Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Mécanisme de banque'
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Rieu-Foucault, Anne-Marie. "Essais sur la liquidité, la banque centrale et ses actions en dernier ressort." Thesis, Paris 10, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA100109.
Full textThis PhD thesis includes three essays on the future of central banks and how they should regulate liquidity. Regulating liquidity for the future, requires for central banks to justify and design a liquidity policy. This policy of liquidity actually exists in the form of unconventional measures but is not formalized. The contribution of this thesis is to propose a conceptualization of a liquidity policy as a key element for the future of central banks and as a theoretical foundation for the roles of central banks as last resorts. The thesis will show that it is actually a policy of liquidities because of the existence of different types of liquidity. It will illustrate it by proposing a theoretical model and by linking theory and practice of liquidity. The thesis deals with the role of the central bank on liquidity, first in the form of a risk taker of last resort and then in the form of a central agent acting on the various forms of liquidities. The first two essays cover the problem of the central bank as risk taker of last resort, under a positive aspect in the first essay and then under a normative aspect in the second. The last essay incorporates the concept of risk taker of last resort into a broader set of central bank actions covering different forms of liquidities
Perveen, Nazia. "Intégration de l'écologie microbienne dans les modèles biogéochimiques : conséquences pour les prévisions du stockage du Carbone et la fertilité des sols." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066340.
Full textIntegration of the priming effect* (PE) in ecosystem models is crucial to better predict the consequences of global change on ecosystem carbon (C) dynamics and its feedbacks on climate. Over the last decade, many attempts have been made to model PE in soil. However, some basic knowledge to model the PE is lacking such as the relationship between decomposition rate of soil organic matter (SOM) and microbial biomass (MB). Moreover, the PE has never been inserted in a plant-soil model to analyze its role on plant-soil interactions. The main objectives of this thesis were to 1) integrate the activity, biomass and diversity of soil microorganisms in models of ecosystem C and nitrogen (N) dynamics in order to simulate the PE, and 2) determine the consequence of this integration for ecosystem functioning and response to global change. These objectives were achieved thanks to the combination of diverse approaches such as modeling, experimentation and statistical. In a lab experiment, I show that the rate of SOM decomposition increases 1) linearly with MB, and 2) with a saturating effect with SOM content. The linear response of SOM decomposition to MB is explained by the very limited microbial colonization of SOM reserves. However, the positive effect of SOM content on decomposition rate indicates that the local availability of SOM may be limiting for microbial mineralization. The observed co-limitation of SOM decomposition was accurately modeled with the Michaelis-Menten equation. Finally, incorporating this equation in a simple model of soil C dynamics explained how carbon often continuously accumulates in undisturbed soils whereas it reaches steady state in cultivated soils. Moreover, I present the first parameterized PE embedding plant-soil model (SYMPHONY) which provides realistic predictions on forage production, soil C storage and N leaching for a permanent grassland. SYMPHONY also shows that plant persistence depends on a fine adjustment of microbial mineralization of SOM to plant nutrient uptake. This fine adjustment was modeled by considering the destruction of SOM through PE and the interactions between two microbial functional groups: SOM-decomposers and SOM-builders. Moreover, consistent with recent observations, SYMPHONY explains how elevated CO2 induce modification of soil microbial communities leading to an intensification of SOM mineralization and a decrease in the soil C stock
Perveen, Nazia. "Intégration de l'écologie microbienne dans les modèles biogéochimiques : conséquences pour les prévisions du stockage du Carbone et la fertilité des sols." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066340.
Full textIntegration of the priming effect* (PE) in ecosystem models is crucial to better predict the consequences of global change on ecosystem carbon (C) dynamics and its feedbacks on climate. Over the last decade, many attempts have been made to model PE in soil. However, some basic knowledge to model the PE is lacking such as the relationship between decomposition rate of soil organic matter (SOM) and microbial biomass (MB). Moreover, the PE has never been inserted in a plant-soil model to analyze its role on plant-soil interactions. The main objectives of this thesis were to 1) integrate the activity, biomass and diversity of soil microorganisms in models of ecosystem C and nitrogen (N) dynamics in order to simulate the PE, and 2) determine the consequence of this integration for ecosystem functioning and response to global change. These objectives were achieved thanks to the combination of diverse approaches such as modeling, experimentation and statistical. In a lab experiment, I show that the rate of SOM decomposition increases 1) linearly with MB, and 2) with a saturating effect with SOM content. The linear response of SOM decomposition to MB is explained by the very limited microbial colonization of SOM reserves. However, the positive effect of SOM content on decomposition rate indicates that the local availability of SOM may be limiting for microbial mineralization. The observed co-limitation of SOM decomposition was accurately modeled with the Michaelis-Menten equation. Finally, incorporating this equation in a simple model of soil C dynamics explained how carbon often continuously accumulates in undisturbed soils whereas it reaches steady state in cultivated soils. Moreover, I present the first parameterized PE embedding plant-soil model (SYMPHONY) which provides realistic predictions on forage production, soil C storage and N leaching for a permanent grassland. SYMPHONY also shows that plant persistence depends on a fine adjustment of microbial mineralization of SOM to plant nutrient uptake. This fine adjustment was modeled by considering the destruction of SOM through PE and the interactions between two microbial functional groups: SOM-decomposers and SOM-builders. Moreover, consistent with recent observations, SYMPHONY explains how elevated CO2 induce modification of soil microbial communities leading to an intensification of SOM mineralization and a decrease in the soil C stock
Gaze, Pierre. "Essais sur l'application de l'économie des réseaux à l'industrie bancaire : mécanismes, stratégies, régulations." Orléans, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ORLE0502.
Full textGakoue, Sokrou Adélaïde. "Les mécanismes de contrôle du blanchiment de capitaux dans les banques françaises et ivoiriennes." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0121.
Full textNot available
Gaspard, Roger. "La reconnaissance mutuelle en droit bancaire et financier européen." Thesis, Paris 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA020083.
Full textThe principle of mutual recognition is fundamental to European law whereby it stands for the equivalence of the regulations of member States of the European Union. In banking and financial law, the principle of mutual recognition is exemplified in two different applications. The first aims at eliminating duplicative regulations and is used by national and European courts in reliance on European Union primary law. It classifies any regulation of a host state that overlaps with a regulation of a home state that has already been applied to a certain matter as a restriction to a European freedom of movement. The second application is the financial passport, which was set forth by European lawmakers in various directives and regulations. The passport allocates regulatory powers among European member states and gives primary jurisdiction to the home member state within a harmonized field. This thesis describes and analyzes each of these applications which are crucial to the practice of business law. Overall, it calls for a reflection on the different methods of integrating financial markets
Luciano, Kevin. "Le droit à l'épreuve des mécanismes offshore." Paris 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA010330.
Full textRagaleux, Alexandre. "Mécanismes d'accès multiple dans les réseaux sans fil large bande." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066407/document.
Full textIn this thesis, we study the resource allocation problem within the framework of 4G LTE networks. The OFDMA access method divides the radio resources both in the frequency and time domains. Due to channel impairments, users do not always have the same transmit/receive rates on each resource. In this context, our problem is to share the radio resources between users and enable them to transmit/receive data. The algorithm used to allocate resources is of fundamental importance on system performance. The LTE standard adds constraints to this problem and makes harder the exploitation of the frequency and the multi-user diversity. Indeed, under these constraints, we show that the resource allocation problem becomes part of the « most difficult » problems. Therefore, the conventional algorithms are often not adapted to a real LTE network. We provide resource allocation algorithms for both the uplink and downlink of LTE. The constraints of the standard are rigorously taken into account in order to build effective solutions. In addition, the proposed algorithms are generic and can adapt to a wide variety of objectives. In particular, we focus on the support of multimedia traffic with heterogeneous quality of service requirements (bit error rate, delay, jitter, etc.). Indeed, the gradual increase of the offered throughput and the strong popularity of smart mobile devices lead to a massive use of multimedia applications. Our algorithms are validated through extensive simulation. By this means, we show that the inclusion of LTE constraints is essential to achieving high performance
Ragaleux, Alexandre. "Mécanismes d'accès multiple dans les réseaux sans fil large bande." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066407.
Full textIn this thesis, we study the resource allocation problem within the framework of 4G LTE networks. The OFDMA access method divides the radio resources both in the frequency and time domains. Due to channel impairments, users do not always have the same transmit/receive rates on each resource. In this context, our problem is to share the radio resources between users and enable them to transmit/receive data. The algorithm used to allocate resources is of fundamental importance on system performance. The LTE standard adds constraints to this problem and makes harder the exploitation of the frequency and the multi-user diversity. Indeed, under these constraints, we show that the resource allocation problem becomes part of the « most difficult » problems. Therefore, the conventional algorithms are often not adapted to a real LTE network. We provide resource allocation algorithms for both the uplink and downlink of LTE. The constraints of the standard are rigorously taken into account in order to build effective solutions. In addition, the proposed algorithms are generic and can adapt to a wide variety of objectives. In particular, we focus on the support of multimedia traffic with heterogeneous quality of service requirements (bit error rate, delay, jitter, etc.). Indeed, the gradual increase of the offered throughput and the strong popularity of smart mobile devices lead to a massive use of multimedia applications. Our algorithms are validated through extensive simulation. By this means, we show that the inclusion of LTE constraints is essential to achieving high performance
Gimbert, Florent. "Mécanique de la banquise Arctique et des matériaux granulaires : deux milieux, deux approches." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00846380.
Full textCretin, Claude. "Étude des mécanismes de photorégulation de la phosphoénolpyruvate carboxylase et de la malate déshydrogénase à NADP des feuilles de sorgho." Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112454.
Full textPhosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (E. C. 4. 1. 1. 31) (PEPC) and NADP-Malate Dehydrogenase (E. C. 1. 1. 1. 82) (NADP-MDH) are two key enzymes involved in the photosynthetic pathway of C4 plants. In the cytoplasm of mesophyll cells, PEPC catalyses the β-carboxylation of PEP giving rise to oxaloacetate which is then translocated into chloroplasts and reduced to malate by NADP-MDH. During the greening process of Sorghum leaf (Sorghum vulgare F, cv. Tamaran FNK 140), a light-dependent increase in enzyme activity occurs for both enzymes. The present work is devoted to the study of photoregulation mechanisms of PEPC and MDH. By in vitro translation of Sorghum leaf poly (A+) mRNA and immunoprecipitation using specific antibodies, we have shown a light-dependent increase in the translational activity of both mRNAs. Furthermore, a precursor form was found for the MDH with a transit peptide of about 2. 5 kDaltons; results suggested that the peptide was processed during the subunit translocation into the chloroplast. We have constructed a cDNA library from Sorghum leaf poly (A+) mRNA in the expression vector lambda gt11. Using polyclonal antibodies raised against PEPC and MDH, we isolated two cDNA clones for these enzymes, which were subsequently characterized by hybrid-selection translation experiments. Sizes of PEPC and MDH mRNAs were estimated by Northern blotting to be 3. 4 kb and 1. 6 kb respectively. It was shown that a light-dependent accumulation of both PEPC and MDH mRNAs occurred during the greening of Sorghum leaves. Finally, we constructed a genomic library in the phage lambda EMBL4 from MboI restriction fragments of Sorghum leaf DNA. Using the PEPC cDNA, we isolated 70 positive clones from the library. One of them (lambda CP46) has been characterized by establishing its restriction map. We could localize a 7. 5 kb region in the clone containing the entire PEPC gene. We also showed that lambda CP46 genomic clone contained the putative regulatory and non-coding regions at 5’ and 3' ends of the gene
Jebli, Sinda. "Une analyse de l'importance des facteurs financiers dans le mécanisme de transmission de la politique monétaire en économie ouverte." Rennes 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012REN1G009.
Full textThe return of financial problems for several years has led to a consideration of financial frictions in the New Keynesian models. This thesis attempts to analyze the mechanisms of transmission of financial shocks on the real economy, in the context of a small open economy. The first theoretical approach of this thesis shows that the central bank can be misled by relying on a standard model without the banking sector. It also shows that the implications of financial constraints are relatively more important for the transmission of financial shocks to the main aggregates of a small open economy. The second theoretical approach, which seeks to study the interaction between capital regulation and monetary policy, shows that the introduction of the debt ratio in the Taylor rule does not improve performance compared to a standard interest rate rule. This thesis also proposes an empirical approach to test firstly, the presence of a financial accelerator in the Czech Republic ad secondly, to show that sensitivity to financial constraints is different depending on the size of firms. The results show that micro-firms, more dependent on bank credit, show a strong sensitivity of their investment behavior to the costs of access to external financing
Bonnet-Lebouvier, Anne-Sophie. "Analyse de la propagation dynamique d'une bande de cisaillement adiabatique." Metz, 2001. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/2001/Bonnet_Lebouvier.Anne_Sophie.SMZ0117.pdf.
Full textThe dynamic propagation of diabatic shear bands is presently analyzed. A configuration representing the experiments of Marchand and Duffy (1988) is considered in the numerical simulations. A layer of finite length and finite width is subjected to shear loading. After a transient, a steady state is attained in which adiabatic shear bands propagate with a constant velocity. The evolution of the shear band speed is firstly determined as a function of the applied velocity. A comparison between the configuration including heat conduction and the adiabatic case is made in order to stress the influence of heat conductivity on the propagation process. A diamensional analysis allows to determine a general law describing the influence of each problem's parameter on the shear band speed. Finally, the concept of a process zone is introduced. The process zone is a region propagating with the shear band tip, where an intense stress softening by thermo-mechanical coupling. It is shown how the shear band propagation is controlled by this stress softening
Boum, II Yap Jean-Bertrand. "Étudedu mécanisme catalytique de la thymidylate synthase ThyX de Chlamydia trachomatis et découverte d'inhibiteurs des ThyX par criblage aléatoire de banques de petites molécules." Paris 11, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA112366.
Full textThymidylate synthases, ThyA and ThyX, are enzymes responsible for the formation of the thymidylate (dTMP), an essential precursor in the synthesis of DNA. These two enzymes are different in their sequence, their structure and their mechanism. ThyX is absent in human but present in a large number of human pathogenic bacteria such as: Helicobacter pylory, Microbacterium tuberculosis, C. Trachomatis and many others. The differences of mechanism, structure and distribution of these enzymes, made the World Health Organization define the ThyX as a priority therapeutic target in the discovery of new antimicrobial agent against tuberculosis. ThyA is functionally active as a dimer, whereas ThyX is proposed to be a tetramer in its active form. They also differ mechanistically; ThyX is a flavindependent protein and use NADPH as a cofactor, while ThyA de not. Although sequential mechanism model is proposed for both families of enzyme, the ping-pong type model is proposed for Chlamydia trachomatis ThyX. The aim of my work was to study the mechanism of C. Trachomatis ThyX, to evaluate the role of residues conserved among this family on the catalytic activity of M. Tuberculosis ThyX, and to discover new inhibitors of ThyX. The outcome of my work allows me to propose that ThyX of C. Trachomatis follows a catalytic sequential type model, such as the other members of ThyX family. Small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) analyses allowed me to observe equilibrium in solution between the dimer, tetramer and hexamer form of C. Trachomatis ThyX. These results show that ThyX is also active as dimer form like ThyA. I have confirmed the essential role of residues of the “ThyX motif” in the catalytic activity of tha ThyX of M. Tuberculosis. The obtained results contributed to the extension of this “ThyX motif” to the sequence (Y/W)X19-40RHRX7-8SXR(Y/F)X68-114R. The optimization and validation of the oxidation test and deprotonation test which allow the measurement of ThyX activity, led me to screen four libraries for a total of 2610 compounds against ThyX of Paramecium bursaria chlorella virus 1, M. Tuberculosis, Borellia hermsei, and C. Trachomatis. I have identified six inhibitors of ThyX activity from these five organisms which also de not inhibit human ThyA. These six molacules also have an antimicrobial effect on a bacteria species possessing ThyX (e. G. H. Pylori MIC~1,25-2,5μg/ml), on a bacteria species possessing both ThyX and ThyA (M. Smegmatis), and have no effect on a bacteria species possessing ThyA (E. Coli)
Chihi, Meriam. "Propagation internationale de la crise des subprimes et mécanismes de transmission à la sphère réelle." Nice, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NICE0032.
Full textThe objective of this thesis is to study the effects of contagion of the subprime crisis on the financial markets and analyze the mechanisms of its spread to the real economy of the developed countries such as (the United States, France, the Germany, Italy, Britain and Japan). To do this, we were interested, first, to modeling the contagion of subprimes market and five other U. S. Financial markets. We adopted a VAR model and applied it for two sub-periods, a period of crisis and a period of calm. Our results support the transmission of disturbances in the subprime market loans to other U. S. Financial markets and show that this crisis quickly turned into a severe financial crisis in 2008. This financial crisis has spread rapidly throughout the world. We analyzed the transmission of shocks and volatility between the stock markets surveyed, on the one hand, and the correlations between these markets, on the other. We estimated a Markov Switching GARCH model to show the existence of effects of co-movement and contagion between the indices studied and the BEKK-GARCH model to test the transmission of shocks and volatility across markets. The DCC-GARCH model is estimated to show the effect of subprime crisis on the increase in volatility and correlations in stock markets and the presence of dynamic correlations between them. Our results support the transmission of disturbances between financial markets. Once widespread in the various financial markets, this crisis eventually led to a recession in the advanced economies. Therefore, we used the VAR models to test the existence of the contagion effects from the financial to the real economy in the six developed countries studied. Our results confirm that the financial turmoil has a recessionary impact on consumption and investment
Soro, Alexandre. "Mécanismes de fiabilisation pro-actifs." Toulouse, ISAE, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ESAE0018.
Full textToumi, Sirine. "L’impact des mécanismes de gouvernance dans la gestion des risques bancaires et la performance des banques. "Cas de la France , l’Allemagne et le Japon"." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AZUR0031/document.
Full textThe study of the internal mechanisms of governance in particular the board of directors and its relationship with the credit risk as well as the performance is the main subject of this thesis. From a sample of 13 French banks, 13 German and 20 Japanese rated during the period 2005 - 2012, we are trying to detect the impact of the characteristics of the Board of Directors and its committees on the credit risk, and on the banking performance. Our results show that the internal mechanisms of governance affect certainly, the level of appropriations non-performing assets and the financial performance of banks, but with mixed effects; they reflect this divergence between countries
Thullier, Philippe. "Clonage d'un Fab recombinant, neutralisant le virus de la dengue : Localisation de son epitope par criblage de banques de phages-peptides : Description de son mécanisme d'action." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001MNHN0034.
Full textBoussois, Kévin. "Céramiques silicatées à résistance mécanique et ténacité élevées." Limoges, 2013. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/409cf415-f1bf-4a2e-883f-2b79387c362d/blobholder:0/2013LIMO4022.pdf.
Full textMultilayer ceramic materials with organized microstructures were obtained from kaolin and alumino-silicate fibers. This kind of microstructure can significantly improve tensile strength and toughness, which are essential properties for conventional ceramics. The two main ways promoting microstructural organization are (i) the use of an adapted shaping process favoring the preferential orientation of anisotropic particles in the compact powder. This is the case of mixtures composed of kaolinite and fibers shaped by pressing and especially by tape casting; (ii) the recrystallization of mullite needle crystals during sintering occurs in preferred directions from the layers of kaolinite and fibers. This addition of template contributes to impose the mullite growth direction. An anisotropic sintering is then obtained in the directions parallel and perpendicular to the orientation of the layers of kaolin and fibers. Simultaneously to the densification, the growth of mullite is highly anisotropic, inducing the formation of a micro composite with an organized microstructure in which the majority of large mullite crystals are mainly oriented in the casting direction and perpendicular to the fibers. At the macroscopic scale, materials exhibit mechanical properties strongly correlated to the organization degree of mullite crystals in the microstructure. The values of tensile strength and toughness are mostly increased despite the low fiber content (between 1 and 5 vol. %) compared to the properties of usual silicate ceramics
Lostec, Lionel. "Elaboration par coulage en bande et caractérisation microstructurale et mécanique de composites SiC-MAS-L." Limoges, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LIMO0006.
Full textZhang, Jinchi. "Microscopie acoustique large bande : modélisation des réponses échographiques et validation expérimentale." Lyon, INSA, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ISAL0059.
Full textThis work is mainly a fundamental contribution to the wide band acoustic microscopy, due to the important part devoted to the modeling of acoustic phenomena and to their validation. We have been interested in the study of the impulse choreographic responses produced by large aperture spherical transducers immersed in water, in front of various solid plane reflectors. Two models were developed in order to predict these responses, the first operates directly in the time domain and the second makes use of the harmonic synthesis. These two methods lead to identical results. The temporal approach consists in adding the elementary contributions of the transient Green functions for the reflected field. This calculation is complicated and time consuming and therefore we have chosen a more efficient method based on a preliminary study in the frequency domain. For that purposed we derived a new formulation of the well-known V(z) curves, characterised by an exact expression of the pupil function for spherical caps vibrating uniformly or not. By Fourier transforming these exact harmonic results, the impulse echographic response was deduced. In the case of a semi infinite reflector, an interesting analytical expression has been obtained. The numerical simulations are in perfect agreement with the experimental results obtained with a wideband concave transducer, whose piezoelectric element is a thin PVDF film. This proves that our hypothesis, on the uniformity of the vibration of the concave surface, is satisfactory. At last, two applications were presented, demonstrating the interest of this wideband approach
Makhlouf, Abderrahim. "Étude des mécanismes de l'équite de la qualité de service dans les réseaux Ad-Hoc." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066744.
Full textCheballah, Chafé. "Étude des mécanismes physiques à l'origine de la permittivité colossale observée dans certaines céramiques." Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1779/.
Full textIn recent years, ceramic materials presenting a colossal relative permittivity have been largely studied. The first research works showed that a strong correlation exists between the electric properties and the structure of these materials. Impedance spectroscopy measurement is, by far, the most used one; it allowed from a modeling by electrical equivalent circuits to advance some hypotheses on an interfacial polarization. Until now, these interpretations are subject to discussion and no model takes into account all the known properties of these materials; particularly, the directional response (nonsymmetrical) in regard of the applied electrical field is still unexplained. The aim of this work is to know if there is a relation between all the characteristics of these materials to the microstructure, in order to understand the underlying physical mechanisms responsible of the observed colossal permittivity. Previous works showed the importance of interfaces effects on these colossal permittivity materials; even they are associated to their contacts with the metallic electrodes, or to an electrical heterogeneity of their microstructure composed of grains and grain boundaries. To understand which interfaces control the behavior of these materials, and specially their non-symmetrical response, a panel of electrical characterizations were made; both at the macroscopic scale (pellet of the metalized material) as at a local level of individual grains and grain boundaries; with a particular care in the quality of the measurements (conditions, reproducibility. . . Etc. ). Results of this widened panel of characterizations are analyzed and confronted to the existing models in order to amend the model that describes this type of materials. The electrical characterizations of the CaCu3Ti4O12 (CCTO) showed properties different from those of classical dielectric materials, in particular the non-symmetry and a "low resistivity" which lead to better define the scope where the material can be considered as a dielectric. A capacitance-voltage (C-V) characterization usually used to evaluate semiconductor materials revealed a Metal/ Insulator/Semiconductor structure at the material/electrode contact. Such a structure is proposed to explain some of the electric behavior of this material particularly the non-symmetrical response observed in these colossal dielectric constant materials
Balasoiu, Dimitri. "Modélisation et simulation du comportement mécanique de floes de glace." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALM045.
Full textThis doctoral dissertation is part of a research project on sea ice modeling, initiated by TOTAL S.A. and the Université Grenoble Alpes.This project lead to the development of a granular model for the evolution of sea ice, and in particular the mechanical behavior of ice floes in the marginal ice zone.The implementation of the model can simulate the collisions of one million ice floes, and their interaction with rigid structures.This PhD thesis improves the current granular model by adding an efficient model for ice floe fracture.Firstly, we present a fracture model for an ice floe subject to a boundary displacement.This model is a brittle fracture model, relying on the work of citeauthor{GRIFFITH1921}.It is written in a variational framework inspired from that of citeauthor{FM98}'s model: we minimize the total energy of the material.We show that, under some hypothesis, the total energy of the ice floe has a minimum.This variational model is efficient, and can be used in the collision model which simulates the behavior of a large number of floes.This efficiency relies on a strong geometric hypothesis, although mitigated by the use of a quasistatic loading : we restrict the space of admissible fractures to the set of segment lines.Secondly, we present a research strategy to obtain an expression of the boundary displacement during the percussion of two ice floes.The strategy is the following : we consider the ice floe as the limit of an isotropic mass-spring lattice.For a given lattice, we can write the differential equation verified by each mass, and thus we hope to derive an expression of the boundary displacement.We identify three mathematical limits which we deem necessary to the understanding of the percussion phenomenon, and we obtain two of them.Doing so, we prove two Gamma-convergence results of discrete functionals, defined on different lattices, to the classical elastic energy.In particular, we work with a stochastic isotropic lattice, built as the Delaunay triangulation of a stochastic point process.In that case, we will prove the almost-sure Gamma-convergence
Rozenberg, Yannick. "Modélisation analytique du bruit aérodynamique à large bande des machines tournantes : utilisation de calculs moyennés de mécanique des fluides." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00678225.
Full textAzrak, Edy Edward. "Croissance et caractérisation des Nanofils GeSn et SiSn obtenue par le mécanisme Solide-liquide-Solide." Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMR135/document.
Full textGermanium-Tin alloy is a unique class semiconductor gaining a strong attention because of its significant electrical and optical properties. Sn incorporation in Ge allows straightforward band-gap engineering enabling to enhance the electron and hole mobilities, and for a sufficient Sn amount an indirect-to-direct band-gap transition occurs. Its versatility rises due the possible monolithic integration on Si-platforms making it an ideal material in domains of optoelectronics, and high speed electronic devices. This thesis has focused on the fabrication and characterization of crystalline Ge1-xSnx nanowires with high Sn concentrations. New strategies were designed to fabricate many types of GeSn nanowires. The results have been explained as function of the existing kinetic models. A new growth mechanism was reported (i.e. Solid-Solid-Solid mechanism – SSS), it consists of growing in-plane GeSn nanowires using Sn catalysts below the melting point of Sn. Four mass transport models were proposed for the SSS growth mechanism. Various characterizations (e.g. TEM and APT) were done to investigate the physical and chemical properties of the obtained nanowires
Bodiou, Loïc. "Etude des mécanismes d’excitation et d’émission de couches minces de nitrure de gallium dopées Eu3+, Er3+ et Tm3+ pour nouveaux dispositifs électroluminescents." Caen, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007CAEN2039.
Full textThe PhD dissertation is devoted to the understanding of the excitation and quenching mechanisms of rare-earth (Eu3+, Er3+ and Tm3+) doped gallium nitride thin films. Rare-earth doping of GaN thin films results in two different types of incorporation sites for rare-earth ions: "isolated" ions (without any defect in their vicinity) and "rare-earth - trap" complexes. This trap can originate from the lattice distortion induced by the doping itself or from defects. Non-resonant excitation is reserved to this second kind of centres and occurs by energy transfer arising from the non radiative recombination of an exciton trapped in the vicinity of the rare-earth ion. Eu-implanted and in situ doped gallium nitride samples have been compared. Each presents two optically active "rare-earth - trap" complexes, one of which is common to all samples. Excitation efficiency differences between these complexes are found to be dependent on the distance between the trap and the rare-earth ion. Pump-probe experiments confirm experimentally the excitation path towards rare-earth ions and allow the study two quenching mechanisms namely photo-ionisation of traps and Auger effect with free carriers. Electroluminescence of GaN:Er3+ is also presented. Temperature, current and voltage dependant measurements indicate that electrical excitation of rare-earth ions take place by impact excitation
Kuhm, David. "Contribution à la modélisation et à l'optimisation d'accumulateurs de bandes flexibles, incluant l'étude du frottement bande/rouleau." Thesis, Mulhouse, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MULH4271.
Full textThis study focuses mainly on modeling and optimization of industrial web accumulators. The chapter one presents the nonlinear model of an industrial accumulator including a pneumatic actuated or a motorized carriage. The nonlinear model is then linearized around a working point. This model takes into account nonlinearities of both carriage actuators. The most influent mechanical parameters on the accumulator performances are highlighted and then, classical industrial control strategies are tested on the modeled accumulators. The chapter two concerns the accumulator performances optimization. Firstly, controllers are improved by taking into account the robustness against parameter variations, by using multi-objective controllers optimization or by using new control strategies. All these improvements show drastic performances gain. New accumulator structures including a dancer roll are proposed and improve also the accumulator performances. A performances comparison of the entire presented accumulator is presented at the end of this chapter. The last chapter presents the study of the friction between textile fabric and roll. The friction behavior of a web sliding on a roll is identified. The friction coefficient evolution is experimentally determined for different experimental parameters and kind of webs. These measures have permitted to build a model of a web sliding on a roll. This model, including the friction coefficient and the adherence loss between web and roll highlights the response of the web/roll system against web velocity variation
Bailly, Guillaume. "Développement de la transduction microonde appliquée à la détection d'ammoniac : du nanomatériau au capteur large bande, compréhension des mécanismes et influence des traces d'eau." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017UBFCK029/document.
Full textThe main objective of this thesis is to propose an analysis of the microwave transduction specificities in the framework of ammonia sensing applications. The two main features of this transduction are its broadband characterization (1 to 8 GHz) as well as its sensitive materials (dielectrics). This transduction method is based on the interaction between a polluting gas and a sensitive material deposited on the surface of a microwave-specific propagating structure. The response of the sensor is not directly induced by the dielectric properties of the gaseous target molecule, but rather by those of the target species adsorbed on the surface of the sensitive material. This adsorption causes a modification of the sensor parameters measured by a vector network analyzer. Unlike more conventional transducers such as conductimetry, this principle works at room temperature with any type of material, including electrical insulators.The first work carried out during this thesis led to the development of a new experimental bench adapted specifically for the study of microwave gas sensors by measuring the S-parameters in reflection and transmission modes. This development includes the design of two new generations of sensors, coated with metal oxides (iron or titanium oxides) commercially available or synthesized during the study. The first sensor comprises interdigital circuits while the second sensor is a trapezoidal resonator. The latter is characterized by a series of frequencies of interest regularly distributed between 1 and 8 GHz. The association of a mass spectrometer with the measurement bench allowed to follow the adsorption and desorption behavior of the target species which is ammonia (10-100 ppm), but also the behavior of the vector gas conventionally used, argon, and water initially adsorbed on the sensitive material or intentionally added during the experiment. The objective is to study the role of water as interfering with the detection of ammonia, the main target species. A third molecule of interest, ethanol, was also used during the experiments in order to estimate the possible differences in the detected molecules behaviors. The experimental results were exploited using specific data processing protocols established during this thesis. Temporal treatments were carried out to study the kinetic behavior of the sensor, while spectral treatments allowed to apprehend the broadband aspect of the sensor response in the presence of pollutants.The first major result is the significant increase in sensitivity to ammonia, which significantly lowered the detection threshold to ammonia concentrations in the 10 ppm range. Titanium dioxide has been identified as a good candidate for ammonia detection, with reflection coefficient variations up to 6 dB for 300 ppm. The role of the water initially adsorbed on the sensitive material has been elucidated, showing that its influence is significant only during the first few minutes of the experiments. Thus, it is possible to detect ammonia in the presence of residual moisture. The processes induced by the gaseous exposures and particularly by the carrier gas were identified, and confirmed that the sensor response was solely due to its interaction with the target molecules. Another major result is the definition of the operating conditions that are necessary for the establishment of the selectivity. Our theoretical analysis clearly demonstrated the interest of broadband measurements in terms of discrimination of target molecules. This analysis has been tested in multitarget experiments using ammonia, water and ethanol. These observations allowed to establish the specifications of a new generation of microwave sensors, guaranteeing systematic discrimination between these three molecules
Soalla, Wendkouni Lydie Sophie. "L'action des institutions financières internationales et leur impact sur les systèmes nationaux : aspects budgétaires et fiscaux. Le cas du Burkina Faso." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO30083.
Full textSince its independence, Burkina Faso is seeking public policy development that allows him to leave his state of "underdevelopment". Fiscal policy has, therefore, been established as a catalyst for sustainable economic and social development. But mistakes budget successive Governments have instead led to a triple crisis: a debt crisis, a crisis of deficits and an economic crisis. Beginning in the 1990s, the IMF and the World Bank intervened alongside Burkinabe authorities, within a double technical and financial assistance to reform structurally fiscal policy. This intervention will settle permanently in the internal politics of Burkina Faso. In two decades, finance policy will be geared to suit the budget doctrine and priorities defined by the IMF and the World Bank: the structural adjustment programs and the political fight against poverty will try to achieve the objectives of economic growth, and economic growth and social reform through policy and budgetary spending policy of budgetary resources. But whatever the goal under consideration, the results achieved are far removed from the expected results in terms of debt restructuring, expenditure and budgetary resources. This dynamic reforms can nevertheless wonder, in view of past experience, the appropriate role for the state in Burkina Faso, fiscal policy, the IMF and the World Bank, the Community institutions in West Africa the development process as Burkina Faso must necessarily raise, so that decades of reforms are not considered necessary
Louati, Fatma. "Trafics bidirectionnels et asymétrie : mécanismes pour optimiser les performances et maximiser l'utilisation des liens de l'Internet." Phd thesis, Nice, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00408683.
Full textDans cette thèse, nous analysons les problèmes qu'une telle situation engendre, puis nous décrivons quelques unes des solutions les plus prometteuses. Nous démontrons aussi par une étude de cas leur inéfficacité.
Nous proposons ensuite deux nouveaux ordonnanceurs ayant pour but commun de maximiser l'utilisation d'un lien asymétrique et satisfaire ainsi l'utilisateur de tels liens. Nous proposons ACQ de l'anglais Adaptive Class-based Queuing. ACQ manipule des agrégats de trafics, classés dans deux catégories et dont l'ordonanncement s'adapte au trafic qui passe afin d'avoir toujours une utilisation maximale du lien asymétrique. Nous proposons aussi VAQ de l'anglais Virtual Ack-based Queueing. VAQ suit une approche à granularité fine, c'est-à-dire qu'il manipule directement des paquets de données et d'acquittement en ayant toujours pour objectif de maximiser l'utilisation du lien asymétrique. Nous mettons en évidence dans cette thèse l'augmentation importante de l'utilisation des liens asymétriques obtenue avec ACQ et VAQ. Nous montrons d'autre part la robustesse de ACQ et de VAQ face à des changements dans les paramètres et la topologie du réseau ainsi que leur impact favorable sur d'autres critères de la qualité de service.
Biri, Aroua. "Proposition de nouveaux mécanismes de protection contre l'usurpation d'identité pour les fournisseurs de services Internet." Thesis, Evry, Institut national des télécommunications, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011TELE0009/document.
Full textMore and more organizations are computerized and more an organization is great, plus it can be the target of Internet attacks. Moreover, some of them have a growing number of electronic equipments that can be connected to the Internet from various locations (home, car, workplace, etc.). These devices form a so-called personal area network that allows the development of new applications centered on users. The ISPs can then expand their service offerings by providing a secure supply of such networks. According to the report of the firm “Arbor Networks”, entitled "Worldwide Infrastructure Security Report ", the most severe threats are related to distributed denial of service. This type of attack aims to make available a service by preventing legitimate users from using it. It uses the technique of identity theft that involves the creation of packages (like IP, ARP, etc.) with a forged source address and that in order to usurp the Identity of the issuer or of the computer system. Thus, the technique of identity theft allows to render a service unavailable, to listen, to corrupt, to block traffic from Internet users or to undermine the legitimate operation of routing protocols and personal networks. Moreover, the technique of identity theft is also used for prohibited activities by "HADOPI" law in France and related to illegal downloading issues. Thus, the ISPs have a duty to protect their customers from attacks based on the technique of identity theft. The mechanisms of protection against spoofing attacks for access networks are crucial for customer adoption of new applications offered by Internet service providers. This part of the doctoral thesis is part of the European project “MAGNET Beyond" whose vision is to put into practice the concept of personal networks, with the ultimate objective to design, develop, prototype and validate the concept. In the context of user equipment’s access to the network of an Internet services provider from a public place, we proposed a cross-layer protocol based on the principles of information theory. This protocol fixes the security hole not addressed by other proposals that is the attack of identity theft that occurs at the beginning of communication and thus protects users against the middle man attacks. We proposed that the person who wants to have secure access to the Internet must be on a specific circle has been called "RED POINT" so that the attacker is not able to be on the same circle at the same time. The proposed cross-layer protocol can be divided into three phases: the phase of checking the position of the user, the extraction phase of the shared secret of the physical layer and the phase of the derivation of the shared key at the MAC layer. We subsequently validated our solution through a formal tool AVISPA and presented the results of its implementation. In a private context, communication between devices convey users' personal data which may be confidential, so we must prevent equipment not belonging to the legitimate user to access its network. Thus, we proposed two mechanisms of protection against attacks based on spoofing so that illegitimate equipment is unable to impersonate legitimate equipment. The first phase will be dedicated to personal networks and the second will be dedicated to the particular case of medical networks. Regarding the mechanism dedicated to personal networks, we have proposed the use of a protocol based on out-of-band channel in order to provide certificates to user equipments. We derive bilateral key for personal network’s equipments of the same site and between equipments at remote sites. Concerning the particular case of medical networks, we proposed to cover their deployment phases and their operational phases. This proposal was submitted to the IEEE 802.15.6 working group that conducts research for the standardization of medical networks […]
Coeffier, Claude. "Étude de la commande de traction dans les entrainements de bande de métal." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992INPL061N.
Full textBillon, Kevin. "Composites périodiques fonctionnels pour l'absorption vibroacoustique large bande." Thesis, Besançon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BESA2018/document.
Full textThe understanding of wave propagation in periodic structures is proposed in this work. Periodic structures exhibit very specific properties in terms of wave propagation. First, some numerical tools for dispersion analysis of periodic structures are presented. The classical Floquet-Bloch approach is first presented, as a reference. This technique uses proper boundary conditions on the unit cell, but dealing with damping is not easy for 2D or 3D cases. Secondly, a metamaterial with hierarchical, auxetic (negative Poisson ratio) rectangular perforations is presented using the Floquet-Bloch method as a reference. Some numerical eigenvalue tools are used for the dispersion analysis of this structure. A geometric parametric investigation of these rectangular perforations using a numerical asymptotic homogenisation finite element approach is done. The experimental validation is performed with a network based on polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) using a 3D scanning vibrometer. Third, the Shift cell operator technique is described. It consists in a reformulation of the PDE problem by shifting in terms of wave number the space derivatives appearing in the mechanical behavior operator inside the cell, while imposing continuity boundary conditions on the borders of the domain. Damping effects can be introduced in the system. This strategy make it possible to solve the problem with an arbitrary frequency dependency of the physical properties of the cell. A focus is proposed on tools for the post-processing of dispersion diagrams in damped configurations like group velocity. Finally, an adaptive metamaterial based on the combination of metallic parts with highly dissipative polymeric interface is designed. In order to validate the design and the adaptive character of the metamaterial, results issued from a full 3D model of a finite structure embedding an interface composed by a distributed set of the unit cells are presented. After this step, a comparison between the results obtained using the tunable structure simulation and the experimental results is presented
Girard, Lucas. "Vers un nouveau cadre de modélisation rhéologique de la banquise." Phd thesis, Grenoble, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010GRENU021.
Full textIn this thesis, new approaches are used to model the mechanical behavior of sea ice and to evaluate sea ice models in terms of ice drift and deformation. It is first shown how the statistical and scaling properties of sea ice drift and deformation can be used as an evaluation metric for sea ice models. These properties are known to play an important role regarding ice growth estimates and should therefore be captured in sea ice models. The evaluation metric is applied to simulations performed with a coupled ocean/sea ice model, where the mechanical behavior of sea ice is represented using the Viscous-Plastic (VP) rheology, as in most current global ocean and climate models. The VP model is shown to be unable to capture the statistical and scaling properties of sea ice deformation. As these properties are a signature of the ice mechanical behavior, it suggests that the VP rheology is inappropriate for sea ice modeling. The new mechanical model developped during this thesis is based on the hyopthesis that sea ice deformation is mainly accommodated by fracturing and frictional sliding (brittle behavior) over a wide range of scales (stresses can be transmitted on long distances). The main characteristics of this new model, named the Elasto-Brittle (EB) rheology, are progressive damage to represent the brittle behavior, and an elastic constitutive law to allow long-range elastic interactions to take place. The EB rheology is first used to carry out a fundamental study of fracture in heterogeneous media. Simulations show that fracture is preceded by a divergence of the correlation length, measured from a correlation analysis of discrete events and from a scaling analysis of the continuous strain-rate field. The scaling properties of deformation that emerge in the vicinity of failure ressemble those observed for the brittle deformation of geophysical objects such as sea ice or the earth's crust. These results, that argue for a critical point interpretation of fracture, are discussed in the context of fracture at geophysical scales. Secondly, short term simulations of the winter Arctic sea ice cover are carried out using the EB rheology. The results show that the EB rheology captures well the statistical and scaling properties of sea ice deformation, motivating the implementation of the EB rheology in global sea ice models. On longer time scales, sea ice can recover its mechanical properties through refreezing of fractures. A healing law accounting for this process is presented along with preliminary results from simulations accounting for the effect of healing. Finally, a methodology for the implementation of the EB rheology within a global sea ice model is presented and discussed
Ballas, Grégory. "Modèle structural, mécanique et pétrophysique de la localisation de la déformation dans les grès poreux(Provence, France)." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01001389.
Full textMillot, Anthony. "Etude d'un réseau de capteurs environnementaux en bande ISM." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00573695.
Full textRoessner, Daniel. "Contribution à l'étude du comportement mécanique des carcasses textiles de bandes transporteuses : optimisation de la jonction." Thesis, Mulhouse, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MULH4553/document.
Full textThe conveyor belt is used as a material and object transportation tool in a lot of industries such as underground mines, quarries, food industries, agribusinesses or supermarkets. The studied subject is the underground mine conveyor belt, because of their transportation and use difficult conditions.Indeed, the conveyor belt must be cut to be dispatched using belt reeling and joined afterwards in the underground mine forming an endless belt. However, the junction is the weakest part of the conveyor belt due to the 50% belt weakening. The aim of this study is to propose a new junction solution. After analysing the underground belt mechanical and chemical use conditions, the different junction types have been analysed. A junction advantage and inconvenience comparison has been presented. Then, the junction mechanical behaviour has been studied using an original mechanical setup reproducing the mechanical junction. The different parameter influence has been evaluated using a new adimensional indicator called junction tensile strength efficiency. In the last part, a new junction solution made by a sewn has been explored. The sewn junction tensile efficiency has been tested on a tensile strength machine and its fatigue efficiency has been verified through dynamic tests. New outlines in the conveyor belt joining are open as a result of the sewn junction solution development
Biri, Aroua. "Proposition de nouveaux mécanismes de protection contre l'usurpation d'identité pour les fournisseurs de services Internet." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Evry, Institut national des télécommunications, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011TELE0009.
Full textMore and more organizations are computerized and more an organization is great, plus it can be the target of Internet attacks. Moreover, some of them have a growing number of electronic equipments that can be connected to the Internet from various locations (home, car, workplace, etc.). These devices form a so-called personal area network that allows the development of new applications centered on users. The ISPs can then expand their service offerings by providing a secure supply of such networks. According to the report of the firm “Arbor Networks”, entitled "Worldwide Infrastructure Security Report ", the most severe threats are related to distributed denial of service. This type of attack aims to make available a service by preventing legitimate users from using it. It uses the technique of identity theft that involves the creation of packages (like IP, ARP, etc.) with a forged source address and that in order to usurp the Identity of the issuer or of the computer system. Thus, the technique of identity theft allows to render a service unavailable, to listen, to corrupt, to block traffic from Internet users or to undermine the legitimate operation of routing protocols and personal networks. Moreover, the technique of identity theft is also used for prohibited activities by "HADOPI" law in France and related to illegal downloading issues. Thus, the ISPs have a duty to protect their customers from attacks based on the technique of identity theft. The mechanisms of protection against spoofing attacks for access networks are crucial for customer adoption of new applications offered by Internet service providers. This part of the doctoral thesis is part of the European project “MAGNET Beyond" whose vision is to put into practice the concept of personal networks, with the ultimate objective to design, develop, prototype and validate the concept. In the context of user equipment’s access to the network of an Internet services provider from a public place, we proposed a cross-layer protocol based on the principles of information theory. This protocol fixes the security hole not addressed by other proposals that is the attack of identity theft that occurs at the beginning of communication and thus protects users against the middle man attacks. We proposed that the person who wants to have secure access to the Internet must be on a specific circle has been called "RED POINT" so that the attacker is not able to be on the same circle at the same time. The proposed cross-layer protocol can be divided into three phases: the phase of checking the position of the user, the extraction phase of the shared secret of the physical layer and the phase of the derivation of the shared key at the MAC layer. We subsequently validated our solution through a formal tool AVISPA and presented the results of its implementation. In a private context, communication between devices convey users' personal data which may be confidential, so we must prevent equipment not belonging to the legitimate user to access its network. Thus, we proposed two mechanisms of protection against attacks based on spoofing so that illegitimate equipment is unable to impersonate legitimate equipment. The first phase will be dedicated to personal networks and the second will be dedicated to the particular case of medical networks. Regarding the mechanism dedicated to personal networks, we have proposed the use of a protocol based on out-of-band channel in order to provide certificates to user equipments. We derive bilateral key for personal network’s equipments of the same site and between equipments at remote sites. Concerning the particular case of medical networks, we proposed to cover their deployment phases and their operational phases. This proposal was submitted to the IEEE 802.15.6 working group that conducts research for the standardization of medical networks […]
Zaidi, Donia. "Étude des mécanismes pathogéniques dépendants des microtubules dans les progéniteurs neuronaux conduisant aux malformations corticales." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2023SORUS159.pdf.
Full textIn mammals, cortical development is a finely regulated process that leads to the formation of a functional cortex. Apical radial glial cells (RG) are key progenitor cells du ring cortical development, capable of self-renewal or neuronal generation, with a soma restricted to the ventricular zone (VZ) in rodents. Their nucleus migrates according to the phases of the cell cycle by a process called interkinetic nuclear migration (INM). RG have a bipolar shape, with a long basal process supporting neuronal migration and a short apical process facing the ventricle where a primary cilium (PC), anchored to a modified centrosome (‘basal body’), emerges and detects molecules present in the embryonic cerebrospinal fluid. Genetic mutations can alter the function of RG, affecting cortical development and leading to cortical malformations. These malformations are associated in patients with epilepsy, intellectual disabilities and also neuropsychiatric disorders. It is therefore important to determine how the molecular and cellular processes involving RG can be disrupted by genetic mutations. Thus, my thesis work focused on the study of mutations affecting two different genes in the context of two rare cortical malformations. First, the gene encoding for the motor protein dynein heavy chain (DYNC1H1) was found mutated in patients with a complex cortical malformation associated with microcephaly (small brain) and dysgyria (gyri defects). We generated a Knock-In (KI) mouse model for this gene, reproducing a missense mutation found in a patient. During my thesis, I studied RG at mid-corticogenesis of this KI model and, by comparing it with a mouse model mutant for the same gene but leading to peripheral neuropathies, we showed RG alterations specific to the KI model. We found abnormalities in INM, cell cycle and neuronal migration. Also, defects of key organelles, such as mitochondria and Golgi apparatus were identified in progenitors and are specific in the cortical malformation KI model. Secondly, subcortical heterotopia (SH) is a cortical malformation characterized by the abnormal presence of neurons in the white matter. Mutations in the gene coding for EML1 (Echinoderm microtubule associated protein like 1) were identified in certain SH patients. When Eml1 is mutated in mice, numerous RG are found in basal positions of the cortical wall outside the VZ, suggesting that they detach apically. Within the apical process, abnormal PC formation and basal bodies were described. By studying a new mutant mouse model where Eml1 is inactivated, my work focused on subcellular and cellular alterations of RG to understand the pathogenic mechanisms leading to their detachment and thus to SH formation. In interphase RG, focusing on mechanisms upstream of PC formation, I analyzed centrosomes and determined that their structure is affected in patient and mouse mutant cells, and these defects are rescued by stabilizing microtubules. Recruitment of key centrosomal proteins is altered early in development, and the centrosomal protein Cep170 was found to be a specific interacting partner of EML1, this interaction being lost when EML1 carries a patient mutation. Because centrosomes and cilia are intimately linked to the cell cycle, I proceeded to analyze the RG cell cycle and identified alterations in cell cycle kinetics during early and mid-development. Single-cell RNA sequencing at two key developmental stages identified deregulations in cell cycle gene expression. Abnormal RG detachment appears greater in early compared to mid-development, suggesting that centrosomal and cell cycle alterations at this stage may be upstream of abnormal RG detachment. My thesis work thus brings new elements essential to the understanding of the altered mechanisms in neural progenitors related to rare cortical malformations
Dansereau, Véronique. "Un modèle Maxwell-élasto-fragile pour la déformation et dérive de la banquise." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAU003/document.
Full textIn recent years, analyses of available ice buoy and satellite data have revealed the strong heterogeneity and intermittency of the deformation of sea ice and have demonstrated that the viscous-plastic rheology widely used in current climate models and operational modelling platforms does not simulate adequately the drift, deformation and mechanical stresses within the ice pack.A new alternative rheological framework named ''Maxwell-Elasto-Brittle” (Maxwell-EB) is therefore developed in the view of reproducing more accurately the drift and deformation of the ice cover in continuum sea ice models at regional to global scales. The model builds on an elasto-brittle framework used for ice and rocks. A viscous-like relaxation term is added to a linear-elastic constitutive relationship together with an effective viscosity that evolves with the local level of damage of the material, like its elastic modulus. This framework allows for part of the internal stress to dissipate in large, permanent deformations along the faults/leads once the material is highly damaged while retaining the memory of small, elastic deformations over undamaged areas. A healing mechanism is also introduced, counterbalancing the effects of damaging over large time scales.The numerical scheme for the Maxwell-EB model is based on finite elements and variational methods. The equations of motion are cast in the Eulerian frame and discontinuous Galerkin methods are implemented to handle advective processes.Idealized simulations without advection are first presented. These demonstrate that the Maxwell-EB rheological framework reproduces the main characteristics of sea ice mechanics and deformation : the strain localization, the anisotropy and intermittency of deformation and the associated scaling laws. The successful representation of these properties translates into very large gradients within all simulated fields. Idealized numerical experiments are conducted to evaluate the amount of numerical diffusion associated with the advection of these extreme gradients in the model and investigate other limitations of the numerical scheme. First large-deformation simulations are carried in the context of a Couette flow experiment, which allow a comparison with the result of a similar laboratory experiment performed on fresh-water ice. The model reproduces part of the mechanical behaviour observed in the laboratory. Comparison of the numerical and experimental results allow identifying some numerical and physical limitations of the model in the context of large-deformation and laboratory-scale simulations. Finally, the Maxwell-EB framework is implemented in the context of modelling the drift and deformation of sea ice on geophysical scales. Idealized simulations of the flow of sea ice through a narrow channel are presented. The model simulates the propagation of damage along arch-like features and successfully reproduces the formation of stable ice bridges
Charlemagne, Sébastien. "Modélisation et commande d'un système de transport de bande textile : application des concepts multimachines." Lille 1, 2003. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2003/50376-2003-337.pdf.
Full textBodiou, Loic. "Etude des mécanismes d'excitation et d'émission de couches minces de GaN dopées Eu3+, Er3+ et Tm3+ pour nouveaux dispositifs électroluminescents." Phd thesis, Université de Caen, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00324656.
Full textA l'intérieur du GaN, deux catégories de site d'incorporation d'ions de terre rare peuvent être distinguées, à savoir les ions de terre rare "isolés" (c'est-à-dire ne contenant aucun défaut dans leur voisinage) et les complexes associant un ion de terre rare avec un piège, celui-ci pouvant provenir du dopage lui-même ou d'un défaut cristallin. L'excitation non-résonante est réservée au second type de centres et a lieu par transfert d'énergie lors de la recombinaison non radiative d'un exciton lié sur un piège proche de la terre rare.
La comparaison d'échantillons de GaN dopés in situ et par implantation ionique par l'ion Eu3+ montre que ces films présentent chacun deux types de complexes "Eu3+-piège" dont l'un est commun à tous les échantillons. Les différences d'efficacité d'excitation respectives des deux complexes s'expliquent par la proximité du piège correspondant.
Grâce à des expériences pompe-sonde combinant des lasers impulsionnel et continu, le chemin d'excitation des ions de terre rare est confirmé expérimentalement et deux des mécanismes d'extinction de leur luminescence (la photo-ionisation de pièges et l'effet Auger avec des porteurs libres) sont étudiés.
L'excitation électrique du GaN:Er3+ est également présentée. Les études en fonction de la température, du courant parcourant l'échantillon ou de la tension de polarisation mettent en évidence l'excitation par impact des ions de terre rare.
Baudry, Florian. "Étude et réalisation d’accéléromètres thermiques d’étendue de mesure et bande passante supérieures à 10 000g et 5 kHz respectivement." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTS116.
Full textThis PhD thesis deals with the adaptation of a thermal convective accelerometer concept, for the acceleration measurement greater than 10 000 g. The work that I developed allowed me to realize from an innovative concept, an accelerometer able to measure accelerations values upper than 10 000 g with a bandwidth greater than 5 kHz.This accelerometer is totally different from the current marketed devices because it uses a heated air mass as a sensitive element, and not a solid seismic mass. This feature makes it much more robust and able to withstand severe environmental conditions.The course of my work consisted in studying the behavioral model of the thermal phenomena that ensure the functioning of the device, in order to deduce the different parameters allowing to adapt it to the measurement of strong accelerations. In parallel, a mechanical study was undertaken to predict a possible failure or influence of these acceleration levels on the proper functioning of the sensor. Then the accelerometer was tested under real conditions to validate its performance, as well as the concept of a thermal accelerometer with a large measurement range
Xing, Bin. "Confrontation des aspects statistiques et déterministes de l'amorçage des fissures de fatigue dans les alliages d'aluminium." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ECAP0592.
Full textVysotskyi, Bogdan. "Récupérateur d'énergie vibratoire MEMS électrostatique à large bande pour applications biomédicales." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS278/document.
Full textPresent work addresses question of MEMS capacitive vibrational energy harvesting for biomedical applications, and notably for powering an autonomous leadless pacemaker system. Such an application imposes several critical requirements upon the energy harvesting system, notably the sufficient miniaturization (<1cm³), power output in range of 1-10 µW, compatibility with Magnetic Resonant Imaging (MRI). This work addresses a problematic of MEMS energy harvester design, simulation, fabrication and characterization fulfilling such a requirement. Moreover, a gravity effect is studied and taken into account in the conception of the device to ensure the power output at various orientations of the harvester. To attain a heartbeat frequencies (1-50 Hz) and acceleration amplitudes (<1g), the use of nonlinear springs is proposed. A nonlinear stiffness is implemented in original way of introducing a natural bending mode shapes in the initial beam form. A mechanical description of bending mode coupling along with its impact on a reaction force of the suspension springs is presented. An innovative clean room technology based on silicon-on-glass (SOG) wafers is developed for the fabrication of the innovative energy harvesters with high width-to-depth aspect ratio. A straightforward and rapid low-temperature process with the possibility of future industrialization is validated by multiple experimental realizations of miniaturized MEMS energy harvesters. Fabricated microsystems are tested mechanically and electrically. Proposed theoretical model of the curved beam is validated with reactive force measurements of the MEMS springs. Energy harvesting experiments are performed for both harmonic and heartbeat mechanical excitations, which demonstrate the large bandwidth in low frequencies domain and a sufficiently large state-of-the-art power output for envisaged application under different orientations with respect to the gravity
Ramachandran, Laavanya. "Comportement électrique large bande des composites polymère - fils submicroniques d'or : corrélation avec la structure et les propriétés mécaniques." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30072/document.
Full textThe aim of this work is to study the properties of a polymer-metal composite, with regards to physical, thermal, mechanical and broad band electrical analyses. High aspect ratio gold nanowires (Au NW) were prepared using a template electrodeposition method (aspect ratio of 190 determined by image analysis). The gold nanowires were dispersed in a PVDF polymer matrix to form low-filled conducting composites. The electrical conductivity of the composites exhibit electrical percolation behaviour with a critical volume fraction of 1.33%. SEM images show a slightly oriented but homogenous dispersion of AU NWs within the PVDF matrix. Mechanical analysis confirms that the homogenous dispersion Au NWs reinforces the PVDF matrix and highlights the influence of Au NWs on the physical structure of the PVDF matrix. This is confirmed by an increase in G' values and more specifically the ac relaxation process (associated with the crystallite-amorphous phase interface). Analysis of static and dynamic conductivity for low (10-2 to 106 Hz) and high frequency (106 to 109 Hz) regions reveals a thermally-activated charge transport process: tunneling being the predominant mechanism at low temperatures, the Efros and Shklovskii (ES) and Correlated Barrier Hopping (CBH) models being responsible for static and dynamic conductivity, respectively. The models were found to be coherent with the structure and mechanical properties of the composites, leading to a better understanding of charge transport mechanisms in low-filled polymer-metal composites
Pech, Ponia. "Incidence de la prise en compte des effets de mécanismes de lutte contre les affaiblissements (FMT) en bande Ka sur la gestion des ressources dans un système d'accès multimédia par satellite géostationnaire." École nationale supérieure de l'aéronautique et de l'espace (Toulouse ; 1972-2007), 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ESAE0022.
Full textRolland, Joran. "Etude numérique à petite et grande échelle de la bande laminaire-turbulente de l'écoulement de Couette plan transitionnel." Phd thesis, Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2012. https://pastel.hal.science/docs/00/75/54/14/PDF/these_rolland.pdf.
Full textThe thesis proposes a numerical study and modelling of the transition to turbulence in plane Couette flow. It is focused on the laminar-turbulent oblique bands regime at the centre of the transition. Two types of approaches are taken, based on the scales considered. On the one hand, one can study the microscopic details of the flow. Direct Numerical simulations are used to identify and characterise a shear instability that creates spanwise vorticity, and allows to measure the advection velocity of these perturbations. The modelling of the background turbulent flow is used to study the instability in term of linear analysis. The convective/absolute transition in the intermediate zone between turbulent and pseudo-laminar flow is emphasised. From these data, a description of the sustaining of turbulence in term of a cycle is proposed. On the other hand, the flow can be seen at the scale of the band. Statistical tools are used to study the oblique band in term of pattern formation. The effect of the intrinsic turbulent noise is studied, particularly with the orientation fluctuation of the band. The modelling in term of Landau--Langevin and corresponding Fokker--Planck equation draws a parallel with the noisy pattern formation and critical phenomena. Using this model, the orientation fluctuations can be understood in term of mean first passage time. Eventually, several topics are considered from both points of view. The study of relaminarisations both at the threshold of disappearance of turbulence and of appearance of the bands helps to identify the mechanisms of local death of turbulence. The study of turbulent spots presents part of their zoology and helps to study the small scale mechanisms at higher Reynolds numbers
Rolland, Joran. "Etude numérique à petite et grande échelle de la bande laminaire-turbulente de l'écoulement de Couette plan transitionnel." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00755414.
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