Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Mécanismes réactionnels'
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Carmona, Laurent. "Dimérisation catalytique d'alcènes fonctionnels : nouveaux catalyseurs et mécanismes réactionnels." Toulouse 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993TOU30239.
Full textSintes-Zydowicz, Nathalie. "Polyimides - amides, microstructure : mécanismes réactionnels : étude par RMN et GPC." Lyon 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991LYO10165.
Full textGalai, Leila. "Les mécanismes réactionnels régissant les interactions verre-fer en solution aqueuse." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LAROS029.
Full textThe geological disposal of high-level waste (HLW) developed by ANDRA, in France, is based on a multi-layer concept. The vitrified radioactive waste is placed in a stainless-steel container itself placed in a carbon steel overpack and disposed in Callovo-Oxfordian (Cox) claystone. The proximity between iron, glass and groundwater should involve a chemical interaction between them which can impact the long-term behaviour of nuclear vitrified waste. Previous study on the glass-iron system in geological storage conditions have highlights the phenomenology linked to this interaction. Iron has been almost unanimously described as increasing the alteration of glass. However, in the experimental setups chosen, the simultaneous alteration of glass and iron makes it difficult to identify the mechanisms prevailing at the interface of each material. In this thesis, we have therefore chosen to decompose the real and complex Glass / Steel / Clay / Solution system into two model study systems in order to better characterize the different mechanisms at each interface. The first experiments were about the corrosion of iron powder in the presence of Si. These experiments have shown that an increase in [Si] promotes the formation of Fe silicates at the expense of Fe oxides, but without leading to an increase in the amount of corroded iron. Kinetic investigations revealed that a complex germination-growth mechanism is behind the formation of Fe silicates. A simplified kinetic model has also been proposed. Then, the experimental system has been complexified with iron corrosion experiments in the presence of CJ1 simple glass and ISG glass. These experiments have shown that the presence of iron certainly leads to the deterioration of the glass, but this increase is strongly limited by three main parameters : the glass composition, the iron flux associated with the corrosion kinetics of the metal and pH. The chosen simplification approach therefore made it possible to dissociate the effect of each parameter and to locate the effect of Si on the corrosion of iron, to dissociate the effect of iron from the effect of pH on alteration of the glass and above all to highlight the importance of parameters such as the iron flow and the initial composition of the glass on the effect that the iron will have on the deterioration of the glass
Noumet, Anne-Gaëlle. "Effets du niobium sur les mécanismes réactionnels d'oxydation des aluminiures de titane." Paris 6, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA066478.
Full textKozlowski, David. "Etude théorique de l'activité antioxydante et des mécanismes réactionnels des composés phénoliques." Limoges, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007LIMO330C.
Full textWe studied from a fondamental point of view the antioxydant activity of phenolic compounds. In quantum chemistry approach DFT proves to be most effective to understand at the fundamental level wich are the intimate mechanisms HAT (H Atom Transfer) and ET (Transfer Electron) wich occur in the reactions between the flavonoid and free radicals. We studied the reactivity of several series of phenolic compounds to establish the activity relationship. This work concerned eleven flavonoids, eleven chalcones and three lignanes, and some of the phenolic compounds model. The calculation of BDEs (Bond Dissociation Enthalpies) showed a very good correlation with the experimental results and seems to confirm the importance of mechanism HAT to explain their capacity to scavage the free radicals. The estimate of the HAT barriers process and the solvation effects also confirmed the importance of HAT mechanism, placing the ET mechanisme as a secondary mechanims. In addition in the continuity of experimental work on the gamma radiolysis of a series of flavonoids carried out within the team "Biomolécules" EA4021, we studied their reaction with the three radicals resulting from the radiolyse of solvents (i. E. , alcohols in the case of the flavonoids), and in particular the reactional mechanism allowing the transformation of flavonoids into depsides. The same study was undertaken with a phenolic acid, the ferulic acid. The theoretical results agree and validate the experimental results and the reactional pathway prposed to describe the reactivity of the flavonoids
Kuldova, Karia. "Photochromisme par transfert de proton : mécanismes réactionnels et stabilité des formes colorées." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997GRE10043.
Full textVigier, Jean-François. "Synthèse d’oxydes d’actinides en milieu chlorure fondu : études structurales et mécanismes réactionnels." Thesis, Lille 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL10051/document.
Full textThe study developed in this thesis concerns actinide oxides synthesis for nuclear fuel refabrication, and more specifically, the actinide (III) precipitation in molten salt LiCl-CaCl2 (30-70%mol) salt at 700°C using wet argon sparging. First, this conversion method is described for neodymium (III) and cerium (III) coconversion. The conversion rates are around 99.9%, and the obtained powders contain mixed oxychloride Ce1-xNdxOCl as main component, with a small amount of mixed oxide Ce1-xNdxO2-0.5x for the high cerium ratio. A second oxychloride CeIV(Nd0.7Ce0.3)IIIO3Cl is obtained in specific conditions and in very low quantity. The structure of this oxychloride is described in this study. The partially oxidative property of the conversion method induces the oxidation of a part of cerium (III) to oxidation state (IV). In the case of uranium (III) conversion by wet argon sparging, all the uranium is oxidized and give the oxide UO2 as single compound. The conversion rate for this element is over 99.9% in the molten chloride, but significant amount of uranium is lost by volatilization during the conversion. Finally, the U(III) and Pu(III) coconversion study shows the highest precipitation sensitivity of uranium (III) in comparison with plutonium (III), responsible of a successive conversion of the two elements, giving an oxide mixture of UO2 et PuO2 with quantitative conversion rate. Surprisingly, the conversion of Pu(III) in the same conditions led to a mixture of PuO2 and PuOCl, characteristic of a partial oxidation from Pu (III) to Pu (IV), in contrast with coconversion of U(III)-Pu(III)
Zhang, Jiarong. "Etude de l’anthocyanidine synthase de Vitis vinifera : substrats polyphénoliques et mécanismes réactionnels." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0867/document.
Full textRecombinant anthocyanidin synthase from Vitis vinifera (VvANS) has been expressed in E. coli, and purified by nickel affinity chromatography. The production and purification of the iron-loaded enzyme has been developed in order to avoid uncontrolled nonenzymatic oxidation reactions in the presence of Fe(II) salt. A stable VvANS-Fe(II) complex is formed in the presence of 2-oxoglutarate and ascorbate, and this complex is catalytically active at ambient PO2 in the absence of Fe(II) salt. The transformation of (+)-catechin by VvANS has been studied with and without ascorbate, by using either the VvANSFe( II) complex or the holoenzyme co-incubated with ferrous sulfate, to investigate the role of ascorbate. No enzyme activity has been observed in the absence of ascorbate, which means that it is an essential enzyme cofactor. A covalent adduct ascorbate-cyanidin is produced in vitro, but only in the absence of glutathione (GSH), another major nucleophilic and reducing agent. The two stereoisomers of leucocyanidin (3,4-cis et 3,4-trans flavan-diols) which were expected to behave as substrates of VvANS, are not commercial and were synthesized by reduction of dihydroquercetin by NaBH4, and characterized by proton NMR. The analysis of the two stereoisomers by means of tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) shows that their fragmentation pathways are distinct and may be used to distinguish them during their production. The two stereoisomers are stable in frozen aqueous medium at -20°C. Twelve flavonoids of four distinct families (flavanones, dihydroflavonols, flavan-3-ols et flavan-3,4-diols) were tested as potential substrates of VvANS. All enzymatic products were purified by means of reverse-phase HPLC and characterized by MS/MS, with the following results: 1) Only dihydroflavonols of (2R,3R) configuration are accepted as substrates by VvANS, the activity decreasing with the number of hydroxyl groups of ring B. 2) Only flavan-3-ols or flavan-3,4-diols of (2R,3S) configuration having either a catechol or three vicinal phenolic OH on ring B are accepted as substrates. 3) Naringenin is not substrate of VvANS, most likely because a C3 hydroxyl group is missing. […] Glutathione GSH is a powerful nucleophilic and reducing agent as well as a free radical scavenger, which is abundant in grape berries. We therefore studied its effect on VvANS activity with all identified substrates. GSH has no effect on the transformation of dihydroflavonols and flavan-3,4-diols, but it considerably modifies the transformation pattern of (+)- catechin and (+)-gallocatechin. In the presence of (+)-catechin and GSH, we observe two major products, cyanidin and a cyanidin-glutathione thioether, with production yields which are much higher than in the absence of GSH. Moreover, the ascorbate-cyanidin covalent adduct and the (+)-catechin dimer that had been obtained in the absence of GSH have disappeared. Our data suggest that the cyanidin-glutathione adduct is a C4-thioether which is in equilibrium between the two keto-enolic tautomeric forms at C3, and decomposes into cyanidin and GSH. In the presence of (+)-gallocatechin, a similar delphinidin-glutathione thioether adduct is also observed. In order to test the possible specificity of GSH as a cofactor, three other mercaptans (thiomalate, cysteine and cysteamine) were tested, and no similar product was observed, which suggests that GSH is a specific ligand, and might be a coenzyme of VvANS. Our results suggest that anthocyanidins could be produced in vivo from a flavan-3-ol substrate (catechin or gallocatechin) via a glutathione thioether intermediate, whereas the natural 3,4-cis stereoisomer of leucocyanidin is not transformed into cyanidin by VvANS
Cecile, Jean-Luc. "Etude spectroscopique, thermodynamique et cinétique des mécanismes réactionnels liés au procédé de flottation." Orléans, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987ORLE2052.
Full textStitou, Mostafa. "Élaboration de gels de titane en milieu micellaire inverse : étude des mécanismes réactionnels." Montpellier 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988MON20092.
Full textKarnatak, Nikhil. "Synthèse de carbure de titane par combustion auto-propagée : cinétique et mécanismes réactionnels." Poitiers, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003POIT2331.
Full textThe principal objective of this work consists in a better understanding of reaction mechanisms occurring during titanium carbide formation by combustion synthesis or SHS (Self-propagating High-temperature Synthesis) according to the reaction (Ti+C?TiC). This work can be separated in three principal axes: the influence of isostatic gas pressure on SHS, the influence of carbon particles size and finally the effect of mechanical activation (preliminary milling before reaction). Thus, we identified various formation mechanisms. For fine carbon particles the reaction is certainly controlled by a mechanism of dissolution precipitation whereas for coarser carbon particles, a mechanism of diffusion of carbon through a layer of titanium carbide seems dominant. In the case of mechanical activation it is possible that the reaction proceeds in solid phase
Bernard, Frédéric. "Les contraintes résiduelles en réactivité des solides : détermination et rôle sur les mécanismes réactionnels." Dijon, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993DIJOS021.
Full textParis, Sébastien. "Mécanismes réactionnels induits par frittage " flash " réactif activé mécaniquement : application au système Fe / Al." Dijon, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005DIJOS059.
Full textThe understanding of reaction mechanisms during Mechanically-Activated Pressure-Assisted Field-Activated Synthesis Technics to elaborate FeAl intermetallics are presented. The pertinent parameters at each step of the process were determined to elaborate a compound without texture, dense, with a fine microstructure and a limited gradiant of chemical composition and/or degree of order at the nanoscale. Origins of these gradiants were determined by reactions mechanisms study (in-situ and ex-situ) and confirmed by thermal stability and properties studies. Thermal stability study permitted to give explanations about origins of intrinsec characteristics evolutions until a process temperature of 1100°C. Promising results of these materials in corrosion resistance (agressive media: oxidant at high temperature or acid media) or microhardness measurement were demonstrated during preliminary study of properties at the globale and locale scales
Rousseau, Lidie. "Catalyse au fer des réactions de couplage croisé : mécanismes, identification et spéciation des intermédiaires réactionnels." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASF020.
Full textFor a few years iron catalysis has been considered as a cheap and environmentally benign alternative for traditional noble metal catalysts. Still, because of its hardly controlled access to a large scope of oxidation and spin states, iron’s reactivity as a catalyst has not been fully understood yet. This work first investigates the question of iron’s catalytically active oxidation states in cross-coupling reactions, through an experimental and computational study. The second part of the manuscript deals with the comprehension of some Fe-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. The detrimental homocoupling pathway of an aryl-aryl Kumada reaction is elucidated, and the mechanism of the reaction between organomanganese nucleophiles and alkenyl electrophiles is investigated. Finally, the modification of the metal’s coordination sphere thanks to the addition of σ-donating ligands helps to understand the matter of the transmetallation degree control during the cross-coupling process. This work uses classic inorganic chemistry techniques, along with several spectroscopies (NMR, EPR, Mössbauer) and theoretical DFT calculations
Henry, Reynald. "Méthodologie et mise au point d'un test catalytique en hydrocraquage pour l'étude des mécanismes réactionnels." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO10220.
Full textHydrocracking is a process that allows the production of high quality fuels from heavy, complex and low-hydrogen feedstocks. However, the process can still be improved by ameliorating the catalysts structure. Therefore, a catalytic test procedure has been developed in order to have a better characterization of the catalysts performance. This method associates a semi-batch reactor test allowing on-the-run sampling, and quantitative analysis of the feed and the effluents by two-dimensional gas chromatography. Combining these experimental tools allowed us to track the operating conditions and the composition of each phase of the reactor during the experiments. This method has then been applied to test bifunctional catalysts with different NiMoS and zeolite contents. It has been shown that the zeolite content is the determining parameter for the global conversion velocity, and that the sulfide/acid sites ratio affects the middle distillate selectivity. Otherwise, the lack of liquid-vapor transfer limitations has been proven, while there are some clues showing that the transportation of the hydrocarbons in the zeolite pores may be a limiting step
Despert, Guillaume. "Etude des mécanismes réactionnels des premières étapes d'oxydation des aluminiures de titane pour applications turbomachines." Paris 6, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA066092.
Full textChaux, Frédéric. "Etude des mécanismes de dissipation de l’excès d’énergie au cours de la photosynthèse chez la microalgue Chlamydomonas reinhardtii." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0090/document.
Full textOxygenic photosynthesis is the process by which plants capture sunlight and assimilate atmospheric CO2. Photosynthesis domestication is an issue of growing interest, especially in microalgae, because it could make better use of solar energy through the production of biological resources such as biofuels. In natural conditions, photosynthesis is subject to fluctuating light: complex regulatory mechanisms are involved in its proper functioning. It has been suggested that the maximum productivity of photosynthesis under a non-fluctuating regime may be restricted by some of these mechanisms. The aim of this thesis was to examine relative contributions, functional interactions and impacts on the photosynthetic efficiency of some of these mechanisms, using the eukaryotic microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as a biological model. The following mechanisms have been investigated: cyclic electron flow (CEF) around Photosystem I (PSI) involving PGR5 and PGRL1 proteins, heat dissipation at the PSII antennas (NPQ) involving the LHCSR3 protein, and photoreduction of oxygen
Chloup-Bondant, Myriam. "Etude des mécanismes réactionnels dans l'hydratation des silicates et aluminates tricalciques en présence d'un filler calcaire." Nancy 1, 1996. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_1996_0003_CHLOUP_BONDANT.pdf.
Full textThis study shows how limestone reacts in the hydration of tricalcium aluminate and silicate, main constituents of Portland cement. The effect of limestone is characterized for different hydration times with different analytical techniques: XRD, SEM, DSC, TGA, 29Si NMR and IR Portland cement hydration gives a pH equal to 12 to 13, so in the first part of this study, limestone solubility in basic solutions is investigated. In the second part, we show the incorporation of coexistence of these phases, the formation of solid solutions CxSyCuHz-CH occurs. Third, C3A hydration with or without limestone agrees with litterature. Endly, we study the hydration of a simple cement (C3S + C3A) with or without calcium carbonate and CaSO4. Formation of CxSyAtCuHz ,ettringite, C4ACH11 and portlandite are noted. The cohabitation of these phases entail the existence of chemical complexes and substitued ettringite. The effect of different atmospheres on the samples is also studied
Mekhloufi, Jamila. "Etude physico-chimique de la mélatonine : action des radicaux libres centrés sur l'oxygène et mécanismes réactionnels." Paris 5, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA05P604.
Full textMelatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is a neurohormone synthesised in the pineal gland during the dark period in all species. Besides its effects on circadian rhythms, melatonin has been reported to have antioxidant and radioprotective abilities. In the perspective to find compounds more efficient as antioxidant, we were also interested in one of a novel pinoline derivative, [6-ethyl–1-(3-methoxyphenyl)-2-propyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline], identified as GWC22. This work aimed at studying, the in vitro antioxidant properties of the melatonin and GWC22 submitted to oxidative stress conditions generated by water gamma radiolysis
D'Ambrosio, Katia. "Etude structurale de protéines impliquées dans des mécanismes d'oxydo-réduction. Caractérisation de complexes ou d'intermédiaires réactionnels." Nancy 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004NAN10126.
Full textThis PhD thesis concerned structural studies of non phosphorylating NADP-dependent glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from Streptococcus mutans (GAPN) and of Glutaredoxin (Grx) from Poplar Thrichorpora. GAPN belongs to the family of the aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDH), enzymes which catalyse the oxidation of a broad range of aldehydes into their corresponding carboxylic acids. Their catalytic mechanism proceeds via two steps: acylation and deacylation. With the aim to characterize the structural and molecular factors associated to this reaction, we have solved the x-ray structure of the intermediate thioacylenzyme and the structure of the active site mutant T229S. Grx belongs to the thiol-disulphide oxydo-reductase family and is involved in the adaptative response during oxidative stress. It catalyses the reduction of disulfides bridges of different substrates. Since only few structural and biochemical information on GRX isolated from plants are actually available, crystallographic studies of Grx complexed with glutathione have been carried out to obtain more information on this class of enzymes
Trinh, Dao. "Développement de la technique microscopie électrochimique à balayage en mode courant alternatif : mécanismes et cinétiques réactionnels." Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066599.
Full textVergne, Sonia. "Mécanismes de réduction des oxydes d'azote sur catalyseurs zéolithiques CuMFI et PtNaEMT." Poitiers, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997POIT2314.
Full textSinela, André Mundombe. "Etude des mécanismes réactionnels et des cinétiques de dégradation des anthocyanes dans un extrait d’Hibiscus sabdariffa L." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NSAM0036/document.
Full textDried calyx of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. are traditionally used in Africa for beverage production by maceration in water. This raw material, rich in anthocyanins, is also known in the food industry as a source of natural dyes. However, the color of extracts obtained quickly changes over time which affects the development of these products. To better characterize and understand the instability of color, this work provides a mechanistic and kinetic study of the degradation of anthocyanins during the conservation of an extract from H. sabdariffa. Biochemical characterization of the extract allowed to identify predominant polyphenols (delphinidin 3-O-sambubioside Del-3Sb, cyanidin 3-O-sambubioside Cya-3Sb and caffeoylquinic acids) and highlighted the presence of metals known as potential oxidation catalysts (Fe, Cu, Mn). Kinetics of degradation of anthocyanins in the extract were followed by HPLC-DAD between 4 and 37 ° C for 60 days. It can be represented by a first order model. Del-3Sb (Ea = 90 kJ mol-1) is more sensitive to temperature increase than Cya-3Sb (Ea = 80 kJ.mol-1). Influence of different factors on the degradation of anthocyanins was studied in simplified model media. Rate constant of degradation (k) of Del-3Sb on model media containing Fe (III), Cu (II) and Mn (II) at similar concentrations to those of the extract was similar to that measured in the extract. For Cya-3Sb it was 40% lower than in the extract. Increasing Fe concentration of 1 to 13 mg.L 1 increased by about 3-fold the k of anthocyanins. Adding chlorogenic acid in a model media containing Fe increased k of Cya-3Sb 42%. Opposite effect was observed for Del-3Sb (47% decrease). Dissolved oxygen content has no influence on k of anthocyanins. Two mechanisms of degradation of anthocyanins have been identified: the scission mechanism, representing a minority pathway (10% of degraded anthocyanins) with production of phloroglucinaldehyde, gallic acid (from Del-3Sb) and protocatechuic (from Cya -3Sb). The other mechanism is condensation with formation of brown polymers, it is promoted by increasing of concentration of Fe was and mixture of Fe, Cu and Mn. Conclusions led to perspectives on study of impact of other compound in the extract (sugar, amino-acids) as well as identification and quantification of brown polymers
Dupré, Jonathan. "Organophosphorous borane complexes : from frustration to inspiration." Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMC232.
Full textThe research in this thesis describes the exploration of the Lewis-acid Lewis-base interactions between organophopshine and organoborane compounds. We focused our attention on four types of interactions going from frustrating to stong P-B bonds. Our understanding of these interactions is based on detailed kinetics and computational calculations, allowing us to find a new reactivity of these species. In a first part, we studied the metal-free hydrogenation of unsaturated compounds using Frustrated Lewis Pairs (FLPs). Based on the measurement of the nucleophilicity and the Lewis basicity parameters of sterically hindered phosphines, we were able to explain reasons of the failure of P/B FLPs to catalyse the hydrogenation of Michael acceptors under H2. In the second chapter, we employed the Mayr’s linear-free energy relationship to measure the hydricity of various phosphine borane complexes (PBs) and compare their reactivity to commons hydride donors. Based on these kinetic parameters, we next turned our attention to investigate the effect of a strong Lewis acid, (B(C6F5)3), to prevent the expected intramolecular borylation of PBs to take place. By combining kinetic and computational investigations, we have been able to understand factors controlling this reaction. In the last chapter, we reported on the regioselective organocatalytic Markovnikov hydrophosphination of aryl alkenes. Importantly, we highlighted that the reversible formation of a phosphine-Lewis acid complex is in the core of the catalytic process. Mechanistic investigations support the formation of a carbocation in the catalytic cycle
Breuil, Philippe. "Élaboration de couches minces de dioxyde d'étain sensibles à l'action des gaz. Performances électriques et mécanismes réactionnels." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 1989. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00845136.
Full textSauvage, Frédéric. "Matériaux d'électrodes et capteurs potentiométriques d'oxydes et phosphates : de la croissance de couches minces aux mécanismes réactionnels." Amiens, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AMIE0601.
Full textDuval, Alice. "Etude des mécanismes réactionnels entre polluants et surfaces appliquée aux réacteurs nucléaires du futur à caloporteur gaz." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066567.
Full textWarth, Valérie. "Conception et développement d'un logiciel de génération de mécanismes réactionnels d'oxydation et de combustion de substances organiques." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999INPL087N.
Full textThis thesis deals with the development of a software for the generation of combustion and oxidation mechanisms of organic compounds (alkanes, cyclanes, and ethers) found in gasoline and diesel fuel. One of the main aims of this study is to predict the emission of pollutants by internai combustion engines. The software is made of the following items : a database of small species (Co-C2) reactions, a comprehensive primary mechanism generator, a lumped secondary mechanism generator and two data generators : a first one of thermodynamic data and a second one of kinetic data. Generated reaction models are compatible with CHEMKIN II package from SANDIA laboratories, USA, for the analysis of gas phase chemical kinetics. The generated mechanisms can be interactively validated thanks to CHEMKIN by comparison with experimental results. Moreover, another software has been developed and validated for reducing these detailed mechanisms. A non ~anonical external repre~entation of chemical reactants is transformed into a canonical internai representation through a compiler and two canoniêity algorithms. The mechanisms are generated by applying algorithrns implementing elementary chemical reactions to internai chemical structures. Completeness and non redundancy of the produced mechanims are ensured by, on the one hand, the canonicity of the species and, on the other hand, by creationlconsumption rules for radical species implemented via an iterative algorithm
Vacque, Valérie. "Elucidation par spectroscopie vibrationnelle de mécanismes réactionnels faisant intervenir l'eau oxygénée : caractérisation in situ d'espèces intermédiaires peroxydées." Lille 1, 1997. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1997/50376-1997-65.pdf.
Full textBreuil, Philippe. "Elaboration de couches minces de dioxyde d'étain sensibles à l'action des gaz. Performances électriques et mécanismes réactionnels." Grenoble INPG, 1989. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00845136.
Full textCoupeau, Sylvie. "Étude des mécanismes réactionnels de la décomposition du péroxyde d'hydrogène : application à la délignification des pâtes cellulosiques." Grenoble INPG, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996INPG0193.
Full textChiavazza, Véronique. "Étude des mécanismes réactionnels mis en jeu à la surface des poudres d'alliages d'aluminium au cours du dégazage." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 1987. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00845283.
Full textMoutounet, Odile. "La chimie computationnelle appliquée à l'étude de la réactivité et de la sélectivité de mécanismes réactionnels en chimie organique." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/11770.
Full textMathieu, François. "Etude des transformations sous haute pression des oxydes de fer submicroniques à structure spinelle : analyse structurale des mécanismes réactionnels." Toulouse 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990TOU30043.
Full textBerger, Franck. "Mécanismes réactionnels d'interaction du SO2 et du DEMP en surface de détecteurs de gaz à base de dioxyde d'étain." Besançon, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995BESA2039.
Full textHandschuh, Alan. "Synthèse des carbures d’U-Pu : influence des précurseurs et mécanismes réactionnels de la carbothermie de systèmes lanthanides et actinides." Thesis, Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL10194.
Full textAs part of Generation IV programs, and particularly for the Gas Fast Reactor (GFR) and the Sodium Fast Reactor (SFR), the uranium-plutonium mixed carbide (U,Pu)C1+x is considered as a fuel candidate due to its good thermal properties (especially thermal conductivity end melting point) and its high metal atom density. The carbothermic reduction of a mixture of uranium oxide, UO2, and plutonium oxide, PuO2, under vacuum or under argon by the reaction UO2 + PuO2 + (3+x)C —vacuum/argon→ (U,Pu)C1+x + 2CO is the usual process for the synthesis of this mixed carbide. However, in order to meet new specifications needed for future irradiation tests, the study of the mechanisms of the carbothermic reduction is required. Particularly, (i) a better understanding of the formation of carbide phases (monocarbide MC, sesquicarbide M2C3 with M = (U,Pu) and dicarbide UC2 (only observed for carbothermic reduction of UO2)) has to be achieved and (ii) the volatilisation of plutonium species has to be minimized. The present document describes (i) a qualitative method, based mainly on XRD analyses, to determine the mechanism of mixed carbides (Ln2C3 – LnC2) formation by carbothermic reduction of co-milling oxides (CeO2 and Nd2O3 used as surrogates of actinides oxides) and (ii) a quantitative method based on the resolution of conservation of mass equations to determine the detailed mechanisms of mixed carbides (AnC – An2C3) synthesis by carbothermic reduction of co-milling oxides (UO2 and PuO2). Then, to reduce the volatilisation of plutonium during carbothermic step, the use of mixed oxide (U,Pu)O2 obtained by oxalic co-precipitation was foreseen. Furthermore, some new precursors, synthesized by oxalic co-precipitation process, were considered to (i) simplify the synthesis of mixed carbides and (ii) increase the homogeneity of carbon and oxide powder (U,Pu)O2 with the goal of boosting the kinetic and/or reducing the temperature of carbothermic reduction
Piechaczyk, Olivier. "Etudes théoriques et expérimentales de mécanismes catalytiques impliquant des complexes de métaux de transition du groupe 10 et de mécanismes réactionnels impliquant des composés du phosphore hybridé." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2008. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00004283.
Full textNaille, Sébastien. "Electrodes négatives de batteries lithium-ion : les intermétalliques de l'étain : mécanismes et interfaces." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00355884.
Full textUne analyse détaillée des réactions électrochimiques a été effectuée en associant différentes techniques : diffraction des rayons X, spectroscopie photoélectronique à rayonnement X, spectrométrie Mössbauer de 119Sn et mesures magnétiques. Seules les phases riches en étain présentent des capacités intéressantes. Dans ce cas, la première décharge est une étape de restructuration qui transforme le matériau d'électrode en un composite constitué de nanoparticules de métal pur et de Li7Sn2. Le mécanisme principal est une réaction de déplacement partiellement réversible, les nanoparticules métalliques atténuant les variations volumiques de l'électrode.
L'irréversibilité observée durant le premier cycle a été étudiée par spectroscopie photoélectronique à rayonnement X et spectroscopie d'impédance électrochimique. Cette irréversibilité est liée à la formation, en début de première décharge, d'une couche de passivation stable à la surface des particules intermétalliques qui est principalement formée de Li2CO3 et LiF. Cette formation est associée à une forte diminution du potentiel de l'électrode qui permet l'amorçage de sa restructuration. L'importance de cette couche est évidemment liée à la surface spécifique des particules, ce qui explique les piètres performances des nanomatériaux pour lesquels aucune réaction de déplacement n'a été mise en évidence.
Naille, Sébastien. "Electrodes négatives de batteries lithium-ion : les intermétalliques de l'étain : mécanismes et interfaces." Phd thesis, Montpellier 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON20041.
Full textUne analyse détaillée des réactions électrochimiques a été effectuée en associant différentes techniques : diffraction des rayons X, spectroscopie photoélectronique à rayonnement X, spectrométrie Mössbauer de 119Sn et mesures magnétiques. Seules les phases riches en étain présentent des capacités intéressantes. Dans ce cas, la première décharge est une étape de restructuration qui transforme le matériau d'électrode en un composite constitué de nanoparticules de métal pur et de Li7Sn2. Le mécanisme principal est une réaction de déplacement partiellement réversible, les nanoparticules métalliques atténuant les variations volumiques de l'électrode.
L'irréversibilité observée durant le premier cycle a été étudiée par spectroscopie photoélectronique à rayonnement X et spectroscopie d'impédance électrochimique. Cette irréversibilité est liée à la formation, en début de première décharge, d'une couche de passivation stable à la surface des particules intermétalliques qui est principalement formée de Li2CO3 et LiF. Cette formation est associée à une forte diminution du potentiel de l'électrode qui permet l'amorçage de sa restructuration. L'importance de cette couche est évidemment liée à la surface spécifique des particules, ce qui explique les piètres performances des nanomatériaux pour lesquels aucune réaction de déplacement n'a été mise en évidence.
Beyet, Loïc. "Développement d'une interface MIMS avec un piège ionique quadripolaire : application à l'étude de réactions ion-molécules." Paris 6, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA066366.
Full textArab-Chapelet, Bénédicte. "Étude fondamentale des mécanismes réactionnels intervenant lors de la synthèse par co-conversion oxalique de composés oxyde à base d'actinides." Lille 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005LIL10147.
Full textAt the end of the nuclear fuel reprocessing, co-conversion by oxalic co-precipitation is one of the routes investigated to immobilize actinides in a solid compound before their subsequent recycling. The development of this process requires a good knowledge of the structure of the co-precipitated compounds. The structural resolution by single crystal X-ray diffraction of U(IV)-Ln(III) oxalates, where lanthanides simulate the actinides behaviour, led to elucidate three solid solutions characterized by an unexpected U(IV)-Ln(III) mixed site and to the constitution of a structural database decisive for the identification of actinides co-precipitated compounds. In addition, the thorough investigation of these mixed oxalates has allowed (i) to specify the solid solution domains; (ii) to underline the quantitative transfer of actinides initially in solution to the co-precipitated solid, without modification of their oxidation state; (iii) to clarify the role of monovalent cations taking part in the deficit charge compensation in the structure. Finally, these original results were extended to the An(IV)-An(III) mixtures and mixed oxalates exhibiting structures similar to those obtained for the U(IV)-Ln(III) co-precipitates, were synthesised. The existence of An(IV)-An(III) mixed site within a compound oxalate is totally original and at the basis of the original properties of the co-precipitate. Then, actinides co-precipitation allows to elaborate particularly homogeneous solid compounds with desired composition which can be advantageously used as starting materials for mixed oxides synthesis
Tarrat-Iché, Nathalie. "Etude théorique des mécanismes d'hydrolyse des esters de phosphate." Toulouse 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU30212.
Full textPhosphate esters play a fundamental role in many biological processes. Unfortunately, the detailed understanding of how monoesters hydrolysis reactions proceed is still subject of debate (this is largely due to the kinetic stability of phosphate monoesters). Modern quantum chemistry methods seems to be a good alternative to elucidate these reaction mechanisms. In this thesis, we have validated the use of quantum calculation (DFT/B3LYP) coupled with a continuum solvation model by studying hydrolysis mechanism of phosphate tri- and diesters. In these cases, the scientific community is unanimous on the fact that they involve pentacovalent phosphorane intermediate or transition state. The same approach is applied to the hydrolysis mechanism of phosphate monoesters. By comparison with the results obtained in the case of the di- and triesters, it is observed that the reactivity of a protonated ester can differ from that of its methylated derivative, for which a phosphorane “intermediate” is occuring
Verrier, Cécile. "Etude des nouvelles méthodologies de fonctionnalisation directe palladocatalysées de la liaison C-H en série oxazole-4-carboxylate : application à la synthèse de molécules naturelles et de sondes fluorescentes oxazoliques." Phd thesis, INSA de Rouen, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00577109.
Full textNoël, Ludovic. "Contribution à la modélisation de la combustion homogène (HCCI) des moteurs Diesel par réduction des mécanismes réactionnels et interaction chimie-turbulence." Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066065.
Full textBizot, Patrice. "Vers un système expert de conception de mécanismes réactionnels complexes en phase gazeuse : application à la pyrolyse et à l'oxydation de composés organiques." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPL102N.
Full textZrelli, Kais. "Modulation de température en système réactif : application à la titration sélective sous contrôle cinétique et à la détermination de mécanismes réactionnels." Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066650.
Full textWe developed a powerful analytical protocol to detect and quantify a given reactive target in a mixture. The selectivity of the species identification relies on the dynamics of interaction between the target and a probe, revealed by thermal modulation. The chemical system that we chose in our work is a pair of complementary oligonucleotides whose temporal response to thermal modulation was followed by epifluorescence microscopy. Temperature modulation which was generated by Joule effect in a microfluidic device led to provide the rate constants involved in the hybridization reaction. The quadrature delayed signal originating from a model reactive mixture submitted to a periodic thermal excitation was subsequently used to titrate a targetted strand of DNA in a mixture of oligonucleotides with a good accurancy. This method is reliable to detect single nucleotide polymorphism. We aditionally introduce a protocol for analysing reactions mechanisms also based on temperature modulation. We were able to determine the mechanisms of hybridization and extract the kinetics and thermodynamic constants
Cavaillé, Anthony. "Complexes de fer à bas degré d'oxydation pour l'activation du diazote atmosphérique, extension aux liaisons C-H et au phosphore blanc." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30338.
Full textMolecular nitrogen activation and functionalization are one of the most challenging topic in modern chemistry. The industrial formation of ammonia by the Haber-Bosch process, essential for current agriculture, is the starting point of this field. Indeed, the strong energetic need of this transformation has motivated academic research to find catalyst that can work in milder conditions as observed with nitrogenase enzymes. The principal goal of this Ph.D. work was the synthesis and the study of low oxidation states iron complexes bearing triphosphine ligand for the catalytic formation of ammonia and silylamines. This experimental work was supported by theoretical calculation using DFT in order to rationalize and understand the different results. The first part of this manuscript presents the metallic precursors synthesis and the first reduction attempts using Grignard reagents. During this part, the formation of an interesting Fe0 bis-dinitrogen complex was observed. Its efficient synthesis and reactivity was studied in a second part. This complex is one of the few homogeneous iron catalysts able to perform the formation of ammonia and one of the most active for N(TMS)3 formation. Furthermore, this Fe0 center is able to dehydrogenate an alkane part of its ligand and activate another small molecule of interest, white phosphorus. This new reaction leads to the firs example of the formation of an end-deck iron cyclo-P4 complex and is the subject of the third part. Finally, several iron complexes bearing dinitrogen and hydride ligand were studied in relevance with the nitrogenase enzyme. This part was an opportunity for a change toward a PCP-type ligand. The carbenic form of this ligand was reachable by double C-H activation at an intermediate Fe0 center
Rebih, Fatima. "Etude sur modèles chimiques des mécanismes réactionnels prédominants et secondaires apparaissant à très haute température sur des séquences de polyaryléthercétones en présence de catalyseurs organométalliques." Rouen, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ROUES007.
Full textAdenot, Aurélien. "Activation et transformation catalytique de SO₂ par des composés organométalliques et organiques." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASF014.
Full textNotably produced during the combustion of fossil carbon resources including sulfur impurities, sulfur dioxide (SO₂) is one of the major pollutants in our atmosphere. Toxic for both humans and the environment, its conversion represents thus a major challenge. Indeed, its use as a source of sulfur for fine chemicals offers a triple benefit : economic, health and ecological. With this in mind, we took an interest in the formation of sulfones from SO₂, through the use of metallic catalysts and organosilanes, which are mild, non-toxic and inexpensive nucleophilic compounds. We also studied the interaction between SO₂ and frustrated Lewis pairs paving the way for organocatalyzed SO₂ value-adding reactions. The development of such processes requires a detailed understanding of SO₂ reactivity and of mechanisms of activation and transformation of this gas. Therefore, a particular attention has been paid to the study of these reactions operating modes
Leguil, Marc. "Étude des mécanismes réactionnels de l'hydratation de l'anhydrite naturelle de Faulquemont en présence de silicates et aluminates calciques : application aux chapes autolissantes." Nancy 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996NAN10013.
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