Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Mécanisme de greffage'
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Madec, Lénaïc. "Intérêt du greffage moléculaire pour le stockage électrochimique de l’énergie." Nantes, 2012. http://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show.action?id=e2218721-46d9-45fa-86ab-a70a92d97496.
Full textThe interest of molecular grafting regarding the power limit of Li batteries and the energy limit of the supercapacitors has been considered. Morphological and electrical properties resulting of covalent and non covalent functionalizations of carbon substrates have been evaluated and compared. In order to control and to optimize the electronic conductivity between the different components of a battery electrode, the implementation of tunneling molecular junctions has been investigated. To increase the energy of supercapacitors, a new concept has been developed. It is based on self- and non-disruptive redox fonctionalization of carbon-containing composite electrodes during electrochemical cycling or during calendar life by an organic redox-active material that is contained in the electrolyte. The thickness decrease of Li batteries electrodes is often used as a way to compensate the low power performance but at the expense of the energy. An alternative would be to use redox molecular relay of the active material for which charge compensation occurs without Li+
Tazi, Mohammed. "Mécanisme de greffage cationique : application à l'étude des réactions de transfert au cours de la polymérisation de l'alphaméthylstyrène." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066070.
Full textNajari, Hamed. "Etude du Mécanisme de Greffage de Monocouches Bifonctionnelles (thiols et alkoxysilanes) sur Substrats de Zinc : nouvelle Approche de l'Adhésion d'un Polybutadiène sur Zinc." Paris 7, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA077084.
Full textVaton-Chanvrier, Laurence. "Synthèse et greffage sur silice de dérivés de l'acide cholique. Evaluation de l'énantiosélectivité par chromatographie liquide haute performance." Rouen, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ROUES078.
Full textMenanteau, Thibaud. "Contrôle de la fonctionnalisation par réduction des sels de diazonium via le piégeage radicalaire." Thesis, Angers, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ANGE0059/document.
Full textThe surface functionalization by diazonium salt reduction is a powerful grafting method. However, despite that this approach allows the preparation of robust materials, it leads to thick and unorganized organic films. In this context, we have developped a method allowing the grafting control in order to obtain films having controlled thickness. Based on the use of radical scavengers, this method gives access to monolayer formations on carbon substrates. The control strategy was then exploited to selectively block the radical grafting mechanism and allows to assess the role of non-radical mechanisms in the process. This study provided a better understanding of the layer growth, highlighting the impact of precursor substituent.This knowledge has been used to elaborate a multifunctional platform monolayer. The establishment of sutructure/properties relathionships revealed better performances for electronic transfert and electrocatalysis. Finally, the control method was transposed to the spontaneous grafting and gives similar results than those obtained for the electrochemical one. This approach was validated by the performance optimization of supercapacitor made of carbon powder
Galindo, Christophe. "Etudes des mécanismes radicalaires de greffage lors de la synthèse de polystyrène choc." Aix-Marseille 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004AIX11045.
Full textEl, Harrak Abdeslam. "Nanoparticles hybrides silice/polymère : synthèses, analyses DNPA : applications au renforcement mécanique des polymères." Paris 11, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA112117.
Full textFor mechanical reinforcement of rubber and polymers, very small (nanometer) filler particles are promising, but interface and compatibility between polymer and filler (carbone, silica) become drastically important. We optimise the compatibility by grafting polymer on silica nanoparticles. The first work is a chemical synthesis:- by grafting the polymerisation initiator on the silica surface, we conduct a controlled radicalar polymerization (Atom Transfer, ARP), for styrene and n-butyle methacrylate (MABu). - a kinetic monitoring by Small Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS) permits: (i) by suppressing the polymer signal, to observe the (weak) aggregation of silica; by suppressing the silica scattering, to observe the growth of the polymer coronna. - modelisation of the SANS signal by hairy spheres with polydisperse core and a chain coronna of well defined thickness, in agreement with chemical analysis (chain molecular mass, initiator density). Then we incorporate the grafted particles inside polymer films which we deform mechanically:- reinforcement is large beyond 5%v silica, while films stay optically clear. - when the matrix polymer is the same as the grafted one, SANS gives the spatial arrangement of silica particles cores (i. E. How aggregated), which we correlate with reinforcement, and we can follow, under deformation, the displacement of individual particles and aggregates. - when the matrix polymer is deuterated, this creates a contrast with the chains and the corona is seen. The deformation at small scale of grafted chains, which is not affine, is described by the phantom network model of rubber elasticity
Rueda, Xavier. "Dermatite atopique sévère transmise après greffe de moelle : importance des mécanismes immunologiques." Saint-Etienne, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995STET6409.
Full textDupont, Etienne. "Contribution à l'étude des mécanismes d'action des immunosuppresseurs utilisés en greffe d'organes." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/213507.
Full textCohen, Celine. "Mécanismes moléculaires de la friction aux interfaces polymères souples." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00669535.
Full textWang, Na. "Greffage de polymères biomimétiques sur implants articulaires en polyéthylène : contrôle du comportement tribologique." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00966017.
Full textChambaud, Clément. "Compréhension des mécanismes précoces dans l'établissement de la relation porte greffe-greffon chez Arabidopsis." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0395.
Full textGrafting consists of the cutting and joining of two plants together to form one unique chimeric organism; it is done to combine biological traits of the two plants such as resistance to soil borne pathogens and high fruit quality in one plant. To survive, grafted plants, where all physical cell communications between aerial and root parts are interrupted by cutting, have to interact together to establish new exchange pathways. Nowadays, considerable efforts have been done to understand the developmental mechanisms underlying graft union formation in terms of hormone signaling, gene expression and histology however ultrastructural data are still lacking.Because of the difficulty of reliably targeting the graft interface under the electron microscope very few ultrastructural data of the graft interface are available; however such precise data is essential to understand the establishment of scion/rootstock communications.In this context, the aim of my thesis was to characterize the ultrastructural developments occurring during graft union formation to provide insights into the cellular mechanisms involved. First, a correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM) approach was implemented on grafted hypocotyls of Arabidopsis thaliana and in vitro grafts of grapevine. Although quality obtained on the grapevine model still needs to be improved, the fluorescence and ultrastructure preservation obtained for A. thaliana allowed me to reveal four potential pathways of communication between the scion and rootstock: exosomes, plasmodesmata, phloem and xylem. The ultrastructural characterization of de novo plasmodesmata formed at the graft interface, by electron tomography, showed that more than 30 % of the attempts to form symplastic connection failed and resulted in the formation, both at scion or rootstock side of the cell wall, of hemi-plasmodesmata that do no span the cell wall. Moreover, the observations of events of secondary plasmodesmata biogenesis seem to indicate that plasmodesmata can be formed successfully between cells where there is a synchronous thinning of the cell wall. Finally, for the first time cytoplasmic exchanges were shown to happen at the graft interface and confirm that grafting combined with our CLEM approach could be a way to induce and study transplastomic events. They could play a role in wound healing or vascular reconnection. Additionally, biological tools have been developed to follow, in the future, the permeability of plasmodesmata at the graft interface of A. thaliana. The integration of ultrastructural and dynamic studies on different mutants will allow us to decipher the functional establishment of the cell-to-cell connectivity during the graft union formation
Ballet, Caroline. "Complexité des mécanismes liés à la tolérance et au rejet chronique en allotransplantation." Nantes, 2008. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=14c32268-560e-4aaf-b4b0-9092684ec609.
Full textImmunosuppressive regimens toxicity and chronic rejection are major hurdles to long term graft acceptance in human transplantation. In a part of this work, humoral and cellular responses to influenza vaccination were analysed in a rare cohort of patients “operationally” tolerant to a kidney allograft. Results show that most of these patients were immunocompetent suggesting that this state of tolerance was not related to a global immunodeficiency but was specific to the graft. This constituted the prerequisite for a potential establishment of a tolerance signature, which would allow for the down-modulation of immunosuppressive drugs administration in patients presenting a similar pattern. In another part of this thesis, we studied chronic rejection of heart allografts in a rat model following DST treatment. The data suggest that the chronic graft lesions developing in long-term graft recipients are the result of progressive humoral activation (i. E donor-specific antibodies associated with C4d deposits in the grafts) associated with a persisting indirect T helper response. These features may represent a useful model for understanding sub acute antibody-mediated and chronic active humoral rejection in human
Biaudet, Julien. "Au coeur de la greffe : la socialisation secondaire des transplantés cardiaques." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0154/document.
Full text"Last chance" solution for patients with severe heart disease, transplantation is not only a body modification: it also appears as an emotional, representational, social shock. Including part of an Other into oneself, imagining one's body open, fragmented and partially replaced, and being potentially disturbed in all social spheres (such as family and work) make of transplantation a major event in the biography of the individual. However, the reading of this event by transplant recipients appears framed by norms and discourses that draw the lines bewteen the "right" and "wrong" ways of thinking and behaving. Thus, the mechanistic representation of the body and the respect for the donor are rules that patients must learn and manage. Considering that the experience of transplantation is consequently highly social and constitutes a secondary socialization process, we analyze the the individual's agreeing with or resisting to these norms and representations. Mobilizing data from qualitative research (interviews, observations ) and quantitative ones (surveys), we demonstrate that the definition of transplantation is variable, ranging from "illness" to positive support for meaning that can lead to the figure of the "professional transplant recipient"
Nuzzo, Valeria. "Mécanismes d'interaction du laser femtoseconde avec le tissu pour des applications en greffe de cornée." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2008. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00005010.
Full textBecq, Hélène. "Etude des mécanismes de développement de la voie nigrostriée." Aix-Marseille 2, 1999. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/1999AIX20663.pdf.
Full textIgnace, Sophie. "Mécanismes de la correction de la rigidité artérielle après transplantation rénale." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27191/27191.pdf.
Full textFelgueiras, Helena. "Synthèse et greffage de polymères bioactifs pour créer des surfaces biomimétiques capables de contrôler la réponse de l'hôte : Étude des mécanismes biologiques à l'origine de l'activité observée." Thesis, Paris 13, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA132023/document.
Full textIn this investigation, we combined the good mechanical properties of the titanium (Ti) alloy Ti6Al4V with the biological properties, namely bioactivity, of the polymer poly(sodium styrene sulfonate) (poly(NaSS)). By chemically grafting the poly(NaSS) on the surface of the Ti alloy we generated biofunctionalized biomaterials. On these substrates, the MC3T3-E1 osteoblast-like cells response was followed in the presence and absence of individual proteins and important information about the competitive behavior of proteins and their effect on the cell development was uncovered. In serum free medium conditions, poly(NaSS) influenced positively the cells response, by enhancing their attachment strength and by extending their viability and inherent morphology. Fn together with poly(NaSS) was found to play a major role in the cell early attachment, even when in double depleted medium. It was also seen, that poly(NaSS) alters the proteins conformation by increasing the exposure of active binding sites, such as the RGD peptide in the Fn molecule, and this way promoting integrin-mediated cell attachment. Between all proteins, Col I was found to stimulate more significantly the osteoblast-like cells matrix mineralization, by increasing the alkaline phosphatase activity and the calcium and phosphate productions. Grafted surfaces pre-adsorbed with Fn & Col I mixtures promoted the cell cytoplasmatic expansion, attachment strength, differentiation and mineralization. The competitive behavior of Fn and Col I was seen to prevail over BSA. In summary, the poly(NaSS) together with the Ti6Al4V material offers a promising solution for fast biomaterial osteointegration to be used in the orthopedic and dental fields
Badet, Lionel. "Etude des mécanismes précoces impliqués dans la destruction des îlots de Langerhans après greffe auto, allo ou xénogénique." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001GRE19006.
Full textMelchior, Benoît. "Étude des mécanismes cellulaires et moléculaires impliqués dans le rejet de xénogreffes de neurones porcins implantés dans le cerveau du rat." Nantes, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003NANT04VS.
Full textChappert, Pascal. "Homéostasie et mécanisme d'action in vivo des lymphocytes T régulateurs CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ chez la souris." Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066312.
Full textBoucault, Laetitia. "Induction de tolérance par ciblage de la molécule CD45RC : mécanismes et potentiel en transplantation humaine." Thesis, Nantes, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NANT1023.
Full textGeneral immunosuppressants serve lo treat solid organ or CSH transplanted patients. But they have many side effects and their efficacy is limited at long term. So its necessary lo develop new therapeutic strategies, more specific, to limit these side effects and lo improve patient quality life. The leval of expression of CD45RC distinguishes Iwo different cells types. Cells expressing CD45RChigh are associated with allograft rejection and GVHD, while cells that dont express CD45RC haveregulatory properties and inhibit these diseases. We studied the therapeutic potential of anti-CD45RC mAb as a short treatment in allograft and GVHD models. ln the heart allograft rat model, the antibody prevents rejection in 60 to 80% of the case. ln the GVHD model (rat of NSG mice), association of anti-CD45RC mAb and rapamycin prevents 50% of GVHD in the rat and all in NSG mice. We showed that the antibody induces a transitory depletion of CD45RChigh T cells throughapopolosis, while the number of CD45RClow T cells is increased and their regulatory properties are improved in vitro and in vivo. Indeed, adoptive transfer of tolerant rat lo new irradiated heart grafted rat prevents allograft rejection. We also describe that naive and memory immune responses are not impaired by the treatment Short course treatment with anti--CD45RC mAb hes a great potential lo prevent allograft rejection and GVHD
Pasquet, Lise. "Prévention du rejet d'allogreffe par les lymphocytes T régulateurs : mécanismes de maintenance de la tolérance à long terme." Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2173/.
Full textTransplantation is frequently the only therapeutic option to replace defective organs or tissues. In the most frequent case of allogeneic transplantation, the major obstacle is activation of the host's immune system leading to allograft rejection. Immunosuppressive drugs efficiently avoid acute rejection and thereby markedly prolong graft survival, but they do not prevent chronic rejection. Moreover, these drugs globally down-modulate the host's immune system, increasing the patient's susceptibility to opportunistic infections and to cancers. Development of therapies specifically inhibiting acute and chronic rejection with limited side effects is therefore essential. We developed an innovating murine model in which bone marrow, skin and heart allograft rejection is durably prevented. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) specific for donor-antigens were injected in pre-conditioned animals that also received a bone marrow allograft. Thus generated hematopoietic chimeras were then transplanted with skin or heart allografts. Tregs of direct and indirect alloantigen-specificity entirely prevented acute and chronic rejection. In these mice, we observed progressive loss of injected Treg in blood and lymphoid organs eliciting the question if Treg survival is important for long-term transplantation persistence. To provide an answer, we used a murine model allowing the specific elimination of injected Tregs. By in vivo depleting injected Treg, we demonstrated that these cells are essential for induction of tolerance to allogeneic bone marrow, but not for its maintenance. We showed that at later time-points host T cells specific for donor-antigens were deleted in the thymus and in the periphery. Central tolerance mechanisms therefore appear to assure maintenance of the bone-marrow allograft. The same results were observed with skin allografts irrespectively of whether the cells were depleted before or after placing the skin allograft. This observation suggests the implication of active tolerance mechanisms. The depletion of injected and endogenous Treg before skin graft indeed revealed that host Treg are essential for survival of skin but not of bone marrow allografts. In conclusion, injected Tregs are essential during the induction-phase of tolerance to bone marrow allografts. Central and peripheral mechanisms then ensure deletion of donor specific T cells. In the same time, injected Treg induce the emergence of host Treg which become fully capable of protecting skin allografts. These mechanisms allow for long-term protection of allografts even after injected Tregs have waned away
Feghoul, Linda. "Mécanismes d'action et de résistance des Adénovirus C au Brincidofovir." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCC303/document.
Full textHuman adenoviruses (HAdV) are responsible for significant morbidity and mortality in hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) recipients, particularly in children.Brincidofovir (BCV) prodrug of cidofovir is an analogue of cytosine. It inhibits the DNA polymerase (DNA pol) activity of HAdV by stopping elongation and competition with natural nucleotides.The objectives of this work are to study the genetic diversity of the pol DNA of HAdV and to set up tools for the analysis of HAdV C sensitivity and resistance to BCV.In a first part, we carried out the complete sequencing of the DNA pol gene of 60 clinical viral strains. The results show a nucleotide variability of 9.9% and peptide variability of 8.7%, variable according to the type. The most variable region is the NH2 terminal region with 44.2% of the amino acid mutations. None of the mutations described as associated with CDV or BCV resistance were detected. Polymorphism analysis has also shown that DNA pol sequences can identify sources of transmission during an outbreak. Finally, our observations suggest the low probability of recombination events as a factor of evolution of the gene coding for the DNA pol. In a second part, we developed a reverse genetic strategy from two plasmids, one coding for the whole genome deleted from the DNA pol (Adv-deltaPol) and one coding only for the viral DNA pol (Pol). 3 kilobase) in which the mutations are introduced by site-directed mutagenesis (Pol-mutated). After a bacterial recombination step into a single plasmid (Adv-deltaPol-Pol-mutated), 293T cells are transfected to produce the recombinant viruses. BCV susceptibility of mutated viruses will be analyzed on A549 cells. A total of 12 Pol-mutated plasmids were produced, recombinant virus L677F was obtained. Production of other recombinant viruses is ongoing
Tupin, Simon. "Caractérisation de l'effet de la microstructure collagénique sur le comportement mécanique global des peaux reconstruites." Ecole nationale d'ingénieurs (Saint-Etienne), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENISE032.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is the multi-scale study of the mechanical and structural properties of artificial skin. Firstly, an experimental device was designed to evaluate the mechanical properties at macroscopic scale (indentation and relaxation tests). Bi-axial study of the stiffness of different layers through depth was performed with an original device based on continuous stiffness measurements. Combination of bi-photonic confocal microscopy with a tensile test permitted the assessment of the Poisson coefficient of the reconstructed tissues, stresses and tensile forces of the collagen fibers network. Results of the studies revealed the suitability of the developped experimental tools to study aging mechanism and microstructure effects on the global mechanical behavior of artificial skin
Poulin, Lionel. "Rôles de l'IL-9 dans les mécanismes de rejet d'allogreffe dirigés par les lymphocytes TCDA+ de type Th2." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211038.
Full textL'interleukine 9 (IL-9) est une cytokine produite par les lymphocytes T qui joue un rôle important dans les voies effectrices Th2. Dans la littérature, l’IL-9 est fortement associée au développement de l’éosinophilie tissulaire. Dans notre première étude, nous avons analysé le rôle joué par l'IL-9 dans le rejet d'allogreffe bm12 par des souris B6 (pour C57BL/6), un modèle dans le lequel une simple disparité au niveau de la molécule du CMH de classe II favorise une réaction inflammatoire de type Th2. Dans ce modèle, de faible alloantigénicité, les greffes cardiaques bm12 survivent presque indéfiniment dans les receveurs B6 (>60 jours). Nos expériences ont été conçues afin de savoir si l’expression de l’IL-9 au niveau de la greffe pouvait modifier la survie de greffes cardiaques exprimant les alloantigènes bm12. Nous avons ainsi montré que la production locale d’IL-9 induit le rejet des allogreffes cardiaques exprimant l’alloantigène I-Abm12 (survie <30jours). Aucun des organes transgéniques pour l’IL-9 n’a survécu plus de 30 jours alors que des greffes non transgéniques ne furent pas rejetées (>50 jours). L’analyse histologique des allogreffes cardiaques transgéniques pour l’IL-9 montre une infiltration cellulaire dense du myocarde. La composante principale de cet infiltrat est la présence de nombreux éosinophiles.
Pour étudier la contribution des cytokines de type Th2, comme l’IL-4 et l’IL-5, dans le rejet des cœurs transgéniques pour l’IL-9, nous avons sélectivement bloqué ces cytokines lors du processus de rejet. Le traitement avec des anticorps neutralisant l’IL-4 bloque complètement le rejet induit par l’IL-9 et permet la survie à long terme des allogreffes cardiaques. Au point de vue de l’histologie ces greffes ne montrent ni infiltration leucocytaire ni artériopathie. Afin de déterminer si l’infiltration éosinophilique induite par l’IL-9 provient de l’activité directe de l’IL-9 ou est le résultat de la sécrétion d’IL-5, un traitement avec un anticorps anti-IL-5 a été appliqué aux receveurs d'allogreffe cardiaque. Ce traitement augmente la survie de la majorité des allogreffes et modifie de manière marquée la composition de l’infiltrat cellulaire en prévenant le recrutement des éosinophiles. De manière intéressante, les cœurs transgéniques pour l’IL-9 qui survivent indéfiniment après le traitement anti-IL-5 arborent une importante fibrose.
A la différence du cœur bm12, la peau bm12 greffée sur un receveur B6 subit un rejet rapide et l'histologie des greffes rejetées révèle la présence d'infiltrats denses à éosinophiles. Notre laboratoire a montré que ce processus de rejet est dirigé par les lymphocytes T CD4+ alloréactifs et que les souris B6 déficientes pour l'IL-5 et la voie de cytotoxicité Fas/Fas-L sont incapables de rejeter des peaux bm12. Nos premiers résultats laissaient supposer un rôle pour l'IL-9 dans notre modèle de rejet de greffes en disparité des molécules du CMH de classe II: premièrement, nous avions observé la production d'IL-9 par les lymphocytes T de type Th2 alloréactifs et deuxièmement, l'ARNm d'IL-9 était fortement exprimé au niveau des allogreffes de peaux rejetées. C’est pourquoi, la survie de peaux bm12, déficientes pour la molécule Fas, greffées sur des receveurs B6 déficients pour l'IL-9 (B6.IL-9-/-) a été comparée avec celle de peaux transplantées sur des receveurs B6. Nous avons montré que, comme les souris B6 normales, les animaux B6.IL-9-/- rejettent leur greffe dans les 15 jours. Donc, contrairement à l'IL-5, l'IL-9 n'est pas essentielle pour le rejet de peau dirigé par les cellules T CD4+ de type Th2 dans notre modèle de disparité des molécules du CMH de classe II.
Néanmoins, les allogreffes de peaux, dans notre modèle de disparité des molécules du CMH de classe II, contiennent moins d’éosinophiles lorsqu’elles sont rejetées par des receveurs déficients pour la synthèse d’IL-9 (IL-9-/-). En plus du modèle bm12, nous avons également observé un rôle de l’IL-9 dans un autre modèle de rejet Th2. Il a été montré par notre laboratoire que le rejet d’allogreffes cardiaques Balb/c complètement incompatibles par des souris receveuses B6.CD8-/- est caractérisé par le recrutement d’éosinophiles dans l’organe rejeté (106). Dans celui-ci, l’ARNm de l’IL-9 est présent pendant le rejet, de même que l’IL-4 et l’IL-5 et les greffes rejetées par des receveurs IL-9-/- contiennent moins d’éosinophiles par rapport à des receveurs contrôles. Les mécanismes par lesquels l’IL-9 induit le recrutement des éosinophiles ne sont pas complètement connus.
L’IL-5 est considérée comme la cytokine clé pour le développement de l’éosinophilie. De plus, le rejet aigu des cœurs transgéniques pour l’IL-9 est caractérisé par une infiltration massive d'éosinophiles et est inhibé lors de la neutralisation de l'IL-5. Nous avons entrepris la seconde étude pour investiguer le lien fonctionnel entre l’IL-9 et l’IL-5 dans le rejet d’allogreffe, ce qui permettra de mieux comprendre le recrutement des éosinophiles par l’IL-9.
Bien que le rejet ne soit pas inhibé par le manque d’IL-9, les allogreffes rejetées par les souris déficientes en IL-9 contiennent moins d’éosinophiles par rapport à des souris contrôles et présentent une production plus faible d’IL-5 par les cellules T alloréactives. De manière intéressante, la production optimale d’IL-5 après une stimulation allogénique requiert un récepteur à l’IL-9 (IL-9R) fonctionnel sur les cellules répondeuses. De plus, l’infiltration d’éosinophiles induite par l’IL-9 est absente dans des peaux transplantées sur des receveurs déficients pour le récepteur de l’IL-9. Finalement, la production d’IL-5 par des cellules T CD4+ stimulées par l’anti-CD3 est abolie par la neutralisation de l’IL-9.
En conclusion, nous pouvons dire que l'IL-9 est capable d'induire un rejet de type Th2, caractérisé par une forte infiltration d’éosinophiles et une dépendance à l'IL-5 et à l'IL-4. Notre étude montre également que l’IL-9 peut agir directement sur les cellules T CD4+ pour induire leur capacité à sécréter de l’IL-5. Cependant, l’IL-9 n’est pas indispensable au processus de rejet Th2 et il est probable que lorsque l’IL-9 est bloquée d'autres cytokines soient capables de compenser son absence. Notre étude permet une meilleure compréhension des voies complexes du recrutement des éosinophiles.
Doctorat en sciences biomédicales
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Bedut, Stéphane. "Évolution des propriétés mécanique et électrophysiologique des cardiomyocytes ventriculaires de rat au cours du rejet cardiaque aigu." Tours, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOUR4004.
Full textNoval, Rivas Magali. "Mécanismes de contrôle de l'activité des lymphocytes T CD4+ soumis à une stimulation antigénique chronique." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210203.
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Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques
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Mebarki, Miryam. "Evaluation des mécanismes d’action des cellules stromales mésenchymateuses pour l’optimisation de la régénération osseuse : impact des biomatériaux et de l’hétérogénéité des donneurs." Thesis, Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC0086.
Full textDespite bone capacity to regenerate after injury, incomplete consolidation concerns 1 million persons per year. Bone tissue engineering involving human bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (hBMSCs) loaded on biomaterials emerges as a new strategy to repair large bone defects. Nevertheless, efficacy of bone regeneration seems variable depending on the donor as well as on the associated scaffold. The aim of my PhD work was to understand mechanisms responsible for these variabilities. To this end, we focused on two objectives: (i) the impact of biomaterials on hBMSCs behavior and (ii) the impact of hBMSCs heterogeneities on molecular mechanisms in vitro and in vivo, resulting in variable bone-forming potential of these cells.First, two scaffolds widely used clinically were compared in an ectopic mouse model: the synthetic hydroxyapatite/beta-tricalcium-phosphate bioceramic (HA/βTCP) and the gamma-irradiated-processed human bone allograft (Tutoplast® Process Bone [TPB]). Our results showed that bone formation is higher when hBMSCs are loaded on TPB compared to HA/bTCP. This was correlated to a better hBMSCs adhesion in vitro as well as in vivo and to their higher osteoblastic differentiation on TPB. The direct participation of hBMSCs to form bone was associated to a paracrine effect of hBMSCs by inducing host cell chemoattraction and/or osteogenic differentiation, mediated probably by the IGF-1 pathway but independently from PDGF or SDF-1. Another paracrine effect was also observed on osteoclastic activity which was more important on HA/bTCP and could be RANKL dependent. This may impact the bone resorption/formation balance. Taken together, our results show that the associated scaffold impact MSCs persistence on the graft site, as well as their direct and paracrine effects leading to a variability in new bone amount.As bone formation was observed with only 70% of our donors, we then evaluated differences between the two groups. In vitro, no differences in cell proliferation, differentiation or phenotype were detected. Furthermore, transcriptomic and secretomic analysis in vitro did not identify any variability. The assessment of cell behavior in vivo showed that persistence of grafted cells was donor dependent and was not linked to a vascularization failure or a higher apoptosis. However, our results highlighted a correlation between bone formation and the ability of hBMSCs to attach and survive on the biomaterial as well as to contribute to bone formation by direct and paracrine effects.In conclusion, this work show that the efficacy of bone formation depend on the behavior of grafted hBMSCs. The origin (donor) and the microenvironment (associated scaffold) will impact their adhesion, survival and mechanisms of action during bone regeneration. Moreover, we identified that the osteogenic potential of hBMSCs act through a direct contribution that is synergic to a paracrine effect for host cell chemoattraction and differentiation
Santolaria, Thibault. "Induction de tolérance aux allogreffes d'organes solides par les lymphocytes T régulateurs CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+." Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/498/.
Full textA major challenge in transplantation medicine is controlling the very strong immune responses to foreign antigens that are responsible for graft rejection. Although immunosuppressive drugs efficiently inhibit acute graft rejection, a substantial proportion of patients suffer chronic rejection that ultimately leads to functional loss of the graft. Induction of immunological tolerance to transplants would avoid rejection and the need for lifelong treatment with immunosuppressive drugs. Tolerance to self-antigens is ensured naturally by several mechanisms ; one major mechanism depends on the activity of regulatory T lymphocytes. We showed that in mice treated with clinically acceptable levels of irradiation, regulatory CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells stimulated in vitro with alloantigens induced long-term tolerance to bone marrow and subsequent skin and cardiac allografts. Regulatory T cells specific for directly presented donor antigens prevented only acute rejection, despite hematopoietic chimerism. By contrast, regulatory T cells specific for both directly and indirectly presented alloantigens prevented both acute and chronic rejection. Our findings demonstrate the potential of appropriately stimulated regulatory T cells for future cell-based therapeutic approaches to induce lifelong mmunological tolerance to allogeneic transplants
Béland, Stéphanie. "Caractérisation de différents mécanismes immunologiques conduisant au dommage glomérulaire chez le greffé rénal avec rejet humoral : les effets des anticorps anti-HLA sur l'expression endothéliale et les niveaux sériques de thrombomoduline chez les patients transplantés." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27250.
Full textKidney transplant is the best treatment for end-stage renal disease. However, premature graft loss is an important problem in kidney allograft, mostly caused by rejection. Banff classification recognizes two allograft rejection categories: antibody-mediated rejection (ABMR) and/or cellular rejection (TCMR). ABMR is characterized by: development of circulating de novo antibodies against the donor (DSA) and histological damages like transplant glomerulopathy. De novo, anti-HLA-II antibodies are more frequently associated with transplant glomerulopathy than anti-HLA-I antibodies. However, the mechanistic of how anti-HLA-II antibodies are more damaging is still not fully understood. My hypothesis is that anti-HLA antibodies are sufficient to disrupt surface hemostasis (process which causes bleeding to stop) of glomerular endothelium. More importantly, we think that anti-HLA-II antibodies could decrease expression of thrombomodulin (TBM), which could lead to glomerular endothelial lesions associated with transplant glomerulopathy. To evaluate this hypothesis, I used an in vitro model of human glomerular microvascular endothelium and sera from transplant recipients. We observed that membrane TBM expression is up-regulated in a dose-dependent manner with anti- HLA-I, but not anti-HLA-II. However, when we measured intracellular TBM, we observed a cytosolic accumulation in response to anti-HLA-II stimulation. Furthermore, we observed a significant association between anti-HLA-II DSA in renal transplant recipients and low serum levels of TBM. These results show that anti-HLA I or II antibodies binding produce differential effects on TBM endothelial expression and on TBM serum levels in transplant recipients. Anti-HLA-II antibodies could be associated with prothrombotic state, which could explain the higher occurrence of microangiopathic lesions in the allograft and the poor outcomes observed in patients with these antibodies.
Laffort, Patrick. "Intérêt de l'association aspirine-anticoagulants dans la prévention des évènements thromboemboliques précoces après remplacement valvulaire mécanique mitral." Bordeaux 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995BOR23094.
Full textMontcuquet, Nicolas. "Diminution de l'alloréactivité de cellules T cultivées ex vivo : étude in vitro des mécanismes et effet sur la reconstitution immunitaire in vivo dans un modèle de greffe allogénique de cellules souches hématopoïétiques." Besançon, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BESA3004.
Full textWe have demonstrated previously that retroviral-mediated transfer of a suicide gene into bone marrow (BM) donor T cells allows an efficient control of graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) after allogeneic BM transplantation. However, 12 days of ex vivo culture is required for the production of sufficient gene-modified cells (GMC). This process requires both CD3 monoclonal antibody (MAb) activation and interleukin-2 (IL-2) expansion resulting in a diminution of expanded cells alloreactivity (termed Co). This phenomena is independent of anergy, clonaI deletion during expansion or apoptosis inducing cell death during mixed lymphocyte reaction. - Here, we demonstrate that this phenomena is the result of T-cell functional exhaustion and not due to anypreferential expansion of regulatory T cells in the culture (Montcuquet N et al. Immunology 2008). - Our approach was then to try to improve the ex vivo culture conditions in order to maintain alloreactivity. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were activated with soluble CD3 MAb or CD3 and CD28 MAb co-immobilized on beads and expanded for 12 days in the presence of IL-2, IL- 7 or IL-15 before analysis of alloreactivity and phenotype. Replacing the CD3 MAb by CD3/CD28 beads led to similar in vitro alloreactivity but improved also expansion and in vivo alloreactivity of GMC. Replacing the IL-2 with IL- 7, but not IL-15, or decreasing IL-2 or IL- 7 concentrations, improved the in vitro alloreactivity of expanded cells but with lower expansion. Indeed, the alloreactivity of expanded cells was negatively correlated with cell expansion and positively correlated with CD4/CD8 ratio and CD8 expression levels (Mercier-Letondal P, Montcuquet N et al. Cytotherapy 2008). - ln a mouse model of Graft-versus-host Disease (GvHD) induction, memory T-cells are less allogeneic than naïve T cells. Memory T-cells also improve immune reconstitution. We examined the potential of expanded T-cells to improve immune reconstitution in the absence of GvHD. Indeed, expanded splenocytes can have the same effects as fresh memory T-cells. - Taken together these results should be useful in designing GMC therapy protocols where alloreactivity is maintained and co-administrated expanded T-cells offer a new cell therapy product
Mamessier, Emilie. "Etude des mécanismes immunologiques impliqués dans la perte de contrôle de l'inflammation au cours des exacerbations de l'asthme sévère : données de l'étude ISEA, Induced Sputum In Exacerbation of Asthma[suivi de]étude in situ de l'immunologie du transplanté pulmonaire au cours des différents stades évolutifs de la bronchiolite oblitérante : utilisation des données de l'expectoration et du lavage broncho-alvéolaire." Aix-Marseille 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AIX20652.
Full textPrevalence of atopic diseases is continuously increasing in westernized countries and is a real public health problem. On an immunological point of view, these pathologies were classified under the TH2 dogma banner. Indeed, TH2 cytokines were found to be responsible for most of asthma symptoms. However, even if the TH2 dogma is sufficient to explain symptoms of atopy and eosinophil recruitment, it seems that the TH2 activation is incomplete to fully explain asthma mechanism. Thus, we have demonstrated that in asthma, the chronic TH2 response was associated with a strong TH1 response, which is only detectable during the acute phase of the symptoms. Furthermore, we have demonstrated for the first time that regulatory T cells were strongly decreased during exacerbation of asthma and were ineffective to inhibit the inflammation driven by the T cells. The second part of the work focused on bronchial and peripheral inflammation during chronic lung rejection, the main long-term complication of lung transplantation. With induced sputum samples we showed that lung of lung transplant recipients (LTR) were the site of a chronic inflammation, even in absence of Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS), acute rejection or infection episodes. Afterwards, we settle the inflammation of LTR according the evolution stage of the BOS. Indeed, we showed a mixed TH1/TH2 profile in bad outcome BOS compared to a TH2 profiles in stable good outcome BOS. Furthermore, the regulatory populations were highly elevated in BOS compared to non-BOS LTR, suggesting that BOS could be due to an excess of tolerance, rather than a real rejection mechanism
Gleizes, Céline. "Mécanismes et contrôle de la réaction inflammatoire précoce au cours de la greffe d'îlots pancréatiques dans un modèle de lignée de cellules bêta de rat : rôle et modulation de la libération des microparticules." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAJ082/document.
Full textPancreatic islets graft is characterized by early inflammatory and procoagulant events known as Instant Blood Mediated Inflammatory Reaction (IBMIR). Tissue factor (TF) bearing microparticles (MPs) are surrogates of important membrane remodeling and key players in the systemic and local dissemination of such stress.We investigated the effect of inflammatory stress on β cell survival and function in a MP-mediated cell crosstalk model. Pharmacological modulation by GLP-1 analogues was evaluated by measurement of insulin secretion, TF activity and assessment of plasma membrane remodeling. Our data evidenced MPs as autocrine effectors and possible new target for GLP-1 analogues. They bring new hints on the cellular mechanisms prompted by ischemia reperfusion during IBMIR
Pagie, Sylvain. "Mécanismes effecteurs du rejet aigu humoral : contribution de la voie Notch et du ligand DLL4 à l’interface endothélium/macrophages et à la polarisation des macrophages." Thesis, Nantes, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NANT1006/document.
Full textAcute humoral rejection (RAH) is a post-transplantcomplication that can lead to dysfunction and graftloss. RAH is characterized histologically by thepresence of endothelial lesions and of an infiltrate ofintravascular macrophages. This study aimed toidentify the mechanisms, the signaling pathwaysinvolved in the alteration of endothelial cells (EC) upon RAH as well as new regulatory molecules fortherapeutic approaches. Here, we show that theinduction of the Notch ligand DLL4 in both the EC andmacrophages is a feature of RAH in cardiac allografts.The expression of Dll4 and secretion of IL-6 inducedpolarization of macrophages into proinflammatory M1-type. We further identify Dll4 as a negative and pro-apoptoticregulator of macrophage differentiation towards a suppressive phenotype M2-type. We foundthat glomerular microvascular cells are the cell targetsof preformed non HLA antibodies causing RAH inkidney transplantation. Finally, we have demonstratedthe inhibitory activity of a series of coumarins issued from plants on the endothelial expression of a panel of inflammation and immunity molecules. In conclusion,our study shows the importance of the Notch pathwayin inflammation-related RAH and identifies DLL4 and IL-6 as new mediators of inflammation and spatial andfunctional interaction of the EC and macrophages. Thiswork therefore propose DLL4 and IL-6 as moleculartargets and coumarins as new bioactive molecules forthe control of inflammation and RAH
Ibergay, Cyrille. "Simulation mésoscopique de polyélectrolytes aux interfaces." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00724510.
Full textShevchenko, Zaitseva Nataliya. "Matériaux mésoporeux hybrides organo-minéraux bi-fonctionnalisés : synthèse, caractérisation physico-chimique et application à l'élimination du chrome." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0075/document.
Full textThe present work proposes to examine chemical characteristics and behavior of two bifunctionalized silicas exhibiting either a mesostructure (i.e., MCM-41) or not (i.e., silica gel, denoted here SiO2) with respect to the immobilization of chromium species. The organo-functional groups selected to achieve this goal are mercaptopropyl and propylsulfonic acid moieties (MCM-SH,SO3H), on one hand, and mercaptopropyl and ethylenediaminetriacetate groups (SiO2-SH/ED3A) on the other hand. The research has been started with structurally ordered materials, of MCM-41 type, to ensure high surface area and easy and fast accessibility to the functional groups. On the basis of thiol-modified MCM-41, a set of sorbent samples containing different ratio of grafted mercaptopropyl and propylsulfonic acid groups (constant concentration of sulfur = 1 mmol g-1) has been synthesized. Special attention was first given to the characterization of surface chemical contents, which are expected to have a strong influence on sorption parameters. A simple, one-instrument method (conductometric titration) has been applied to the simultaneous determination of thiol- and sulfonic group on MCM-SH,SO3H. Then, the experimental conditions that are likely to provide effective sequestration of Cr(VI) on MCM-SH,SO3H have been defined, notably by studying the effect of pH, solid-to-solution ratio, or composition of the adsorbent (i.e., SH/SO3H ratio). On the basis of received data, a reduction-sorption mechanism explaining the uptake process has been proposed. In a second approach, a second type of bi-functional silica (SiO2-SH,ED3A) was suggested so as to improve the affinity (sorption properties) of the material to the reductively-generated Cr(III) species. Silica-gel was chosen as the matrix to graft controlled amounts of mercaptopropyl and ethylenediaminetriacetate groups at its surface. The performance of such bi-functional adsorbent was evaluated with respect to various experimental parameters likely to affect the reduction-sorption process (pH, solid-to-solution ratio, concentration) in order to determine the uptake mechanism and to compare it with the above adsorbent. Finally, it will be seen how this second adsorbent also offers the advantage of being usable in flowing conditions (column experiments)
Bouchut, Arthur. "Nouveau procédé pour la fonctionnalisation de surface des panneaux à base de bois." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEI004.
Full textDevelopment of a wood panel coating by using two strategies of surfaces modification: Non-covalent adsorption and covalent grafting. A pre-layer, interacting in a non-covalent manner with the wood panel, then a functional coating covalently grafted on this pre-layer. This pre-layer will therefore promote the adhesion of the coating with the wood panel. In addition, the recycling of wood will be facilitated since the coating will only be linked to the panel by non-covalent interaction and may be broken under certain conditions (high temperature)
Petit, Audrey. "Mécanismes de guidage des axones sérotoninergiques du raphé dorsal : études in vivo et in vitro." Thèse, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/14885.
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