modifies the perceived consequences of potential contact with virtual entities. It will be important to continue to study the impact of haptic feedback within VEs to provide even more ecological environments to people with motor deficits in order to improve assessment and the consideration of implicit risks posed by the environment.
Fortin, Karine. "Adaptation de la locomotion à un champ de force élastique appliqué à la jambe : rôle de la durée d'exposition." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25912/25912.pdf.
Full textBrétigny-Vincent, Perrine. "L'adaptabilité comme critère d'expertise d'une habileté motrice face aux contraintes : le shoot en hockey sur gazon." Rouen, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ROUEL004.
Full textThe aim of this study was to analyze experts and non-experts adaptability during a field hockey drive under different constraints. Field hockey drive serves to two main purposes : shooting for goal and passing the ball to players several meters away. Adaptability is defined as the ratio between stability and flexibility, that is the experts capacity to be stable when it's necessary and flexible when it's necessary. Different constraints were studied : stick holding (study 1) and ball position (study 4) as task constraint, game role (study 2) and players skill level (studies 3 and 4) as organismic constraints. SIMI Motion and VICON motion analysis systems were used to dynamically reconstruct players movement in three dimensions. Cluster analysis, which groups individuals with common behaviors, was used to distinguish field hockey expertise and drive expertise. Results show a common coordination pattern, corresponding to sequential movements of the upperarms to maximize final ball velocity at the impact. Therefore, modifications of movement parameters (amplitudes, durations, angle values) were seen in response to constraints changes. This intra-individual variability can reflect pattern bistability or pattern flexibility. However, these two forms of movement variability do not related to expertise because the two populations (experts and non-experts) show this kind of variability. Nevertheless, expertise relates to maintaining performance outcomes (ball velocity and drive accuracy). Therefore, experts are characterized by functional movement variability and supported neurobiological system degeneracy
Meziane, Hadj Boumédiene. "Anticipation d'une perturbation d'origine périphérique ou centrale du mouvement volontaire chez l'homme." Aix-Marseille 2, 2009. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2009AIX22031.pdf.
Full textIf achieving a voluntary movement requires the involvement of different processes, the preparation that determines the efficiency of motor control, is meanwhile, an intriguing case for the scientists. In this respect, many studies about voluntary movement preparation have sprung, concerning humans or animals on the behavioral and neurophysiological level, where almost always the dynamic of the movement is stable. But in life, an intentional movement can also be perturbed by external forces that have uncertain spatio-temporal properties. Implicitly, we think that an intentional movement perturbation may be an unperturbed movement involving the reflex mechanisms to offset the perturbation effects. However, what is shown throughout this work is that the movement preparation may depend on both the intention taken into account by the central nervous system (CNS); in order to perform a motor act; as well as the external perturbations. The results of this thesis support the idea that the setting of the corticospinal (CS) system during the preparation depends considerably on the dynamics of production of the movement. Our experience has shown that the short latency stretch reflex (20
Deschodt, Véronique. "Paramètres cinématiques et niveau de performance en crawl." Lyon 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LYO19006.
Full textBru, Bertrand. "Contribution à l'identification des paramètres géométriques et inertiels pour la modélisation dynamique du corps humain." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066361.
Full textThe development of personalised biomechanical models of the human body is fundamental in motion analysis because they allow, for example, the development of tools for evaluating patients whose movements are affected by their pathologies. The anthropometric tables currently used do not allow for the individualisation of body segment parameters (BSP) specific to each person. Identification, a concept developed in robotics, constitutes an alternative solution to this problem but its application to the human body is complex and initial attempts were unsuccessful. A new method for locating the instantaneous axis of rotation (IAR) has, therefore, been developed. Contrary to other methods, which represent the IAR as a centre of rotation and a direction vector, this method enables the estimation of the IAR position without making any assumptions about the kind of joint that is modelled. Moreover, this method allows the translation along the axis to be determined. The identification procedure of the BSP was possible through a reformulation of the equations of motion. This method links the resulting forces and moments acquired from a force plate with the kinematics of the body. The BSPs are obtained by solving the linear system in a least square sense. After being tested within the context of simulation of a system composed of three rigid bodies, the identification method was used to identify the personalised BSP of the body segments of the upper limb of human subjects. This work has allowed a biomechanical model to be obtained, which is specific to every subject who participated in the study. This procedure has the advantage of only requiring devices widely used in movement analysis
Galléa, Cécile. "Fonctionnement des aires corticales motrices : Etude par la dextérité." Aix-Marseille 2, 2005. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2005AIX22077.pdf.
Full textPerreault, Simon. "Conception mécanique d'une plate-forme de marche entraînée par câbles." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24562/24562.pdf.
Full textFrossard, Laurent. "Etude des limites de l'analyse mécanique de la marche d'un amputé comparée à celle d'un sujet témoin." Poitiers, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998POIT2266.
Full textJeddi, Ridha. "L'utilisateur d'un système d'analyse 3D confronté aux problèmes d'une étude mécanique des gestes sportifs." Poitiers, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999POIT2273.
Full textAstruc, Laure. "Caractérisation et modélisation du comportement mécanique des tissus conjonctifs de la paroi abdominale humaine par approche histologiquement fondée." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Lille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ECLI0003/document.
Full textAbdominal hernia operations are one of the most common surgeries in the world. However, despite considerable progress, particularly in the development of prosthetic textiles to strengthen the abdominal wall, the recurrence rate remains very high. It therefore appears necessary to develop patient-specific numerical models of the abdominal wall in order to measure and improve the impact of care solutions. The tissues that ensure the cohesion and stability of the abdominal wall are the anterior and posterior rectus sheaths and the linea alba, which are connective tissues. Their particular structure, composed of an intertwining of collagen and elastin fibers, is at the heart of this study. This thesis highlighted the relationship between microscopic architecture and macroscopic behaviour of fibrous tissues. Thanks to experimental campaigns combining mechanical tests and microscopic observations, the structure of tissues has been identified and correlated to mechanical parameters. Three-dimensional image analysis tools have been developed to automatically estimate the anisotropy of a texture. The collected information then led to the development of a hypo-parameterized anisotropic constitutive model. Based on a three-dimensional description of the fibrillary network, the model was written in such a way as to uncorrelate the parameters related to the structure and those related to the nature of the material. By considering similar material parameters for every individual, the model demonstrated its ability to predict mechanical behaviour based on textural information
Azzez, Khouloud. "Caractérisation et modélisation du comportement mécanique in vivo de la peau." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEE004.
Full textThe characterization of the mechanical behavior of the cutaneous tissue is of paramount importance for several fields such as dermatology, cosmetology, etc. This study of the mechanical behavior of the skin always raises current issues because of the complexity of this material. Hence, the development of specific tools for the characterization of human skin is needed. In this work, we combine experiments and modeling in order to identify the mechanical properties of human skin in vivo. This study emerges particularly through the use of experimental indentation devices providing non-invasive measurements in vivo. Two devices were used and a particular interest focused on the natural prestress of the cutaneous tissue. Numerical simulations using the finite element method allow to evaluate the mechanical properties of the cutaneous tissue by comparing its results with the experimental data or with an analytical solution. The effect of aging was investigated as well as the choice of the parameters of the experimental test on the identified viscoelastic parameters. Beyond these results, a local stress generated by an air jet impact, we followed the propagation of a resulting wave on the surface of the skin. The calculus of the wave propagation speed allowed us to determine another property of the skin, namely natural prestress, which is an indicator of ageing and an image of the natural tension of the fiber network
Marjoux, Daniel. "Mécanismes de lésion de la tête humaine en situation de choc." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2006. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2006/MARJOUX_Daniel_2006.pdf.
Full textCoussi, Olivier. "De l'observation cinématique à l'étude dynamique et énergétique de mouvements humains." Poitiers, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997POIT2321.
Full textBresciani, Jean-Pierre Christian. "Contrôle vestibulaire des mouvements d'atteinte manuelle." Aix-Marseille 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AIX22027.
Full textMasson, Ingrid. "Contribution à la modélisation mécanique du comportement dynamique, hyperélastique et anisotrope de la paroi artérielle." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00461684.
Full textVernazza-Martin, Sylvie. "Equilibre et mouvement : représentation, contrôle et modélisation chez l'homme." Aix-Marseille 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998AIX11035.
Full textDufour, Anne-Béatrice. "Rôle des méthodes factorielles dans l'analyse de la biométrie et de la performance du sportif." Lyon 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989LYO10178.
Full textCoppin, Olivier. "Modélisation et simulation du mouvement naturel humain : validation expérimentale et application au bras." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992ECAP0237.
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