To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Mechanical erosion.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Mechanical erosion'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Mechanical erosion.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Welch, Eric J. (Eric Jack). "Quantitative prediction of high-speed erosion." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/14528.
Full text
2
Vassiliou, George E. "The erosion-corrosion behaviour of copper-nickel alloys." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2001. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2458/.
Full textAbstract:
The research focuses on an investigation of the erosion-corrosion behaviour of Cu-Ni-base alloys in aqueous environments. The principal objectives of the research were to examine the fundamental mechanisms of the erosion-corrosion attack. The work was focused on a standard Cu-10%Ni alloy that is used extensively in a variety of marine industries and on Marinel alloy, which is a high strength precipitation-hardened copper-nickel alloy. Erosion-corrosion tests were carried out for exposure times up to 72 hours, in a solid free 3.5% NaCl solution impinging at velocities of 2.38-86 m/sec, (Re=4500-86000), at temperatures of 19°C and 35°C. The overall erosion-corrosion behaviour and the direct corrosion component were monitored using gravimetric and electrochemical-monitoring techniques. Contributes from mechanical erosions were assessed by cathodically protecting specimens under impingement conditions. The research also considered the influence of various parameters such as temperature, time, velocity, salinity variations, and impingement angle. The extent and morphology of material deterioration and protective film formation under various environmental conditions were assessed, utilizing surface profiling equipment and light optical and scanning electron microscopy. The work has quantified the complex contributions of corrosion, erosion and synergy to the overall erosion-corrosion material loss. An important finding was the substantial superior erosion-corrosion resistance of Marinel compared to the standard Cu-10%Ni, with interesting effects of impinging velocity and time of exposure being observed. Also this work provided some clear evidence of significant potential benefits in terms of erosion-corrosion resistance, obtained by the exposure of Marinel at the elevated temperature.
3
Perry, Joan M. "Erosion-corrosion of WC-Co-Cr cermet coatings." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2001. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2845/.
Full textAbstract:
The erosion-corrosion characteristics of a WC-Co-Cr coating were assessed under an impinging jet of 3.5% NaCl solution at a velocity of 12 ms-1 both free from solids and containing solids up to 2500 mg/l at a range of impingement angles. The total weight loss increased with increasing solids in the liquid stream and maximum material loss occurred in the area directly under the jet where high impact angles occurred. The material loss tended to reduce as the impingement angle reduced. The mechanism and contribution to the overall material loss in erosions-corrosion processes were studied. Surface profiling revealed the erosions mechanism to be that of solid particles causing craters on the surface of the coating, not associated with any specific microstructural aspect of the coating. The total contribution to overall material loss from corrosion processes was substantial (up to 30%). While the impinging jet increased the corrosion rate, in the absence and presence of solids, these corrosive effects could be inhibited, particularly in the presence of solids, by the application of cathodic protection which reduced overall material loss by up to 50%. The synergistic component of material loss can be referred to as an indirect corrosion effect, and in this work, the synergistic effect was significant (up to 40%). However, more complex direct corrosion effects were found in the form of galvanic currents between the area directly under the impinging jet and the outer area which significantly increase the corrosion rate on the impinged area. This study, which focuses on the interactions between corrosion and erosion, has improved the understanding of erosion-corrosion processes on complex composite materials.
4
Noh, Kyungyoon. "Modeling of dielectric erosion and copper dishing in copper chemical-mechanical polishing." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/32393.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2005.Includes bibliographical references.
The phenomenal success in the manufacture of multi-layer, Ultra-Large-Scale-Integrated (ULSI) semiconductor devices is in part due to the local and global planarization capabilities of the chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) process. At present, copper is widely used as the interconnect material in the ULSI technology. The greatest challenge in Cu CMP now is the control of wafer surface non-uniformity-primarily due to dielectric erosion and copper dishing at various scales--to within the ever stringent industry specifications. In this thesis, an integrated non-uniformity model is developed by combining wafer-, die- and feature-scale non-uniformities. A feature-scale pressure calculation scheme based on surface step-height is adopted, and the evolution of the surface in each polishing stage is modeled in terms of geometric, material and process parameters. Various pad/wafer contact mechanics regimes have been considered to model oxide erosion and Cu dishing, from submicron device level to the global wiring level. The plausible causes of erosion and dishing at wafer-, die- and feature-scales were identified and integrated into the feature-scale step-height models. Such parameters include: initial pattern geometry, wafer-scale uniformity, and Cu-to-oxide slurry selectivity, material properties, and surface topography of the pad. Based on the developed erosion and dishing models, the effects of model parameters on the wafer-surface non-uniformity in Cu CMP are discussed, and parameter sets to satisfy both dishing and erosion specifications are obtained.
(cont.) In single-step polishing, for example, the Cu deposition factor should be less than 0.1 and the wafer-scale uniformity factor needs to be greater than 0.95 to maintain both erosion and dishing within 5% of interconnect thickness across the wafer if the polishing slurry has a selectivity of 15. Results of polishing experiments on 100 mm patterned Cu wafers validated both the step- height models and the integrated non-uniformity model. Based on the present models, erosion and dishing across the wafer was bounded by predefined parameters. Additionally, as predicted by the models, it was observed that the step-heights of the slowest and the fastest dies evolve in the ratio of the wafer-scale uniformity factor.
by Kyungyoon Noh.
Ph.D.
5
Hufnagel, Max [Verfasser]. "Nondimensional Erosion Model Considering Aerodynamic and Mechanical Particle Size Effects / Max Hufnagel." München : Verlag Dr. Hut, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1219321648/34.
Full text
6
Reyes, de Villarreal Myrna Elia. "Examining mechanical and electrochemical degradation mechanisms on materials used in subsea drilling." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/499.
Full text
7
Li, Tianyu. "Synthesis and Characterization of Photoresponsive Polyesters for Improved Mechanical Properties and Erosion Properties." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1460381096.
Full text
8
Whaley, Erica Lee. "The Interaction Between Cavitation and Wear in Enclosed Spaces with Oscillating Boundaries." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1558435589443526.
Full text
9
Moraes, Graziela Meneghel de. "Características hidrogeoquímicas das bacias de drenagem dos rios Capivari e Jundiaí, SP: aspectos das influências antrópicas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/64/64135/tde-23032016-102438/.
Full textAbstract:
Os rios Jundiaí e Capivari são importantes efluentes do rio Tietê, e estão localizados em regiões que possuem municípios de grande potencial sócio/econômico, para o estado se São Paulo, por esse motivo estão sobre constantes pressões antrópicas causando deteriorização de suas águas, que são usadas para abastecimento humano. O presente estudo teve por objetivo realizar o levantamento das características hidrogeoquímicas das bacias de drenagem dos rios Jundiaí e Capivari, buscando caracterizar os aspectos das influências antrópicas nas cargas dissolvidas e particuladas transportadas fluvialmente nas referidas bacias de drenagem. Para tal foram determinadas quatro estações de amostragem, JUN0 e JUN1 para o rio Jundiaí, e CAP0 e CAP1 para o rio Capivari, sendo coletadas amostras fluviais no período de abril de 2011 a dezembro de 2012, distribuídas em 15 excursões. Os estudos das dinâmicas das cargas fluviais particuladas, representadas pelos sedimentos finos em suspensão (FSS), evidenciaram para ambos os rios, a influência da sazonalidade, com significativo transporte de sedimentos, principalmente nos períodos chuvosos. O rio Jundiaí apresentou uma erosão média e o rio Capivari uma erosão considerada alta. As relações estabelecidas entre os COP (carbono orgânico particulado), NOP (nitrogênio orgânico particulado), COD (carbono orgânico dissolvido), NOD (nitrogênio orgânico dissolvido) e respectivas assinaturas isotópicas (?13C e ?15N) para os rios Jundiaí e Capivari, revelaram que a origem da matéria orgânica esteve associada ao material erosivo (solos da bacia) nos períodos chuvosos e aos efluentes domésticos no período de estiagem. A caracterização hidroquímica fluvial revelou que para a maioria das espécies químicas presentes na carga dissolvida dos rios Jundiaí e Capivari sofreram os processos de diluição em consonância com o aumento da vazão. Quando comparadas às respectivas curvas de diluição teórica, as curvas dos íons Na+ e Cl-, se mostraram oriundos de uma única fonte ou origem de entrada nas bacias, nas regiões de foz, relativas ao lançamento de esgotos domésticos. O modelo geoquímico conceitual simples de alteração química de rochas permitiu de modo satisfatório avaliar a alteração de rochas dos rios Jundiaí e Capivari, evidenciando a contribuição dos aportes antrópicos na química das águas dos rios estudadosThe Jundiaí and Capivari River are important Tietê river tributaries, and are located in regions with potential social/economic cities of São Paulo state, for this reason they are on influence of countless water impacts that is used for human supply. This study has the main objective survey the hidrogeochemical characteristic of the Capivari and Jundiaí rivers basins drainage, looking for describing anthropogenic influence in dissolved and suspended sediment transported in the basins. Four local were determined, JUN0 and JUN1 for Jundiaí river, and CAP0 and CAP1 for Capivari river where fluvial water samples were collected from April of 2011 to December of 2012, divided in 15 sampling. The suspended sediments dynamics studies, represented by the fine sediments in suspension (FSS), proved for both rivers the seasonality influence with expressive suspended sediment transport mainly during rainy periods. Jundiaí river showed medium erosion and Capivari river a considered high erosion. The relation established among COP (particulate organic carbon), NOP (particulate organic nitrogen), COD (dissolved organic carbon), NOD (dissolved organic nitrogen) and isotopic signature (?13C e ?15N) for Jundiaí and Capivari rivers indicated that the organic matter has been associated with erosive materials (basins soils) during rainy periods and sewage during dry season. The fluvial hydrochemical characterization appeared that for the majority of chemical species presents are dissolved in the Jundiaí and Capivari rivers where the dilution happened according to the water flow increase. Comparing with corresponding theoretical dilution curves, both Na and Cl ions curves have shown to be from a single or input source in the mount basins for the sewage release. The geochemical simple model of chemical of rocks allowed consider Jundiaí and Capivari rocks alteration showing the anthropic rivers water influence
10
Shrestha, Suman Kumar. "Corrosion and erosion-corrosion of High Velocity Oxy-Fuel (HVOF) sprayed NiCrSiB coatings." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2000. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2866/.
Full text
11
Liu, Zhenzhen. "Hydro-mechanical analysis of breach processes due to levee failure." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4726/document.
Full textAbstract:
La rupture des barrages et des digues en terre est susceptible d’avoir des conséquences importantes en aval et dans les zones protégées. Nous avons mené une analyse hydro-mécanique de la formation et du développement de brèche destinée à améliorer la précision des approches actuelles. Dans le cas de l’érosion interne, un modèle d’agrandissement de conduit a été proposé pour modéliser la rupture des digues et barrages en terre par écoulement concentré. Ce modèle tient compte de l’érosion du sol par un écoulement de conduit turbulent. En ce qui concerne l’élargissement de la brèche, un modèle simple d’estimation de la longueur critique d’afouillement par “headcut” est proposé, fonction de la résistance du sol à la traction. Ce modèle est en bon accord avec les résultats numériques obtenus par équilibre limite. Un modèle simplifé pour la contrainte latérale sur les parois de la brèche a ensuite été proposé. Ce modèle tient compte des écoulements secondaires. Il montre que la contrainte latérale peut être plus grande que la contrainte de fond, suivant la situation. Finalement, une expérimentation de grande dimension de rupture de barrage par erosion de conduit a été modélisée avec le modèle d’érosion de conduit proposé, et quelques composantes des modèles d’élargissement de brèche proposés. L’élargissement de la brèche par paliers a été reproduite au début du processus. Les perspectives de validation et d'application des modèles proposés sont discutéesThe failure of embankment dams and levees can have serious consequence in floodplains. Hydro-mechanical analyses of the breach processes were conducted to develop the accurate estimation of the failure of embankment dams and levees. Considering the internal erosion process, a pipe enlargement model was proposed to simulate the failure of embankment dams and levees by concentrated leak erosion. In this model, the turbulent pipe flow with erosion mechanism was employed as well as the soil erosion law. Considering the breach enlargement process, a simple headcut migration model based on the soil tensile strength was presented to simulate the critical length of the headcut. Good agreements were obtained by comparing with the limit equilibrium numerical model. A simple model was eventually proposed to simulate the lateral shear stress on the breach sides, accounting for the secondary flow. The lateral shear stress can be greater than the bottom shear stress, depending on the situation. . Finally, a large-scale test of dam failure was simulated by using the pipe enlargement and some components of the breach widening models proposed. The simulation of the pipe enlargement process had good agreement with the measured data. Both of the pipe diameter and the discharge flow were well simulated. The stepwise enlargement of the breach width was also well simulated at the beginning of the breach widening process. Validation and application prospects of the proposed models are discussed
12
Seriburi, Pahnit. "An experimental study of microfabricated spark gaps : wear and erosion characteristics." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/13453.
Full text
13
Burnett, Anthony John. "The use of laboratory erosion tests for the prediction of wear in pneumatic conveyor bends." Thesis, University of Greenwich, 1996. http://gala.gre.ac.uk/6123/.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis describes a programme of work which has been undertaken with the objective of investigating means of using a laboratory erosion tester to predict the life of a bend in a pneumatic conveyor. Providing a link between a laboratory erosion tester and erosion tests on a pneumatic conveyor would lead to the development of an inexpensive way of predicting the life of a pipe bend operating under any given set of conveying conditions. An extensive literature review was carried out. From this it was concluded that very little work of an experimental corroborative nature had been out to substantiate whether erosion test results from a laboratory tester could be used to predict the life of a pneumatic conveyor bend. Two test facilities were constructed to carry out tests under accurately controlled conditions. The first of these was a laboratory 'rotating disc accelerator' erosion tester, and the second an industrially scaled pneumatic conveying test facility. Both test facilities yielded results that followed previously reported trends but also illustrated some trends that have been unreported in earlier work. It was found that the 'rotating disc accelerator' simulated erosion with minimal interference from inter-particulate collisions. For the pneumatic conveyor test bend used it was found that puncture of the bend wall occurred in the region where secondary particle impacts occurred, rather than in the region of primary impacts as reported in earlier work. Explanations for both these observations are given. An optically based construction for a cylindrical mirror was used to predict the location of the puncture point in the bend, and the intensification of particle impacts in the region of the pipe bend due to the geometry of the bend. When this was combined with an empirical erosion model derived from results obtained from the rotating disc accelerator, an accurate estimate of the life of the bend could be made. Further development of this model is discussed.
14
Nolasco, Murilo Basso. "Transporte de material dissolvido e particulado na bacia do rio Sorocaba - São Paulo: aspectos dinâmicos da hidroquímica fluvial e modelos de distribuição." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/64/64135/tde-02102013-104938/.
Full textAbstract:
O presente estudo objetivou a caracterização hidrogeoquímica ao longo da bacia de drenagem do rio Sorocaba - São Paulo, em cinco estações de amostragens, localizadas desde a região de nascentes, estação S5- Ibiúna, passando por áreas com maior influencia urbana e agrícola (S4 - Votarantim, S3 - Itavuvu e S2 - Tatuí), até a foz da bacia em estudo, S1 - Laranjal Paulista, utilizando-se modelos de transporte de materiais nas fases dissolvidas e particuladas. Para tal, foram realizadas coletas ao longo de 18 meses, de amostras de águas fluviais, pluviais, sedimento fino em suspensão (FSS) e dos principais tipos solos integrantes da bacia. Importantes parâmetros físico-quimicos e a caracterização das cargas dissolvida e particulada foram determinados. As características hidroquímicas das águas fluviais mostraram que as espécies químicas SiO2, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, HCO3- e TDS indicaram possíveis aportes difusos e as espécies Na+, Cl-, SO42-, PO43-, NH4+ e NO3-indicaram origens pontuais. O elemento químico dissolvido que mais contribuiu no transporte específico fluvial junto à foz do rio Sorocaba (S1- Laranjal Paulista), foi o Na+ para os cátions (24,25, kg km-2 d-1) e para os ânions foi o HCO3- com 53,97 kg km-2 d-1. Já no transporte pluvial o Ca2+ foi a espécie química que apresentou maior contribuição na carga do rio com 54,89 %. Com relação ao material particulado, representada pelo FSS, o transporte específico variou de 22,68 a 55,70 t km-2 a-1, desde a região das nascentes até a foz, respectivamente. O rio Sorocaba foi classificado como médio transportador de sedimento fino em suspensão e a erosão mecânica foi de 37,88 m.Ma-1This study aimed to characterize the hydrogeochemical along the Sorocaba river basin (SP), in five sampling stations, located from the headwaters region, S5-Ibiúna station, passing through areas with higher urban and agricultural influences (S4 - Votorantim, S3 - Itavuvu and S2 and Tatuí, to the mouth of the basin under study, S1 - Laranjal Paulista, using models of transport on dissolved and particulate phases. Samples of river water, pluvial, fine suspended sediment (FSS) and the main soils types were collected over 18 months. Important physico-chemical characterization of dissolved and particulate loads were determined. The hydrochemical features of the river water showed that the chemical species SiO2, Ca2 +, Mg2+, K +, HCO3-and TDS indicated possible diffuse contributions and species Na +, Cl-, SO42-, PO43-, NH4+ and NO3-indicated origin contributions. The dissolved chemical element who more contributed in transport dissolved specific in S1-Laranjal Paulista), was Na+ for cations, with 24,25 kg km-2 d-1 and for anions was HCO3- with 53.97 kg km-2 d-1. In the rain Ca2+ was the chemical species with the highest contribution to the river load with 54.89%. The suspended particulate matter, represented by the FSS, the specific transport ranged from 22.68 to 55.70 t km-2 a-1, from the region of the headwaters to the mouth, respectively. The river was classified as medium transporting fine sediment in suspension and the mechanical erosion was the 37.88 m .Ma-1
15
Salman, Huseyin Anil. "Investigation Of Rain Erosion On Germanium By Using Finite Element Method." Master's thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12613583/index.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Impact of rain drops at relatively high velocities, which is known as rain erosion, causes severe damages on various materials. Every material can withstand the rain erosion up to a specific impact velocity. However, this damage is critical for optical windows which are very important components for Electro-Optical (EO) systems such as thermal camera. Even a small scratch may affect the transmission capability of the optical window adversely and leads to some functional problems in the device due to insufficient transmitted data. Since it has a vital effect on the EO systems, the rain erosion is needed to be investigated on the special optical windows, particularly for determining the velocity that a damage initiates.
In this study, the rain erosion is investigated on germanium which is a kind of optical window, by means of numerical simulations in LS-DYNA. Damage Threshold Velocity (DTV) is examined for two different water shapes (which are spherical water drop and water jet) within a velocity range between 100 and 250 m/s. Both single and multiple impact cases are considered for both water shapes up to ten consecutive collisions. By using the results, the &ldquoDTV versus number of impact curves&rdquo
are obtained in order to understand the amount of damage with respect to both single and multiple impacts. Results are compared with both literature and the experimental data within the scope of DTV and shape of the damage. In the numerical simulations, ALE (Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian) method is used for modelling water. &ldquo
JOHNSON-HOLMQUIST-CERAMICS (JH-2)&rdquo
which is recommended for both ceramics and glass applications is used as the material model for Germanium. JH-2 is a complete material model which contains damage effects, failure criteria, and Equation of State (EOS) all together. Among the material models available in the library of LS-DYNA, &ldquo
MAT-NULL + EOS-GRUNEISEN&rdquo
is used for water.
16
O'Flynn, Damian John. "The influence of the mechanical properties of heat treated carbon steels on their solid particle erosion behaviour." Thesis, University of Greenwich, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.265390.
Full text
17
Presby, Michael J. "Foreign Object Damage and Solid Particle Erosion Behavior of Ceramic Matrix Composites." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1551828373915638.
Full text
18
Waxman, Rachel. "Effects of geometry and phase on material damage response under high-speed impact." VCU Scholars Compass, 2019. https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/6078.
Full textAbstract:
Peridynamics, presented by Silling in 2000 [1], is a reformulation of the elastic theory from differential equations to integral equations, which are more equipped to handle discontinuities, such as crack initiation and propagation. Because of this, peridynamics is an effective tool to address many of the problems relevant to the aerospace and defense industries. For example, airborne sand particles and raindrops cause local damage to aircraft in flight. This damage manifests itself as radial and subsurface lateral cracking, as well as increased surface roughness. All of these damage morphologies may result in undesired degradation of mechanical and optical properties.
This dissertation aims to address the question of how peridynamics (PD) can be used as a tool to help understand impact problems and resultant damage. Three main types of problems will be discussed: (1) modeling of quasi-static nano- and micro-indentation in PD; (2) solid impact experiments and simulations involving glass micro-spheres impacting coated and uncoated advanced ceramics, and sand particles impacting optical glasses; and (3) the implementation of a new, fully three-dimensional hyperelastic material model in state-based PD to simulate nylon bead impact and capture the damage patterns relevant to raindrop impact.
In the first portion, a new method for modeling indentation in PD is presented using the principle of viscous damping and automatic convergence checking. In these simulations, depth-controlled indentation is performed by splitting up the total indentation depth into multiple stages, and applying damping at each stage to ensure the system reaches equilibrium before allowing for failure. PD results show good agreement to experimental data, in terms of crack lengths and force-displacement curves.
In a chapter about solid particle impact, two studies are presented. In the first, glass spheres with diameters ranging from 200 to 700 um impact multi-spectral zinc sulfide (MS-ZnS) with various coating systems. It was found that samples containing the REP coating had better resistance to damage than those without. This resistance was evident in all three damage metrics used: impact pit diameter, radial crack length, and lateral crack size. Simulations were carried out in bond-based PD, with good agreement to experiments regarding damage metrics and rebound velocity.
The second solid particle impact study involved sand particles impacting four different types of optical glasses: BK7, alumino-boro-silicate, fused silica, and Pyrex. First, data from experiments was analyzed, and a multi-variable power law regression was performed to show that sand particle shape plays a significant role in resultant damage. This was confirmed via bond-based PD simulations, with damage quantities agreeing well with experimental values.
Finally, the problem of how to model raindrop impact using nylon beads was examined. Due to the large amounts of elastic strain experienced by the nylon beads during impact experiments, it was determined that a hyperelastic material model could be a good fit. Based on elastic theory and classical continuum mechanics, a new, fully three-dimensional Neo-Hookean material model was implemented in nonordinary state-based peridynamics. This model was verified against results and finite element analysis, with very good agreement. Preliminary simulations including damage show good results, consistent with experiments.
19
Hagan, Daniel S. "Numerical study of particle bed scour by vortices." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2014. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/267.
Full textAbstract:
Scouring is the process of soil or sediment erosion due to flowing water, which can lead to bed degradation and compromised transportation infrastructure. In the decade before 2000, over half of the 500 bridge failures in the United States were caused by flooding or scouring. To gain a better grasp of the effects of extreme weather events, such as Tropical Storm Irene, on the scouring process, this work is focused on a first principle understanding of the mechanism(s) of scour. The field of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is particu larly well suited to this task. Utilizing a Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) code, the repeated impacts of a vortex dipole on a particle bed are simulated. The resulting scour characteristics and flow dynamics are investigated as a function of the Shields number. The vortex dipole propagates perpendicularly to the particle bed, resulting in the scouring of the bed and dissipation of the dipole. After completion of the scour event, the simulation is repeated four more times, where subsequent simulations use the scoured bed from the previous simulation as the initial bed form. This simulation series is conducted over a Shields number parameter space. The fluid phase is treated as a continuum and the discretized Navier-Stokes equations are solved down to the smallest scales of the flow on an Eulerian grid. The particles comprising the bed are represented by the Discrete Particle Model (DPM), whereby each individual particle is tracked in a Lagrangian framework. Particle-particle and particle-wall collisions are calculated using a soft-sphere model. The fluid phase and the solid phase are coupled through a forcing term in the fluid conservation of momentum equation, and a drag force in the particle equation of motion, governed by Newton's Second Law. Above the critical Shields number, the scour hole topography is not fundamentally altered with subsequent impacts until the scale of the scour hole reaches a critical value. At which point, the shape and scale of the scour hole significantly alters the behavior of the vortex dipole and results in strongly asymmetric scour topographies. This two-way coupling between the bed scour and the vortex dipole dynamics is the focus of this work.
20
Li, Ji. "A study of the solid particle erosion performance of automative and other novel low carbon steels." Thesis, University of Greenwich, 2007. http://gala.gre.ac.uk/8534/.
Full text
21
Perkovic, Martin. "Mapping and characterisation of surface damage and wear mechanisms in gun barrels : Gun barrels exposed to cyclic thermo-mechanical loading." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för hälsa, natur- och teknikvetenskap (from 2013), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-79026.
Full textAbstract:
Gun barrels are an important component in advanced defence systems. The gun barrels are used for direct and indirect fire and the material of the gun barrel is exposed to great strains and high temperatures. This sets high demands on the material of the gun barrel. During firing the gun barrel can be damaged. The first damage in gun barrels is the wear of the rifling followed by fatigue. When fatigue occurs cracks can propagate downwards into the bore and could result in catastrophic failure. Therefore investigation regarding the wear, the mechanisms and the underlying factors causing the damage will be performed. How and where the wear in gun barrels occur and also which wear mechanisms causing the wear. Wear in gun barrels involves extreme conditions during firing such as high gas pressure and high temperature from the burning propellant. This thesis work aims to understand how and why wear and damaging mechanisms in gun barrels occurs. Moreover how other ballistic factors influences have on the wear. The wear in gun barrels is caused by erosion from the combustion gases or/and sliding wear caused by the high-speed projectile. The phenomena of wear are complicated and factors like deformation state, types of wear, environment and process are interrelated with each other. These give the rise of wear. In this thesis, samples from three gun barrels were analysed. A new unworn gun barrel, a medium worn gun barrel and a severely worn gun barrel. From the used gun barrels 4 critical positions were identified, then samples from both surface and cross-section were obtained from the gun barrels. The surface and cross-section were analysed using different methods including optical light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy to characterise the surface damage and wear mechanisms. The results from the investigation revealed the dominating wear mechanism to be thermal and chemical erosion at the positions closest to the combustion chamber with heat checks as its signature feature. The heat checks are associated with fatigue cracks developed at the surface and during thermo-mechanical loading, allows it to propagate down into the surface. For both samples at position 2, after the start of the rifling, adhesive wear was obtained too. The adhesive wear was induced by material pick-up from the driving band of the projectile during sliding. In other meaning, the material is transferred from the counter-face to the bore surface. The severely worn gun barrel had been subjected to sliding wear at the muzzle end compared to the medium worn gun barrel which hadn’t experience the same wear rate at the same position. The analysis of the cross-section examination revealed information about the structure and condition of the material. To obtain more information about mechanical properties, a hardness test was performed. The hardness test revealed a hard but brittle surface which can be sheared by the frictional force caused by the sliding projectile. The analysis of the gun barrels revealed information about wear mechanisms and damages in medium and severely worn gun barrels. The detected wear mechanism was thermal erosion, chemical erosion, mechanical erosion and sliding wear.
22
Pradhan, Sudeep S. "The Effect Of Viscosity On The Erosion Of Gradient- Zone In A Laboratory Solar Pond." Thesis, Indian Institute of Science, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2005/233.
Full textAbstract:
Double diffusive phenomena occur in many natural systems and in a variety of engineering applications, such as solar ponds. In a solar pond, the erosion of gradient zone due to convection and diffusion is the main cause of inefficiency and hence, requires lot of maintenance. In this thesis, control of erosion of the gradient zone in a solar pond situation has been studied through experiments and transient numerical simulations. A laboratory solar pond was setup in a tank of size 19cm X 19cm X 19cm, and was heated from below. A polymer additive, Carboxy Methyl Cellulose (CMC) was used to increase the viscosity of the working fluid. With 0.01% CMC, viscosity enhancement of the working fluid by 25 to 30 times was achieved, without changing any other properties. The transient momentum, energy and species conservation equations along with continuity equation were solved numerically, using the SIMPLER algorithm with 2 mm grid spacing.
The experiments conducted with the addition of CMC, showed delays in the onset of convection and reduced erosion of the gradient zone. The erosion rates obtained from the numerical simulations agreed with the experimental observation. The impact of viscosity on the onset of convection, kinetic energy, convection pattern, frequency of bursts and erosion rate of the gradient zone, were simulated. Numerical simulations revealed that, there is a nonlinear relationship between the viscosity and erosion rate of the gradient zone. Increase in viscosity by a factor of 15 reduced the erosion of gradient zone completely, indicating the dominant role played by Turbulent entrainment.
The present work indicates that the control of erosion of gradient zone in solar pond using the polymer additive shows lot of promise. The use of the polymer additive as a method to increase viscosity will lower the maintenance costs and, increase the reliability and efficiency of solar ponds, with less than 5% increase in the initial cost.
23
Hu, Senmiao. "Simulation and Verification of Fluid Jet Polishing." Scholar Commons, 2016. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6515.
Full textAbstract:
Fluid jet polishing (FJP) is a new advanced polishing technology that finds applications in many industries, especially in the optics industry. With the broad application of various surfaces in optics, the sub-micrometric scale and the nanometric surface roughness accuracy are major challenges. Fluid jet polishing is a technology developed from abrasive water jet machining. This technology is a water jet cutting technology, which uses high-pressure flow to cut/remove materials.
In this thesis, the working principle, and simulations, as well as verification of fluid jet polishing are thoroughly investigated. The verification of fluid jet polishing in this thesis includes velocity distribution and material removal derivations. The amount of material removed is directly related to the impact velocity of a particle with a surface, which helps define its abrasive particle velocity. During polishing, the particles travel in a solution called slurry. Due to the relatively similar velocity of the particles and the slurry, the particles and the slurry are assumed to be traveling at the same rate. In this thesis, three specific examples are investigated through the creation of an advanced model using FLUENT, a computational fluid dynamics software. The model simulates the particle path during the fluid jet polishing process, and this thesis compares the simulation results to prior analytical and experimental results.
The results indicate that the fluid jet polishing erosion area at a particular location is axisymmetric when the 2D cross-section shape is investigated. As the impingement angle of the fluid jet is reduced, the center dead area, where no polishing is observed, approaches zero. vii Additionally, the horizontal component of the velocity vector initially increases then decreases as one moves away from the center stagnation point. Finally, this thesis demonstrates that the erosion depth into the surface that is polished increases when the working pressure of the fluid is increased. This thesis finds that when the distance between the fluid jet and the workpiece is 7 mm, material removal is maximum.
24
Panakarajupally, Ragavendra Prasad. "DEVELOPMENT OF A UNIQUE EXPERIMENTAL FACILITY TO CHARACTERIZE THE FATIGUE AND EROSION BEHAVIOR OF CERAMIC MATRIX COMPOSITES UNDER TURBINE ENGINE CONDITIONS." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1605615829736275.
Full text
25
Aboul, Hosn Rodaina. "Suffusion and its effects on the mechanical behavior of granular soils : numerical and experimental investigations." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAI082/document.
Full textAbstract:
La suffusion est un cas particulier d'érosion interne qui apparait dans les ouvrages hydrauliques. Elle se caractérise par le détachement et le transport des particules fines à travers les gros grains sous l'action d'un écoulement hydraulique en laissant derrière un squelette granulaire dont les caractéristiques en termes de densité et d'arrangement géométrique granulaire ont été changées. De telles modifications dans la micro-structure du sol peuvent conduire à des déformations à l'échelle macroscopique et peuvent influencer le comportement mécanique du sol. Ce travail a été consacré à l'étude du mécanisme de suffusion et à son impact sur les propriétés mécaniques des sols non-cohésifs. Pour atteindre cet objectif, deux approches ont été suivies dans ce travail: l'une numérique et l'autre expérimentale. Un modèle numérique discret a été défini pour décrire quantitativement le comportement macroscopique du sol et analyser la micro-structure des assemblages granulaires. Il est basé sur l'utilisation de particules sphériques et la résistance au roulement aux contacts, ainsi que sur une nouvelle méthode de compactage des échantillons pour simuler celle utilisée au laboratoire, et atteindre une large gamme de densités initiales. Le modèle a été validé par comparaison de résultats numériques et de données expérimentales. Ce modèle a d'abord été appliqué sur des assemblages granulaires avec des teneur en fines différentes afin d'étudier le rôle des particules fines pour une micro-structure de sol donnée, sans tenir compte d'un processus d'érosion. Il a été montré qu'il existe un pourcentage de fines, en dessous de la teneur seuil, où des particules fines peuvent commencer à participer au transfert de force, et que, si la suffusion s'initie et mobilise ces particules, ceci pourra affecter le comportement macroscopique du sol. Par la suite, une cinétique simplifiée d'extraction du grain a été proposée pour décrire le processus de suffusion. Elle est basée sur une approche de couplage fluide-solide partielle. L'intérêt de cette procédure d'extraction est que, d'une part, elle tient en compte des critères géométriques et hydrauliques complexes; d'autre part, le modèle induit un coût de calcul raisonnable. Cette procédure a été validée sur la base d'essais expérimentaux de suffusion effectués avec un dispositif nouvellement développé. Les conséquences de cette érosion sur les propriétés mécaniques des sols ont été caractérisées par la réalisation en laboratoire et la simulation d'essais de compression triaxiale. Le développement de la suffusion et ses conséquences sur le comportement macroscopique sont discutés en terme de densité et granulométrie initiale du sol, de chargement hydraulique et du type de particules érodées (actives ou inactive vis-à-vis du transfert de force)Suffusion is a particular case of internal erosion taking place in hydraulic earth structures. It is characterized by the detachment and migration of fine particles by interstitial flow leaving behind the granular skeleton. Such modifications in the soil microstructure may lead to deformations at the macroscopic scale and may influence the mechanical behavior of the soil. This research was devoted to investigate the suffusion mechanism and its impact on the mechanical properties of cohesionless soils. To achieve this objective, two approaches were followed in this work: numerical and experimental approaches. A discrete numerical model was defined to describe quantitatively the soil macroscopic behavior and to analyze the microstructure of granular assemblies. It is based on the use of spherical particles and contact rolling resistance, as well as a new method of compaction to mimic the one used in laboratory and to reach a wide range of initial densities. The model was validated through comparison of numerical results with experimental data. This model was first applied on granular assemblies with different fines contents to study the role of fine particles with respect to a given soil microstructure, without taking into account an erosion process. It was shown that there exists a fines content, below the threshold, where fine particles may start to participate in the force transfer that if suffusion initiates and mobilizes these particles, it may affect the macroscopic behavior of the soil. Thereafter, a simplified kinetics of grain extraction was proposed to describe the suffusion process. It was based on a one-way fluid-solid coupling approach. The importance of this extraction procedure is that, on one hand, it takes into account complex geometric and hydraulic criteria; on the other hand, the model involves an affordable computational cost. This procedure was validated based on experimental tests carried out using a newly developed suffusion apparatus. Consequences of this erosion on the mechanical properties of soils were characterized from experimental and simulated triaxial compression tests. Suffusion development and its consequences on the macroscopic behavior are discussed from the results obtained in terms of the initial soil density and gradation, the hydraulic loading and the type of eroded particles (active or inactive in the force transfer)
26
Wang, Linda, Leslie Casas-Apayco, Ana Carolina Hipólito, Vanessa Manzini Dreibi, Marina Ciccone Giacomini, Júnior Odair Bim, Daniela Rios, and Ana Carolina Magalhães. "Effect of simulated intraoral erosion and/or abrasion effects on etch-and-rinse bonding to enamel." American Journal of Dentistry, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/612019.
Full textAbstract:
El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por
restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado.PURPOSE: To assess the influence of simulated oral erosive/abrasive challenges on the bond strength of an etch-and-rinse two-step bonding system to enamel using an in situ/ex vivo protocol. METHODS: Bovine enamel blocks were prepared and randomly assigned to four groups: CONT - control (no challenge), ABR - 3x/day-1 minute toothbrushing; ERO - 3x/day - 5 minutes extraoral immersion into regular Coca Cola; and ERO+ABR - erosive protocol followed by a 1-minute toothbrushing. Eight blocks were placed into an acrylic palatal appliance for each volunteer (n = 13), who wore the appliance for 5 days. Two blocks were subjected to each of the four challenges. Subsequently, all the blocks were washed with tap water and Adper Single Bond 2/Filtek Z350 were placed. After 24 hours, 1 mm2 beams were obtained from each block to be tested with the microtensile bond strength test (50 N load at 0.5 mm/minute). The data were statistically analyzed by one-way RM-ANOVA and Tukey's tests (alpha = 0.05). RESULTS: No difference was detected among the ABR, ERO, and CONT groups (P > 0.05). ERO+ABR group yielded lower bond strengths than either the ABR and ERO groups (P < 0.0113).
Revisión por pares
27
Hermansson, Jakob, and Emma Wahlström. "Materialval för minskat slitage av sandformningsverktyg." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för ingenjörsvetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-13776.
Full textAbstract:
På Volvo Group Trucks Operations (GTO) i Skövde tillverkas cylinderblock, cylinderhuvud och svänghjul genom gjutning med sandformar. Då formverktygen som formar sandformarna fylls uppkommer slitage där sandpartiklarna träffar, vilket leder till att formverktygen behöver underhållas regelbundet.Målet med denna studie är att hitta alternativa material som formverktygen kan tillverkas i alternativt förstärkas eller beläggas med för att minska slitaget i formverktygen och på så sätt minska kostnader genom att förlänga underhållsintervallen. Problemet analyseras och en litteraturstudie kring erosiv och abrasiv nötning genomförs.Ett antal material tas fram genom en materialvalsprocess som lämpliga kandidater baserat på litteraturstudien, materialkartor och diskussion. Materialprover testas med en standardmetod för erosion med gasburna partiklar. Resultat från tidigare empiriska studier tyder på att erosion påverkas starkt av materialegenskaper så som hårdhet och seghet men även de eroderande partiklarnas infallsvinkel och hastighet.Erosionstestet utförs för 30 och 90 graders infallsvinkel. Testet visar att de mjukare stålen, Holdax och Sverker 21, har högre beständighet mot erosion vid låga infallsvinklar och det hårdare stålet Nimax har högre beständighet vid höga infallsvinklar. Nimax anses vara ett lämpligt material till formverktyget då Nimax har den totalt lägsta erosionstakten vid hopslagning av den totala erosionstakten över båda infallsvinklarna. Nimax har den lägsta erosionstakten vid 30 graders infallsvinkel och anses även ha god beständighet mot erosion vid 90 graders infallsvinkel.Rekommendation ges kring upprepade erosionstester för att säkerställa resultatet. Rekommendationer finns också kring materialprovning i formverktyget för att se om ett materialbyte skulle leda till besparingar. Undersökning av möjligheter att konstruera bort nötning i formverktyget genom ändring av infallsvinklar mellan den inblåsta sanden och formverktyget, samt ändring av lufttryck rekommenderas.At Volvo Group Trucks Operations (GTO) in Skövde, cylinder blocks, cylinder heads and flywheels are manufactured through sandcasting. As the forming tools that forms the sand forms are filled with sand, wear occurs where the sand particles hit the tool surface. The forming tool thus needs to be regularly maintained. The aim of this study is to evaluate alternative materials that the forming tools can be manufactured in to reduce wear, and thereby reducing costs by extending maintenance intervals. The problem is analyzed and a literature study on erosive and abrasive wear is carried out. A number of materials are presented as suitable candidates based on the literature study, material charts and discussion. Material samples are tested using a standard method for solid particle erosion using gas jets. Results from previous empirical studies indicate that erosion is strongly influenced by material properties such as hardness and toughness but also the angle of impingement and velocity of the erosive particles.The erosion test is performed at 30 and 90 degree angle of impingement. The test shows that the softer steel, Holdax and Sverker 21 have higher resistance to erosion at low angles of impingement and the harder steel Nimax has higher resistance at high angles of impingement. Nimax is considered a suitable material for the forming tool, as Nimax has the overall lowest erosion rate when adding the total erosion over both angles of impingement. Nimax has the lowest erosion rate at 30 degrees angle and is also considered to have good resistance to erosion at 90 degrees angle. Recommendation is given on repeated erosion tests to validate the results. There are also recommendations regarding material testing in the forming tool to see if a material change would lead to savings. Examination of possibilities to make changes in the sand filling process, altering angle of impingement between the sand blown and the forming tool as well as air pressure is recommended.
28
Moreira, Pâmela Portela. "Ajuste da viscosidade do fluido erosivo para manutenção da eficiência do processo de usinagem por hidroerosão." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2015. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1308.
Full textAbstract:
O processo de usinagem por hidroerosão é utilizado em bicos injetores do sistema diesel para melhorar seu desempenho a partir do arredondamento do raio de entrada dos canais de injeção por onde escoa o diesel para injeção no motor. A eficiência do processo de usinagem por hidroerosão está relacionada às condições do fluido erosivo utilizado no processo, sendo que a viscosidade desempenha papel fundamental para manutenção da eficiência. O acoplamento das partículas abrasivas com o fluido é afetado pela redução da viscosidade que ocorre durante o processo, influenciando assim a eficiência de remoção de material e trazendo perdas de produtividade para o processo, que se torna mais lento para que se atinja a remoção de material especificada. No trabalho em questão, a eficiência do processo foi avaliada durante 160 horas, utilizando correção da viscosidade do fluido erosivo para manutenção da viscosidade próxima à condição inicial de trabalho. A causa para a redução da viscosidade também foi investigada, a partir da avaliação de uma possível contaminação do fluido erosivo por outros fluidos de menor viscosidade existentes no processo. Após 160 horas de monitoramento aplicando-se correção da viscosidade, observou-se a ocorrência de redução da viscosidade do fluido erosivo de 8,8 % considerando a primeira e a última amostra, além de uma redução na eficiência do processo de apenas 4,2 %, em detrimento a uma redução de 20 % observada em estudo anterior, no qual não houve renovação de partículas e ajuste da viscosidade. A contaminação do fluido erosivo pelo óleo de exame utilizado na estação anterior à de usinagem por hidroerosão se mostrou responsável por 37,5 % da redução da viscosidade do fluido ao longo de 40 horas de trabalho.Hydroerosive grinding process is used on nozzle injectors for diesel system in order to improve its performance by rounding the internal diameter of the injection channels through which flows the diesel for injection in the engine. The efficiency of hydroerosive grinding process is related to the conditions of the erosive fluid used in the process, for which viscosity has a major role for efficiency maintenance. Coupling between particles and fluid is affected by viscosity decrease along time, thus influencing material removal rate efficiency and causing productivity losses, once cycle time increases to achieve the specified material removal rate. In the present investigation, the process efficiency was evaluated during 160 hours using viscosity correction of the erosive fluid in order to keep viscosity close to its initial work condition. The root cause for viscosity decrease was also investigated through evaluation of possible contamination of the erosive media by lower viscosity fluids existing in the process. After 160 hours of process monitoring with viscosity adjustment, it was observed 8,8 % of viscosity reduction considering the first and the last samples, besides that the material removal rate efficiency decreased only 4,2 % over 20 % decrease observed in a previous study related to hydroerosive grinding process without particle replacement and viscosity adjustment. Contamination of the erosive fluid by measurement oil used in the previous station was responsible for 37,5 % of viscosity decrease along 40 hours of production.
29
KUNIOSHI, CLARICE T. "Estudo do comportamento de erosao-oxidacao de materiais compositos de NiCr com WC e Crsub(3)Csub(2)." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2004. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11239.
Full textAbstract:
Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:49:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:02:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 09819.pdf: 15341022 bytes, checksum: 089b1783177dd73c7433320bd2e0de7c (MD5)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
FAPESP:98/05906-6
30
Haoyan, Zhou United States. "DEVELOPE OF ULTRASOUND ELASTOGRAPHY FOR NONDESTRUCTIVE AND NONINVASIVE CHARACTERIZATION OF STIFFER POLYMERIC BIOMATERIALS." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1440685144.
Full text
31
Sow, Mamadou Alpha. "Hydrologie et géochimie des transports fluviaux dissous et particulaires dans le bassin versant du Milo (République de Guinée)." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018INPT0039/document.
Full textAbstract:
En Guinée, la disponibilité des ressources en eau est soumise à de graves problèmes de gestion avec des conséquences importantes pour les populations, notamment à Kankan où la plupart des puits tarissent pendant la saison sèche, et où la fourniture régulière de l’eau à partir de la rivière Milo n'est pas assurée dans tous les quartiers de la ville. Le Milo et son bassin versant représente donc un enjeu important pour les habitants de cette ville. Le Milo (480 km de long) qui draine un bassin versant 13 810 km2 est le plus important des affluents rive droite du Niger. Pour évaluer l’impact du bassin versant du Milo et de la ville de Kankan sur la qualité des eaux et des sédiments de ce cours d’eau, 30 échantillons de sédiments de fond ont été prélevés au cours d’une première campagne (juin-juillet 2013) sur l’ensemble des cours d’eau du bassin versant, tandis que durant une deuxième campagne (avril 2014-mai 2015), un suivi régulier a été mis en place sur le Milo en amont et en aval de Kankan. Au cours de cette dernière, 232 échantillons d’eau du Milo (dont 116 utilisés pour l’isotopie), et 26 échantillons de sédiments de fond ont été prélevés sur les stations de Bordo (amont de Kankan) et de Karifamoriah (aval de Kankan). Les concentrations en éléments majeurs et traces, terres rares, COP, COD, pH, alcalinité, l’azote organique, les isotopes de l’oxygène et de l’hydrogène, ainsi que la micro-granulométrie des sédiments ont été mesurés. Les résultats obtenus durant le cycle hydrologique 2014-2015 ont permis d’estimer le flux de matières exportées en solution par le Milo à Kankan à 47 863 t.an-1 et le flux de matières particulaires à 76 759 t.an-1. 92% de ce tonnage est exporté durant la période des hautes eaux. Ces flux permettent d’estimer des vitesses moyennes d’érosion physique (8 t.km-2.an-1) et d’altération chimique (5 t.km-2.an-1) du bassin relativement faibles. Le flux spécifique de CO2 consommé par l’altération chimique est lui aussi relativement faible (76.103 mole.km-2.an-1), mais il reste dans la moyenne des flux de CO2 mesurés sur les bassins couverts de sols latéritiques. Le degré de contamination des sédiments et sa variation spatio-temporelle ont été évalués grâce au calcul du facteur d’enrichissement (FE), en normalisant les concentrations en éléments traces par rapport à Al, Sc et Ti et en prenant le PAAS et l’UCC comme matériaux de référence. La quasi-totalité des éléments traces proviennent essentiellement des processus d’altération et sont d’origine naturelle. Toutefois, un enrichissement modéré à significatif (5 < FE < 20) a été mis en évidence pour Zr et Hf (enrichissements naturels) et As et Sb (impacts anthropiques). Finalement, l’apport anthropique en éléments traces, quand il existe, reste modéré. Les profils de concentrations en terres rares ont permis de montrer que la signature géochimique des sédiments de fond du Milo est homogène sur l’ensemble du bassin et caractéristique des sols latéritiques, non perturbée par la ville de Kankan et elle est proche des signatures du PAAS et de l’UCC. Pour l’ensemble des éléments traces et des terres rares la contribution anthropique reste faible et les fractions disponibles (phases labiles) sur les sédiments (extraction à l’EDTA) sont également faibles, confirmant ainsi que l’essentiel de ces éléments rentrent principalement dans la composition des phases résiduellesIn Guinea, the availability of water resources is subjected to serious problems of management with important consequences for the populations, particularly in Kankan city where most of the wells dry up during the dry season and where the water supply from the Milo river is not assured for all the districts. Then the Milo river and its watershed represent an important issue for the inhabitants of Kankan. The Milo river (480 km in length) which drains an area of 13 810 km2 is the most important right-bank tributary of the Niger river. To evaluate the impact of the Milo watershed and of the Kankan city on the water and sediments of this river, 30 samples of bottom sediments have been collected during a first campaign (June-July 2013) on the main course from upstream to downstream and on the main tributaries, whereas during a second campaign (April 2014-May 2015) a regular monitoring was set up on the Milo river, upstream and downstream Kankan city. During this campaign, 232 river water samples (of which 116 for isotopic analyses) and 26 bottom sediment samples have been collected at Bordo (upstream) and Karifamoriah (downstream) stations. The concentrations of major and trace elements, rare earth elements, POC and PON, DOC, pH, alkalinity, the isotopic composition of O, H and the micro-granulometry of sediments have been measured. The results obtained during the hydrological cycle 2014-2015 allowed to estimate the fluxes of dissolved (47 863 t.y-1) and particulate (76 759 t.y-1) matters exported by the Milo river at Kankan. 92% of these fluxes are exported during the high flow period. These fluxes allowed us to estimate very low average rates of physical erosion (8 t.km-2.y-1) and chemical weathering (5 t.km-2.y-1) of the Milo catchment. The specific flux of CO2 consumed by chemical weathering (76.103 mole.km-2.y-1) is relatively low but within the range of CO2 fluxes measured in catchments draining lateritic soils. The degree of sediment contamination and its spatio-temporal variation have been assessed using the enrichment factor (EF), by normalizing the trace element concentrations with Al, Sc and Ti and by taking PAAS and UCC as the reference materials. Almost all the trace elements mainly originate from weathering processes and are of natural origin. Nevertheless, moderate to significant enrichments (5 < EF < 20) have been calculated for Zr and Hf (natural enrichments) and As and Sb (anthropogenic impacts). Finally, the anthropogenic contribution of trace elements, when it exists, remains moderate. The rare earth concentration patterns allowed to show the geochemical signature of river bottom sediments is homogeneous within the Milo catchment and characteristic of lateritic soils, non- perturbed by the city of Kankan and close to the PAAS and UCC patterns. For most of the trace and rare earth elements, the anthropogenic contribution remains low and the available fractions (labile phases) in the sediment (EDTA extraction) are also low, confirming that the main part of these elements are mainly in the residual phases
32
Yang, Jie. "Analyses numériques de la problématique multi-physique des fontis au voisinage d’une digue ou d’un ouvrage linéaire." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ECDN0016/document.
Full textAbstract:
Les géo-structures telles que les barrages et les digues sont soumises à des écoulements hydrauliques variant dans le temps et dans l'espace. L'eau qui traverse ces milieux poreux peut entraîner le détachement et le transport de certaines particules des sols constituant les structures et leurs fondations. Ce problème est généralement appelé "érosion interne". Le terme suffusion, un type d'érosion interne, se réfère au détachement et au transport de particules les plus fines à traversune matrice de sol poreuse plus grossière en raison d'un écoulement hydraulique. L'évolution temporelle de la suffusion peut modifier les propriétés hydrauliques et mécaniques des sols et peut entraîner des changements importants dans le comportement de telles structures pouvant aller jusqu’à leur effondrement. Ce travail de thèse tente de contribuer à la conception et à la durabilité des ouvrages en ingénierie géotechnique et hydraulique en mettant un accent particulier sur les barrages, les levées et les digues. Il a été consacré à développer un modèle numérique de suffusion en introduisant d’une part le couplage des phénomènes hydrauliques et mécaniques et d’autre part le couplage des phénomènes d'érosion et de filtrationGeo-structures such as dams and levees or dikes are subjected to seepage varying in time and space. The water flowing through these porous media can lead to the detachment and transport of part of the soil particles within the structures or their foundations. This problem is usually called internal erosion. The term suffusion, one type of internal erosion, refers to the detachment and transport of finer particles through a coarser porous soil matrix due to seepage flow. Suffusion can modify with time the hydraulic and mechanical properties of the soils and may trigger significant damage on such structures and lead eventually to their collapse. This research attempts to contribute to the design and sustainability of geotechnical and hydraulic engineering structures, with a particular focus on embankment dams, levees, and dikes. It aims to develop a numerical model of suffusion by introducing, on the one hand, the coupling of the hydraulic and mechanical phenomena and, on the other hand, the coupling of erosion and filtration
33
Casarin, Rui Donizete [UNESP]. "Controle de erosão em estradas rurais não pavimentadas, utilizando sistema de terraceamento com gradiente associado a bacias de captação." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/93814.
Full textAbstract:
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
Previous issue date: 2008-08-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:30:34Z : No. of bitstreams: 1
casarin_rd_me_botfca.pdf: 1894118 bytes, checksum: a79719f400dc5c1f108825800d1d028c (MD5)Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
A erosão provocada pela água no leito e nas margens das estradas rurais de terra está intimamente relacionada à má drenagem, sendo um dos principais fatores para sua degradação. Para que o sistema de drenagem seja feito de forma adequada é necessário o conhecimento da erodibilidade, capacidade de infiltração de água no solo e adoção de práticas mecânicas de elevação do greide e interceptação de águas através de dispositivos de captação. O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi desenvolver um sistema de contenção de águas pluviais em trecho de estrada rural encaixada no terreno, em solo do tipo Argissolo Distrófico Abrúptico de textura arenosa, com base em técnicas de abatimento de taludes, elevação do greide da estrada com abaulamento transversal e desviador do fluxo das águas, seguido de segmentos de terraços embutidos associados a bacias de captação. A área de estudo é em contorno a um trecho da estrada Rural PLA 06 localizada na região Centro-Oeste do Estado de São Paulo com coordenadas geográficas no espigão: Latitude 22º 34’54”S e Longitude 49º 25’02”O e altitude 594 metros e, na parte baixa do trecho: Latitude 22º34‘53”S e longitude 49º24‘34”O e altitude 544 metros. 22º34‘53”S e longitude 49º24‘34”O e altitude 544 metros. As frações granulométricas...
The erosion caused by water in the roadbeds and at the margins of terrene roads in rural areas is closely related to poor drainage, one of the main factors to their degradation. For the drainage system is done in an appropriate manner, knowledge of the erosionability and of the ability of water infiltration into the soil is necessary as well as the adoption of practices of mechanical roadbed lifting and interception of water through reception devices. The goal of this research was to develop a system to contain rain water in a rural stretch of road seated on the ground in the soil type Abruptic Distrophic Argisol of sandy texture, based on techniques for abatement of embankments, raising the roadbeds across the road with bulging deflector and the flow of water, followed by segments of terraces built in association with the catchment basins. The study outline comprehends a stretch of the rural road PLA 06 located in the Central West of Sao Paulo State in the jetty with geographic coordinates: latitude 22 ° 34 '54” S and longitude 49 ° 25' 02”; the altitude is of 594 meters and, at the bottom of the extension: latitude 22 ° 34'53” S and longitude 49 ° 24'34”. The altitude in this stretch is 544 meters... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
34
Zagnoli, Daniel Anthony. "A Numerical Study of Deposition in a Full Turbine Stage Using Steady and Unsteady Methods." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1429796426.
Full text
35
Zisis, Athanasios. "Mechanics of erosion of thermal barrier coatings." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.615252.
Full text
36
Wautier, Antoine. "Analyse micro-inertielle des instabilités mécaniques dans les milieux granulaires, application à l'érosion interne." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0289/document.
Full textAbstract:
La plupart des digues sont constituées de matériaux granulaires compactés. Elles sont ainsi perméables et constamment soumises à des écoulements d’eau dans leur volume. Dans certaines conditions, ces écoulements peuvent altérer leur microstructure par érosion interne et générer des instabilités mécaniques responsables de ruptures inopinées lors de crues. Cette thèse s’intéresse à l’analyse multi-échelle des instabilités mécaniques dans les matériaux granulaires soumis à l'érosion interne. Dans ce travail, le comportement mécanique de ces matériaux est simulé en 3D à l’échelle de volumes élémentaires représentatifs, et ce, pour différents états de contraintes et gradients hydrauliques. Grâce à l’utilisation du critère du travail du second ordre et d’outils micromécaniques, leur stabilité est analysée avant et après l’application d’un écoulement interne. Il est établi que l’origine micro-inertielle des instabilités observées provient du déconfinement et de la flexion des chaînes de force ainsi que des déformations plastiques importantes résultant de leur effondrement. Par leur capacité à enrayer rapidement le développement de telles déformations plastiques, il est montré que les particules libres contribuent à assurer la stabilité mécanique des matériaux granulaires. Ce résultat est fondamental pour analyser les conséquences de l’érosion interne en termes de stabilité mécanique car les particules libres sont facilement transportables sous l’action d’un écoulement interne. Selon si elles sont colmatées ou érodées, un écoulement interne aura un effet stabilisateur ou déstabilisateur vis-à-vis du comportement mécanique des matériaux granulaires soumis à l’érosion interneDikes are most of the time built of compacted granular materials that are permeable and continuously subjected to internal fluid flows. In some cases, microstructure modifications resulting from internal erosion generate mechanical instability that will lead to unexpected failures in case of serious flooding. This thesis focuses on multi-scale analysis of mechanical instability in granular materials subjected to internal erosion. In this work, the mechanical behavior of such materials is simulated in three dimensions at the scale of representative elementary volumes subjected to different stress states and hydraulic gradients. Thanks to the use of the second order work criterion and micromechanical tools, the mechanical stability of these materials is tested before and after internal erosion. It is established that the micro-inertial origin of the observed instabilities is linked to force chain deconfinement and bending as well as to the development of large plastic strains resulting from force chain collapse. By preventing the development of such plastic strains, it is shown that rattlers contribute to ensure the mechanical stability of granular materials. This key finding is of a particular significance in relation with internal erosion as rattlers can be easily transported under the action of an internal fluid flow. Depending on whether they get clogged or eroded, an internal fluid flow has thus either a stabilizing or a destabilizing effect on the mechanical behavior of granular materials subjected to internal erosion
37
Duncan, Helen. "Erosion corrosion by minerals." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.278290.
Full text
38
Casarin, Rui Donizete 1955. "Controle de erosão em estradas rurais não pavimentadas, utilizando sistema de terraceamento com gradiente associado a bacias de captação /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/93814.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Eduardo Luiz de OliveiraBanca: Raimundo Leite Cruz
Banca: Eliane Viviani
Resumo: A erosão provocada pela água no leito e nas margens das estradas rurais de terra está intimamente relacionada à má drenagem, sendo um dos principais fatores para sua degradação. Para que o sistema de drenagem seja feito de forma adequada é necessário o conhecimento da erodibilidade, capacidade de infiltração de água no solo e adoção de práticas mecânicas de elevação do greide e interceptação de águas através de dispositivos de captação. O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi desenvolver um sistema de contenção de águas pluviais em trecho de estrada rural encaixada no terreno, em solo do tipo Argissolo Distrófico Abrúptico de textura arenosa, com base em técnicas de abatimento de taludes, elevação do greide da estrada com abaulamento transversal e desviador do fluxo das águas, seguido de segmentos de terraços embutidos associados a bacias de captação. A área de estudo é em contorno a um trecho da estrada Rural PLA 06 localizada na região Centro-Oeste do Estado de São Paulo com coordenadas geográficas no espigão: Latitude 22º 34'54"S e Longitude 49º 25'02"O e altitude 594 metros e, na parte baixa do trecho: Latitude 22º34'53"S e longitude 49º24'34"O e altitude 544 metros. 22º34'53"S e longitude 49º24'34"O e altitude 544 metros. As frações granulométricas ...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The erosion caused by water in the roadbeds and at the margins of terrene roads in rural areas is closely related to poor drainage, one of the main factors to their degradation. For the drainage system is done in an appropriate manner, knowledge of the erosionability and of the ability of water infiltration into the soil is necessary as well as the adoption of practices of mechanical roadbed lifting and interception of water through reception devices. The goal of this research was to develop a system to contain rain water in a rural stretch of road seated on the ground in the soil type Abruptic Distrophic Argisol of sandy texture, based on techniques for abatement of embankments, raising the roadbeds across the road with bulging deflector and the flow of water, followed by segments of terraces built in association with the catchment basins. The study outline comprehends a stretch of the rural road PLA 06 located in the Central West of Sao Paulo State in the jetty with geographic coordinates: latitude 22 ° 34 '54" S and longitude 49 ° 25' 02"; the altitude is of 594 meters and, at the bottom of the extension: latitude 22 ° 34'53" S and longitude 49 ° 24'34". The altitude in this stretch is 544 meters... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
39
Abdou, Hashem. "Problèmes géotechniques couplés en hydromécanique : application à l’érosion interne par suffusion." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAI025/document.
Full textAbstract:
Le phénomène de suffusion correspond à la migration des particules fines érodées dans un milieu poreux sous l'action d’un flux hydraulique. Ce mécanisme pourrait être la cause principale des ruptures des remblais et des barrages en terre. De nombreuses études expérimentales ont été menées pour comprendre la suffusion et mettre en évidence les phénomènes couplés associés. Au niveau numérique, on trouve beaucoup de modèles analytiques et numériques mais rares sont ceux qui prennent en compte l’arrachement des particules, leur transport et leur dépôt éventuel (par un processus de colmatage ou pour des vitesses d’écoulement suffisamment faibles).En se basant sur une loi d’écoulement de type Darcy, sur la loi d’érosion de Papamichos et al (2001) modifiée par Bendahmane (2005)et sur une loi d’évolution de la viscosité de fluide (relation d’Einstein), nous développons une nouvelle approche hydromécanique de la suffusion. La résolution numérique du problème est réalisée par la méthode des éléments finis. Deux aspects sont présentés: le cadre général du modèle proposé (réalisé en 2D) avec une étude paramétrique et la validation du modèle avec une modélisation 3D réalisée avec le modèle géométrique de l’essai (Cross Erosion Test) (CET), ce qui permet de décrire à la fois les phénomènes d’érosion, de transport et de dépôt des particules érodées dans un milieu poreux saturé.Pour cela, nous avons choisi un outil de modélisation approprié à la représentation de phénomènes couplés tels que ceux mobilisés par l’érosion interne. Le logiciel Comsol-Multiphysics 3.4b, basé sur la méthode des éléments finis, a été retenu car il permet d’implanter relativement facilement de nouvelles équations constitutives des phénomènes. Dans un deuxième temps, le modèle a été validé sur des expériences de référence reflétant les phénomènes étudiés. Nous avons utilisé les résultats expérimentaux de Nguyen (2013) qui a mis au point un nouveau dispositif expérimental au laboratoire 3SR appelé " l'Essai d’Érosion Transverse " ou Cross Érosion Test. Deux types de sol ont été considérés : un sol gravelo-sableux(noté S3) et un sol limoneux de l’Isère (noté S4 et S4-a).Afin de discuter des aspects transitoire et dynamique du phénomène de suffusion, les vitesses d’écoulement, les gradients hydrauliques, la distribution de la porosité et de la perméabilité, la distribution de la concentration des particules érodées en suspension, et enfin la masse érodée sortantes ont mesurés au cours du temps et comparés aux résultats du modèle physiqueThe phenomenon of Suffusion corresponds to the migration of fine eroded particles in a porous medium under the action of an internal water flow. This mechanism could be the main origin of damage in embankments and earth dams. Many experimental studies have been done to analyse the suffusion but actually understanding this phenomenon appears as a major scientific challenge. On the other hand, numerically, only a few studies were found which associate the mechanisms of detachment, transport and deposition of eroded particles.Based on the Darcy’s law model, the erosion model of Papamichos et al (2001) modified by Bendahmane (2005) and the fluid viscosity evolution law (Einstein relation), we developed a new hydro-mechanical approach of suffusion. The numerical solution of the problem is carried out by using a finite element method. Two aspects are presented: first, the general framework of the proposed model (implemented in 2D) with a parametric study and then the validation of the numerical model realized with a 3D study of the geometric model of the experimental study of Cross Erosion Test (CET). This model describes the three phenomena of suffusion: erosion, transport and deposition of eroded particles in a saturated soil.Furthermore, the numerical modeling of coupled phenomena of internal erosion is performed using the commercial software "Comsol Multiphysics-3.4b". However, to validate the model, experimental results on two types of soil: sandy gravel soil (S3) and the silt of Isère (S4 and S4-a) are used. These results are found in the PhD thesis of Nguyen(2013) who has developed a new apparatus called Cross Erosion Test (CET).Moreover, to discuss the transient and dynamic aspects of the phenomenon, the evaluation of the mass conservation with different figures of flow velocity, hydraulic gradient, hydraulic head, porosity and permeability distribution, concentration distribution, and of outgoing eroded particles, are measured over time and compared with experimental results
40
Zu, Jian Bo. "Wear of materials by slurry erosion." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.315109.
Full text
41
Tengbeh, G. Tamba. "The effect of grass cover on bank erosion." Thesis, Cranfield University, 1989. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/3620.
Full textAbstract:
The scour experiments on the bare root-free and root-permeated soils indicated that for each soil, critical tractive force (CTF) linearly increases with both root density and vane shear strength. However, for both soilsq CTF was mainly related to vaneýshear strengthp indicating the potential importance of soil shear strength as an index of scour erodibility of cohesive channel bank materials. The analysis of the relative effects of the grass vegetation parameters on scour resistance confirmed the dominance of vegetation shoots relative to the roots in resisting scour in-non-bending vege- tation. The results showed that it is the initial introduction of vegetation into bare (root-free) bank conditions that produces the greatest increase in scour resistance and that subsequent increases in vegetation density bring about relatively lower increases in scour resistance. However, in all the vegetation densities studied, root- permeated so-ils contributed significantly to scour resistance in low flows especially through low vegetation densities. Compared to root- free soil conditions, sandy clay loam soils permeated with 1.8 g/CM3 of roots increased their scour resistance by more than 400%. Althgouh these results may only be indicative of the low flow depths as would exist in shallow grassed channels commonly used for agricultural run- off drainage, they nevertheless highlight the importance of root density in contributing to the total flow resistance of grassed channel banks. The bank stability analysis indicated that for low channel banks (1.5m high), grass roots can stabilise banks with even vertical slopes against toe and slope vailures. For high (2.25m) and vertical bank conditions, the results indi- cate that the effects of increases in root density may need to be com- plemented by bank shaping in order to achieve stability. The scour and bank stability findings indicate that the three most important charac- teristics for the selection of grass vegetation for bank protection are quick establishmentg the development of a stiff shoot system and a strong root mat.
42
Ferdos, Farzad. "Internal Erosion Phenomena in Embankment Dams : Throughflow and internal erosion mechanisms." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Byggvetenskap, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-193627.
Full textAbstract:
In this study, two major internal erosion initiation processes, suffusion and concentrated leak mechanisms, which lead to both defect formation in a dam’s body and its foundation and high throughflow in dams subjected to internal erosion were studied. This understanding has the potential to facilitate numerical modelling and expedite dam safety assessment studies. The throughflow properties of coarse rockfill material were studied by; analysing filed pump test data, performing extensive laboratory experiments with a large-scale apparatus and numerically simulating the three-dimensional flow through coarse rock materials, replicating the material used in the laboratory experiments. Results from the tests demonstrate that the parameters of the nonlinear momentum equation of the flow depend on the Reynolds number for pore Reynolds numbers lower than 60000. Numerical studies were also carried out to conduct numerical experiments. By applying a Lagrangian particle tracking method, a model for estimating the lengths of the flow channels in the porous media was developed. The shear forces exerted on the coarse particles in the porous media were found to be significantly dependent on the inertial forces of the flow. Suffusion and concentrated leak mechanisms were also studied by means of laboratory experiments to develop a theoretical framework for continuum-based numerical modelling. An erosion apparatus was designed and constructed with the capability of applying hydraulic and mechanical loading. Results were then used to develop constitutive laws of the soil erosion as a function of the applied hydromechanical load for both suffusion and concentrated leak mechanisms. Both the initiation and mass removal rate of were found to be dependent on the soil in-situ stresses. A three-dimensional electrical-resistivity-based tomography method was also adopted for the internal erosion apparatus and was found to be successful in visualising the porosity evolution due to suffusion.QC 20161006
43
Momma, Takahiro. "Cavitation loading and erosion produced by a cavitating jet." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1991. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/14102/.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of the project is to investigate the detail of cavitation loading and erosion process using a submerged jet cavitation technique. Large size cavitating jet apparatus in the University of Nottingham was used with an long orifice nozzle and experiments were carried out using tap water as a test liquid with upstream pressure ranging from 8D-120bar. Distribution of the mean pressure, cavity clouds and cavitation damage on a specimen have been obtained and their mutual relation was discussed. Effects of pressures and stand off distances on the characteristics of the erosion produced by the cavitating jet were studied and the results were compared with previous investigations. These include not only the weight loss but also the size of the damage and the jet length both related with the optimum stand off distance. Indentations on soft aluminium produced by the cavitating jet were investigated. Their size distributions were obtained for various pressures and stand off distances. Variations of the total number and the average size of indentations with stand off distance were also presented. The cavitation loading pulses were successfully measured by a novel piezoelectric pressure transducer using PYDF polymer and the pulse height measurement system, both of which were developed in the present project. During the process to determine the size of the sensitive area of the transducer, its effect on the pulse height was found. Then, the loading pressure was estimated from the pulse height and the indentation size distribution. The value estimated is around 2GPa and compared with results of the other investigators using similar method with different, vibratory and water tunnel, cavitation facilities. All of them show the similar magnitude. Good correlations of the indentation counting and the pulse height analysis with erosion results were obtained in terms of the intensity of cavitation loading. Simple calibration apparatus for the pressure transducer which utilises a pencil lead break.
44
Ng, F. S. L. "Mathematical modelling of subglacial drainage and erosion." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.244772.
Full textAbstract:
The classical theory of channelized subglacial drainage,due orginally to Röthlisberger (1972) and Nye (1976), considers water flow in an ice channel overlying a rigid, impermeable bed. At steady flow, creep closure of the channel walls is counteracted by melt-back due to heat dissipation, and this leads to an equilibrium relation between channel water pressure and discharge. More generally, such a balance exhibits an instability that can be used to describe the mechanics of catastrophic flood events known as `jökulhlaups'. In this thesis, we substantiate these developments by exploring a detailed model where the channel is underlain by subglacial till and the flow supports a sediment load. Attention is given to the physics of bed processes and its effect on channel morphology. In particular, we propose a theory in which the channel need not be semi-circular, but has independently evolving depth and width determined by a local balance between melting and closure, and in which sediment erosion and deposition is taken into account. The corresponding equilibrium relation indicates a reverse dependence to that in the classical model, justifying the possibility of the subglacial canals envisaged by Walder and Fowler (1994). Theoretical predictions for sediment discharge are also derived. Regarding time-dependent flood drainage, we demonstrate how rapid channel widening caused by bank erosion can explain the abrupt recession observed in the flood hydrographs. This allows us to produce an improved simulation of the 1972 jökulhlaup from Grímsvötn, Iceland, and self-consistently, a plausible estimate for the total sediment yield. We also propose a mechanism for the observed flood initiation lake-level at Grímsvötn. These investigations expose the intimate interactions between drainage and sediment transport, which have profound implications on the hydrology, sedimentology and dynamics of ice masses, but which have received little attention.
45
Saewong, Pakamard. "Erosion of glass and glass-ceramic matrix composites." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.300838.
Full text
46
Nguyen, Cong Doan. "Etude expérimentale de l'impact de l'érosion par suffusion sur les propriétés physiques et mécaniques des sols." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0676/document.
Full textAbstract:
Ce travail de thèse s’est attaché à investiguer, d’une part, le mécanisme d’érosion interne par suffusion dans les ouvrages hydrauliques en terre, et d’autre part, les conséquences qu’il pourrait avoir sur le comportement mécanique du sol, l’objectif principal étant d’améliorer notre compréhension de ce processus et du comportement des sols érodés. La démarche adoptée est principalement expérimentale, réalisée à différentes échelles : du macroscopique, à l’échelle du matériau, au microscopique, à l’échelle des grains constitutifs. A l’échelle macroscopique, des essais de suffusion ont été réalisés sur des échantillons de sol à l’aide d’un nouveau dispositif d’essai d’érosion, appelé perméamètre de suffusion, développé dans le cadre de cette thèse. Après érosion dans le perméamètre, les échantillons érodés sont transférés par une procédure de congélation / décongélation dans un dispositif d’essai triaxial afin d’étudier leur comportement sous chargement mécanique. Les résultats obtenus à cette échelle ont permis de donner un aperçu général du mécanisme de suffusion et de mettre en évidence son impact sur les propriétés de résistance au cisaillement du sol. A l’échelle microscopique, une analyse fine a pu être menée en réalisant un essai de suffusion des mesures in-operando de tomographie à rayons X et de la visualisation locale par techniques optiques sur un sol artificiel. La caractérisation du sol à cette échelle microstructurale a permis de mieux comprendre le processus de suffusion, notamment en mettant en évidence l’apparition et le développement de fortes hétérogénéités qui semblent avoir une influence importante sur la réponse mécanique des sols érodésThis thesis work has investigated, on the one hand, the mechanism of internal erosion by suffusion in earthen hydraulic structures, and, on the other hand, the consequences suffusion can cause on the mechanical behavior of soils, the main objective being to improve our understanding of both the suffusion process and the behavior of eroded soils. The approach adopted was mainly experimental, by a multi-scale scope: from macroscopic, at the material scale, to microscopic, at the grain scale. At the macroscopic scale, suffusion experiments were performed on gap-graded cohesionless soil samples using a newly developed testing device, called the suffusion permeameter. Then, the eroded samples are transferred by a freeze/thaw procedure to a triaxial device to study their behavior under mechanical loading. The achieved results provide a general overview of the suffusion mechanism at the sample scale and highlight its impact on soil shear resistance properties. At the microscopic scale, the suffusion mechanism has been studied by performing a suffusion test with in-operando x-ray tomography and using local visualization based on optical techniques in an artificial soil. Subsequent grain-scale analysis has provided a deeper understanding of suffusion process through the characterization of the eroded soil microstructure, particularly highlighting the occurrence and development of strong heterogeneities, which appear to play a key role in the macroscopic mechanical behavior of eroded soils
47
Talks, Miles Garston. "Erosion and corrosion of cast irons under cavitating conditions." Thesis, Coventry University, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.303009.
Full text
48
Arnold, John Crispin. "The erosion of unfilled elastomers by solid particle impact." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.333257.
Full text
49
Sellmeijer, Joannes B. "On the mechanism of piping under impervious structures /." Online version, 1988. http://bibpurl.oclc.org/web/31547.
Full text
50
Al-Riffai, Mahmoud. "Experimental Study of Breach Mechanics in Overtopped Noncohesive Earthen Embankments." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/31505.
Full textAbstract:
A comprehensive experimental program dealing with three-dimensional overtopping and breach development as well as two-dimensional overtopping physical tests of noncohesive earth embankments has been conducted on scale models in the Hydraulic Laboratory at the Department of Civil Engineering at the University of Ottawa. The experimental program which consisted of three phases focused on geotechnical and hydraulic aspects of the embankment breach mechanism. The first two phases focused on two test series for the three-dimensional breach overtopping tests: drainage and compaction. The test series were designed to determine the embankment breach characteristics using test parameters which have not been adequately identified or controlled in past noncohesive physical models: initial soil-water state and optimum dry unit weight. Both parameters were controlled in laboratory tests by means of compaction effort and seepage through the embankment body, respectively. The dynamic compaction technique employed in the preliminary experimental phase was refined to represent a more realistic method. A novel method was thus designed to simulate the construction of a real-size prototype embankment, where a vibratory and static load was used to apply and control, respectively, the compaction effort. The hydraulic aspects of the embankment breach mechanism were also investigated. For the first time, scale series tests have been used to assess the Froude criterion using tilted and quasi-exact geometric scales under very low inflow within the scope of three-dimensional breach overtopping. Data measurements included a time-history of water surface levels and video footage captured from three locations: upstream, downstream and above the embankment models. The analysis for the spatial breach overtopping tests involved measurement of the breach outflow hydrograph and breach channel evolution at the upstream slope, using hydrologic routing and a developed photogrammetric technique using the video footage, respectively. An expression which estimates the breach outflow based on this apparent upstream control section was therefore derived. The relationship between the measured and estimated breach outflow was expressed in terms of breach discharge efficiency. The third phase of the experimental program was comprised of two-dimensional overtopping tests to investigate the erodibility of a steep slope in overtopped noncohesive embankment models. A novel experimental two-dimensional configuration used to measure the pore-water-pressures within the embankment model body was developed using micro and standard tensiometer-transducer-probe assemblies, designed, assembled and tested at the Geotechnical Engineering Laboratory. A transient flownet analysis was developed using ArcGIS and the time-history of the pore-water-pressure measurements. All flow parameters were computed using the free water surface and bed profiles captured using a photogrammetric technique and the developed hydrologic routing method. Using the one-dimensional Saint-Venant equations, an analytical expression for the bed shear stress was derived to take into account the effects of unsteady flow, boundary seepage and steep slopes. Using the measured erosion rates and the sediment continuity principle, the bed mobility relationship expressed by the Shields and transport parameters was revisited to account for the effects of unsteady and supercritical flow on a downstream steep slope in the presence of boundary seepage. This novel transient flownet approach will lead to the development of new sediment mobility relationships for breach flows, instead of the classical sediment transport-capacity formulations which are based on steady, subcritical and normal flow conditions.