Dissertations / Theses: 'Meccanica applicata alle macchine'

1

Di, Francesco Gianluca. "Metodologie di Condition Based Maintenance applicata alle macchine idrauliche operatrici." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/18242/.

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Abstract:

In questo elaborato di tesi si affronta uno studio della manutenzione su condizione applicata alle macchine idrauliche operatrici, utilizzate per gli impianti di distribuzione idrica e di depurazione delle acque della regione Toscana, gestite dalla società Publiacqua S.p.A. Nel capitolo 2 viene presentata la tematica della gestione della manutenzione, descrivendo le varie tipologie di manutenzione e le strategie di scelta di queste ultime, per poi passare al concetto di Total Productive Maintenance, ovvero un sistema di gestione della manutenzione che ha come obiettivo l’integrazione tra la produzione e la manutenzione. Nel capitolo 3 viene presentata la trasformazione digitale del mondo industriale, illustrando i principi generali dell’Industria 4.0 e il suo impatto sulla gestione della manutenzione, introducendo il concetto di Prognostic and Health Management e di manutenzione predittiva. I capitoli 4 e 5 riguardano le metodologie di manutenzione su condizione adottate per la gestione delle pompe sommerse. Questa tipologia di pompe, ampiamente utilizzate per le acque sotterranee, sono installate a grande profondità, perciò le azioni di manutenzione ordinarie risultano difficoltose e particolarmente costose. A causa di queste problematiche, un approccio efficace risulta essere la manutenzione su condizione. Nello specifico nel capitolo 4 si descrive la metodologia basata sull’analisi dell’assorbimento di corrente, attraverso un algoritmo che analizza l’andamento del valore di assorbimento nel tempo; nel capitolo 5 viene invece illustrata una metodologia basata sull’analisi delle vibrazioni attraverso uno studio effettuato negli impianti di prova e in situ secondo le linee guida dello standard ISO 10816. I risultati delle due metodologie forniscono dei livelli di allarme sullo stato delle pompe, che permettono di poter intervenire per tempo prima di un guasto, fornendo le basi per un passaggio da una manutenzione preventiva ad una su condizione.

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2

Mazzalai, Alessandro. "A Cognitively Inspired Framework to Support the Driving Task of Vehicles of the Future." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/11572/368560.

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Abstract:

In this work an artificial driving agent able to adapt its behavior depending on the specific situation and to generate human-like maneuvers was developed. The agent, called co-driver, was designed with a bio-inspired architecture, with an approach that takes advantage of ideas from cognitive science. In fact the decision process is based on the affordance competition hypothesis: the agent generates a representation of all possible actions given what is perceived in the environment and then chooses the optimal maneuver after inhibiting all the dangerous ones. In the first stage of the development process, atomic actions, called motor primitives, were identified. Then the co-driver was implemented with a layered architecture, where these motor primitives were combined in the upper levels in order to obtain more complex behaviors. Thanks to this particular architecture, the development process of the final artificial driver was split in two parts: initially an advanced driver assistance system (ADAS) was implemented and tested, and finally the architecture was extended in order to have an artificial driving agent for automated driving. In the first case the system was successfully tested on public roads and was able to warn the driver in case of dangerous scenarios, such as blind intersections. In the latter case, the co-driver could manage several challenging test cases in urban scenarios, from car following to cut-in scenario and curves. Finally, it was compared with a state-of-art driver model of CarMaker simulation software used by the main car manufacturers. Due to the achieved results, this work can be considered a valid potential solution for automated driving. In fact, the artificial driver was used as starting point for a European project (â€œDreams4Carsâ€ ) that is currently in progress.

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3

Mancinelli, Nicolò <1980&gt. "Sul comportamento dinamico di macchine fresatrici in alcune condizioni critiche di lavorazione." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2010. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/2666/1/nicolo_mancinelli_tesi.pdf.

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Questa tesi affronta lo studio di una tipologia di vibrazione autoeccitata, nota come chatter, che si manifesta nei processi di lavorazione ad asportazione di truciolo ed in particolare nelle lavorazioni di fresatura. La tesi discute inoltre lo sviluppo di una tecnica di monitoraggio e diagnostica del chatter basato sul rilievo di vibrazioni. Il fenomeno del chatter è caratterizzato da violente oscillazioni tra utensile e pezzo in lavorazione ed elevate emissioni acustiche. Il chatter, se non controllato, causa uno scadimento qualitativo della finitura superficiale e delle tolleranze dimensionali del lavorato, una riduzione della vita degli utensili e dei componenti della macchina. Questa vibrazione affligge negativamente la produttività e la qualità del processo di lavorazione e pregiudica l’interazione uomo-macchina-ambiente. Per una data combinazione di macchina, utensile e pezzo lavorato, i fattori che controllano la velocità di asportazione del materiale sono gli stessi che controllano l’insorgenza del chatter: la velocità di rotazione del mandrino, la profondità assiale di passata e la velocità di avanzamento dell’utensile. Per studiare il fenomeno di chatter, con l’obbiettivo di individuare possibili soluzioni per limitarne o controllarne l’insorgenza, vengono proposti in questa tesi alcuni modelli del processo di fresatura. Tali modelli comprendono il modello viscoelastico della macchina fresatrice e il modello delle azioni di taglio. Per le azioni di taglio è stato utilizzato un modello presente in letteratura, mentre per la macchina fresatrice sono stati utilizzato modelli a parametri concentrati e modelli modali analitico-sperimentali. Questi ultimi sono stati ottenuti accoppiando un modello modale sperimentale del telaio, completo di mandrino, della macchina fresatrice con un modello analitico, basato sulla teoria delle travi, dell’utensile. Le equazioni del moto, associate al processo di fresatura, risultano essere equazioni differenziali con ritardo a coefficienti periodici o PDDE (Periodic Delay Diefferential Equations). È stata implementata una procedura numerica per mappare, nello spazio dei parametri di taglio, la stabilità e le caratteristiche spettrali (frequenze caratteristiche della vibrazione di chatter) delle equazioni del moto associate ai modelli del processo di fresatura proposti. Per testare i modelli e le procedure numeriche proposte, una macchina fresatrice CNC 4 assi, di proprietà del Dipartimento di Ingegneria delle Costruzioni Meccaniche Nucleari e Metallurgiche (DIEM) dell’Università di Bologna, è stata strumentata con accelerometri, con una tavola dinamometrica per la misura delle forze di taglio e con un adeguato sistema di acquisizione. Eseguendo varie prove di lavorazione sono stati identificati i coefficienti di pressione di taglio contenuti nel modello delle forze di taglio. Sono stati condotti, a macchina ferma, rilievi di FRFs (Funzioni Risposta in Frequenza) per identificare, tramite tecniche di analisi modale sperimentale, i modelli del solo telaio e della macchina fresatrice completa di utensile. I segnali acquisiti durante le numerose prove di lavorazione eseguite, al variare dei parametri di taglio, sono stati analizzati per valutare la stabilità di ciascun punto di lavoro e le caratteristiche spettrali della vibrazione associata. Questi risultati sono stati confrontati con quelli ottenuti applicando la procedura numerica proposta ai diversi modelli di macchina fresatrice implementati. Sono state individuate le criticità della procedura di modellazione delle macchine fresatrici a parametri concentrati, proposta in letteratura, che portano a previsioni erronee sulla stabilità delle lavorazioni. È stato mostrato come tali criticità vengano solo in parte superate con l’utilizzo dei modelli modali analitico-sperimentali proposti. Sulla base dei risultati ottenuti, è stato proposto un sistema automatico, basato su misure accelerometriche, per diagnosticare, in tempo reale, l’insorgenza del chatter durante una lavorazione. È stato realizzato un prototipo di tale sistema di diagnostica il cui funzionamento è stato provato mediante prove di lavorazione eseguite su due diverse macchine fresatrici CNC.

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4

Mancinelli, Nicolò <1980&gt. "Sul comportamento dinamico di macchine fresatrici in alcune condizioni critiche di lavorazione." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2010. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/2666/.

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Abstract:

Questa tesi affronta lo studio di una tipologia di vibrazione autoeccitata, nota come chatter, che si manifesta nei processi di lavorazione ad asportazione di truciolo ed in particolare nelle lavorazioni di fresatura. La tesi discute inoltre lo sviluppo di una tecnica di monitoraggio e diagnostica del chatter basato sul rilievo di vibrazioni. Il fenomeno del chatter è caratterizzato da violente oscillazioni tra utensile e pezzo in lavorazione ed elevate emissioni acustiche. Il chatter, se non controllato, causa uno scadimento qualitativo della finitura superficiale e delle tolleranze dimensionali del lavorato, una riduzione della vita degli utensili e dei componenti della macchina. Questa vibrazione affligge negativamente la produttività e la qualità del processo di lavorazione e pregiudica l’interazione uomo-macchina-ambiente. Per una data combinazione di macchina, utensile e pezzo lavorato, i fattori che controllano la velocità di asportazione del materiale sono gli stessi che controllano l’insorgenza del chatter: la velocità di rotazione del mandrino, la profondità assiale di passata e la velocità di avanzamento dell’utensile. Per studiare il fenomeno di chatter, con l’obbiettivo di individuare possibili soluzioni per limitarne o controllarne l’insorgenza, vengono proposti in questa tesi alcuni modelli del processo di fresatura. Tali modelli comprendono il modello viscoelastico della macchina fresatrice e il modello delle azioni di taglio. Per le azioni di taglio è stato utilizzato un modello presente in letteratura, mentre per la macchina fresatrice sono stati utilizzato modelli a parametri concentrati e modelli modali analitico-sperimentali. Questi ultimi sono stati ottenuti accoppiando un modello modale sperimentale del telaio, completo di mandrino, della macchina fresatrice con un modello analitico, basato sulla teoria delle travi, dell’utensile. Le equazioni del moto, associate al processo di fresatura, risultano essere equazioni differenziali con ritardo a coefficienti periodici o PDDE (Periodic Delay Diefferential Equations). È stata implementata una procedura numerica per mappare, nello spazio dei parametri di taglio, la stabilità e le caratteristiche spettrali (frequenze caratteristiche della vibrazione di chatter) delle equazioni del moto associate ai modelli del processo di fresatura proposti. Per testare i modelli e le procedure numeriche proposte, una macchina fresatrice CNC 4 assi, di proprietà del Dipartimento di Ingegneria delle Costruzioni Meccaniche Nucleari e Metallurgiche (DIEM) dell’Università di Bologna, è stata strumentata con accelerometri, con una tavola dinamometrica per la misura delle forze di taglio e con un adeguato sistema di acquisizione. Eseguendo varie prove di lavorazione sono stati identificati i coefficienti di pressione di taglio contenuti nel modello delle forze di taglio. Sono stati condotti, a macchina ferma, rilievi di FRFs (Funzioni Risposta in Frequenza) per identificare, tramite tecniche di analisi modale sperimentale, i modelli del solo telaio e della macchina fresatrice completa di utensile. I segnali acquisiti durante le numerose prove di lavorazione eseguite, al variare dei parametri di taglio, sono stati analizzati per valutare la stabilità di ciascun punto di lavoro e le caratteristiche spettrali della vibrazione associata. Questi risultati sono stati confrontati con quelli ottenuti applicando la procedura numerica proposta ai diversi modelli di macchina fresatrice implementati. Sono state individuate le criticità della procedura di modellazione delle macchine fresatrici a parametri concentrati, proposta in letteratura, che portano a previsioni erronee sulla stabilità delle lavorazioni. È stato mostrato come tali criticità vengano solo in parte superate con l’utilizzo dei modelli modali analitico-sperimentali proposti. Sulla base dei risultati ottenuti, è stato proposto un sistema automatico, basato su misure accelerometriche, per diagnosticare, in tempo reale, l’insorgenza del chatter durante una lavorazione. È stato realizzato un prototipo di tale sistema di diagnostica il cui funzionamento è stato provato mediante prove di lavorazione eseguite su due diverse macchine fresatrici CNC.

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5

DONADINI, Davide. "Criteri di progettazione di macchine per il soffiaggio di materie plastiche." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Bergamo, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10446/63573.

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6

Carminelli, Antonio <1979&gt. "Modellazione dinamica di strutture e componenti di macchine in parete sottile mediante funzioni spline non convenzionali." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2010. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/2820/1/Carminelli_Antonio_MODELLAZIONE_DINAMICA_DI_STRUTTURE_E_COMPONENTI_DI_MACCHINE_IN_PARETE_SOTTILE_MEDIANTE_FUNZIONI_SPLINE_NON_CONVENZIONALI.pdf.

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7

Carminelli, Antonio <1979&gt. "Modellazione dinamica di strutture e componenti di macchine in parete sottile mediante funzioni spline non convenzionali." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2010. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/2820/.

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8

Cipollini, Roberto <1984&gt. "Qualifica a Vibrazioni di Componenti Meccanici: Studio e Verifica di una Procedura di Test Tailoring." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/5437/1/Cipollini_Roberto_tesi.pdf.

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I test di qualifica a vibrazioni vengono usati in fase di progettazione di un componente per verificarne la resistenza meccanica alle sollecitazioni dinamiche (di natura vibratoria) applicate durante la sua vita utile. La durata delle vibrazioni applicate al componente durante la sua vita utile (migliaia di ore) deve essere ridotta al fine di realizzare test fattibili in laboratorio, condotti in genere utilizzando uno shaker elettrodinamico. L’idea è quella di aumentare l’intensità delle vibrazioni riducendone la durata. Esistono diverse procedure di Test Tailoring che tramite un metodo di sintesi definiscono un profilo vibratorio da applicare in laboratorio a partire dalle reali vibrazioni applicate al componente: una delle metodologie più comuni si basa sull’equivalenza del danno a fatica prodotto dalle reali vibrazioni e dalle vibrazioni sintetizzate. Questo approccio è piuttosto diffuso tuttavia all’autore non risulta presente nessun riferimento in letteratura che ne certifichi la validità tramite evidenza sperimentalmente. L’obiettivo dell’attività di ricerca è stato di verificare la validità del metodo tramite una campagna sperimentale condotta su opportuni provini. Il metodo viene inizialmente usato per sintetizzare un profilo vibratorio (random stazionario) avente la stessa durata di un profilo vibratorio non stazionario acquisito in condizioni reali. Il danno a fatica prodotto dalla vibrazione sintetizzata è stato confrontato con quello della vibrazione reale in termini di tempo di rottura dei provini. I risultati mostrano che il danno prodotto dalla vibrazione sintetizzata è sovrastimato, quindi l’equivalenza non è rispettata. Sono stati individuati alcuni punti critici e sono state proposte alcune modifiche al metodo per rendere la teoria più robusta. Il metodo è stato verificato con altri test e i risultati confermano la validità del metodo a condizione che i punti critici individuati siano correttamente analizzati.
Qualification with respect to input vibrations is an important step in the development of a product since it provides fundamental information relative to the product fatigue life. For the sake of test feasibility, environmental vibrations that excite the product during its lifetime (thousand of hours) must be reduced to test profiles suitable for an experimental campaign to be performed in a laboratory (typically by means of an electromechanical shaker). The idea is to increase the amplitude of the input vibrations while decreasing the corresponding duration. Some Test Tailoring procedures exist for the definition of test vibration profiles starting from environmental data properly acquired: one of the most common is based on the equivalence of the fatigue damage caused by both the environmental data and the test profiles. This approach is reasonable and quite widespread: however, in the author’s knowledge, the literature offers no paper dealing with the demonstration of the method reliability based on experimental evidence. In the present thesis, the intense experimental campaign carried out to validate the method (on a proper specimen) is presented. The method is firstly applied to synthesize a test profile (that is random stationary) having the same duration of the non-stationary environmental vibration. The damage potential of the synthesized vibration is then compared to the environmental vibration one, in terms of the specimen time to failure. Results show that the test profile damage potential is highly overestimated and therefore the equivalence is not respected. Some critical issues are pointed out to try to explain and overcome the high error. The method is applied in many other cases and the final results basically confirm the soundness of the method provided that critical issues are properly accounted and compensated for.

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9

Cipollini, Roberto <1984&gt. "Qualifica a Vibrazioni di Componenti Meccanici: Studio e Verifica di una Procedura di Test Tailoring." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/5437/.

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I test di qualifica a vibrazioni vengono usati in fase di progettazione di un componente per verificarne la resistenza meccanica alle sollecitazioni dinamiche (di natura vibratoria) applicate durante la sua vita utile. La durata delle vibrazioni applicate al componente durante la sua vita utile (migliaia di ore) deve essere ridotta al fine di realizzare test fattibili in laboratorio, condotti in genere utilizzando uno shaker elettrodinamico. L’idea è quella di aumentare l’intensità delle vibrazioni riducendone la durata. Esistono diverse procedure di Test Tailoring che tramite un metodo di sintesi definiscono un profilo vibratorio da applicare in laboratorio a partire dalle reali vibrazioni applicate al componente: una delle metodologie più comuni si basa sull’equivalenza del danno a fatica prodotto dalle reali vibrazioni e dalle vibrazioni sintetizzate. Questo approccio è piuttosto diffuso tuttavia all’autore non risulta presente nessun riferimento in letteratura che ne certifichi la validità tramite evidenza sperimentalmente. L’obiettivo dell’attività di ricerca è stato di verificare la validità del metodo tramite una campagna sperimentale condotta su opportuni provini. Il metodo viene inizialmente usato per sintetizzare un profilo vibratorio (random stazionario) avente la stessa durata di un profilo vibratorio non stazionario acquisito in condizioni reali. Il danno a fatica prodotto dalla vibrazione sintetizzata è stato confrontato con quello della vibrazione reale in termini di tempo di rottura dei provini. I risultati mostrano che il danno prodotto dalla vibrazione sintetizzata è sovrastimato, quindi l’equivalenza non è rispettata. Sono stati individuati alcuni punti critici e sono state proposte alcune modifiche al metodo per rendere la teoria più robusta. Il metodo è stato verificato con altri test e i risultati confermano la validità del metodo a condizione che i punti critici individuati siano correttamente analizzati.
Qualification with respect to input vibrations is an important step in the development of a product since it provides fundamental information relative to the product fatigue life. For the sake of test feasibility, environmental vibrations that excite the product during its lifetime (thousand of hours) must be reduced to test profiles suitable for an experimental campaign to be performed in a laboratory (typically by means of an electromechanical shaker). The idea is to increase the amplitude of the input vibrations while decreasing the corresponding duration. Some Test Tailoring procedures exist for the definition of test vibration profiles starting from environmental data properly acquired: one of the most common is based on the equivalence of the fatigue damage caused by both the environmental data and the test profiles. This approach is reasonable and quite widespread: however, in the author’s knowledge, the literature offers no paper dealing with the demonstration of the method reliability based on experimental evidence. In the present thesis, the intense experimental campaign carried out to validate the method (on a proper specimen) is presented. The method is firstly applied to synthesize a test profile (that is random stationary) having the same duration of the non-stationary environmental vibration. The damage potential of the synthesized vibration is then compared to the environmental vibration one, in terms of the specimen time to failure. Results show that the test profile damage potential is highly overestimated and therefore the equivalence is not respected. Some critical issues are pointed out to try to explain and overcome the high error. The method is applied in many other cases and the final results basically confirm the soundness of the method provided that critical issues are properly accounted and compensated for.

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10

Mazzalai, Alessandro. "A Cognitively Inspired Framework to Support the Driving Task of Vehicles of the Future." Doctoral thesis, University of Trento, 2018. http://eprints-phd.biblio.unitn.it/3035/1/Alessandro_Mazzalai_PhD_Thesis.pdf.

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Abstract:

In this work an artificial driving agent able to adapt its behavior depending on the specific situation and to generate human-like maneuvers was developed. The agent, called co-driver, was designed with a bio-inspired architecture, with an approach that takes advantage of ideas from cognitive science. In fact the decision process is based on the affordance competition hypothesis: the agent generates a representation of all possible actions given what is perceived in the environment and then chooses the optimal maneuver after inhibiting all the dangerous ones. In the first stage of the development process, atomic actions, called motor primitives, were identified. Then the co-driver was implemented with a layered architecture, where these motor primitives were combined in the upper levels in order to obtain more complex behaviors. Thanks to this particular architecture, the development process of the final artificial driver was split in two parts: initially an advanced driver assistance system (ADAS) was implemented and tested, and finally the architecture was extended in order to have an artificial driving agent for automated driving. In the first case the system was successfully tested on public roads and was able to warn the driver in case of dangerous scenarios, such as blind intersections. In the latter case, the co-driver could manage several challenging test cases in urban scenarios, from car following to cut-in scenario and curves. Finally, it was compared with a state-of-art driver model of CarMaker simulation software used by the main car manufacturers. Due to the achieved results, this work can be considered a valid potential solution for automated driving. In fact, the artificial driver was used as starting point for a European project (“Dreams4Cars”) that is currently in progress.

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11

Cocconcelli, Marco <1977&gt. "Meccanismi piani con gioco: luoghi ad errore di posizione massimo costante." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2007. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/209/1/Tesi_di_dottorato_-_Cocconcelli.pdf.

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12

Cocconcelli, Marco <1977&gt. "Meccanismi piani con gioco: luoghi ad errore di posizione massimo costante." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2007. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/209/.

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13

Ottoboni, Andrea <1977&gt. "Analisi e sintesi di meccanismi spaziali per lo studio del moto passivo del ginocchio umano." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2007. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/210/1/Tesi_di_Dottorato_-_Ing._Ottoboni.pdf.

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14

Ottoboni, Andrea <1977&gt. "Analisi e sintesi di meccanismi spaziali per lo studio del moto passivo del ginocchio umano." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2007. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/210/.

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15

D'Elia, Gianluca <1980&gt. "Fault detection in rotating machines by vibration signal processing techniques." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2008. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/952/1/Tesi_Delia_Gianluca.pdf.

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Machines with moving parts give rise to vibrations and consequently noise. The setting up and the status of each machine yield to a peculiar vibration signature. Therefore, a change in the vibration signature, due to a change in the machine state, can be used to detect incipient defects before they become critical. This is the goal of condition monitoring, in which the informations obtained from a machine signature are used in order to detect faults at an early stage. There are a large number of signal processing techniques that can be used in order to extract interesting information from a measured vibration signal. This study seeks to detect rotating machine defects using a range of techniques including synchronous time averaging, Hilbert transform-based demodulation, continuous wavelet transform, Wigner-Ville distribution and spectral correlation density function. The detection and the diagnostic capability of these techniques are discussed and compared on the basis of experimental results concerning gear tooth faults, i.e. fatigue crack at the tooth root and tooth spalls of different sizes, as well as assembly faults in diesel engine. Moreover, the sensitivity to fault severity is assessed by the application of these signal processing techniques to gear tooth faults of different sizes.

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D'Elia, Gianluca <1980&gt. "Fault detection in rotating machines by vibration signal processing techniques." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2008. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/952/.

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Abstract:

Machines with moving parts give rise to vibrations and consequently noise. The setting up and the status of each machine yield to a peculiar vibration signature. Therefore, a change in the vibration signature, due to a change in the machine state, can be used to detect incipient defects before they become critical. This is the goal of condition monitoring, in which the informations obtained from a machine signature are used in order to detect faults at an early stage. There are a large number of signal processing techniques that can be used in order to extract interesting information from a measured vibration signal. This study seeks to detect rotating machine defects using a range of techniques including synchronous time averaging, Hilbert transform-based demodulation, continuous wavelet transform, Wigner-Ville distribution and spectral correlation density function. The detection and the diagnostic capability of these techniques are discussed and compared on the basis of experimental results concerning gear tooth faults, i.e. fatigue crack at the tooth root and tooth spalls of different sizes, as well as assembly faults in diesel engine. Moreover, the sensitivity to fault severity is assessed by the application of these signal processing techniques to gear tooth faults of different sizes.

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17

Sancisi, Nicola <1979&gt. "A new approach for the dynamic modelling of the human knee." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2008. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/953/1/Tesi_Sancisi_Nicola.pdf.

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Mathematical models of the knee joint are important tools which have both theoretical and practical applications. They are used by researchers to fully understand the stabilizing role of the components of the joint, by engineers as an aid for prosthetic design, by surgeons during the planning of an operation or during the operation itself, and by orthopedists for diagnosis and rehabilitation purposes. The principal aims of knee models are to reproduce the restraining function of each structure of the joint and to replicate the relative motion of the bones which constitute the joint itself. It is clear that the first point is functional to the second one. However, the standard procedures for the dynamic modelling of the knee tend to be more focused on the second aspect: the motion of the joint is correctly replicated, but the stabilizing role of the articular components is somehow lost. A first contribution of this dissertation is the definition of a novel approach — called sequential approach — for the dynamic modelling of the knee. The procedure makes it possible to develop more and more sophisticated models of the joint by a succession of steps, starting from a first simple model of its passive motion. The fundamental characteristic of the proposed procedure is that the results obtained at each step do not worsen those already obtained at previous steps, thus preserving the restraining function of the knee structures. The models which stem from the first two steps of the sequential approach are then presented. The result of the first step is a model of the passive motion of the knee, comprehensive of the patello-femoral joint. Kinematical and anatomical considerations lead to define a one degree of freedom rigid link mechanism, whose members represent determinate components of the joint. The result of the second step is a stiffness model of the knee. This model is obtained from the first one, by following the rules of the proposed procedure. Both models have been identified from experimental data by means of an optimization procedure. The simulated motions of the models then have been compared to the experimental ones. Both models accurately reproduce the motion of the joint under the corresponding loading conditions. Moreover, the sequential approach makes sure the results obtained at the first step are not worsened at the second step: the stiffness model can also reproduce the passive motion of the knee with the same accuracy than the previous simpler model. The procedure proved to be successful and thus promising for the definition of more complex models which could also involve the effect of muscular forces.

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18

Sancisi, Nicola <1979&gt. "A new approach for the dynamic modelling of the human knee." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2008. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/953/.

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Abstract:

Mathematical models of the knee joint are important tools which have both theoretical and practical applications. They are used by researchers to fully understand the stabilizing role of the components of the joint, by engineers as an aid for prosthetic design, by surgeons during the planning of an operation or during the operation itself, and by orthopedists for diagnosis and rehabilitation purposes. The principal aims of knee models are to reproduce the restraining function of each structure of the joint and to replicate the relative motion of the bones which constitute the joint itself. It is clear that the first point is functional to the second one. However, the standard procedures for the dynamic modelling of the knee tend to be more focused on the second aspect: the motion of the joint is correctly replicated, but the stabilizing role of the articular components is somehow lost. A first contribution of this dissertation is the definition of a novel approach — called sequential approach — for the dynamic modelling of the knee. The procedure makes it possible to develop more and more sophisticated models of the joint by a succession of steps, starting from a first simple model of its passive motion. The fundamental characteristic of the proposed procedure is that the results obtained at each step do not worsen those already obtained at previous steps, thus preserving the restraining function of the knee structures. The models which stem from the first two steps of the sequential approach are then presented. The result of the first step is a model of the passive motion of the knee, comprehensive of the patello-femoral joint. Kinematical and anatomical considerations lead to define a one degree of freedom rigid link mechanism, whose members represent determinate components of the joint. The result of the second step is a stiffness model of the knee. This model is obtained from the first one, by following the rules of the proposed procedure. Both models have been identified from experimental data by means of an optimization procedure. The simulated motions of the models then have been compared to the experimental ones. Both models accurately reproduce the motion of the joint under the corresponding loading conditions. Moreover, the sequential approach makes sure the results obtained at the first step are not worsened at the second step: the stiffness model can also reproduce the passive motion of the knee with the same accuracy than the previous simpler model. The procedure proved to be successful and thus promising for the definition of more complex models which could also involve the effect of muscular forces.

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19

Paganelli, Davide <1979&gt. "Topological analysis of singularity loci for serial and parallel manipulators." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2008. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/954/1/Tesi_Paganelli_Davide.pdf.

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Singularities of robot manipulators have been intensely studied in the last decades by researchers of many fields. Serial singularities produce some local loss of dexterity of the manipulator, therefore it might be desirable to search for singularityfree trajectories in the jointspace. On the other hand, parallel singularities are very dangerous for parallel manipulators, for they may provoke the local loss of platform control, and jeopardize the structural integrity of links or actuators. It is therefore utterly important to avoid parallel singularities, while operating a parallel machine. Furthermore, there might be some configurations of a parallel manipulators that are allowed by the constraints, but nevertheless are unreachable by any feasible path. The present work proposes a numerical procedure based upon Morse theory, an important branch of differential topology. Such procedure counts and identify the singularity-free regions that are cut by the singularity locus out of the configuration space, and the disjoint regions composing the configuration space of a parallel manipulator. Moreover, given any two configurations of a manipulator, a feasible or a singularity-free path connecting them can always be found, or it can be proved that none exists. Examples of applications to 3R and 6R serial manipulators, to 3UPS and 3UPU parallel wrists, to 3UPU parallel translational manipulators, and to 3RRR planar manipulators are reported in the work.

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20

Paganelli, Davide <1979&gt. "Topological analysis of singularity loci for serial and parallel manipulators." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2008. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/954/.

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Abstract:

Singularities of robot manipulators have been intensely studied in the last decades by researchers of many fields. Serial singularities produce some local loss of dexterity of the manipulator, therefore it might be desirable to search for singularityfree trajectories in the jointspace. On the other hand, parallel singularities are very dangerous for parallel manipulators, for they may provoke the local loss of platform control, and jeopardize the structural integrity of links or actuators. It is therefore utterly important to avoid parallel singularities, while operating a parallel machine. Furthermore, there might be some configurations of a parallel manipulators that are allowed by the constraints, but nevertheless are unreachable by any feasible path. The present work proposes a numerical procedure based upon Morse theory, an important branch of differential topology. Such procedure counts and identify the singularity-free regions that are cut by the singularity locus out of the configuration space, and the disjoint regions composing the configuration space of a parallel manipulator. Moreover, given any two configurations of a manipulator, a feasible or a singularity-free path connecting them can always be found, or it can be proved that none exists. Examples of applications to 3R and 6R serial manipulators, to 3UPS and 3UPU parallel wrists, to 3UPU parallel translational manipulators, and to 3RRR planar manipulators are reported in the work.

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21

Fioravanti, Duccio <1979&gt. "Path planning for image based visual servoing." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2008. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/955/1/Tesi_Fioravanti_Duccio.pdf.

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This thesis deals with Visual Servoing and its strictly connected disciplines like projective geometry, image processing, robotics and non-linear control. More specifically the work addresses the problem to control a robotic manipulator through one of the largely used Visual Servoing techniques: the Image Based Visual Servoing (IBVS). In Image Based Visual Servoing the robot is driven by on-line performing a feedback control loop that is closed directly in the 2D space of the camera sensor. The work considers the case of a monocular system with the only camera mounted on the robot end effector (eye in hand configuration). Through IBVS the system can be positioned with respect to a 3D fixed target by minimizing the differences between its initial view and its goal view, corresponding respectively to the initial and the goal system configurations: the robot Cartesian Motion is thus generated only by means of visual informations. However, the execution of a positioning control task by IBVS is not straightforward because singularity problems may occur and local minima may be reached where the reached image is very close to the target one but the 3D positioning task is far from being fulfilled: this happens in particular for large camera displacements, when the the initial and the goal target views are noticeably different. To overcame singularity and local minima drawbacks, maintaining the good properties of IBVS robustness with respect to modeling and camera calibration errors, an opportune image path planning can be exploited. This work deals with the problem of generating opportune image plane trajectories for tracked points of the servoing control scheme (a trajectory is made of a path plus a time law). The generated image plane paths must be feasible i.e. they must be compliant with rigid body motion of the camera with respect to the object so as to avoid image jacobian singularities and local minima problems. In addition, the image planned trajectories must generate camera velocity screws which are smooth and within the allowed bounds of the robot. We will show that a scaled 3D motion planning algorithm can be devised in order to generate feasible image plane trajectories. Since the paths in the image are off-line generated it is also possible to tune the planning parameters so as to maintain the target inside the camera field of view even if, in some unfortunate cases, the feature target points would leave the camera images due to 3D robot motions. To test the validity of the proposed approach some both experiments and simulations results have been reported taking also into account the influence of noise in the path planning strategy. The experiments have been realized with a 6DOF anthropomorphic manipulator with a fire-wire camera installed on its end effector: the results demonstrate the good performances and the feasibility of the proposed approach.

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22

Fioravanti, Duccio <1979&gt. "Path planning for image based visual servoing." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2008. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/955/.

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Abstract:

This thesis deals with Visual Servoing and its strictly connected disciplines like projective geometry, image processing, robotics and non-linear control. More specifically the work addresses the problem to control a robotic manipulator through one of the largely used Visual Servoing techniques: the Image Based Visual Servoing (IBVS). In Image Based Visual Servoing the robot is driven by on-line performing a feedback control loop that is closed directly in the 2D space of the camera sensor. The work considers the case of a monocular system with the only camera mounted on the robot end effector (eye in hand configuration). Through IBVS the system can be positioned with respect to a 3D fixed target by minimizing the differences between its initial view and its goal view, corresponding respectively to the initial and the goal system configurations: the robot Cartesian Motion is thus generated only by means of visual informations. However, the execution of a positioning control task by IBVS is not straightforward because singularity problems may occur and local minima may be reached where the reached image is very close to the target one but the 3D positioning task is far from being fulfilled: this happens in particular for large camera displacements, when the the initial and the goal target views are noticeably different. To overcame singularity and local minima drawbacks, maintaining the good properties of IBVS robustness with respect to modeling and camera calibration errors, an opportune image path planning can be exploited. This work deals with the problem of generating opportune image plane trajectories for tracked points of the servoing control scheme (a trajectory is made of a path plus a time law). The generated image plane paths must be feasible i.e. they must be compliant with rigid body motion of the camera with respect to the object so as to avoid image jacobian singularities and local minima problems. In addition, the image planned trajectories must generate camera velocity screws which are smooth and within the allowed bounds of the robot. We will show that a scaled 3D motion planning algorithm can be devised in order to generate feasible image plane trajectories. Since the paths in the image are off-line generated it is also possible to tune the planning parameters so as to maintain the target inside the camera field of view even if, in some unfortunate cases, the feature target points would leave the camera images due to 3D robot motions. To test the validity of the proposed approach some both experiments and simulations results have been reported taking also into account the influence of noise in the path planning strategy. The experiments have been realized with a 6DOF anthropomorphic manipulator with a fire-wire camera installed on its end effector: the results demonstrate the good performances and the feasibility of the proposed approach.

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23

Franci, Riccardo <1977&gt. "Spatial mechanisms for modelling the human ankle passive motion." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2009. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/1585/1/Franci_Riccardo_tesi.pdf.

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Knowledge on how ligaments and articular surfaces guide passive motion at the human ankle joint complex is fundamental for the design of relevant surgical treatments. The dissertation presents a possible improvement of this knowledge by a new kinematic model of the tibiotalar articulation. In this dissertation two one-DOF spatial equivalent mechanisms are presented for the simulation of the passive motion of the human ankle joint: the 5-5 fully parallel mechanism and the fully parallel spherical wrist mechanism. These mechanisms are based on the main anatomical structures of the ankle joint, namely the talus/calcaneus and the tibio/ﬁbula bones at their interface, and the TiCaL and CaFiL ligaments. In order to show the accuracy of the models and the efficiency of the proposed procedure, these mechanisms are synthesized from experimental data and the results are compared with those obtained both during experimental sessions and with data published in the literature. Experimental results proved the efficiency of the proposed new mechanisms to simulate the ankle passive motion and, at the same time, the potentiality of the mechanism to replicate the ankle’s main anatomical structures quite well. The new mechanisms represent a powerful tool for both pre-operation planning and new prosthesis design.

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24

Franci, Riccardo <1977&gt. "Spatial mechanisms for modelling the human ankle passive motion." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2009. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/1585/.

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Abstract:

Knowledge on how ligaments and articular surfaces guide passive motion at the human ankle joint complex is fundamental for the design of relevant surgical treatments. The dissertation presents a possible improvement of this knowledge by a new kinematic model of the tibiotalar articulation. In this dissertation two one-DOF spatial equivalent mechanisms are presented for the simulation of the passive motion of the human ankle joint: the 5-5 fully parallel mechanism and the fully parallel spherical wrist mechanism. These mechanisms are based on the main anatomical structures of the ankle joint, namely the talus/calcaneus and the tibio/ﬁbula bones at their interface, and the TiCaL and CaFiL ligaments. In order to show the accuracy of the models and the efficiency of the proposed procedure, these mechanisms are synthesized from experimental data and the results are compared with those obtained both during experimental sessions and with data published in the literature. Experimental results proved the efficiency of the proposed new mechanisms to simulate the ankle passive motion and, at the same time, the potentiality of the mechanism to replicate the ankle’s main anatomical structures quite well. The new mechanisms represent a powerful tool for both pre-operation planning and new prosthesis design.

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25

Seppi, Marco <1980&gt. "Numerical and analytical vibro-acoustic modelling of porous materials: the Cell Method for poroelasticity and the case of inclusions." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2009. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/1586/1/Seppi_Marco_tesi.pdf.

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Porous materials are widely used in many fields of industrial applications, to achieve the requirements of noise reduction, that nowadays derive from strict regulations. The modeling of porous materials is still a problematic issue. Numerical simulations are often problematic in case of real complex geometries, especially in terms of computational times and convergence. At the same time, analytical models, even if partly limited by restrictive simplificative hypotheses, represent a powerful instrument to capture quickly the physics of the problem and general trends. In this context, a recently developed numerical method, called the Cell Method, is described, is presented in the case of the Biot's theory and applied for representative cases. The peculiarity of the Cell Method is that it allows for a direct algebraic and geometrical discretization of the field equations, without any reduction to a weak integral form. Then, the second part of the thesis presents the case of interaction between two poroelastic materials under the context of double porosity. The idea of using periodically repeated inclusions of a second porous material into a layer composed by an original material is described. In particular, the problem is addressed considering the efficiency of the analytical method. A analytical procedure for the simulation of heterogeneous layers based is described and validated considering both conditions of absorption and transmission; a comparison with the available numerical methods is performed. ---------------- I materiali porosi sono ampiamente utilizzati per diverse applicazioni industriali, al fine di raggiungere gli obiettivi di riduzione del rumore, che sono resi impegnativi da norme al giorno d'oggi sempre più stringenti. La modellazione dei materiali porori per applicazioni vibro-acustiche rapprensenta un aspetto di una certa complessità. Le simulazioni numeriche sono spesso problematiche quando siano coinvolte geometrie di pezzi reali, in particolare riguardo i tempi computazionali e la convergenza. Allo stesso tempo, i modelli analitici, anche se parzialmente limitati a causa di ipotesi semplificative che ne restringono l'ambito di utilizzo, rappresentano uno strumento molto utile per comprendere rapidamente la fisica del problema e individuare tendenze generali. In questo contesto, un metodo numerico recentemente sviluppato, il Metodo delle Celle, viene descritto, implementato nel caso della teoria di Biot per la poroelasticità e applicato a casi rappresentativi. La peculiarità del Metodo delle Celle consiste nella discretizzazione diretta algebrica e geometrica delle equazioni di campo, senza alcuna riduzione a forme integrali deboli. Successivamente, nella seconda parte della tesi viene presentato il caso delle interazioni tra due materiali poroelastici a contatto, nel contesto dei materiali a doppia porosità. Viene descritta l'idea di utilizzare inclusioni periodicamente ripetute di un secondo materiale poroso all'interno di un layer a sua volta poroso. In particolare, il problema è studiando il metodo analitico e la sua efficienza. Una procedura analitica per il calcolo di strati eterogenei di materiale viene descritta e validata considerando sia condizioni di assorbimento, sia di trasmissione; viene effettuata una comparazione con i metodi numerici a disposizione.

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26

Seppi, Marco <1980&gt. "Numerical and analytical vibro-acoustic modelling of porous materials: the Cell Method for poroelasticity and the case of inclusions." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2009. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/1586/.

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Abstract:

Porous materials are widely used in many fields of industrial applications, to achieve the requirements of noise reduction, that nowadays derive from strict regulations. The modeling of porous materials is still a problematic issue. Numerical simulations are often problematic in case of real complex geometries, especially in terms of computational times and convergence. At the same time, analytical models, even if partly limited by restrictive simplificative hypotheses, represent a powerful instrument to capture quickly the physics of the problem and general trends. In this context, a recently developed numerical method, called the Cell Method, is described, is presented in the case of the Biot's theory and applied for representative cases. The peculiarity of the Cell Method is that it allows for a direct algebraic and geometrical discretization of the field equations, without any reduction to a weak integral form. Then, the second part of the thesis presents the case of interaction between two poroelastic materials under the context of double porosity. The idea of using periodically repeated inclusions of a second porous material into a layer composed by an original material is described. In particular, the problem is addressed considering the efficiency of the analytical method. A analytical procedure for the simulation of heterogeneous layers based is described and validated considering both conditions of absorption and transmission; a comparison with the available numerical methods is performed. ---------------- I materiali porosi sono ampiamente utilizzati per diverse applicazioni industriali, al fine di raggiungere gli obiettivi di riduzione del rumore, che sono resi impegnativi da norme al giorno d'oggi sempre più stringenti. La modellazione dei materiali porori per applicazioni vibro-acustiche rapprensenta un aspetto di una certa complessità. Le simulazioni numeriche sono spesso problematiche quando siano coinvolte geometrie di pezzi reali, in particolare riguardo i tempi computazionali e la convergenza. Allo stesso tempo, i modelli analitici, anche se parzialmente limitati a causa di ipotesi semplificative che ne restringono l'ambito di utilizzo, rappresentano uno strumento molto utile per comprendere rapidamente la fisica del problema e individuare tendenze generali. In questo contesto, un metodo numerico recentemente sviluppato, il Metodo delle Celle, viene descritto, implementato nel caso della teoria di Biot per la poroelasticità e applicato a casi rappresentativi. La peculiarità del Metodo delle Celle consiste nella discretizzazione diretta algebrica e geometrica delle equazioni di campo, senza alcuna riduzione a forme integrali deboli. Successivamente, nella seconda parte della tesi viene presentato il caso delle interazioni tra due materiali poroelastici a contatto, nel contesto dei materiali a doppia porosità. Viene descritta l'idea di utilizzare inclusioni periodicamente ripetute di un secondo materiale poroso all'interno di un layer a sua volta poroso. In particolare, il problema è studiando il metodo analitico e la sua efficienza. Una procedura analitica per il calcolo di strati eterogenei di materiale viene descritta e validata considerando sia condizioni di assorbimento, sia di trasmissione; viene effettuata una comparazione con i metodi numerici a disposizione.

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27

Berselli, Giovanni <1978&gt. "On Designing Compliant Actuators Based On Dielectric Elastomers." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2009. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/1771/1/berselli_giovanni_tesi.pdf.

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Dielectric Elastomers (DE) are incompressible dielectrics which can experience deviatoric (isochoric) finite deformations in response to applied large electric fields. Thanks to the strong electro-mechanical coupling, DE intrinsically offer great potentialities for conceiving novel solid-state mechatronic devices, in particular linear actuators, which are more integrated, lightweight, economic, silent, resilient and disposable than equivalent devices based on traditional technologies. Such systems may have a huge impact in applications where the traditional technology does not allow coping with the limits of weight or encumbrance, and with problems involving interaction with humans or unknown environments. Fields such as medicine, domotic, entertainment, aerospace and transportation may profit. For actuation usage, DE are typically shaped in thin films coated with compliant electrodes on both sides and piled one on the other to form a multilayered DE. DE-based Linear Actuators (DELA) are entirely constituted by polymeric materials and their overall performance is highly influenced by several interacting factors; firstly by the electromechanical properties of the film, secondly by the mechanical properties and geometry of the polymeric frame designed to support the film, and finally by the driving circuits and activation strategies. In the last decade, much effort has been focused in the devolvement of analytical and numerical models that could explain and predict the hyperelastic behavior of different types of DE materials. Nevertheless, at present, the use of DELA is limited. The main reasons are 1) the lack of quantitative and qualitative models of the actuator as a whole system 2) the lack of a simple and reliable design methodology. In this thesis, a new point of view in the study of DELA is presented which takes into account the interaction between the DE film and the film supporting frame. Hyperelastic models of the DE film are reported which are capable of modeling the DE and the compliant electrodes. The supporting frames are analyzed and designed as compliant mechanisms using pseudo-rigid body models and subsequent finite element analysis. A new design methodology is reported which optimize the actuator performances allowing to specifically choose its inherent stiffness. As a particular case, the methodology focuses on the design of constant force actuators. This class of actuators are an example of how the force control could be highly simplified. Three new DE actuator concepts are proposed which highlight the goodness of the proposed method.

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28

Berselli, Giovanni <1978&gt. "On Designing Compliant Actuators Based On Dielectric Elastomers." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2009. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/1771/.

Full text

Abstract:

Dielectric Elastomers (DE) are incompressible dielectrics which can experience deviatoric (isochoric) finite deformations in response to applied large electric fields. Thanks to the strong electro-mechanical coupling, DE intrinsically offer great potentialities for conceiving novel solid-state mechatronic devices, in particular linear actuators, which are more integrated, lightweight, economic, silent, resilient and disposable than equivalent devices based on traditional technologies. Such systems may have a huge impact in applications where the traditional technology does not allow coping with the limits of weight or encumbrance, and with problems involving interaction with humans or unknown environments. Fields such as medicine, domotic, entertainment, aerospace and transportation may profit. For actuation usage, DE are typically shaped in thin films coated with compliant electrodes on both sides and piled one on the other to form a multilayered DE. DE-based Linear Actuators (DELA) are entirely constituted by polymeric materials and their overall performance is highly influenced by several interacting factors; firstly by the electromechanical properties of the film, secondly by the mechanical properties and geometry of the polymeric frame designed to support the film, and finally by the driving circuits and activation strategies. In the last decade, much effort has been focused in the devolvement of analytical and numerical models that could explain and predict the hyperelastic behavior of different types of DE materials. Nevertheless, at present, the use of DELA is limited. The main reasons are 1) the lack of quantitative and qualitative models of the actuator as a whole system 2) the lack of a simple and reliable design methodology. In this thesis, a new point of view in the study of DELA is presented which takes into account the interaction between the DE film and the film supporting frame. Hyperelastic models of the DE film are reported which are capable of modeling the DE and the compliant electrodes. The supporting frames are analyzed and designed as compliant mechanisms using pseudo-rigid body models and subsequent finite element analysis. A new design methodology is reported which optimize the actuator performances allowing to specifically choose its inherent stiffness. As a particular case, the methodology focuses on the design of constant force actuators. This class of actuators are an example of how the force control could be highly simplified. Three new DE actuator concepts are proposed which highlight the goodness of the proposed method.

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29

Meli, Enrico <1982&gt. "Modellazione multibody di veicoli ferroviari: sviluppo ed implementazione di modelli innovativi per l'analisi del contatto ruota - rotaia." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2010. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/2281/1/Meli_Enrico_Tesi.pdf.

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The wheel - rail contact analysis plays a fundamental role in the multibody modeling of railway vehicles. A good contact model must provide an accurate description of the global contact phenomena (contact forces and torques, number and position of the contact points) and of the local contact phenomena (position and shape of the contact patch, stresses and displacements). The model has also to assure high numerical efficiency (in order to be implemented directly online within multibody models) and a good compatibility with commercial multibody software (Simpack Rail, Adams Rail). The wheel - rail contact problem has been discussed by several authors and many models can be found in the literature. The contact models can be subdivided into two different categories: the global models and the local (or differential) models. Currently, as regards the global models, the main approaches to the problem are the so - called rigid contact formulation and the semi – elastic contact description. The rigid approach considers the wheel and the rail as rigid bodies. The contact is imposed by means of constraint equations and the contact points are detected during the dynamic simulation by solving the nonlinear algebraic differential equations associated to the constrained multibody system. Indentation between the bodies is not permitted and the normal contact forces are calculated through the Lagrange multipliers. Finally the Hertz’s and the Kalker’s theories allow to evaluate the shape of the contact patch and the tangential forces respectively. Also the semi - elastic approach considers the wheel and the rail as rigid bodies. However in this case no kinematic constraints are imposed and the indentation between the bodies is permitted. The contact points are detected by means of approximated procedures (based on look - up tables and simplifying hypotheses on the problem geometry). The normal contact forces are calculated as a function of the indentation while, as in the rigid approach, the Hertz’s and the Kalker’s theories allow to evaluate the shape of the contact patch and the tangential forces. Both the described multibody approaches are computationally very efficient but their generality and accuracy turn out to be often insufficient because the physical hypotheses behind these theories are too restrictive and, in many circumstances, unverified. In order to obtain a complete description of the contact phenomena, local (or differential) contact models are needed. In other words wheel and rail have to be considered elastic bodies governed by the Navier’s equations and the contact has to be described by suitable analytical contact conditions. The contact between elastic bodies has been widely studied in literature both in the general case and in the rolling case. Many procedures based on variational inequalities, FEM techniques and convex optimization have been developed. This kind of approach assures high generality and accuracy but still needs very large computational costs and memory consumption. Due to the high computational load and memory consumption, referring to the current state of the art, the integration between multibody and differential modeling is almost absent in literature especially in the railway field. However this integration is very important because only the differential modeling allows an accurate analysis of the contact problem (in terms of contact forces and torques, position and shape of the contact patch, stresses and displacements) while the multibody modeling is the standard in the study of the railway dynamics. In this thesis some innovative wheel – rail contact models developed during the Ph. D. activity will be described. Concerning the global models, two new models belonging to the semi – elastic approach will be presented; the models satisfy the following specifics: 1) the models have to be 3D and to consider all the six relative degrees of freedom between wheel and rail 2) the models have to consider generic railway tracks and generic wheel and rail profiles 3) the models have to assure a general and accurate handling of the multiple contact without simplifying hypotheses on the problem geometry; in particular the models have to evaluate the number and the position of the contact points and, for each point, the contact forces and torques 4) the models have to be implementable directly online within the multibody models without look - up tables 5) the models have to assure computation times comparable with those of commercial multibody software (Simpack Rail, Adams Rail) and compatible with RT and HIL applications 6) the models have to be compatible with commercial multibody software (Simpack Rail, Adams Rail). The most innovative aspect of the new global contact models regards the detection of the contact points. In particular both the models aim to reduce the algebraic problem dimension by means of suitable analytical techniques. This kind of reduction allows to obtain an high numerical efficiency that makes possible the online implementation of the new procedure and the achievement of performance comparable with those of commercial multibody software. At the same time the analytical approach assures high accuracy and generality. Concerning the local (or differential) contact models, one new model satisfying the following specifics will be presented: 1) the model has to be 3D and to consider all the six relative degrees of freedom between wheel and rail 2) the model has to consider generic railway tracks and generic wheel and rail profiles 3) the model has to assure a general and accurate handling of the multiple contact without simplifying hypotheses on the problem geometry; in particular the model has to able to calculate both the global contact variables (contact forces and torques) and the local contact variables (position and shape of the contact patch, stresses and displacements) 4) the model has to be implementable directly online within the multibody models 5) the model has to assure high numerical efficiency and a reduced memory consumption in order to achieve a good integration between multibody and differential modeling (the base for the local contact models) 6) the model has to be compatible with commercial multibody software (Simpack Rail, Adams Rail). In this case the most innovative aspects of the new local contact model regard the contact modeling (by means of suitable analytical conditions) and the implementation of the numerical algorithms needed to solve the discrete problem arising from the discretization of the original continuum problem. Moreover, during the development of the local model, the achievement of a good compromise between accuracy and efficiency turned out to be very important to obtain a good integration between multibody and differential modeling. At this point the contact models has been inserted within a 3D multibody model of a railway vehicle to obtain a complete model of the wagon. The railway vehicle chosen as benchmark is the Manchester Wagon the physical and geometrical characteristics of which are easily available in the literature. The model of the whole railway vehicle (multibody model and contact model) has been implemented in the Matlab/Simulink environment. The multibody model has been implemented in SimMechanics, a Matlab toolbox specifically designed for multibody dynamics, while, as regards the contact models, the CS – functions have been used; this particular Matlab architecture allows to efficiently connect the Matlab/Simulink and the C/C++ environment. The 3D multibody model of the same vehicle (this time equipped with a standard contact model based on the semi - elastic approach) has been then implemented also in Simpack Rail, a commercial multibody software for railway vehicles widely tested and validated. Finally numerical simulations of the vehicle dynamics have been carried out on many different railway tracks with the aim of evaluating the performances of the whole model. The comparison between the results obtained by the Matlab/ Simulink model and those obtained by the Simpack Rail model has allowed an accurate and reliable validation of the new contact models. In conclusion to this brief introduction to my Ph. D. thesis, we would like to thank Trenitalia and the Regione Toscana for the support provided during all the Ph. D. activity. Moreover we would also like to thank the INTEC GmbH, the society the develops the software Simpack Rail, with which we are currently working together to develop innovative toolboxes specifically designed for the wheel rail contact analysis.

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30

Meli, Enrico <1982&gt. "Modellazione multibody di veicoli ferroviari: sviluppo ed implementazione di modelli innovativi per l'analisi del contatto ruota - rotaia." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2010. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/2281/.

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The wheel - rail contact analysis plays a fundamental role in the multibody modeling of railway vehicles. A good contact model must provide an accurate description of the global contact phenomena (contact forces and torques, number and position of the contact points) and of the local contact phenomena (position and shape of the contact patch, stresses and displacements). The model has also to assure high numerical efficiency (in order to be implemented directly online within multibody models) and a good compatibility with commercial multibody software (Simpack Rail, Adams Rail). The wheel - rail contact problem has been discussed by several authors and many models can be found in the literature. The contact models can be subdivided into two different categories: the global models and the local (or differential) models. Currently, as regards the global models, the main approaches to the problem are the so - called rigid contact formulation and the semi – elastic contact description. The rigid approach considers the wheel and the rail as rigid bodies. The contact is imposed by means of constraint equations and the contact points are detected during the dynamic simulation by solving the nonlinear algebraic differential equations associated to the constrained multibody system. Indentation between the bodies is not permitted and the normal contact forces are calculated through the Lagrange multipliers. Finally the Hertz’s and the Kalker’s theories allow to evaluate the shape of the contact patch and the tangential forces respectively. Also the semi - elastic approach considers the wheel and the rail as rigid bodies. However in this case no kinematic constraints are imposed and the indentation between the bodies is permitted. The contact points are detected by means of approximated procedures (based on look - up tables and simplifying hypotheses on the problem geometry). The normal contact forces are calculated as a function of the indentation while, as in the rigid approach, the Hertz’s and the Kalker’s theories allow to evaluate the shape of the contact patch and the tangential forces. Both the described multibody approaches are computationally very efficient but their generality and accuracy turn out to be often insufficient because the physical hypotheses behind these theories are too restrictive and, in many circumstances, unverified. In order to obtain a complete description of the contact phenomena, local (or differential) contact models are needed. In other words wheel and rail have to be considered elastic bodies governed by the Navier’s equations and the contact has to be described by suitable analytical contact conditions. The contact between elastic bodies has been widely studied in literature both in the general case and in the rolling case. Many procedures based on variational inequalities, FEM techniques and convex optimization have been developed. This kind of approach assures high generality and accuracy but still needs very large computational costs and memory consumption. Due to the high computational load and memory consumption, referring to the current state of the art, the integration between multibody and differential modeling is almost absent in literature especially in the railway field. However this integration is very important because only the differential modeling allows an accurate analysis of the contact problem (in terms of contact forces and torques, position and shape of the contact patch, stresses and displacements) while the multibody modeling is the standard in the study of the railway dynamics. In this thesis some innovative wheel – rail contact models developed during the Ph. D. activity will be described. Concerning the global models, two new models belonging to the semi – elastic approach will be presented; the models satisfy the following specifics: 1) the models have to be 3D and to consider all the six relative degrees of freedom between wheel and rail 2) the models have to consider generic railway tracks and generic wheel and rail profiles 3) the models have to assure a general and accurate handling of the multiple contact without simplifying hypotheses on the problem geometry; in particular the models have to evaluate the number and the position of the contact points and, for each point, the contact forces and torques 4) the models have to be implementable directly online within the multibody models without look - up tables 5) the models have to assure computation times comparable with those of commercial multibody software (Simpack Rail, Adams Rail) and compatible with RT and HIL applications 6) the models have to be compatible with commercial multibody software (Simpack Rail, Adams Rail). The most innovative aspect of the new global contact models regards the detection of the contact points. In particular both the models aim to reduce the algebraic problem dimension by means of suitable analytical techniques. This kind of reduction allows to obtain an high numerical efficiency that makes possible the online implementation of the new procedure and the achievement of performance comparable with those of commercial multibody software. At the same time the analytical approach assures high accuracy and generality. Concerning the local (or differential) contact models, one new model satisfying the following specifics will be presented: 1) the model has to be 3D and to consider all the six relative degrees of freedom between wheel and rail 2) the model has to consider generic railway tracks and generic wheel and rail profiles 3) the model has to assure a general and accurate handling of the multiple contact without simplifying hypotheses on the problem geometry; in particular the model has to able to calculate both the global contact variables (contact forces and torques) and the local contact variables (position and shape of the contact patch, stresses and displacements) 4) the model has to be implementable directly online within the multibody models 5) the model has to assure high numerical efficiency and a reduced memory consumption in order to achieve a good integration between multibody and differential modeling (the base for the local contact models) 6) the model has to be compatible with commercial multibody software (Simpack Rail, Adams Rail). In this case the most innovative aspects of the new local contact model regard the contact modeling (by means of suitable analytical conditions) and the implementation of the numerical algorithms needed to solve the discrete problem arising from the discretization of the original continuum problem. Moreover, during the development of the local model, the achievement of a good compromise between accuracy and efficiency turned out to be very important to obtain a good integration between multibody and differential modeling. At this point the contact models has been inserted within a 3D multibody model of a railway vehicle to obtain a complete model of the wagon. The railway vehicle chosen as benchmark is the Manchester Wagon the physical and geometrical characteristics of which are easily available in the literature. The model of the whole railway vehicle (multibody model and contact model) has been implemented in the Matlab/Simulink environment. The multibody model has been implemented in SimMechanics, a Matlab toolbox specifically designed for multibody dynamics, while, as regards the contact models, the CS – functions have been used; this particular Matlab architecture allows to efficiently connect the Matlab/Simulink and the C/C++ environment. The 3D multibody model of the same vehicle (this time equipped with a standard contact model based on the semi - elastic approach) has been then implemented also in Simpack Rail, a commercial multibody software for railway vehicles widely tested and validated. Finally numerical simulations of the vehicle dynamics have been carried out on many different railway tracks with the aim of evaluating the performances of the whole model. The comparison between the results obtained by the Matlab/ Simulink model and those obtained by the Simpack Rail model has allowed an accurate and reliable validation of the new contact models. In conclusion to this brief introduction to my Ph. D. thesis, we would like to thank Trenitalia and the Regione Toscana for the support provided during all the Ph. D. activity. Moreover we would also like to thank the INTEC GmbH, the society the develops the software Simpack Rail, with which we are currently working together to develop innovative toolboxes specifically designed for the wheel rail contact analysis.

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31

Caminati, Raffaele <1982&gt. "Studio Concettuale, Progettazione e Realizzazione di un Nuovo Rotatore Omerale per Protesi Mioelettriche di Arto Superiore." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2010. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/2788/1/caminati_raffaele_tesi.pdf.

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L’attività della tesi riguarda le protesi mioelettriche, gli arti protesici maggiormente diffusi, le quali sono descrivibili come arti robotici in cui i segmenti artificiali sono attuati da giunti elettromeccanici alimentati da batterie ricaricabili ed attivati mediante segnali elettromiografici (segnali elettrici generati dalla contrazione dei muscoli). Tali protesi di arto superiore attualmente disponibili in commercio potrebbero essere inadeguate per una riabilitazione soddisfacente di alcuni pazienti con una amputazione di alto livello che richiedono una elevata funzionalità nella vita quotidiana. In questo contesto si inserisce l’attività di ricerca del Centro Protesi INAIL di Budrio di Vigorso, Bologna, e dell’Università di Bologna i quali stanno sviluppando nuovi arti protesici con il progetto a lungo termine di rendere disponibili svariate soluzioni di protesi di arto superiore in grado di soddisfare la maggior parte delle richieste degli amputati. Lo scopo di questa tesi è l’introduzione di un nuovo rotatore omerale attivo da integrare alla protesi di arto superiore disponibile presso i nostri laboratori. Per ottenere questo risultato è stata utilizzata una procedura di progettazione già consolidata in attività precedenti per lo sviluppo di una protesi di spalla a due gradi di libertà. Differenti modelli cinematici sono stati studiati tramite analisi cinematiche per determinare l’incremento delle prestazioni a seguito dell’introduzione del nuovo rotatore omerale attivo. Sono state inoltre condotte analisi cinetostatiche per definire le specifiche tecniche di riferimento (in termini di carichi agenti sul rotatore omerale) e per guidare il dimensionamento della catena di trasmissione di potenza del nuovo dispositivo protesico. Ulteriori specifiche tecniche sono state considerate per garantire l’irreversibilità spontanea del moto sotto carichi esterni (quando i giunti attivi della protesi non sono alimentati), per salvaguardare l’incolumità del paziente in caso di caduta, per misurare la posizione angolare del rotatore omerale (in modo da implementare strategie di controllo in retroazione) e per limitare i consumi e la rumorosità del dispositivo. Uno studio di fattibilità ha permesso la selezione della architettura ottimale della catena di trasmissione di potenza per il nuovo rotatore omerale. I criteri di scelta sono stati principalmente la limitazione del peso e dell’ingombro del nuovo dispositivo protesico. Si è quindi proceduto con la progettazione di dettaglio alla quale è seguita la costruzione di un prototipo del nuovo rotatore omerale presso i nostri laboratori. La tesi tratta infine una attività preliminare di sperimentazione che ha permesso di fare considerazioni sulle prestazioni del prototipo ed osservazioni importanti per le successive attività di revisione ed ottimizzazione del progetto del rotatore omerale.

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32

Caminati, Raffaele <1982&gt. "Studio Concettuale, Progettazione e Realizzazione di un Nuovo Rotatore Omerale per Protesi Mioelettriche di Arto Superiore." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2010. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/2788/.

Full text

Abstract:

L’attività della tesi riguarda le protesi mioelettriche, gli arti protesici maggiormente diffusi, le quali sono descrivibili come arti robotici in cui i segmenti artificiali sono attuati da giunti elettromeccanici alimentati da batterie ricaricabili ed attivati mediante segnali elettromiografici (segnali elettrici generati dalla contrazione dei muscoli). Tali protesi di arto superiore attualmente disponibili in commercio potrebbero essere inadeguate per una riabilitazione soddisfacente di alcuni pazienti con una amputazione di alto livello che richiedono una elevata funzionalità nella vita quotidiana. In questo contesto si inserisce l’attività di ricerca del Centro Protesi INAIL di Budrio di Vigorso, Bologna, e dell’Università di Bologna i quali stanno sviluppando nuovi arti protesici con il progetto a lungo termine di rendere disponibili svariate soluzioni di protesi di arto superiore in grado di soddisfare la maggior parte delle richieste degli amputati. Lo scopo di questa tesi è l’introduzione di un nuovo rotatore omerale attivo da integrare alla protesi di arto superiore disponibile presso i nostri laboratori. Per ottenere questo risultato è stata utilizzata una procedura di progettazione già consolidata in attività precedenti per lo sviluppo di una protesi di spalla a due gradi di libertà. Differenti modelli cinematici sono stati studiati tramite analisi cinematiche per determinare l’incremento delle prestazioni a seguito dell’introduzione del nuovo rotatore omerale attivo. Sono state inoltre condotte analisi cinetostatiche per definire le specifiche tecniche di riferimento (in termini di carichi agenti sul rotatore omerale) e per guidare il dimensionamento della catena di trasmissione di potenza del nuovo dispositivo protesico. Ulteriori specifiche tecniche sono state considerate per garantire l’irreversibilità spontanea del moto sotto carichi esterni (quando i giunti attivi della protesi non sono alimentati), per salvaguardare l’incolumità del paziente in caso di caduta, per misurare la posizione angolare del rotatore omerale (in modo da implementare strategie di controllo in retroazione) e per limitare i consumi e la rumorosità del dispositivo. Uno studio di fattibilità ha permesso la selezione della architettura ottimale della catena di trasmissione di potenza per il nuovo rotatore omerale. I criteri di scelta sono stati principalmente la limitazione del peso e dell’ingombro del nuovo dispositivo protesico. Si è quindi proceduto con la progettazione di dettaglio alla quale è seguita la costruzione di un prototipo del nuovo rotatore omerale presso i nostri laboratori. La tesi tratta infine una attività preliminare di sperimentazione che ha permesso di fare considerazioni sulle prestazioni del prototipo ed osservazioni importanti per le successive attività di revisione ed ottimizzazione del progetto del rotatore omerale.

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33

Chebbi, Ahmed Hachem <1981&gt. "The potential of the 3-UPU translational parallel manipulator and a procedure to select the best architecture." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2011. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/3576/1/Chebbi_Ahmed_Hachem_tesi.pdf.

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The 3-UPU three degrees of freedom fully parallel manipulator, where U and P are for universal and prismatic pair respectively, is a very well known manipulator that can provide the platform with three degrees of freedom of pure translation, pure rotation or mixed translation and rotation with respect to the base, according to the relative directions of the revolute pair axes (each universal pair comprises two revolute pairs with intersecting and perpendicular axes). In particular, pure translational parallel 3-UPU manipulators (3-UPU TPMs) received great attention. Many studies have been reported in the literature on singularities, workspace, and joint clearance influence on the platform accuracy of this manipulator. However, much work has still to be done to reveal all the features this topology can offer to the designer when different architecture, i.e. different geometry are considered. Therefore, this dissertation will focus on this type of the 3-UPU manipulators. The first part of the dissertation presents six new architectures of the 3-UPU TPMs which offer interesting features to the designer. In the second part, a procedure is presented which is based on some indexes, in order to allows the designer to select the best architecture of the 3-UPU TPMs for a given task. Four indexes are proposed as stiffness, clearance, singularity and size of the manipulator in order to apply the procedure.

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34

Chebbi, Ahmed Hachem <1981&gt. "The potential of the 3-UPU translational parallel manipulator and a procedure to select the best architecture." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2011. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/3576/.

Full text

Abstract:

The 3-UPU three degrees of freedom fully parallel manipulator, where U and P are for universal and prismatic pair respectively, is a very well known manipulator that can provide the platform with three degrees of freedom of pure translation, pure rotation or mixed translation and rotation with respect to the base, according to the relative directions of the revolute pair axes (each universal pair comprises two revolute pairs with intersecting and perpendicular axes). In particular, pure translational parallel 3-UPU manipulators (3-UPU TPMs) received great attention. Many studies have been reported in the literature on singularities, workspace, and joint clearance influence on the platform accuracy of this manipulator. However, much work has still to be done to reveal all the features this topology can offer to the designer when different architecture, i.e. different geometry are considered. Therefore, this dissertation will focus on this type of the 3-UPU manipulators. The first part of the dissertation presents six new architectures of the 3-UPU TPMs which offer interesting features to the designer. In the second part, a procedure is presented which is based on some indexes, in order to allows the designer to select the best architecture of the 3-UPU TPMs for a given task. Four indexes are proposed as stiffness, clearance, singularity and size of the manipulator in order to apply the procedure.

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35

Martini, Alberto <1981&gt. "Comportamento elastodinamico di meccanismi in catena chiusa bilanciati: analisi numerica e sperimentale di un quadrilatero articolato." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2011. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/3807/1/martini_alberto_tesi.pdf.

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The study presented in this work deals with the investigation of the effects produced by two common techniques of static balancing on the dynamic performances of closed-chain linkages, taking into account the compliance of the mechanism components. The long-term goal of the research consists in determining an optimal balancing strategy for parallel spatial manipulators. The present contribution is a starting point and it focuses on the planar four-bar linkage, intended as the simplest example of closed-chain mechanism. The elastodynamic behaviour of an unbalanced four-bar linkage and two balanced ones, respectively obtained by mass and elastic balancing, is investigated by means of both numerical simulations and experimental tests. The purpose of this work is to obtain preliminary results, to be refined and broadened in future developments

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36

Martini, Alberto <1981&gt. "Comportamento elastodinamico di meccanismi in catena chiusa bilanciati: analisi numerica e sperimentale di un quadrilatero articolato." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2011. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/3807/.

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Abstract:

The study presented in this work deals with the investigation of the effects produced by two common techniques of static balancing on the dynamic performances of closed-chain linkages, taking into account the compliance of the mechanism components. The long-term goal of the research consists in determining an optimal balancing strategy for parallel spatial manipulators. The present contribution is a starting point and it focuses on the planar four-bar linkage, intended as the simplest example of closed-chain mechanism. The elastodynamic behaviour of an unbalanced four-bar linkage and two balanced ones, respectively obtained by mass and elastic balancing, is investigated by means of both numerical simulations and experimental tests. The purpose of this work is to obtain preliminary results, to be refined and broadened in future developments

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37

Carricato, Marco <1973&gt. "Singularity-Free Fully-Isotropic Translational Parallel Manipulators." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2002. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/4017/1/Carricato_Marco_tesi.pdf.

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Parallel mechanisms show desirable characteristics such as a large payload to robot weight ratio, considerable stiffness, low inertia and high dynamic performances. In particular, parallel manipulators with fewer than six degrees of freedom have recently attracted researchers’ attention, as their employ may prove valuable in those applications in which a higher mobility is uncalled-for. The attention of this dissertation is focused on translational parallel manipulators (TPMs), that is on parallel manipulators whose output link (platform) is provided with a pure translational motion with respect to the frame. The first part deals with the general problem of the topological synthesis and classification of TPMs, that is it identifies the architectures that TPM legs must possess for the platform to be able to freely translate in space without altering its orientation. The second part studies both constraint and direct singularities of TPMs. In particular, special families of fully-isotropic mechanisms are identified. Such manipulators exhibit outstanding properties, as they are free from singularities and show a constant orthogonal Jacobian matrix throughout their workspace. As a consequence, both the direct and the inverse position problems are linear and the kinematic analysis proves straightforward.
I meccanismi paralleli possiedono caratteristiche vantaggiose, quali un elevato carico pagante rispetto al peso del robot, una considerevole rigidezza, bassa inerzia e alte prestazioni dinamiche. In particolare, i manipolatori paralleli con meno di sei gradi di libertà hanno recentemente attratto l’attenzione dei ricercatori, potendo il loro impiego risultare utile in applicazioni nelle quali non sia necessaria una più alta mobilità. L’oggetto della presente tesi è costituito dai manipolatori paralleli traslanti (TPM), così detti in quanto il proprio membro terminale (piattaforma) esibisce un moto di pura traslazione rispetto al telaio. La prima parte affronta, in termini generali, il problema della sintesi topologica, nonché della classificazione, dei TPM. In particolare, s’individuano le architetture che le gambe di un TPM devono possedere affinché la piattaforma del meccanismo possa traslare liberamente nello spazio senza alterare il proprio orientamento. La seconda parte studia le singolarità dei TPM, tanto quelle di vincolo quanto quelle dirette, e individua speciali famiglie di meccanismi completamente isotropi. Tali manipolatori mostrano proprietà notevoli, in quanto sono privi di singolarità e possiedono una matrice jacobiana ortogonale e costante in tutto lo spazio di lavoro. I problemi di posizione sia diretto che inverso risultano lineari e l’analisi cinematica immediata.

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38

Carricato, Marco <1973&gt. "Singularity-Free Fully-Isotropic Translational Parallel Manipulators." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2002. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/4017/.

Full text

Abstract:

Parallel mechanisms show desirable characteristics such as a large payload to robot weight ratio, considerable stiffness, low inertia and high dynamic performances. In particular, parallel manipulators with fewer than six degrees of freedom have recently attracted researchers’ attention, as their employ may prove valuable in those applications in which a higher mobility is uncalled-for. The attention of this dissertation is focused on translational parallel manipulators (TPMs), that is on parallel manipulators whose output link (platform) is provided with a pure translational motion with respect to the frame. The first part deals with the general problem of the topological synthesis and classification of TPMs, that is it identifies the architectures that TPM legs must possess for the platform to be able to freely translate in space without altering its orientation. The second part studies both constraint and direct singularities of TPMs. In particular, special families of fully-isotropic mechanisms are identified. Such manipulators exhibit outstanding properties, as they are free from singularities and show a constant orthogonal Jacobian matrix throughout their workspace. As a consequence, both the direct and the inverse position problems are linear and the kinematic analysis proves straightforward.
I meccanismi paralleli possiedono caratteristiche vantaggiose, quali un elevato carico pagante rispetto al peso del robot, una considerevole rigidezza, bassa inerzia e alte prestazioni dinamiche. In particolare, i manipolatori paralleli con meno di sei gradi di libertà hanno recentemente attratto l’attenzione dei ricercatori, potendo il loro impiego risultare utile in applicazioni nelle quali non sia necessaria una più alta mobilità. L’oggetto della presente tesi è costituito dai manipolatori paralleli traslanti (TPM), così detti in quanto il proprio membro terminale (piattaforma) esibisce un moto di pura traslazione rispetto al telaio. La prima parte affronta, in termini generali, il problema della sintesi topologica, nonché della classificazione, dei TPM. In particolare, s’individuano le architetture che le gambe di un TPM devono possedere affinché la piattaforma del meccanismo possa traslare liberamente nello spazio senza alterare il proprio orientamento. La seconda parte studia le singolarità dei TPM, tanto quelle di vincolo quanto quelle dirette, e individua speciali famiglie di meccanismi completamente isotropi. Tali manipolatori mostrano proprietà notevoli, in quanto sono privi di singolarità e possiedono una matrice jacobiana ortogonale e costante in tutto lo spazio di lavoro. I problemi di posizione sia diretto che inverso risultano lineari e l’analisi cinematica immediata.

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39

Baldisserri, Benedetta <1984&gt. "New mechanisms for modelling the motion of the human ankle complex." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2012. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/4708/1/baldisserri_benedetta_tesi.pdf.

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The relevance of human joint models was shown in the literature. In particular, the great importance of models for the joint passive motion simulation (i.e. motion under virtually unloaded conditions) was outlined. They clarify the role played by the principal anatomical structures of the articulation, enhancing the comprehension of surgical treatments, and in particular the design of total ankle replacement and ligament reconstruction. Equivalent rigid link mechanisms proved to be an efficient tool for an accurate simulation of the joint passive motion. This thesis focuses on the ankle complex (i.e. the anatomical structure composed of the tibiotalar and the subtalar joints), which has a considerable role in human locomotion. The lack of interpreting models of this articulation and the poor results of total ankle replacement arthroplasty have strongly suggested devising new mathematical models capable of reproducing the restraining function of each structure of the joint and of replicating the relative motion of the bones which constitute the joint itself. In this contest, novel equivalent mechanisms are proposed for modelling the ankle passive motion. Their geometry is based on the joint’s anatomical structures. In particular, the role of the main ligaments of the articulation is investigated under passive conditions by means of nine 5-5 fully parallel mechanisms. Based on this investigation, a one-DOF spatial mechanism is developed for modelling the passive motion of the lower leg. The model considers many passive structures constituting the articulation, overcoming the limitations of previous models which took into account few anatomical elements of the ankle complex. All the models have been identified from experimental data by means of optimization procedure. Then, the simulated motions have been compared to the experimental one, in order to show the efficiency of the approach and thus to deduce the role of each anatomical structure in the ankle kinematic behavior.

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40

Baldisserri, Benedetta <1984&gt. "New mechanisms for modelling the motion of the human ankle complex." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2012. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/4708/.

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Abstract:

The relevance of human joint models was shown in the literature. In particular, the great importance of models for the joint passive motion simulation (i.e. motion under virtually unloaded conditions) was outlined. They clarify the role played by the principal anatomical structures of the articulation, enhancing the comprehension of surgical treatments, and in particular the design of total ankle replacement and ligament reconstruction. Equivalent rigid link mechanisms proved to be an efficient tool for an accurate simulation of the joint passive motion. This thesis focuses on the ankle complex (i.e. the anatomical structure composed of the tibiotalar and the subtalar joints), which has a considerable role in human locomotion. The lack of interpreting models of this articulation and the poor results of total ankle replacement arthroplasty have strongly suggested devising new mathematical models capable of reproducing the restraining function of each structure of the joint and of replicating the relative motion of the bones which constitute the joint itself. In this contest, novel equivalent mechanisms are proposed for modelling the ankle passive motion. Their geometry is based on the joint’s anatomical structures. In particular, the role of the main ligaments of the articulation is investigated under passive conditions by means of nine 5-5 fully parallel mechanisms. Based on this investigation, a one-DOF spatial mechanism is developed for modelling the passive motion of the lower leg. The model considers many passive structures constituting the articulation, overcoming the limitations of previous models which took into account few anatomical elements of the ankle complex. All the models have been identified from experimental data by means of optimization procedure. Then, the simulated motions have been compared to the experimental one, in order to show the efficiency of the approach and thus to deduce the role of each anatomical structure in the ankle kinematic behavior.

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41

Meng, Qiaoling <1978&gt. "A Design Method for Flexure-Based Compliant Mechanisms on the Basis of Stiffness and Stress Characteristics." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2012. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/4734/1/meng_qiaoling_tesi.pdf.

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Geometric nonlinearities of flexure hinges introduced by large deflections often complicate the analysis of compliant mechanisms containing such members, and therefore, Pseudo-Rigid-Body Models (PRBMs) have been well proposed and developed by Howell [1994] to analyze the characteristics of slender beams under large deflection. These models, however, fail to approximate the characteristics for the deep beams (short beams) or the other flexure hinges. Lobontiu's work [2001] contributed to the diverse flexure hinge analysis building on the assumptions of small deflection, which also limits the application range of these flexure hinges and cannot analyze the stiffness and stress characteristics of these flexure hinges for large deflection. Therefore, the objective of this thesis is to analyze flexure hinges considering both the effects of large-deflection and shear force, which guides the design of flexure-based compliant mechanisms. The main work conducted in the thesis is outlined as follows. 1. Three popular types of flexure hinges: (circular flexure hinges, elliptical flexure hinges and corner-filleted flexure hinges) are chosen for analysis at first. 2. Commercial software (Comsol) based Finite Element Analysis (FEA) method is then used for correcting the errors produced by the equations proposed by Lobontiu when the chosen flexure hinges suffer from large deformation. 3. Three sets of generic design equations for the three types of flexure hinges are further proposed on the basis of stiffness and stress characteristics from the FEA results. 4. A flexure-based four-bar compliant mechanism is finally studied and modeled using the proposed generic design equations. The load-displacement relationships are verified by a numerical example. The results show that a maximum error about the relationship between moment and rotation deformation is less than 3.4% for a flexure hinge, and it is lower than 5% for the four-bar compliant mechanism compared with the FEA results.

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42

Meng, Qiaoling <1978&gt. "A Design Method for Flexure-Based Compliant Mechanisms on the Basis of Stiffness and Stress Characteristics." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2012. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/4734/.

Full text

Abstract:

Geometric nonlinearities of flexure hinges introduced by large deflections often complicate the analysis of compliant mechanisms containing such members, and therefore, Pseudo-Rigid-Body Models (PRBMs) have been well proposed and developed by Howell [1994] to analyze the characteristics of slender beams under large deflection. These models, however, fail to approximate the characteristics for the deep beams (short beams) or the other flexure hinges. Lobontiu's work [2001] contributed to the diverse flexure hinge analysis building on the assumptions of small deflection, which also limits the application range of these flexure hinges and cannot analyze the stiffness and stress characteristics of these flexure hinges for large deflection. Therefore, the objective of this thesis is to analyze flexure hinges considering both the effects of large-deflection and shear force, which guides the design of flexure-based compliant mechanisms. The main work conducted in the thesis is outlined as follows. 1. Three popular types of flexure hinges: (circular flexure hinges, elliptical flexure hinges and corner-filleted flexure hinges) are chosen for analysis at first. 2. Commercial software (Comsol) based Finite Element Analysis (FEA) method is then used for correcting the errors produced by the equations proposed by Lobontiu when the chosen flexure hinges suffer from large deformation. 3. Three sets of generic design equations for the three types of flexure hinges are further proposed on the basis of stiffness and stress characteristics from the FEA results. 4. A flexure-based four-bar compliant mechanism is finally studied and modeled using the proposed generic design equations. The load-displacement relationships are verified by a numerical example. The results show that a maximum error about the relationship between moment and rotation deformation is less than 3.4% for a flexure hinge, and it is lower than 5% for the four-bar compliant mechanism compared with the FEA results.

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43

Venanzi, Stefano <1975&gt. "Methods for Clearance Influence Analysis in Planar and Spatial Mechanisms." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2004. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/5152/1/venanzi_stefano_tesi.pdf.

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This doctoral dissertation presents a new method to asses the influence of clearancein the kinematic pairs on the configuration of planar and spatial mechanisms. The subject has been widely investigated in both past and present scientific literature, and is approached in different ways: a static/kinetostatic way, which looks for the clearance take-up due to the external loads on the mechanism; a probabilistic way, which expresses clearance-due displacements using probability density functions; a dynamic way, which evaluates dynamic effects like the actual forces in the pairs caused by impacts, or the consequent vibrations. This dissertation presents a new method to approach the problem of clearance. The problem is studied from a purely kinematic perspective. With reference to a given mechanism configuration, the pose (position and orientation) error of the mechanism link of interest is expressed as a vector function of the degrees of freedom introduced in each pair by clearance: the presence of clearance in a kinematic pair, in facts, causes the actual pair to have more degrees of freedom than the theoretical clearance-free one. The clearance-due degrees of freedom are bounded by the pair geometry. A proper modelling of clearance-affected pairs allows expressing such bounding through analytical functions. It is then possible to study the problem as a maximization problem, where a continuous function (the pose error of the link of interest) subject to some constraints (the analytical functions bounding clearance- due degrees of freedom) has to be maximize. Revolute, prismatic, cylindrical, and spherical clearance-affected pairs have been analytically modelled; with reference to mechanisms involving such pairs, the solution to the maximization problem has been obtained in a closed form.
L’attività di ricerca presentata nella tesi di dottorato concerne lo studio dell’influenza del gioco nelle coppie cinematiche in meccanismi piani e spaziali. Tale tema è stato spesso oggetto di studi, tanto nella letteratura scientifica passata quanto in quella attuale. Da uno studio approfondito, si possono dedurre diverse metodologie per affrontare il problema: metodologie di tipo statico/cinetostatico, che determinano la ripresa nel gioco nelle coppie a seguito dell’azione di un carico; metodologie di tipo probabilistico, che esprimono lo spostamento nelle coppie con gioco in termini di funzioni densità di probabilità; infine, metodologie che si interessano al problema dinamico, volte a determinare effetti quali le effettive forze nelle coppie, o gli urti successivi al distacco e le conseguenti vibrazioni. La tesi in oggetto presenta una nuova metodologia per affrontare il problema. Tale metodologia differisce dalle precedenti poichè presenta un’analisi di tipo puramente cinematico. Con riferimento ad una configurazione assegnata per un meccanismo, l’errore di posizione del membro di riferimento viene espresso come funzione vettoriale dei gradi di libertà introdotti dal gioco. La presenza di gioco in una coppia, infatti, introduce gradi di libertà aggiuntivi; questi gradi di libertà sono però vincolati. Un’opportuna modellazione delle coppie cinematiche affette da gioco permette di esprimere analiticamente per mezzo di opportune funzioni il vincolo sui gradi di libertà introdotti. E’ quindi possibile studiare la funzione che rappresenta l’errore di posizionamento del membro di riferimento riconducendo il problema alla massimizzazione di una funzione continua definita su un dominio compatto. La soluzione al problema è ottenuta analiticamente in forma chiusa, modellando coppie di tipo rotoidale, prismatico, cilindrico e sferico per meccanismi piani e spaziali.

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44

Venanzi, Stefano <1975&gt. "Methods for Clearance Influence Analysis in Planar and Spatial Mechanisms." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2004. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/5152/.

Full text

Abstract:

This doctoral dissertation presents a new method to asses the influence of clearancein the kinematic pairs on the configuration of planar and spatial mechanisms. The subject has been widely investigated in both past and present scientific literature, and is approached in different ways: a static/kinetostatic way, which looks for the clearance take-up due to the external loads on the mechanism; a probabilistic way, which expresses clearance-due displacements using probability density functions; a dynamic way, which evaluates dynamic effects like the actual forces in the pairs caused by impacts, or the consequent vibrations. This dissertation presents a new method to approach the problem of clearance. The problem is studied from a purely kinematic perspective. With reference to a given mechanism configuration, the pose (position and orientation) error of the mechanism link of interest is expressed as a vector function of the degrees of freedom introduced in each pair by clearance: the presence of clearance in a kinematic pair, in facts, causes the actual pair to have more degrees of freedom than the theoretical clearance-free one. The clearance-due degrees of freedom are bounded by the pair geometry. A proper modelling of clearance-affected pairs allows expressing such bounding through analytical functions. It is then possible to study the problem as a maximization problem, where a continuous function (the pose error of the link of interest) subject to some constraints (the analytical functions bounding clearance- due degrees of freedom) has to be maximize. Revolute, prismatic, cylindrical, and spherical clearance-affected pairs have been analytically modelled; with reference to mechanisms involving such pairs, the solution to the maximization problem has been obtained in a closed form.
L’attività di ricerca presentata nella tesi di dottorato concerne lo studio dell’influenza del gioco nelle coppie cinematiche in meccanismi piani e spaziali. Tale tema è stato spesso oggetto di studi, tanto nella letteratura scientifica passata quanto in quella attuale. Da uno studio approfondito, si possono dedurre diverse metodologie per affrontare il problema: metodologie di tipo statico/cinetostatico, che determinano la ripresa nel gioco nelle coppie a seguito dell’azione di un carico; metodologie di tipo probabilistico, che esprimono lo spostamento nelle coppie con gioco in termini di funzioni densità di probabilità; infine, metodologie che si interessano al problema dinamico, volte a determinare effetti quali le effettive forze nelle coppie, o gli urti successivi al distacco e le conseguenti vibrazioni. La tesi in oggetto presenta una nuova metodologia per affrontare il problema. Tale metodologia differisce dalle precedenti poichè presenta un’analisi di tipo puramente cinematico. Con riferimento ad una configurazione assegnata per un meccanismo, l’errore di posizione del membro di riferimento viene espresso come funzione vettoriale dei gradi di libertà introdotti dal gioco. La presenza di gioco in una coppia, infatti, introduce gradi di libertà aggiuntivi; questi gradi di libertà sono però vincolati. Un’opportuna modellazione delle coppie cinematiche affette da gioco permette di esprimere analiticamente per mezzo di opportune funzioni il vincolo sui gradi di libertà introdotti. E’ quindi possibile studiare la funzione che rappresenta l’errore di posizionamento del membro di riferimento riconducendo il problema alla massimizzazione di una funzione continua definita su un dominio compatto. La soluzione al problema è ottenuta analiticamente in forma chiusa, modellando coppie di tipo rotoidale, prismatico, cilindrico e sferico per meccanismi piani e spaziali.

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45

Ricci, Stefano <1982&gt. "Model reduction techniques in flexible multibody dynamics with application to engine cranktrain simulation." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/5882/1/ricci_stefano_tesi.pdf.

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Abstract:

The development of a multibody model of a motorbike engine cranktrain is presented in this work, with an emphasis on flexible component model reduction. A modelling methodology based upon the adoption of non-ideal joints at interface locations, and the inclusion of component flexibility, is developed: both are necessary tasks if one wants to capture dynamic effects which arise in lightweight, high-speed applications. With regard to the first topic, both a ball bearing model and a journal bearing model are implemented, in order to properly capture the dynamic effects of the main connections in the system: angular contact ball bearings are modelled according to a five-DOF nonlinear scheme in order to grasp the crankshaft main bearings behaviour, while an impedance-based hydrodynamic bearing model is implemented providing an enhanced operation prediction at the conrod big end locations. Concerning the second matter, flexible models of the crankshaft and the connecting rod are produced. The well-established Craig-Bampton reduction technique is adopted as a general framework to obtain reduced model representations which are suitable for the subsequent multibody analyses. A particular component mode selection procedure is implemented, based on the concept of Effective Interface Mass, allowing an assessment of the accuracy of the reduced models prior to the nonlinear simulation phase. In addition, a procedure to alleviate the effects of modal truncation, based on the Modal Truncation Augmentation approach, is developed. In order to assess the performances of the proposed modal reduction schemes, numerical tests are performed onto the crankshaft and the conrod models in both frequency and modal domains. A multibody model of the cranktrain is eventually assembled and simulated using a commercial software. Numerical results are presented, demonstrating the effectiveness of the implemented flexible model reduction techniques. The advantages over the conventional frequency-based truncation approach are discussed.

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46

Ricci, Stefano <1982&gt. "Model reduction techniques in flexible multibody dynamics with application to engine cranktrain simulation." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/5882/.

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Abstract:

The development of a multibody model of a motorbike engine cranktrain is presented in this work, with an emphasis on flexible component model reduction. A modelling methodology based upon the adoption of non-ideal joints at interface locations, and the inclusion of component flexibility, is developed: both are necessary tasks if one wants to capture dynamic effects which arise in lightweight, high-speed applications. With regard to the first topic, both a ball bearing model and a journal bearing model are implemented, in order to properly capture the dynamic effects of the main connections in the system: angular contact ball bearings are modelled according to a five-DOF nonlinear scheme in order to grasp the crankshaft main bearings behaviour, while an impedance-based hydrodynamic bearing model is implemented providing an enhanced operation prediction at the conrod big end locations. Concerning the second matter, flexible models of the crankshaft and the connecting rod are produced. The well-established Craig-Bampton reduction technique is adopted as a general framework to obtain reduced model representations which are suitable for the subsequent multibody analyses. A particular component mode selection procedure is implemented, based on the concept of Effective Interface Mass, allowing an assessment of the accuracy of the reduced models prior to the nonlinear simulation phase. In addition, a procedure to alleviate the effects of modal truncation, based on the Modal Truncation Augmentation approach, is developed. In order to assess the performances of the proposed modal reduction schemes, numerical tests are performed onto the crankshaft and the conrod models in both frequency and modal domains. A multibody model of the cranktrain is eventually assembled and simulated using a commercial software. Numerical results are presented, demonstrating the effectiveness of the implemented flexible model reduction techniques. The advantages over the conventional frequency-based truncation approach are discussed.

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47

Mozaffari, Foumashi Mohammad <1983&gt. "Synthesis of Hand Exoskeletons for the Rehabilitation of Post-Stroke Patients." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/5906/1/Mozaffari_Foumashi_Mohammad_tesi.pdf.

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This dissertation presents the synthesis of a hand exoskeleton (HE) for the rehabilitation of post-stroke patients. Through the analysis of state-of-the-art, a topological classification was proposed. Based on the proposed classification principles, the rehabilitation HEs were systematically analyzed and classified. This classification is helpful to both understand the reason of proposing certain solutions for specific applications and provide some useful guidelines for the design of a new HE, that was actually the primary motivation of this study. Further to this classification, a novel rehabilitation HE was designed to support patients in cylindrical shape grasping tasks with the aim of recovering the basic functions of manipulation. The proposed device comprises five planar mechanisms, one per finger, globally actuated by two electric motors. Indeed, the thumb flexion/extension movement is controlled by one actuator whereas a second actuator is devoted to the control of the flexion/extension of the other four fingers. By focusing on the single finger mechanism, intended as the basic model of the targeted HE, the feasibility study of three different 1 DOF mechanisms are analyzed: a 6-link mechanism, that is connected to the human finger only at its tip, an 8-link and a 12-link mechanisms where phalanges and articulations are part of the kinematic chain. The advantages and drawbacks of each mechanism are deeply analyzed with respect to targeted requirements: the 12-link mechanism was selected as the most suitable solution. The dimensional synthesis based on the Burmester theory as well as kinematic and static analyses were separately done for all fingers in order to satisfy the desired specifications. The HE was finally designed and a prototype was built. The experimental results of the first tests are promising and demonstrate the potential for clinical applications of the proposed device in robot-assisted training of the human hand for grasping functions.

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48

Mozaffari, Foumashi Mohammad <1983&gt. "Synthesis of Hand Exoskeletons for the Rehabilitation of Post-Stroke Patients." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/5906/.

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Abstract:

This dissertation presents the synthesis of a hand exoskeleton (HE) for the rehabilitation of post-stroke patients. Through the analysis of state-of-the-art, a topological classification was proposed. Based on the proposed classification principles, the rehabilitation HEs were systematically analyzed and classified. This classification is helpful to both understand the reason of proposing certain solutions for specific applications and provide some useful guidelines for the design of a new HE, that was actually the primary motivation of this study. Further to this classification, a novel rehabilitation HE was designed to support patients in cylindrical shape grasping tasks with the aim of recovering the basic functions of manipulation. The proposed device comprises five planar mechanisms, one per finger, globally actuated by two electric motors. Indeed, the thumb flexion/extension movement is controlled by one actuator whereas a second actuator is devoted to the control of the flexion/extension of the other four fingers. By focusing on the single finger mechanism, intended as the basic model of the targeted HE, the feasibility study of three different 1 DOF mechanisms are analyzed: a 6-link mechanism, that is connected to the human finger only at its tip, an 8-link and a 12-link mechanisms where phalanges and articulations are part of the kinematic chain. The advantages and drawbacks of each mechanism are deeply analyzed with respect to targeted requirements: the 12-link mechanism was selected as the most suitable solution. The dimensional synthesis based on the Burmester theory as well as kinematic and static analyses were separately done for all fingers in order to satisfy the desired specifications. The HE was finally designed and a prototype was built. The experimental results of the first tests are promising and demonstrate the potential for clinical applications of the proposed device in robot-assisted training of the human hand for grasping functions.

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49

Pasila, Felix <1974&gt. "Inverse Static Analysis of Massive Parallel Arrays of Three-State Actuators via Artificial Intelligence." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/5907/1/Pasila_Felix_tesi.pdf.

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Abstract:

Massive parallel robots (MPRs) driven by discrete actuators are force regulated robots that undergo continuous motions despite being commanded through a finite number of states only. Designing a real-time control of such systems requires fast and efficient methods for solving their inverse static analysis (ISA), which is a challenging problem and the subject of this thesis. In particular, five Artificial intelligence methods are proposed to investigate the on-line computation and the generalization error of ISA problem of a class of MPRs featuring three-state force actuators and one degree of revolute motion.

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50

Pasila, Felix <1974&gt. "Inverse Static Analysis of Massive Parallel Arrays of Three-State Actuators via Artificial Intelligence." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/5907/.

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Abstract:

Massive parallel robots (MPRs) driven by discrete actuators are force regulated robots that undergo continuous motions despite being commanded through a finite number of states only. Designing a real-time control of such systems requires fast and efficient methods for solving their inverse static analysis (ISA), which is a challenging problem and the subject of this thesis. In particular, five Artificial intelligence methods are proposed to investigate the on-line computation and the generalization error of ISA problem of a class of MPRs featuring three-state force actuators and one degree of revolute motion.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Meccanica applicata alle macchine'

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