Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Mécanisme d’endommagement'
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Ben, ameur Mariem. "Caractérisation mécanique et suivi par émission acoustique des mécanismes d’endommagement des composites à fibres hybrides lin/carbone." Thesis, Le Mans, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LEMA1039.
Full textThe use of natural fibers as reinforcement makes it possible to improve the environmental performance of the composite materials as well as their damping properties. Nevertheless, these natural fiber composites have lower mechanical performance than synthetic fiber composites. In this context, this study proposes to develop composite structures with hybrid reinforcement made of flax and carbon fibers. The objective of this hybridization is to find a compromise between the mechanical and dissipative properties. First, the static behavior of flax fiber, carbon fiber and flax/carbon hybrid composites was analyzed. The principal elastic characteristics of a UD ply in plane stresses are thus determined. Moreover, a monitoring and an analysis of the mechanisms of damage were carried out by means of the technique of acoustic emission associated with microscopic observations. In order to better meet industrial needs, the behavior of composites subjected to cyclic fatigue tests must be studied. In fact, the fatigue behavior of these materials with non-hybrid and hybrid reinforcements was analyzed under tensile stress and three-point bending. The influence of hybridization on the fatigue life of these composites has been established. Finally, an experimental study and a finite element modeling of the vibratory behavior of non-hybrid and hybrid composites were carried out. Thus, the role of different fibers, fiber orientations, stacking sequences in vibration damping has been discussed
Muñoz-Mejia, Luisa. "Étude expérimentale des mécanismes d’endommagement par fatigue dans les élastomères renforcés." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO10235.
Full textIn this thesis, we present an experimental study on fatigue crack growth dynamics in a natural rubber filled with silica or carbon black nanoparticles. This work has been developed in an industrial context aiming to transpose the qualities of silica filler on synthetic rubber to natural rubber, which has a strain induced crystallization behavior. The main research objective is to understand the influence of material and test parameters on fatigue fracture of rubber. Crack growth dynamics is followed by video tracking using optical and thermo-graphic cameras. The later allows us to measure the heating build-up of specimens due to cyclic loading. The morphology of rupture surfaces is characterized by post mortem observation (SEM, optical profilometry). The influence of temperature, frequency, kind of filler and filler rate has been studied. Whatever the compound or test conditions, crack growth becomes unstable starting at a certain strain level. This behavior is clearly visible on the curves of tear energy vs. crack growth rate, where two branches of crack velocity appear. In the low velocity branch, the roughness of rupture surfaces is very important because of cavities formation. In the high velocity branch, the morphology of rupture surfaces is characterized by sawtooth striations; their size increase with velocity. We demonstrate that, in contrast with literature data, at least two fatigue cycles are needed to form one striation. The instability occurrence and catastrophic rupture thresholds depend on filler type and test conditions
Vincent, Julien. "Étude expérimentale des interactions aube-abradable à très grandes vitesses : influence du matériau et de sa microstructure." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0334.
Full textThe turbofan efficiency can be improved by minimizing the blade-casing gap, thus reducing the aerodynamic loss. The reduced gap conduces to contact risk between the high-speed rotating blades and the engine case. Sacrificial materials, called abradable materials, are deposited on the casing to limit the damage caused by these contacts. These interactions involve a lot of damage mechanisms, which can be adverse or beneficial to the proper performance of the abradable seal and to the reliability of the engine. The aim of this thesis is to understand, predict and quantify the different damages and the interaction forces associated for abradable materials obtained with different process parameters. A triaxial dynamometer was developed to reproduce the local high-speed interactions (50 – 300 m/s) between the blade tip and the abradable material during transitional phases. The interaction forces measurement during short-lived contacts (300 µs – 1 ms) requires a large bandwidth. A correction method based on experimental modal analysis was implemented to extend the natural bandwidth of the device and attenuate the crosstalk between the different measurement channels. The damage mechanisms of abradable materials were studied by post-mortem analysis and correlated to the interaction forces and velocity
Chantereau, Pierre. "Caractérisation biomécanique et modélisation histologique des mécanismes de vieillissement et d’endommagement du système pelvien." Thesis, Lille 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL2S017/document.
Full textThe pelvic floor is a complex anatomical system involved in urination, defecation and reproduction. It is composed of several organs, muscles and ligaments, all interconnected. Unfortunately the pelvic floor can suffer from several pathologies like prolapses. Prolapses are defined as an abnormal displacement of one or more pelvic organs. Prolapses are widespread in the woman population. One woman out of three would be affected, one out of ten undergoing a surgical treatment in her life. This pathology has tremendous consequences on the patient quality of life. Its treatment is mainly surgical, but big improvements are needed. Indeed, the recurrence rate could reach up to 60% in the literature.The improvement of surgical technics will only be possible with a better global mechanical understanding of the pelvic floor. A deep understanding of the healthy pelvic floor mobility compared to the pathological would allow for the development of technics to better treat patients.Even though several studies have been done, a lack of mechanical understanding is to be noted. Indeed very few data coming from healthy young patients are available. Moreover most tests are uniaxial testing, which are by essence quite limited. A lack of relationship between phenomenological and clinical models is also to be noted.Within our study we have then realized uniaxial testing of different tissues from young cadavers (<40 years old). That allowed us to prove the hyper-elasticity and the great deformability of young pelvic tissues. It also helped us to better understand the ageing and damaging processes of those tissues by comparing them to data available in the literature. We could should that the ligaments and the vagina undergo a different ageing process than the rectum and the bladder. That ageing that we defined as “traumatic” induces much stronger non-reversible stretching and stiffening of the tissues than a “natural” ageing.Our mechanical study broadened up by looking at bindings between organs (vesico-vaginal and recto-vaginal). Those bindings have been, for the first time to our knowledge, under shear conditions. We could then show that those binding have a linear mechanical behavior for small displacements and that their stiffness even though limited should be taken into account in numerical models.Following that purely mechanical study we tried to accommodate our models to a public of medical professionals, by linking our phenomenological models to clinical ones, histological in that case. We then realized a histologically based model of the mechanical behavior of pelvic tissues, linking the rate of collagen and elastin of a tissue to its mechanical behavior. Thanks to that model, inspired by the physics of polymers we could correlate the collagen and elastin rates of a tissue to its rigidity and therefore make a complex model more accessible.We then gathered our knowledge on the understanding of prolapses and observed how our study could deepen it. We focused on the ageing and damaging processes and their consequences from a mechanical and histological point of view. To help the understanding we looked at precise examples like ageing, vaginal delivery or cystocele
Glanowski, Thomas. "Compréhension et modélisation des mécanismes élémentaires d’endommagement en fatigue d’élastomères renforcés au noir de carbone." Thesis, Brest, École nationale supérieure de techniques avancées Bretagne, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ENTA0009.
Full textThe fatigue properties of carbon black filled elastomers are strongly related to the inclusions’ population, induced by complex recipes and the successive stages of the manufacturing process (mixing, injection and curing). The improvement of these properties involves at first an ability to describe the statistical features of these inclusions’ population in terms of nature, size, geometry, orientation and spatial distribution. Then, a detailed understanding of the damage mechanisms is required in order to define the mechanical criticality of inclusions according to their characteristics under cyclic loading. This study presents at first the tools developed, based on a detailed analysis of X-ray micro-tomography data. The obtained results on the inclusion’s populations and the damage induced allow highlighting the potential of these tools and their current limits for the studied materials. Atypical inclusions, unknown in the litterature, has been discovered. The cavitation mechanism appears to be the most critical regarding fatigue because it leads to micro-cracks that propagate in the matrix. A comparison of the criticality of the inclusions’ parameters regarding a cavitation criterion is carried out with a parametric study using finite elements simulations. Finally, thermographic measurements at the inclusions’s scale show the additional investiguations needed for a better understanding of the damage mechanisms at this scale
Thieulin, Coralie. "Caractérisation des mécanismes d’endommagement du stratum corneum induit par le frottement répété de papiers en cellulose." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEE001/document.
Full textFar from being a mere envelope around our bodies, the skin forms a mechanical, physical, chemical and immunological barrier. This protective task falls in large part in the outermost layer, the stratum corneum. However, in our daily lives, the repeated friction of cellulose tissues against the skin surface may induce discomfort feelings and cutaneous reactions. In particular, during colds, the repeated friction of tissues could compromise the skin around the nose and induce painful irritation. This work is about meeting consumer needs in terms of softness and user comfort of cellulose tissues. To this end, the study was decomposed into two main parts. The first part was devoted to the quantification of the tactile quality of the tissues. The second one was interested in the skin/tissue interaction and the potential irritant effect during the repeated friction. In order to quantify the sensorial quality of tissues, we developed an artificial finger that mimics the human touch. This device enables the measurement of the friction coefficient of the tissue against the skin surface, and the evaluation of the generated vibrations. On one hand, the results showed that the vibrations were a good indicator of the softness of a tissue. In another hand, we showed that the friction coefficient was related to the surface texture of the tissue. These key results allowed us to have a rapid, simple and reproducible method to evaluate the tactile quality of a tissue. This method is very useful for the paper industry which was previously using expensive and time-consuming sensorial panels. In the second part of the thesis, we studied the cutaneous reactions induced by the repeated friction of tissues with different softnesses. This study was performed in vivo, on 59 volunteers of the laboratory. Two innovative devices were developed. First, an in vivo rotary tribometer was developed to reproduce the repeated friction of the tissue onto the skin. The advantage of this device is the full control of the friction parameters such as the applied normal force, the sliding velocity and the duration of the test. In order to evaluate the cutaneous reactions, we developed a contactless indentation device which is able to measure the mechanical properties of the skin. The results showed that the cutaneous reactions were higher when the paper was unsoft. The cutaneous irritation was visible through the increase of the trans-epidermal water loss, the redness and the blood flow of the skin and through the decrease of its mechanical properties. Beyond the findings, during the thesis, we developed new innovative and effective methods to characterise the tactile quality of tissues and evaluate the cutaneous reactions induced by the repeated friction of them on the skin
Hamdane, Ouadie. "Etude des mécanismes de plasticité et d’endommagement de l’acier martensitique T91 en présence de sodium liquide." Thesis, Lille 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL10113/document.
Full textThe T91 martensitic steel is designed to constitute structural material of future sodium fast reactors of fourth generation, where it will be subjected to stresses in presence of liquid sodium. This study presents a qualitative and quantitative estimate of the sensitivity of T91 steel towards the phenomenon of liquid metal embrittlement. The effect of liquid sodium on T91 steel was studied and quantified according to the temperature and strain rate, by using a set-up of Small Punch Test, three and four bending test, developed in laboratory. Mechanical tests in sodium environment are carried out inside a Plexiglas cell, conceived and developed at the laboratory. The atmosphere inside this cell is severely purified and controlled. The presence of sodium accelerates T91 steel fracture at low temperature, without modifying its ductile character. The T91 pre-immersion in sodium makes it possible to dissolve the protective layer of chromium oxide, and to obtain an intimate contact with the molten metal. However, pre-immersion generates a surface defects which cause a partial embrittlement by sodium. The hardening of T91 steel by heat treatment with a tempering temperature of 550 °C causes a total embrittlement of steel in presence of sodium, with and without pre-immersion. The hardened steel fracture takes then place by intergranular separation, corresponding to the crack initiation, followed by a cleavage, corresponding at the stage of propagation of these cracks. The mechanism suggested in this study is based on the intergranular penetration of sodium, supported by the presence of segregated impurities such phosphorus, and by the plastic straining
Chastand, Victor. "Etude du comportement mécanique et des mécanismes d'endommagement de pièces métalliques réalisées par fabrication additive." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Lille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ECLI0012/document.
Full textAdditive manufacturing offers new opportunities for industries to manufacture complex parts with no additional tooling and better optimization of the material used.This thesis is about the analysis of the mechanical properties and the damaging mechanisms of parts produced by additive manufacturing, using mechanical properties of casted and wrought parts as reference. This type of analysis is necessary in order to industrialize the process.The tensile and fatigue properties on Titanium Ti-6Al-4V and Aluminium AlSi7Mg0,6 were measured. The effects of the process, the manufacturing direction, the post-machining and the post-heat treatments were compared. Properties are at least at the level of casting.A correlation of these results with microstructures and fracture surfaces was made in order to extract the damaging mechanisms. A method to measure the criticity of the defects in a part was defined. Some of these hypotheses were verified using microtomographic in situ tensile tests
Charvet, Agathe. "Étude des propriétés mécaniques et des mécanismes d’endommagement dans un polymère bio-source : l’acétate de cellulose plastifié." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1032/document.
Full textCellulose acetate (CA) is a bio based polymer. Melt processing of cellulose based thermoplastic polymers is a real challenge. One problem is the existence of a narrow window between the melting point and the degradation temperatures for cellulose acetate with a substitution degree (DS) around 2.45 (which is developed and commercialized by Rhodia Acetow). As a consequence, its processing can only be considered with a sufficient amount of externalplasticizer (between 15 and 30% by weight). The corresponding polymer/plasticizer blends areamorphous and their mechanical properties are mainly governed by the presence of a high volume fraction of strong hydrogen bonds. The plasticization of cellulose acetate has been thesubject of many studies allowing us to focus on two plasticizers: triacetin (TA), an eco-friendlyplasticizer frequently used for cellulose acetate and diethyl phthalate (DEP) which is the historicplasticizer of cellulose acetate which constitutes a reference for this work as it is usually the case in the literature. Few studies have been published regarding the mechanical properties of bulk cellulose acetate (prepared via injection molding). It is described that they are comparable to those of PS or poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and have proven to be particularly interesting. Cellulose acetate based materials usually display a high Young modulus. But its small deformation at break limits its potential for new applications. The objectives of this thesis are to deeply understand the mechanical properties and damage mechanisms of bulk plasticized cellulose acetate polymers. For this purpose we first analyzed the tensile behavior and the influence of various parameters such as nature and content of the plasticizer, but also the influence of the injection process. We have thus been able to highlight the appearance of a strain hardening regime from 8% of deformation under certain conditions. It appears that the choice of the plasticizer, the temperature of the experiment and the macroscopic pre-orientation of the chains significantly influence this regime. Strain hardening has already been observed in other amorphous polymers such as polycarbonate (PC) or poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) which are classified as amorphous polymers called "ductile". The origin of this regime is still undeveloped and much debated, however it appears that it stabilizes the deformation by avoiding the localization of damage and is therefore a key parameter for improving the ductility of these polymers. In order to better understand this ductility, we have made some analysis by Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) as well as Ultra Small Angles X-ray Scattering (USAXS). Thanks to these characterizations we have been able to describe the micromechanisms of damage from macro to nano-scales and thus precisely describe the micromechanisms related to initiation and propagation of damage. By these analyzes we highlight the simultaneous nucleation of nano crazes around pre-existing defects (related to the injection process). These crazes grow slowly until reaching the hundred microns. However, when the applied stress becomes sufficiently high, a small portion of these crazes starts to grow faster until the failure of the sample. With DEP the kinetics of growth is very fast, causing a brittle failure of the sample. With TA this growth is slower, which makes it possible to observe the evolution of the larger crazes. This work proposes a new mechanism of damage in plasticized cellulose acetate based on experimental results and physical interpretations
Martin, François. "Apport des lois d’endommagement continues pour la conception des ouvrages souterrains et la hiérarchisation des comportements rocheux." Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007DENS0022.
Full textThe work proposed in this thesis provides a new approach of the current design for tunnels. By the means of a double hierarchic way, in terms of computation method on the one hand and term of constitutive law on the other hand, various damage laws are exposed in order to better understand the excavation-support mechanics
Bracquart, Benoît. "Etude des interactions défaut géométrique / microstructure dans les mécanismes d’endommagement en fatigue à grand nombre de cycles d’alliages métalliques." Thesis, Angers, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ANGE0009.
Full textThe aim of this study is to analyze the influence of microstructure and geometrical surface defects on the high cycle fatigue (HCF) behavior of acommercial purity polycrystalline aluminium. This work relies on an experimental test programme and numerical Finite Element (FE) simulations, in order to better understand microstructural parameters governing crack initiation at defects. To this end, both caracteristic dimensions (grains and defect) are varied. Thermomechanical treatments are set up to control the grain size, and obtained microstructures are caracterized monotonically and cyclically. Then, uniaxial fully reversed tension-compression HCF tests are carried out on specimens with defects, either with an in-situ surface crack monitoring, or a study of the crack initiation at the defect root after cycling. Results are then analyzed in order to determine the influence of different characteristic lengths, as well as crystalline orientation, via EBSD maps. Numerical FE simulations are then carried out to detetermine precisely local mechanical fields. To this end, polycrystalline aggregates 3D meshes representative of experimental configurations are set up. A crystal plasticity constitutive model with gradient is used in order to reproduce the plastic slip at the glide system scale, and the grain size effect. The distribution of afatigue indicator parameter in the different configurations is studied, in order to complement experimental results
Boungou-Tsoumou, Darcy Yannick Joseph. "Apport de la cyclostationnarité de signaux mécaniques au diagnostic d’endommagement par fatigue et à l’enrichissement de données fournies par des approches fiabilistes." Ecole nationale d'ingénieurs (Saint-Etienne), 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ENISE022.
Full textIn this thesis, the second-order of cyclostationnarity is put forward to detect and diagnose the fatigue damage of a material subjected to low cycle fatigue (LCF). Indeed, the LCF is defined by repetitive cyclic in a low stress and a short period. The vibration response of material subjected to LCF provide information linked to the solicitation and to the fatigue damage. So, we carried out two experimentations. The fisrt about a cantilever beam with breathing cracks, we assume that under the solicitation, breathing cracks generates a non-linearity in the stiffness of the material and this one decreases with the damage. We use the second-order of the cyclostationarity to reveal this non-linearity and show that the fatigue provide a random component in the signal which increases with the fatigue damage. The second study , we use an optical encoder signal to diagnose the state of fatigue damage of a rotating shaft submitted to the twisting. Indeed, the optical encoder signal gives the angular position of the shaft, and allows to estimate the instantaneous frequency of the shaft. This instantaneous frequency allows to diagnose with more precision the state of cinematic components of the mechanical system (bearings, gearing. . . ). So, after a brief mention of the estimation techniques of the instantaneous frequency, we suggest a new way to detect and measure the torsional angle of a shaft in rotating in the framework of fatigue damage by means of cyclostationarity. We use the instrumentation of an optical encoder and we extract, from the signal provided, the phase relatively to the twist. The mathematical model is simulated and applied on reals signals
Geng, Xuan. "Failure mechanisms of weak adhesion optical coatings under sliding contac." Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066447.
Full textAbisset, Emmanuelle. "Un mésomodèle d’endommagement des composites stratifiés pour le virtual testing : identification et validation." Thesis, Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012DENS0035/document.
Full textIn order to provide reliable numerical simulations for the design of composite structures, both accurate, physically based material models and high performance numerical codes are necessary. The aim of this thesis is to validate one of these models: the LMT damage mesomodel for laminated composites. A new validation process, based on the evolution of the degradation mechanisms in the material up to failure, is defined. This approach is then applied on two chosen test cases: open-hole tensile tests and static indentation tests, focusing on the scaling effects. The first test case highlights the model capabilities to mirror the failure mode change with ply thickness: from a fiber breaking dominated failure to a delamination dominated one. Nevertheless, it also underlines one of the model weaknesses: the bad representation of localised damage such as splits. A study of the transverse cracking, the delamination and their interaction allow to improve the capabilities of the model and to understand in depth the role of these mechanisms in the structure failure. Concerning the static indentation, a complete experimental campaign was built and performed in collaboration with the ACCIS laboratory in Bristol. It brings out different damage evolution depending on plate thickness that can be used to validate the model. The first simulations performed show that the model does not manage to mirror all the experimental observations, and underline numerical limitations of the finite elements code used
Bettamer, Awad. "Prédiction de la fracture osseuse du col du fémur : modélisation par éléments finis basée sur la mécanique d’endommagement et validation expérimentale." Thesis, Orléans, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ORLE2045/document.
Full textFemoral fractures caused by the osteoporosis become major problem of public health, and therefore, this subject becomes an increasingly important goal for both clinicians and biomedical researchers. The purpose of this study is to develop a new coupled approach to predict the fracture of neck femoral. The current study proposes a validated 2D and 3D finite element (FE) models based on continuum damage mechanics in order to simulate human proximal femur fracture considering the progressive cracks initiation and propagation. These models are applied and validated under single limb stance and sideways fall configuration. Quasi brittle behavior laws coupled to damage are implemented in FORTRAN and fed into ABAQUS/Standard codes to describe the constitutive behavior (subroutine UMAT). Bone mineral density (BMD) is measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) for the region of interest. The models have been developed within two variants (one isotropic, the other anisotropic) and validated with experimental results of tests performed on human femur samples under single limb stance configuration. During these tests, optical measurements based on the method of digital image correlation (DIC) were conducted to acquire the various fields of displacement and deformation. To calculate the fracture risk of the femoral head, it is necessary to assign correctly the bone material properties. The 3D FE models were able to predict the overall force-displacement curve, location and initiation of femur fractures. Moreover, despite its robustness, this 3D FE model is still limited to be used, within clinically acceptable time, for diagnostic purposes. To overcome this, the model was simplified into 2D model which has been preliminarily validated under identical boundary conditions and the results showed a good correlation with experiments. These studies have highlighted the potential of the finite element model based on quasi-brittle damage to become a complementary tool for predicting the risk of bone fracture
Marec, Anne. "Contrôle de santé des matériaux hétérogènes par émission acoustique et acoustique non linéaire : discrimination des mécanismes d’endommagement et estimation de la durée de vie restante." Le Mans, 2008. http://cyberdoc.univ-lemans.fr/theses/2008/2008LEMA1012.pdf.
Full textLocal damage in glass/epoxy and glass/polyester composite materials is investigated with the analysis of the signals of acoustic emission (AE). Unsupervised pattern recognition analyses (fuzzy c-means clustering) associated with a principal component analysis are the tools used for the classification of the monitored AE events. A cluster analysis of AE data is achieved and the resulting clusters are correlated to the damage mechanisms of the material under investigation. The proposed method also shows the time evolution of different damage mechanisms till the global failure. Thus the most critical damage mechanisms are identified. After being validated on model samples composed of unidirectional composites, this method is applied to actual composites such as cross-ply composites, sheet molding compound (SMC) and polymer concretes damaged with tensile, creep and three-point bending tests. Furthermore, AE signals generated by heterogeneous materials are not stationary. Thus, continuous and discrete wavelet transforms are applied on typical damage mechanisms AE signals such as matrix cracking, debonding, fiber failure. Time-scale descriptors are defined from these wavelets and are introduced in the classification process. They provide a better discrimination of damage mechanisms than some time-based descriptors for more complex composite materials. Finally, gradually damaged SMC composite materials are experimented with nonlinear slow dynamics tests. Nonlinear slow dynamics have been found to be very sensitive to damage evolution. Clustering of AE signals enables to understand the contribution of the different damage mechanisms to the evolution of the nonlinear behavior of damaged SMC
Gaborit, Pierre. "Unification des modèles d’endommagement de type Lemaitre, pour la fatigue LCF/HCF, multiaxiale et aléatoire." Thesis, Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015DENS0041.
Full textThis work presents the proposal of a unifying predictive model to deal with LCF and HCF problems. It is based on a two-scale approach initially developed by Lemaitre. As the damage evolution law is rate written, complexity due to non proportional and random loadings may also be treated. An experimental fatigue campaign of 12 cross shaped samples made of TA6V alloy for aerospace applications is presented. It includes not only proportional and non proportional biaxial tests but also pseudo random loadings. Digital Image Correlation is used to evaluate the local strains from pictures taken in the zone of interest. Loadings are the simulated and both strains and lifetimes are compared to experimental observations. Among the theoretical contributions presented in this work, the main are: - A new kinematic hardening evolution law for the modeling of elasto-plasticity of TA6V alloy under cyclic loadings; - Use of local elastoplastic correction from linear Finite Element Calculation to estimate plastic strains in the structure zone of interests; - Improvements of the micro-plastic yield function to take into account mean stress effect and triaxiality effects in the lifetime prediction in HCF domain; - A unifying method of two damage variables in order to extend the validity domain of the initial model to shorter lifetimes (LCF). As the model is based on a thermodunamical framework for continuum mechanics, several extension are mentioned as future propects
Wang, Long. "Etude de l’influence de la microstructure sur les mécanismes d’endommagement dans des alliages Al-Si de fonderie par des analyses in-situ 2D et 3D." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Lille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ECLI0004/document.
Full textAn experimental protocol was developed in this thesis in order to study the influence of casting microstructure on the fatigue behavior in Lost Foam Casting Al-Si alloys in tension and in Low Cycle Fatigue at room temperature. First of all, the microstructures of studied alloys were thoroughly characterized both in 2D and in 3D. The most suitable and representative specimens and Region of Interest (ROIs) where the in-situ monitoring was performed were selected through a preliminary characterization using X-ray tomography, which is also necessary to understand damage mechanisms after failure. In-situ observations performed on surface using Questar long distance microscope and in volume using X-ray tomography allow following cracks initiations and their propagations and thus allow identifying the relation between damage mechanisms and casting microstructure. 2D/3D displacement and strain fields measured using Digital Image Correlation and Digital Volume Correlation allows analyzing the relation between measured fields and damage mechanisms. Postmortem analysis and FEM simulation gave more information for the damage mechanisms. Large pores favor crack initiation as they strongly increase local stress level. Hard inclusions (Si phase, iron intermetallics and copper containing phases) also play an important role in crack initiation and propagation due to strain localizations at these inclusions
Hervas, Dobon Isabel. "Contribution à l’étude des mécanismes d’endommagement des fontes ferritiques à graphite sphéroïdal : influence de la température, du trajet de chargement et rôle des interfaces nodules / matrice." Caen, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013CAEN2069.
Full textThis work focuses on the relationship between the damage mechanisms and the microstructural parameters of ductile cast iron for different types of mechanical stress in a wide temperatures range. Tensile and compression tests at RT carried out on specimens presenting different geometries generate strains with multiple levels of triaxiality. The study of the graphite nodule geometrical properties enables the analysis of deformation and local strain path. The deformation state and triaxiality rate are also simulated by using the finite element method. The influence of temperature is studied in the case of tensile, compression and creep tests. A significant behaviour change is evidenced above 400 °C. The study of microstructural parameters permits the understanding of the mechanical behaviour of the ductile cast iron and its evolution with temperature. In the case of tensile tests, Gurson-Tvergaard model highlights that the interactions between the cavities, caused by the deformation, change with temperature. Structural measurements after compression tests show that up to 400 °C, the deformation of the graphite nodules increases with the deformation. However, from 500 °C, nodule deformation doesn’t follow the plastic deformation of the material. Creep tests, carried out at 750 °C for stress levels lower than yield stress, reveal a gradual transition between the two main creep mechanisms: creep controlled by dislocations climb and creep controlled by diffusion mechanisms
Bourdin, François. "Analyse des processus d’endommagement aux joints de grains dans les superalliages base Nickel Measurements of plastic localization by heaviside-digital image correlation." Thesis, Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, Ecole nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020ESMA0013.
Full textNickel-based superalloys used in turbine disks are subjected to severe stresses ranging from creep to fatigue at temperatures up to 700°C. Under these conditions, the literature shows that grain boundaries are the weakest structural element. Depending on these conditions, the grain boundaries can slide, transmit or accumulate deformation and are favorable locations for oxidation. Thus, intergranular damage is closely related to these deformation processes.The purpose of this work is to contribute to the understanding of the deformation and damage mechanisms that occur at grain boundaries. To study quantitatively the early stages of plasticity and damage, a new non-contact measurement approach taking into account displacement discontinuities is presented: Heaviside-DIC. It was validated before being used in the study of high temperature inter and intragranular sliding. Afirst qualitative study has shown greater intergranular damage in creep at 700°C / 700 MPa compared to tension at different temperatures. The implementation of H-DIC at 2 scales coupled with EBSD, allowed to identify a detrimental microstructural configuration in turbine disks polycrystalline superalloys: coherent twin boundaries. Comparison with a turbine blade columnar superalloy with no twins confirms these observations.In this light, and based on literature, a scenario explaining the transition between deformation and intergranular damage is proposed
Ben, Ramdane Camélia. "Etude et modélisation du comportement mécanique de CMC oxyde/oxyde." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0077/document.
Full textOxide/oxide CMCs are good candidates for thermostructural applications. Themechanical behaviour and damage mechanisms of two alumina/alumina composites with two andthree dimensional woven reinforcements were studied and compared. The microstructure of theseweak matrix CMCs was characterized by porosimetry and NDT methods, such as IR thermography,ultrasound scanning and X-ray tomography, which highlighted initial defects. The mechanicalbehaviour was studied through tensile tests, as well as compression tests in the case of the twodimensionalreinforced CMC. These tests were conducted at room temperature, in the fibres directionsand in the ±45° direction. In order to fully exploit these tests, several extensometry and damagemonitoring methods, such as IR thermography and acoustic emission, were used. Young’s moduli andmaximum stresses and strains of the two-dimensional reinforced CMC developed at Onera appearedto be higher than those available in the literature. The damage mechanisms of the materials weredetermined by post mortem SEM observations and in situ testing in a SEM, which made it possible toassess the nocivity of initial defects. Studying the mechanical behaviour of these composites finallyenabled the development of a three-dimensional damage model that will facilitate the furtherdevelopment of such materials, through finite element analysis. Finally, some improvements regardingthe manufacturing processes and the instrumentation for damage monitoring were suggested forfuture studies
Zenia, Sofiane. "Modélisation numérique de l’usinage des matériaux composites à matrice polymère et fibres longues de carbone." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0126/document.
Full textThe machining of composite materials is often necessary for material removal operations by cutting tools such as drilling. These operations can generate a lot of damage in the machined workpiece (fiber fracture, matrix craking, intralaminar and interlaminar delamination and thermal degradation of the matrix), which can cause a decrease of mechanical performance of the structure. The PhD thesis objective is to set up a reliable accurate model to analyze the machining of CFRP composites and to predict the different damage modes induced by the cutting tool. This model is based on a mesomechanical constitutive law combining the stiffness degradation concept into the material behavior, the plasticity, the initiation and the evolution of the damage during the machining process. Two 2D and 3D models adopting an explicit scheme were implemented in Abaqus/Explicit analysis code through the user subroutine VUMAT. Furthermore, interlaminar delamination is taken into account using the cohesive elements available in the ABAQUS / Explicit code. This work allowed to realistic numerical simulation of orthogonal cutting and drilling operations of CFRP composites in terms of chip formation process, cutting forces prediction and induced damage. These studies have shown that the fiber orientation and the depth of cut were the most influential parameters in orthogonal cutting while for the drilling process, the feed rate and the tool geometry are the most important parameters
Cuvilliez, Sam. "Passage d’un modèle d’endommagement continu régularisé à un modèle de fissuration cohésive dans le cadre de la rupture quasi-fragile." Thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ENMP0064/document.
Full textThe present work deals with the study and the improvement of regularized (non local) damage models. It aims to study the transition from a continuous damage field distributed on a structure to a discontinuous macroscopic failure model.First, an analytical one-dimensional study is carried out (on a bar submitted to tensile loading) in order to identify a set of interface laws that enable to switch from an inhomogeneous solution obtained with a continuous gradient damage model to a cohesive zone model. This continuous / discontinuous transition is constructed so that the energetic equivalence between both models remains ensured whatever the damage level reached when switching.This strategy is then extended to the bi-dimensional (and tri-dimensional) case of rectilinear (and plane) crack propagation under mode I loading conditions, in a finite element framework. An explicit approach based on a critical damage criterion that allows coupling both continuous and discontinuous approaches is then proposed. Finally, results of several simulations led with this coupled approach are presented
Angrand, Lise. "Modèle d’endommagement incrémental en temps pour la prévision de la durée de vie des composites tissés 3D en fatigue cyclique et en fatigue aléatoire." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLN005/document.
Full textThe work presented in this report is part of the Collaborative Research Project PRC Composites, funded by the DGAC involving Safran, Onera and several CNRS laboratories whose LMT Cachan. One of the main objectives of this project PRC is to establish models capable to simulate the mechanical behavior, durability and still manufacturing processes for composite PMC. This thesis focus on the study of the behavior of 3D woven composite to mechanical fatigue stresses. This thesis further to the work developed at Onera on cycle damage models for fatigue on PMC, named ODM-PMC. We propose a kinetic damage model, which calculates the kinetic damage evolution, over time. This model is then able to take into account the cycle fatigue loads, and on the other hand the complex or random fatigue loads. The proposed kinetic damage law involves two damage contributions, a monotonous contribution for static loads and a fatigue contribution for fatigue loads. The monotonous contribution is fully equivalent to the monotonous law of ODM-PMC model, the parameters are easily identifiable. The fatigue contribution is not equivalent to the fatigue damage law of initial model ODM-PMC, this is explained by the fact that there are different ways to take into account the average stress effect, unavoidable concept for the study of fatigue loads. We have chosen to consider the mean stress effect by adding the calculation of a mean that evolves during the loading. The identification of fatigue parameters takes place in two steps. The first step is based on a simplification of the model equation set (elasticity and damage are not coupled) to determine a simple relationship, 1D, between the number of cycles to failure and the maximum stress. This expression allows us then quickly to draw diagrams Wohler (σ_a ou σ_Max vs N_R) as well as Haigh diagram (σ_a vs σ ̅). These diagrams allow us to make an initial identification of fatigue parameters. The second step is to readjust certain parameters using the full model 3D, numerical, the 3D model was been encoded for both strain and stress steering. Nevertheless, the methodology requires having a lot of experimental results. It allows also to identifying fatigue parameters at other temperatures in order to provide isothermal modeling. The damage model is made with a first probabilistic approach, pragmatic, to the great number of cycles fatigue. One parameter (determinist), is defined as a random variable, it is the fatigue damage threshold (strain) delimiting the endurance unlimited domain
Arif, Muhamad Fatikul. "Mécanismes d’endommagement du polyamide-66 renforcé par des fibres de verre courtes, soumis à un chargement monotone et en fatigue : Influence de l’humidité relative et de la microstructure induite par le moulage par injection." Thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENAM0008/document.
Full textThe current work focuses on extensive experimental approaches to identify quasi-static and fatigue damage behavior of PA66/GF30 considering various effects such as relative humidity and injection process induced microstructure. By using in situ SEM tests, it was observed that relative humidity conditions strongly impact the damage mechanisms in terms of their initiation, level and chronology. The X-ray micro-tomography analysis on fatigue loaded samples demonstrated that the damage continuously increases during fatigue loading, but the evolution occurs more significantly in the second half of the fatigue life. From the results of damage investigation under quasi-static and fatigue loading, it was established that both loading types exhibit the same damage mechanisms, with fiber/matrix interfacial debonding as the principal damage mechanisms. General damage chronologies were proposed as the damage initiates at fiber ends and more generally at locations where fibers are relatively close to each other due to the generation of local stress concentrations. Afterwards, interfacial decohesions further propagate along the fiber/matrix interface. At high relative flexural stress, matrix microcracks can develop and propagate, leading to the damage accumulation and then the final failure. The experimental findings are important to provide a physically based damage mechanisms scenarios that can be integrated into multiscale damage models. These models will contribute towards reliable predictions of damage in reinforced thermoplastics for lightweight automotive applications
Martinet, Baptiste. "Caractérisation thermomécanique et identification des endommagements d’un revêtement abradable de compresseurs basse et haute pression en condition de contact sévère." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0270.
Full textReducing gaps between blades and the casing allows an increasing of the aircraft engines effi- ciency. Moreover, blade/casing interactions, mainly due to engine vibrations, may occur. They are localized at the blade tip and may lead to the engine failure. Specific materials called « abradable materials » are used to reduce interactions impact. When an interaction occurs, the abradable ma- terial will be worn preferentialy to the blade and limits the interaction energies. Those materials are studied since many years on experimental devices to develop predictive numerical models. The purpose of this thesis is the experimental characterization of two abradable materials grades from the low-pressure compressor – the AlSi-PE grade – and from the high-pressure compressor – the CoNiCrAlY-hBN grade – on an experimental device. The experimental configuration is simpli- fied and doesn’t take in account the blade’s and casing’s dynamic phenomena. Thermomechanical characterization of two coatings was performed thanks to the correlation between forces, tem- peratures and wear mechanisms. Technological developments allowed representative tests up to 135 m/s and 720 °C. Semi-analytical modeling with Green’s techniques has been used to predict friction temperatures and heat distribution coefficients in the blade and the abradable material. Results have been correlated to an experimental test to approve the model
Masquelier, Isaure. "Influence de la formulation sur les propriétés en fatigue d'élastomères industriels." Thesis, Brest, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BRES0110/document.
Full textThis study deals with the influence of the formulation on the fatigue properties of elastomeric materials. Twelve materials have been chosen so that their formulations are simplified but representative of these used in the industry. The first part of the study aims to describe the fatigue damage mechanisms and scenarios, for different materials, strain levels and fatigue life durations. A large experimental campaign of interrupted fatigue tests has been performed enabling a statistical analysis of the defects population. On one hand, these data led to propose damage scenarios for the studied materials, and on the other hand, to identify two classes of initiation mechanisms around different nature of inclusions. The second part of this study aims to better understand the fatigue crack initiation mechanisms. An experimental protocol enabling to obtain directly the dissipated energy fields from the measurement of the temperature fields has been set up. This protocol has been first developed at the macroscopic scale and validated thanks to numerical simulations. Then, it has been applied successfully at the scale of inclusions for 2D cases. Finally, the third part of this study suggests an energetic criterion based on a heat build-up protocol leading a fast determination of the fatigue properties. This approach uses a criterion with two parameters and is able to predict the deterministic Wöhler curve with one sample, in half a day and thanks to thermal measurements only. This criterion has been validated on a wide range of elastomeric materials and is able to reflect the influence of the gum, the type and the amount of carbon black
Haddad, Mohamed. "Développement d'un procédé d'enroulement filamentaire adapté aux matériaux composites sandwich et caractérisation mécanique des matériaux." Thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ENAM0031.
Full textComposite materials, and especially sandwich structures, have been studied for decades. Indeed, the association between lightness and resistance of these structures leads to the development of their use. Their manufacturing method and their characterization remain as essential points in most studies. This work is part of the FUI SOLLICITERN project, which aims to design a composite water treatment tank for vehicles intended for this purpose. As a first step, and based on the classical filament winding principal, we aim to search designs that are best adapted to the fabrication of a curved sandwich material on a cylindrical mandrel, while respecting the process parameters of and their influence on structural properties. Since an optimal solution was validated, the constituent materials were studied by measuring mechanical properties. The objective is to help our industrial partner to validate a manufacturing solution and verify that such properties are the expected ones. For that, several static and dynamic characterizations were carried out on curved samples manufactured by the optimized process designed for our application. This part includes various experimental tests in order to validate the structure behavior with the most appropriate dimensions and material combinations, taking into account the manufacturing process. At the end, the best structural configuration is retained for the first tank prototype fabrication
Kakarla, Svnp Sri Hari Santosh. "Modélisation de la multi-fissuration des matériaux quasi-fragiles par couplage d’un modèle d’endommagement anisotrope microplan et d’une formulation des discontinuités fortes dans la méthode des éléments finis enrichis." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASN013.
Full textThe performance aspects of large scale civil engineering structures like containment facilities such as durability, serviceability and structural safety are assessed from time to time to avert any catastrophes. Also, in the cases of extreme loading, different cracking mechanisms contribute to each other ultimately leading to the failure. This creates the need for devising certain regulatory measures. In order to achieve this, it is essential to predict the information like crack opening displacements, crack spacing and tortuosity. The purpose of this thesis is to develop numerical tools to model multiple intersecting cracks. In particular, the complete strain localization process from the onset of damage to the initiation and propagation of multiple cracks. Two main ingredients are used. The microplane model allows to describe the anisotropic damage phase and Embedded Finite Element Method (EFEM) introduces cracks as multiple strong discontinuities in the damaged continuum. First, the standard EFEM is extended in the context of multiple cracks. Later, the microplane microdamage model is formulated in a thermodynamic framework using simple constitutive laws. Finally, these two approaches are coupled using a transition methodology. The proposed methodologies are illustrated using several elementary and structural test cases that involve complex stress-strain states
Alomari, Asaad. "Evaluation des risques d’altération d’origine thermo-hydro-mécanique des pierres du patrimoine bâti." Thesis, Orléans, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ORLE2012/document.
Full textThis study deals with the ageing of limestone structures as a result of the interaction with their environment. It is based on the characterization of both the material and the local climatic conditions. The objective of this thesis is to study the role of climatic conditions in the degradation of stone by quantitative estimation of the weight of the different physical weathering processes: freezing-thawing, condensation and restrained hygro-thermal dilations. Two major historic sites were selected: the Château of Chambord in France and the site of Al-Nimrud City in Iraq, an ancient Assyrian capital, built in 1280 BCE. The French materials studied are tuffeau and Richemont stone, extensively used as a substitute for tuffeau restoration during part of the 20th century. The Iraqi materials studied are samples cored in situ in original weathered stones, original healthy stones, and the stone that could be used as a substitute for restoration. The approach chosen for damage risk assessment starts by the realization of a multiphysics and multiscale experimental characterization campaign of the limestone used at Chambord, added to the collection of meteorological data at Chambord thanks to a weather station supplemented by situ stone measurements. The damage risk assessment is obtained by the combined use of climate data and material characterization, through the calculation of the impact of thedifferent physical weathering processes, which required some methodological developments. The proposed damage risk assessment methodology is then applied to Al-Nimrud site. Finally, a preliminary digital health record of the most prominent monument of Al-Nimrud - the Al-Ziggurat - is carried out to diagnose its durability
Rancic, Mickael. "Etude des mécanismes de déformation et de transformations métallurgiques en sous-couche et sur la surface usinée lors du tournage du Ti-6Al-4V avec un outil en carbure cémenté WC-Co non revêtu. Corrélation de l’intégrité matière par la surveillance de l’opération et la compréhension des mécanismes d’endommagement de l’outil." Thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ENAM0058/document.
Full textThe scientific works presented in this thesis is taken place within the framework of an European project ACCENT which is the continuity of the ManHIRP European project (2001-2005). The main aim of these studies is the development of an experimental approach allowing of the determination of an acceptable surface integrity within the validity domain according to the cutting parameters by using the recorded monitoring signals during turning operation. The identification and the classification of the geometrical anomalies generated on the machined surface versus the cutting speed and feed rate were especially investigated. At the same time, damage on uncoated cemented carbide and evolution on process monitoring signals have conducted to a better understanding of cutting phenomena. The anomalies generated within the machined sub-surface such as the highly worked layers and “white layers” were studied with fine metallurgical analysis like the use of Castaing microprobe and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In addition, micro-hardness and residual stresses measurements have completed the previous analysis. The knowledge of the metallurgical and mechanical states within the sub-layer have enabled to deduce the causes of their formation and to define the deformation mechanisms and the metallurgical transformations (phases and grains size) which have occurred during the machining operation. The tracking of the microstructural features related to globular alpha grains by the investigations of the images analysis have led to a better understanding of material flow according to the cutting and feed directions. Also, the dissolution phenomena of globular alpha grains occurring when the thermal loading becomes preponderant before the mechanical one has been highlighted. After these metallurgical analyses, correlations between the surface integrity and the process monitoring signals have been found. The singular evolution of the radial force signal indicates the anomalies appearance. Its amplitude is linked with the depth of the thermo-mechanically affected sub-layer of the machined surface
Coradi, Audrey. "Modélisation du comportement mécanique des composites a matrice céramique : développement du réseau de fissures." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0267/document.
Full textCeramic matrix composite materials (CMC) are elaborated from fragile constituents. Their mechanical behaviour and crack growing depend on the properties of the CMC elementary constituent. Knowing the influence of these properties on crack development and mechanical behaviour provides support to the composite material designer.This work aims at modelling the crack networks development within the CMC under axial tension, at the yarn scale as well as at the woven composite scale. The proposed approach is an alternative to the main CMC behaviour models.At the yarn scale, matrix cracking with interfacial debonding between fiber and matrix first happen. Both mechanisms are analysed and their development are expressed. The mechanical behaviour resulting from damage and the crack opening displacement are also described using semi-analytical equations. Comparisons with numerical cohesive zone model and also with experimental testing shows good correlation between results.These semi-analytical expressions are then used for modelling damage within each yarns at the woven composite scale. In addition, a numerical tool is developed for matrix cracking and interfacial debonding between yarns of the woven composite
Le, Guyader Christophe. "Mécanique de la rupture et endommagement d’un alliage d’aluminium 2219 T87 pour application aérospatiale." Thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENMP0046/document.
Full textThe purpose of this work is to use fracture mechanics and damage model to assess the structural integrity of the ARIANE 5 tank containing defects. These flaws are usually assumed to be semi-elliptical surface cracks.This situation can be analysed using the FAD (Failure Assessment Diagram) approach. This method is based on the stress intensity factor K and a material fracture toughness (Kmat) which can be the plane strain fracture toughness (KIC) for a conservative prediction. A more realistic prediction is achieved by employing the integral J and a material parameter derived from crack resistance curve JR - ∆a . This curve is obtained by using cracked test samples with different geometries (CT, SENT and SCT). The local approach to fractureis an alternative method to assess failure in particular in the case of large scale plasticity. In this case, the previous method is not able to give accurate predictions. Analyses based on local approach concepts requirean accurate evaluation of strain and stress fields near the crack tip. It is therefore important to take plastic anisotropy into account to model the plastic behavior of the rolled sheets. In this work this is done using amacroscopic phenomenological model. The parameters of this model are determined by minimizing of the difference between the simulation results and the test measurements for smooth and notched tensile test samples. The local approach to fracture is also based on the understanding of the failure micromechanismsof materials. Ductile fracture of metallic materials can be described as a three stage process. The first is void initiation at inclusions, the second is void growth and the third is void coalescence. Nucleation of defectsat Al2Cu inclusions is the main damage mechanism. In this work, the proposed model for ductile fracture is based on the Gurson model modified by Needleman and Tvergaard (GTN). This model is extended to account for fracture anisotropic by considering two nucleation gaussian laws respectively for rolling andtransverse directions
Rouch, Matthias. "Contribution à la compréhension des mécanismes de vieillissement hydrothermique de matériaux composites unidirectionnels polyester insaturé/fibre de lin." Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMC210/document.
Full textA great number of plant fiber – reinforced polymer composites allowed substantial lightening of structures in various fields of application. However, the question remains about the durability of these parts in service, mainly for lack of knowledge about the aging of plant fibers, their interactions with the polymer matrix and the hydrothermal behavior of biosourced composites over time. In this work, water absorption mechanisms and kinetics by the composite material are studied in order to understand the hydric behavior during hydrothermal aging by immersion in deionized water at 23°C or 70°C. The results show that water absorption by the composite is characterized by a high water uptake and an anisotropic swelling. It also allowed the identification of the degradation mechanisms of flax fibers; the very harmful role of bark residues recalls the importance of retting and decortication on the performance of these fibers.The investigation of the behaviors of the constituents and the composite under hydrothermal aging was then undertaken with the aim to identify and quantify the influence of each on the constituent materials, as well as their synergy. It shows that the deterioration of the flax fibers is the main cause of the reduction of the mechanical properties of the composite. If immersion at 23 ° C for 70 days has little effect on the mechanical properties, raising the temperature to 70 ° C induces significant damage from 14 days of immersion. The destruction of the cell walls and the degradation of the fiber/matrix interfaces due to water deteriorate the load transfer efficiency by the fiber/matrix interface. The correlation between accelerated and natural aging showed a similarity between holding for 70 days in water at 23 ° C and exposure to natural conditions for 24 months; immersion at 70 ° C is too severe. An improvement solution would be to increase the retting of the fibers in order to further remove the pectic compounds from the middle lamella and the primary wall. The elimination of these compounds easily hydrolysable by water would claim to a better quality of the fiber / matrix interface throughout aging
Al-Dodoee, Omar Hashim Hassoon. "Conception et optimisation des matériaux et structures composites pour des applications navales : effet du slamming." Thesis, Brest, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BRES0050/document.
Full textGenerally, when marine vessels encounter the water surface on entry and subsequently re-enter the water at high speed (slamming), this can subject the bottom section of the vessels to both local and global effects and generate unwanted vibrations in the structure, especially over very short durations. In marine design, the vessel speed has become an important aspect for optimal structure. Therefore, design requirements have been optimized in relation to the structural weight. In other hand, the appearance of the composite structures in the last decades has encouraged the exploitation of these structures in major construction projects for lightweight marine and aerospace applications. This is due to the nature of their mechanical properties which shows a high stiffness-to-weight ratio. In contrast, the interaction between deformable structures and free water surface can be modified the fluid flow and changed the estimated hydrodynamic loads comparing with rigid body, due to appearance of hydroelastic effects. Moreover, these structures are always subject to different and complex damage mechanisms under dynamic loading. For these reasons, the flexibility and the damage failure modes in composite materials introduce additional complexity for predicting hydrodynamic loads when interactive with water. This considered a key challenge to use these materials in marine applications. Therefore, special attention must be taken in the design phase and the analysis of performances during lifetime use. The main contributions of this work are the experimental and numerical study of the dynamic behavior of composite panels and the quantification of the effect of the flexibility of these structures on the hydrodynamic loads and the resulting deformations. To study these effects, laminate composite and sandwich panels with two different rigidities and subjected to various impact velocities have been investigated experimentally using high speed shock machine with velocity control system. The dynamic resistance was analysed in terms of hydrodynamic loads, dynamic deformation and failure mechanisms for different impact velocities. The general analysis of experiment results were indicated that more flexible panel has a higher peak force as velocity increases compared with higher stiffness panels. On the other hand, the slamming model was implemented in Abaqus/Explicit software based on Coupled Eulerian Lagrangian model approach (CEL). In addition, different damage modes are developed and constructed using a user-defined material subroutine VUMAT and implemented in Finite element method, including the intralaminar damage, debonding in skin/core interface, and core shear to cover all possible damage modes throughout structures. The numerical model gave a good agreement results in judging with experimental data for prediction of the hydrodynamic force and panel deformation. Additionally, this study gives qualitative and quantitative data which provides clear guidance in design phase and the evolution of performances during lifetime of composite structures, for marine structure designers
Zinszner, Jean-Luc. "Identification des paramètres matériau gouvernant les performances de céramiques à blindage." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0337/document.
Full textSince the sixties, ceramics are commonly used as armour materials. Indeed, thanks to their interesting physical and mechanical properties, they allow a significant weight benefit in comparison to monolithic steel plate armours. However, the microstructure of the ceramic may have a strong influence on its penetration resistance. Based on characterisation tests and on the use of four silicon carbide grades, this work aims to highlight the links between the microstructure and the ballistic efficiency. Experimental compressive and spalling tests are based on the use of the GEPI device. For studying the compressive dynamic behaviour, it allows using the lagrangian analysis method and characterising the yield strength of the material. For studying the tensile dynamic behaviour, it allows assessing the strain-rate sensitivity of the spall strength. An analysis of the fragmentation process is performed based on Edge-On Impact tests. Moreover, an innovating impact test on fragmented ceramics has been designed and performed. The different experimental results allow a better understanding of the influence of the ceramic microstructure on its behaviour under the different loadings. All the experimental data have been compared to numerical results allowing validating the constitutive models. The DFH (Denoual-Forquin-Hild) damage model of brittle materials showed very good capacities to simulate the tensile dynamic behaviour of ceramics (spalling and fragmentation)
Atiezo, Megbeme Komla. "Modélisation multi-échelle de l'endommagement dynamique des matériaux fragiles sous chargements complexes." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0212.
Full textIn this thesis, the modeling of dynamic damage and failure of quasi-materials is addressed using a two-scale approach based on the asymptotic homogenization method. Dynamic damage laws are obtained and numerical simulations of the associated behavior are performed for loadings corresponding to the classical three modes of Fracture Mechanics. The first dynamic model of damage is proposed for the anti-plane shear loading case (Mode III). The damage evolution law is deduced from the Griffith’s energy criterion governing the dynamic propagation of microcracks, by using the homogenization method based on asymptotic expansions. A study of the local macroscopic response predicted by the new model is conducted to highlight the influence of parameters, like the size of the microstructure and the loading rate, on the evolution of damage. Results of macroscopic simulations of dynamic failure and the associated branching instabilities are presented and compared with those reported by experimental observations. The model is implemented in a Finite-Elements/Finite-Differences code using the Matlab software environment. Numerical simulations of rapid failure in opening mode (Mode I) are using a dynamic damage law are presented subsequently. The model is deduced from a microscopic Griffith type criterion describing the dynamic mode I propagation of microcracks, using the asymptotic homogenization approach. The resulting damage law is sensitive to the rate of loading that determines the macroscopic failure mode. Numerical simulations are performed in order to identify the model predictions and the obtained numerical results are compared with the experimental ones. Different tests, like the compact tension and L-shape specimen tests for concrete, the compact compression test for the PMMA brittle polymer and the Kalthoff impact test for limestone rocks, are considered in the numerical simulations. These simulations show that the loading rate essentially determines the macroscopic crack trajectory and the associated branching patterns, in agreement with the experimental results. The law has been implemented in a finite element code Abaqus/Explicit via a VUMAT subroutine. A third model of damage is obtained for the in-plane shear mode (Mode II) through a similar double-scale approach by considering unilateral contact with friction conditions on the microcracks lips. A local study concerning the effects of normal compression and of the friction coefficient is carried out. The influence of the size of the microstructure and the rate of loading on damage evolution is analyzed at the local level. These studies are completed by structural failure simulations of PMMA specimens using the Abaqus/Explicit finite element software
Gbetchi, Kokouvi. "Multi-scale modeling of thermo-mechanical dynamic damage in quasi-brittle materials." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORR0049.
Full textUnder impact mechanical loadings, structural components made of brittle materials may be exposed to dynamic failure. The appropriate modeling of the failure mechanisms at different scales of observation and the prediction of the corresponding thermomechanical damage evolution in such materials is essential for structural reliability predictions. Experimental observations on dynamic failure in brittle materials report important cooling and heating effects in the vicinity of the crack tip. Theoretical modeling of the thermo-mechanical coupling during fracture have been generally undertaken without accounting for microstructural aspects. The objective of the present thesis is to develop a procedure to obtain macroscopic thermo-mechanical damage laws in which the damage evolution is deduced from the propagation of microcracks and the associated small-scale thermal effects in the material. We use the asymptotic homogenization method to obtain the macroscopic thermo-mechanical and damage response of the solid. A Griffith type criterion is assumed for microcracks propagating in modes I or II. Heat sources at the tips of microcracks are considered as a consequence of the energy dissipated during propagation. Frictional heating effects are also considered on the lips of microcracks evolving in the shear mode. An energy approach is developed in combination with the homogenization procedure to obtain macroscopic damage laws. The resulting thermoelastic and damage system involves strong couplings between mechanical and thermal fields. Computation of the effective coefficients allowed us to study the local response predicted by the new models. The macroscopic response exhibits strain-rate sensitivity, microstructural size effects, degradation of thermoelastic properties and specific thermal evolutions due to microcracking and frictional effects at the small scale. Distributed heat sources are present in the macroscopic temperature equation linked to damage and frictional dissipations. The implementation of the proposed damage models in a FEM software allowed us to perform numerical simulations at the structural level. We reproduced numerically experimental tests reported in the literature concerning the rapid failure of PMMA samples impact. The results obtained in the simulations are in good agreement with the experimental observations
Rukavina, Tea. "Multi-scale damage model of fiber-reinforced concrete with parameter identification." Thesis, Compiègne, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018COMP2460/document.
Full textIn this thesis, several approaches for modeling fiber-reinforced composites are proposed. The material under consideration is fiber-reinforced concrete, which is composed of a few constituents: concrete, short steel fibers, and the interface between them. The behavior of concrete is described by a damage model with localized failure, fibers are taken to be linear elastic, and the behavior of the interface is modeled with a bond-slip pull-out law. A multi-scale approach for coupling all the constituents is proposed, where the macro-scale computation is carried out using the operator-split solution procedure. This partitioned approach divides the computation in two phases, global and local, where different failure mechanisms are treated separately, which is in accordance with the experimentally observed composite behavior. An inverse model for fiber-reinforced concrete is presented, where the stochastic caracterization of the fibers is known from their distribution inside the domain. Parameter identification is performed by minimizing the error between the computed and measured values. The proposed models are validated through numerical examples
Tanne, Erwan. "Variational phase-field models from brittle to ductile fracture : nucleation and propagation." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLX088/document.
Full textPhase-field models, sometimes referred to as gradient damage, are widely used methods for the numerical simulation of crack propagation in brittle materials. Theoretical results and numerical evidences show that they can predict the propagation of a pre-existing crack according to Griffith’s criterion. For a one- dimensional problem, it has been shown that they can predict nucleation upon a critical stress, provided that the regularization parameter is identified with the material’s internal characteristic length.In this work, we draw on numerical simulations to study crack nucleation in commonly encountered geometries for which closed-form solutions are not available. We use U- and V-notches to show that the nucleation load varies smoothly from the one predicted by a strength criterion to the one of a toughness criterion when the strength of the stress concentration or singularity varies. We present validation and verification of numerical simulations for both types of geometries. We consider the problem of an elliptic cavity in an infinite or elongated domain to show that variational phase field models properly account for structural and material size effects.In a second movement, this model is extended to hydraulic fracturing. We present a validation of the model by simulating a single fracture in a large domain subject to a control amount of fluid. Then we study an infinite network of pressurized parallel cracks. Results show that the stimulation of a single fracture is the best energy minimizer compared to multi-fracking case. The last example focuses on fracturing stability regimes using linear elastic fracture mechanics for pressure driven fractures in an experimental geometry used in petroleum industry which replicates a situation encountered downhole with a borehole called burst experiment.The last part of this work focuses on ductile fracture by coupling phase-field models with perfect plasticity. Based on the variational structure of the problem we give a numerical implementation of the coupled model for parallel computing. Simulation results of a mild notch specimens are in agreement with the phenomenology of ductile fracture such that nucleation and propagation commonly reported in the literature
Verdret, Yassine. "Analyse du comportement parasismique des murs à ossature bois : approches expérimentales et méthodes basées sur la performance sismique." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0010/document.
Full textThis thesis presents a study of the seismic behavior of light timber frame walls with stapled and nailed sheathings through experimental approaches and the development of a methodology for the application of seismic performance-based methods. The experimental approaches consist of three test campaigns: (1) a series of static tests on stapled and nailed connections, (2) a series of static tests performed on light timber frame walls and (3) a series of dynamic tests performed on light timber frame walls on a vibrating table. The database consists of these test results then allows the examination of strength and stiffness properties of the wall elements according to the stress conditions (strain rate, vertical load). The development of a macro-scale modeling of the cyclic and dynamic behavior of such elements is also proposed using constitutive law models. A framework of the application to light timber frame structures of seismic performance-based methods based (N2 method and MPA method) and a vulnerability analysis - fragility curves - using the N2 method are proposed
Martin, Joannie. "Optimisation des paramètres expérimentaux pour l’analyse des fibres d’amiante par microscopie électronique en transmission." Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/18437.
Full textAsbestos is a material known and used by man for nearly 5000 years, its commercial definition includes six different types of fibrous mineral. Because of their numerous thermal and mechanical properties, asbestos has been mined intensively for commercial use in the last century. It is now well recognized that asbestos exposure can cause severe damage to health and thus its use and exploitation is therefore banned in many countries and its exposure is strictly regulated. The application of those regulations requires rigorous analytical methods to support it. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is the most powerful and efficient tool for the analysis of asbestos fibers. However, identification errors caused by damage to asbestos fibers can occur and this problem has been investigated in depth. Asbestos amosite fibers were initially investigated to evaluate the damage caused by a transmission electron microscope electron beam. Since elemental x-ray intensity ratios obtained by energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) are commonly used for asbestos identification, the impact of beam damage on these ratios was measured. It was determined that the magnesium/silicon ratio was the most sensitive to damage caused by the electron beam. Various tests showed that most fibers have a current density threshold above which the chemical composition of the fiber is modified. The value of this threshold current density varied depending on the fiber. The existence of a threshold electron dose was also demonstrated. This value was dependent on the current density used and can be increased by providing a recovery period between exposures to the electron beam. This study also established that the electron beam current is directly related to the damage rate above a current density of 165 A/cm2. Guidelines were established in order to ensure that the amosite fibers are not damaged. It was determined that analysis should be conducted below a current density of 100 A/cm2. In the second part of this study, the main objective was to assess whether temperature is a factor influencing damage to asbestos fibers and, if so, how it can be used to minimize damage. It was found that lowering the temperature to 123 K can inhibit, for a given time, the manifestation of the damage. The significant decrease of atom diffusion at low temperature momentarily prevents mass loss, greatly reducing the possibility of misidentification of vi anthophyllite asbestos fibers. The results obtained in this study strongly suggest that the predominant mechanism damage is probably related to the induced-electric-field model. In a third part, the effect of the acceleration voltage on the damage of four different types of asbestos fibers; chrysotile, amosite, crocidolite and anthophyllite, was investigated. The results support the conclusion that contrary to what is usually recommended, it is best to use an acceleration voltage of 200 kV than 100 kV in order to avoid damage. The findings shed light on possible damage mechanisms; the most predominant seems to be caused by an induced electric field, radiolysis is not excluded but seems less important and knock-on is thought to be negligible for the conditions used.
Haddad, Mohamed. "Développement d'un procédé d'enroulement filamentaire adapté aux matériaux composites sandwichs et caractérisation mécanique des matériaux." Thesis, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ENAM0031/document.
Full textComposite materials, and especially sandwich structures, have been studied for decades. Indeed, the association between lightness and resistance of these structures leads to the development of their use. Their manufacturing method and their characterization remain as essential points in most studies. This work is part of the FUI SOLLICITERN project, which aims to design a composite water treatment tank for vehicles intended for this purpose. As a first step, and based on the classical filament winding principal, we aim to search designs that are best adapted to the fabrication of a curved sandwich material on a cylindrical mandrel, while respecting the process parameters of and their influence on structural properties. Since an optimal solution was validated, the constituent materials were studied by measuring mechanical properties. The objective is to help our industrial partner to validate a manufacturing solution and verify that such properties are the expected ones. For that, several static and dynamic characterizations were carried out on curved samples manufactured by the optimized process designed for our application. This part includes various experimental tests in order to validate the structure behavior with the most appropriate dimensions and material combinations, taking into account the manufacturing process. At the end, the best structural configuration is retained for the first tank prototype fabrication