Journal articles: 'Mechanical filter'

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Xie, Wei, Yuesheng Fan, Junwei Yu, Xin Zhang, and Pengfei Si. "Feature analysis of indoor particulate matter concentration using fiber filtration for mechanical ventilation." Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 15 (January 2020): 155892501989896. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1558925019898960.

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Experiments and theoretical analyses are conducted in an office in Xi’an to study indoor particle concentration through establishing a mass balance equation and real-time monitoring. Meanwhile, the filtration efficiencies for different grades of filter media have been tested and verified by experiments. Studies are conducted on indoor particulate emission source and concentration change in combination with equation of linear regression, linear fitting curve of indoor–outdoor concentration, as well as indoor concentration decay profile. The results indicate that coarse filters G1 to G4 are used in mechanical ventilation to filter larger particles. However, it can only achieve 1.6%–15.2% for PM2.5 filtration efficiency. On the other hand, F7 to H10 filters could reach the high efficiency of 55.6%–69.7%. Furthermore, indoor PM2.5 concentration with a coarse filter using G4 filter can obviously reduce the indoor particulate concentration to 69–75 μg/m3. It ranges from 87 to 90 μg/m3 using a G3 filter, while the outdoor PM2.5 concentration is 135–150 μg/m3.

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Lu, Feng, Yafan Wang, Jinquan Huang, Yihuan Huang, and Xiaojie Qiu. "Fusing unscented Kalman filter for performance monitoring and fault accommodation in gas turbine." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 232, no. 3 (December 12, 2016): 556–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954410016682269.

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The Kalman filter is widely utilized for gas turbine health monitoring due to its simplicity, robustness, and suitability for real-time implementations. The most common Kalman filter for linear systems is linearized Kalman filter, and for nonlinear systems are extended Kalman filter and unscented Kalman filter. These algorithms have proven their capabilities to estimate gas turbine performance variations with a good accuracy, and the studies are done provided that all sensor measurements are available. In this paper, a nonlinear fusion approach with consistent diagnostic mechanism based on unscented Kalman filter is proposed, especially for gas turbine performance monitoring in the case of sensor failure. The architecture of fusion method comprises a set of local unscented Kalman filters and an information mixer. The local unscented Kalman filters are utilized to estimate health parameters of various component combinations, and the results are then transferred to the mixer for the integrated estimation of global health state in fusion structure. The consistent fault diagnosis and isolation logic is designed based on the fusion architecture and combined with the fusing unscented Kalman filter, called an improved fusing unscented Kalman filter. A systematic comparison of the generic linearized Kalman filter, extended Kalman filter, and unscented Kalman filter to their fusion filter kinds is presented for engine health estimation of gradual deterioration and abrupt fault. The studies show that the fusing unscented Kalman filter evidently outperforms the fusing linearized Kalman filter and fusing extended Kalman filter, while the fusing Kalman filters have slightly better estimation accuracy than the basic Kalman filters. In addition, the proposed methodology can reach the reliable performance monitoring with measurement uncertainty while the conventional Kalman filters collapse.

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Johnson, Robert A. "Mechanical filter with acoustic sensing." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 81, no. 6 (June 1987): 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.394738.

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Toporkov, D. K., and B. B. Wojtsekhowski. "Mechanical filter for alkali atoms." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 444, no. 3 (April 2000): 631–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9002(99)01174-2.

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Sherratt, Anthony, Christopher T. DeGroot, Anthony G. Straatman, and Domenico Santoro. "A numerical approach for determining the resistance of fine mesh filters." Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 43, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 221–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-2018-0071.

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Characterizing the resistance of mesh filters, in terms of pressure drop as a function of flow velocity, is an important part of modeling any filtration process. Most commonly, filters are characterized experimentally, which can be costly and time-consuming. This motivates a generalized numerical approach for characterizing the resistance of mesh filters based on the flow through a representative segment of a filter. There is uncertainty, however, in the correct specification of boundary conditions such that the numerical results for flow through the small segment match the overall behaviour of the filter. In this work, an experimentally validated numerical approach is developed by examining the velocity and turbulence intensity experienced across the filter. It has been shown that the flow resistance results are not sensitive to the turbulence intensity, but depend greatly on the imposed flow velocity. Specifying the peak velocity as the boundary condition in the filter simulations resulted in a good match with experiments, while using the bulk velocity did not reproduce the experimental results.

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Koláček, Stanislav, and Michal Černý. "Latest aspects of mechanical filtration." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 61, no. 5 (2013): 1535–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201361051535.

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The aim of this study was to describe and unify all knowledge about mechanic filtration. The first part deals with the parameters and properties of filtration. Here some important basic concepts are explained such as pressure gradient, filter life, etc. There’s also a description of convenient filtration technology for coarse and fine materials, such as sand, smoke or soot. The second part primarily focuses on the real use and application of filters for liquid and gaseous media. The differences in construction between different types of filters for filtration of fuels, oils, hydraulic fluids, air and cabin filters are described. The last section is focused mainly on new materials for the production of filters. These materials are ceramic or nanomaterials, which can actually be enriched for example with antibacterial silver or some fungicides.

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Ji, Hui, Songlin Nie, and Yeqing Huang. "An interval-fuzzy two-stage stochastic programming method for filter management of hydraulic systems." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 229, no. 15 (December 9, 2014): 2788–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406214563737.

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An interval-fuzzy two-stage stochastic programming model for filter management of hydraulic system under uncertainties is proposed in this paper. The interval-fuzzy two-stage stochastic programming model integrates the two-stage stochastic programming, fuzzy programming, and interval parameter nonlinear programming into an optimization model of contamination control in hydraulic system. For a typical hydraulic system, it can be used for expressing the uncertainties existed in the purchase cost of filters, contamination ingression and generation rates, and contamination-holding capacity as probability functions, interval numbers, and fuzzy sets. The developed method is applied to examining the decisions on the adoption of bypass filter and selection of filters within multi-segments, multi-period, and multi-option context. All potential scenarios of filters management policy associated with different economic penalties, objectives, and reliability of system are analyzed. The results of the illustrative example show that the reasonable solutions are generated, including binary and continuous variables which help the decision maker identify optimal strategies for filter allocation and selection, planning the adoption of bypass filter under different working conditions.

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Chen, Lei. "Notch Filter Design with GUIDE." Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (October 2011): 1917–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.1917.

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Because of the mechanical construction, wind turbine control algorithm should contain notch filters to avoid pitch action at 3P and 6P. Using the interface of notch filter design and analysis based on GUIDE, the characteristics and simulation results can be displayed at the same time. The whole process from design to simulation is achieved. The development of notch filter in wind turbine control becomes easy.

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Kelly, Wayne, Donald Grant, and Joseph Zahka. "Optimization of Filter Properties for Recirculating Etch Baths." Journal of the IEST 43, no. 3 (June 14, 2000): 30–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17764/jiet.43.3.72574h1883p177u4.

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Membrane filters are often used to remove small particles from liquids in recirculating etch baths (REBs). The ideal filter for this application would have both high particle capture efficiency and high flow permeability. Unfortunately, filters with high particle capture efficiency often have low permeability because the dominant particle capture mechanism is mechanical sieving. This paper describes more efficient capture mechanisms, interception and diffusion, and a filter with a surface modified to capture particles by these mechanisms. The filter has the same permeability as a conventional 0.45-μm filter and retains particles more efficiently than a conventional 0.05-μm filter. The filter is capable of removing multiple types of small (0.065-μm) particles (polystyrene latex, silicon nitride, alumina, etc.) with high efficiency (> 99.9 percent).

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Valenti, Michael. "Filtering for a Lift." Mechanical Engineering 121, no. 11 (November 1, 1999): 56–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1999-nov-1.

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This article analyses systems to treat spent machining fluids, which improve productivity by cutting downtime and extending performance life. Machine tool operators are extending the life of their grinding wheels as much as 10 times by processing spent machining coolants with Hydroflow's Star Filter system. Hydroflow Inc., Salem, NH, markets a vacuum-based Star Filter system that provides a large filter area in a relatively small space for industrial applications requiring high flow rate filtration. Hydroflow's engineers designed the Star Filter to compete with rotary drum vacuum filters, which also provide large filter areas in compact space. Machining line operators use the Star Filter as a standalone, central filtration system. Either Hydroflow or the local contractor connects the system to machine tools so the used fluid will pass through baffles in the Star Filter that reduce the fluid's velocity. The successful inaugural installation of the small-scale HTF system at Twin City has opened opportunities for the filtration system in other die casting facilities.

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Булыжев, Евгений, Evgeniy Bulyzhev, Леонид Худобин, and Leonid Khudobin. "Highly productive precoat filters." Science intensive technologies in mechanical engineering 1, no. 7 (July 4, 2016): 14–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/20595.

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The performance attributes of depth filters and precoat (thin-layer) ones intended for the purification of water technological liquids and water from mechanical impurities are compared. The trends for precoat filter updating the circuit solutions of precoat lamellar filters ensuring fine cleaning of large volumes and consumptions of water liquids are revealed. The design of a prototype gravity lamellar filter of high efficiency is shown.

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Sanaei, P., G. W. Richardson, T. Witelski, and L. J. Cummings. "Flow and fouling in a pleated membrane filter." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 795 (April 13, 2016): 36–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2016.194.

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Pleated membrane filters are widely used in many applications, and offer significantly better surface area to volume ratios than equal-area unpleated membrane filters. However, their filtration characteristics are markedly inferior to those of equivalent unpleated membrane filters in dead-end filtration. While several hypotheses have been advanced for this, one possibility is that the flow field induced by the pleating leads to spatially non-uniform fouling of the filter, which in turn degrades performance. In this paper we investigate this hypothesis by developing a simplified model for the flow and fouling within a pleated membrane filter. Our model accounts for the pleated membrane geometry (which affects the flow), for porous support layers surrounding the membrane, and for two membrane fouling mechanisms: (i) adsorption of very small particles within membrane pores; and (ii) blocking of entire pores by large particles. We use asymptotic techniques based on the small pleat aspect ratio to solve the model, and we compare solutions to those for the closest-equivalent unpleated filter.

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Bybee, Karen. "Measurement of Filter-Cake Mechanical Properties." Journal of Petroleum Technology 53, no. 11 (November 1, 2001): 30–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/1101-0030-jpt.

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Asiri, S. "Tunable Mechanical Filter for Longitudinal Vibrations." Shock and Vibration 14, no. 5 (2007): 377–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2007/372650.

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This paper presents both theoretically and experimentally a new kind of vibration isolator called tunable mechanical filter which consists of four parallel hybrid periodic rods connected between two plates. The rods consist of an assembly of periodic cells, each cell being composed of a short rod and piezoelectric inserts. By actively controlling the piezoelectric elements, it is shown that the periodic rods can efficiently attenuate the propagation of vibration from the upper plate to the lower one within critical frequency bands and consequently minimize the effects of transmission of undesirable vibration and sound radiation. In such a filter, longitudinal waves can propagate from the vibration source in the upper plate to the lower one along the rods only within specific frequency bands called the “Pass Bands” and wave propagation is efficiently attenuated within other frequency bands called the “Stop Bands”. The spectral width of these bands can be tuned according to the nature of the external excitation. The theory governing the operation of this class of vibration isolator is presented and their tunable filtering characteristics are demonstrated experimentally as functions of their design parameters. The concept of this mechanical filter as presented can be employed in many applications to control the wave propagation and the force transmission of longitudinal vibrations both in the spectral and spatial domains in an attempt to stop/attenuate the propagation of undesirable disturbances.

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Perederko, A. L. "ADAPTIVE MECHANICAL FILTER FOR PIEZOELECTRIC ACCELEROMETER." Collection of scientific works of the Military Institute of Kyiv National Taras Shevchenko University, no. 70 (2021): 60–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2519-481x/2021/70-06.

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When conducting dynamic tests, when simulating shock effects, the measurement system - from the sensor to the data acquisition unit is subject to significant overloads. In this circuit, the accelerometer is the most vulnerable link. Therefore, piezoelectric accelerometers have become widely used in measuring shocks as more reliable and durable, but they also have a number of disadvantages. Thus, under broadband vibration effects, excitation in the region of mechanical resonance is observed. That is, the material of the sensor crystal may not have an excessive mechanical load, but generate a large amount of output charge due to the resonance of the sensor. This increases the electrical signal and can lead to saturation or, in many cases, damage to the signal shapers and amplifiers following the sensor. The result of such modes of operation is the loss of data due to the displacement of direct current over time. There is often a shift of the zero level of the output signal. When piezoelectric elements are in resonance, there may be a relative displacement of the sensing element. This state of overload leads to the appearance of parasitic output charges, which leads to a change in the generated charge in a short period of time. Due to mechanical overload, under the action of high-intensity shocks, physical destruction of the sensor is also possible. In many cases, the use of mechanical filters made of viscoelastic materials, which are placed between the object of measurement and the piezoelectric accelerometer (sensor), prevents the undesirable consequences of these shortcomings and improves the process of measuring shocks. The use of mechanical filters made of viscoelastic materials makes it possible to significantly reduce the amplitude of oscillations of the piezoelectric accelerometer (over -12 dB) and shift its resonant frequency towards higher frequencies. That is, the use of mechanical filters significantly reduces the mechanical load on the sensor, which makes the process of measuring vibration (especially shock) more predictable.

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Zhang, Tao, Xiang Xu, and Zhicheng Wang. "Spacecraft attitude estimation based on matrix Kalman filter and recursive cubature Kalman filter." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 232, no. 16 (August 8, 2017): 3024–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954410017723359.

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An interlaced matrix Kalman filter, which is based on vector observations and gyro measurements, is proposed for spacecraft attitude estimation in this paper. It combines the matrix Kalman filter and cubature Kalman filter to estimate spacecraft attitude and gyro drift bias, respectively. The defects of the original matrix Kalman filter, which could only estimate the attitude parameters of spacecraft, are addressed by the proposed interlaced matrix Kalman filter. In addition, the dimensions of cubature Kalman filter for conventional attitude estimation method are reduced by the designed recursive algorithm. It is noted that the two filters are not independent with each other. Firstly, the attitude quaternion of spacecraft is estimated by the modified matrix Kalman filter. Then, the estimated quaternion is input for the recursive cubature Kalman filter, which is used to estimate the gyro drift bias. Finally, the estimated gyro drift bias is compensated for the measurements of the gyros. Therefore, the precision of the estimated attitude of spacecraft is improved by the interacting process of the modified matrix Kalman filter and recursive cubature Kalman filter. A simulation test is designed to verify the advantage of the proposed method by comparing with the previous method, and the results indicate that the proposed algorithm has better performance on convergence rate and stability.

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Partovi, Sasan, Sanjeeva P. Kalva, T. Gregory Walker, Sabir M. Taj, and Suvranu Ganguli. "Long term follow-up of endo-vascular recanalization of chronic inferior vena cava occlusion secondary to inferior vena cava filters." Vasa 46, no. 2 (March 1, 2017): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0301-1526/a000593.

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Abstract. Background: The long term efficacy of endovascular recanalization for chronic iliocaval occlusion secondary to inferior vena cava (IVC) filters is unknown. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of endovascular recanalization and stent placement across the filter in patients with filter-associated chronic iliocaval occlusion. Patients and Methods: Seven patients (mean age 56 ± 15 yrs; seven males) with symptomatic chronic iliocaval occlusion and occluded IVC filter were included. Immediate technical success rate, long term clinical effectiveness of endovascular recanalization and patency rate of the stents were assessed. Results: In all patients, the endovascular treatment consisted of percutaneous venous access, recanalization of the occluded iliac veins and the IVC, transluminal angioplasty and stenting of the infrarenal inferior vena cava and iliac veins with self-expanding stents. The IVC filter was not removed, but rather the stents were extended across the filter. In four of seven patients (57 %), adjunctive pharmaco-mechanical thrombolysis was performed. All patients received anticoagulation post procedure. The mean clinical follow-up was 51.1 ± 27 months. Technical success rate was 100 %. Clinical success rate with symptomatic improvement was 85.7 %; one patient developed post-thrombotic syndrome on long term follow-up despite initial symptomatic improvement. Poststenting, the primary patency rate was 85.7 % (six of seven patients) and the secondary patency rate was 100 % (seven of seven patients). Conclusions: Endovascular recanalization with balloon angioplasty and placement of a self-expanding stent across a chronically occluded IVC filer can be performed safely and effectively for patients with symptomatic iliocaval thrombosis. An adjunctive pharmacologic-mechanical thrombolysis may be considered for selected patients.

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Aloy, A. S., and A. V. Strelnikov. "Study of New Filters Properties for Cs-137 Vapour Capture at High Temperature." Advances in Science and Technology 73 (October 2010): 171–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.73.171.

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Major characteristics of two alumosilicate filters based on fly ash microspheres and porous chamotte were studied for high-temperature trapping of Cs-137 vapours. To determine aerodynamic resistance of the filters, a test facility was designed and built to determine the aerodynamic resistance of the filters. It was shown that porous chamotte had significantly lower resistance than that of the filter based on fly ash microspheres at linear airflows up to 15 cm/sec. Thermal treatment at 1400-15000С made it possible to increase mechanical strength of the filter based on porous chamotte factors of 1,5- 3,4, without any significant changes of other characteristics that exceeded similar parameters for the filter based on fly ash microspheres.

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Stratakis, G. A., D. L. Psarianos, and A. M. Stamatelos. "Experimental investigation of the pressure drop in porous ceramic diesel particulate filters." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 216, no. 9 (September 1, 2002): 773–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544070260340862.

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Understanding of the mechanisms that affect flow and pressure drop in porous ceramic diesel particulate filters is important in the design optimization of this class of diesel exhaust after- treatment systems. Furthermore, determination of the parameters involved in the calculation of pressure drop as a function of collected soot mass is important for successful filter loading and regeneration modelling. This paper presents the results of an experimental analysis of pressure drop as a function of the geometric and operating parameters of cordierite and SiC diesel filters. Single- cell filters from cordierite and silicon carbide were prepared to single out any effects from the complex flow processes that take place in a full-sized filter. The product of soot layer permeability and density was experimentally determined by employing a specially designed experimental apparatus. The calculation was supported by a simple computer calculation that is also presented in this paper. The distribution of soot loading inside the channels of a full-sized filter, in various loaded and partially regenerated conditions, was assessed by connecting the apparatus to discharge through selected channels of the filter. The results are shown to improve understanding of the effects of partial regeneration and fuel additive residuals on filter back pressure and flow and soot loading distribution.

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Hawwa, M. A., and O. R. Asfar. "Mechanical-Wave Filtering in a Periodically Corrugated Elastic Plate." Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 118, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2889628.

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The method of multiple scales is employed to analyze the interaction of SH modes in an elastic plate having periodically corrugated outerfaces. Two types of resonant conditions leading to two-mode as well as four-mode interactions are considered. The results of the analysis are utilized to develop ultrasonic mechanical wave filters operating on frequency bands centered at the resonant frequency. The stop-band filter frequency response is presented in terms of the power reflection coefficient. The characteristics of reflection of these filters are enhanced by imposing amplitude taper on the periodic corrugations.

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Charnyi, D. V., E. M. Matseliuk, and Yu A. Onanko. "Results of the evaluation of the semi-empirical model on the selection of optimal constructive and technological parameters for a granulated loading filter." Міжвідомчий тематичний науковий збірник "Меліорація і водне господарство", no. 2 (December 21, 2020): 154–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/mivg202002-242.

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Topicality. A survey of the water use system at a state-owned enterprise processing agricultural products revealed the technological processes that cause biofouling of pipelines by colloidal inclusions (mainly phytoplankton conglomerates of blue-green algae). The implementation of measures that can protect existing technological structures against the ingress of significant masses of phytoplankton is an urgent task that can be solved with the help of mechanical filters. The efficiency of previous granulated loading filters depends very much on the properties of the filter loading. When filter loading is made of foamed polystyrene granules of food brands, phytoplankton retention is quite effective due to the physical adsorption of cyanobacteria conglomerates on the surface of these granules. Research results. By applying the semi-empirical model developed in IWPLR of NAAS, the optimal design and technological parameters of the filter with foam polystyrene loading were selected. That enabled to develop the design of a clarifying filter - a phytoplankton retainer for the treatment of circulating water at the enterprise Chervonoslobidsky distillery. In the lower part of the filter the lower drainage system in the form of a false bottom is placed, equipped with hole caps. It provides the source water entry for filtration and discharge of flush water during filter washing. The granules of the filter loading are kept from floating with the false bottom of the upper drainage, which is equipped with return filters - hole caps. Filtered water is collected in the abovefiltering space between the false bottom and the upper part of the filter body, from where it is delivered through a pipeline to the consumers. The application of the developed filter design allows reducing the construction costs and simplifies the filter design, which in turn increases its reliability and overall service life. The practical application of this filter provided the required degree of retention of cyanobacteria cells and conglomerates from the treated water. This filter design differs from the standard with a 1.5 times increased filter loading layer. This enabled to double the duration of a filter cycle and, at the same time, did not increase the volume of flushing water, i.e. operating costs. Conclusions. Based on the results of the developed semi-empirical model, the design and technological parameters of granular filters for recycling of wastewater from the distilleries were determined, which became the basis for developing a new filter design for water purification from cyanobacteria cells and colonies. The high efficiency of the developed design of the clarifying filter - phytoplankton retainer was experimentally proved. The use of the developed filter increases the economic efficiency of the circulating use of the wastewater from Chervonoslobidsky distillery by 1.3 - 1.5 times compared to the market offers of mechanical filters.

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Werner, Roman Alejandro, Dominik Ulrich Geier, and Thomas Becker. "The Challenge of Cleaning Woven Filter Cloth in the Beverage Industry—Wash Jets as an Appropriate Solution." Food Engineering Reviews 12, no. 4 (July 24, 2020): 520–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12393-020-09228-x.

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Abstract Beverage production requires many different and complex unit operations. One crucial procedural step is filtration. Typical filters are filter presses, candle filters, membrane filters, belt filters, and drum filters, which require considerable hygienic precaution and the application of appropriate cleaning concepts. In the last decades, the hygienic design has become a central design feature of equipment in the beverage and food industries. Today, also correspondent concepts regarding filter cloth increasingly come to the fore. However, filter cloth cleaning is rapidly facing limitations. Complex filter geometries originating from different gauzes and sensitive polymeric materials hinder efficient cleaning. Additionally, extensive biological residues adhering to the filter surface increase the challenge of cleaning. The goal of this paper is to outline the cleaning of woven filter cloths systematically with a particular focus on beverages and correspondent biophysical interactions between filter and residue. Based on these elemental cleaning limits of filter cloths, this paper focuses mainly on jet cleaning as one of the most appropriate cleaning methods. The flow-mechanical properties are discussed in detail since these are precisely the parameters that, on the one hand, describe the understanding of the cleaning process and, on the other hand, show how a wash jet can be adjusted precisely. In contrast to conventional cleaning techniques, such wash jets are expeditious to adapt and offer the best prerequisites to enable demand-oriented and optimized cleaning concepts. The latest research and approaches are enhancing jet efficiency and highlight their potentials for future process strategies.

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Lu, Feng, Yihuan Huang, Jinquan Huang, and Xiaojie Qiu. "Gas turbine performance monitoring based on extended information fusion filter." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 233, no. 2 (May 15, 2018): 483–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954410018776398.

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Performance monitoring is a critical issue for gas turbine engine for improving the operation safety and reducing the maintenance cost. With regard to this, variants of Kalman-filters-based state estimation have been employed to detect gas turbine performance, but the classical centralized Kalman filters are subject to heavy computational effort and poor fault tolerance. A novel nonlinear fusion filter algorithm using information description with distributed architecture is proposed and applied to gas turbine performance monitoring. This methodology is developed from federated Kalman filter, and a bank of local extended information filters and one information mixer are combined with extended information fusion filter. The local state estimates and covariance calculated in parallel by the local extended information filters are integrated in the information mixer to yield a global state estimate. The global state estimate of nonlinear system is fed back to the local filters with weighted factor for next iteration. The aim of the proposed methodology is to reduce the computational efforts of state estimation and improve robustness to sensor faults in cases of gas turbine performance monitoring. The simulation results on a turbofan engine confirm the extended information fusion filter's effective capabilities in comparison to the general central ones.

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Maddineni, Ajay Kumar, Dipayan Das, and Ravi Mohan Damodaran. "Oil-treated pleated fibrous air filters for motor vehicle engine intake application." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 234, no. 2-3 (May 23, 2019): 702–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407019850379.

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In this work, oil-treated pleated fibrous air filters were developed, characterized, and evaluated for motorcycle engine intake application. The effect of pleat geometry on the filtration performance was examined. Pleat pitch and pleat height were found to play important roles in determining the filtration efficiency, pressure drop, and dust holding capacity. A pleated fibrous filter prepared with optimum levels of pleat pitch and pleat height showed the best filtration performance. The treatment to the pleated filter by viscous oil yielded remarkably higher dust holding capacity and filtration efficiency, both at cleaned and clogged conditions. A statistical analysis revealed that the weight of oil played a significant role in deciding the filtration performance. The oil-treated pleated filter was installed in a commercial air intake system and its filtration performance was assessed. The filter element displayed a significant delay in evolution of pressure drop during dust loading as compared to the untreated one. However, the difference in filtration efficiency between the oil-treated and untreated filter elements was not found to be too high. Nevertheless, both of them met the standard filtration performance as per the best practices followed by the automotive industry. Overall, the oil treatment to cellulosic filters was found to be highly advantageous for motorcycle application. Practical implications of such air filter system were discussed in terms of service life, fuel consumption, and CO2 emission during filter life time.

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Aubrey, Leonard S., Rudolph Olson, and David D. Smith. "Development of a Phosphate - Free Reticulated Foam Filter Material for Aluminium Cast Houses." Materials Science Forum 630 (October 2009): 137–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.630.137.

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Filtration of molten aluminium using porous reticulated ceramic foam was developed in 1974 by SELEE Corporation. Since that time, there have been significant technical advances in filter bowl design and construction, preheat systems, development of fine pore size filters, development of compact two-stage filtration systems, filter gasket materials, and equipment automation. One area that has remained relatively unchanged has been the refractory filter material technology. The refractory material utilized by all of the major cast house filter suppliers is based on an alumina aggregate grain bonded with aluminium phosphate (AlPO4). This filter material, commonly referred to as “PBA” in the aluminium industry, has become an industry wide standard and accounts for nearly 99% of the filters supplied to cast houses worldwide. There are significant technical limitations of PBA filters in terms of refractory performance, as well as potential environmental, health and safety concerns. This paper describes the development of a cost effective replacement filter material that overcomes the limitations of PBA filters. The new material utilizes a low expansion – low modulus aggregate material and a non-phosphate bond. The result is a significant reduction in mechanical failures during use, improved filtration performance and elimination of the issue of potential environmental, health and safety concerns.

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Cheikhrouhou, M., and D. Sigli. "Influence of the Structure of Fabric Filters on the Velocity and Stress Fields of Filtration Flows in Their Vicinity." Textile Research Journal 58, no. 7 (July 1988): 371–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004051758805800701.

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An experimental study of filtration flow through textile filters focuses on the area of contact between the filter and the flowing fluid. Optical and complementary techniques based on laser Doppler velocimetry and flow birefringence are applied to filtration, providing precise data for the fine structure of the local velocity and mechanical stress fields near the filters. The effects of the woven structures on the mechanical properties and performance of the filters are studied.

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Lee, Hyun Chang, Min-Hung Hsiao, Jen-Kuang Huang, and Chung-Wen Chen. "Identification of Stochastic System and Controller via Projection Filters." Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 118, no. 2 (April 1, 1996): 169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2889645.

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A method based on projection filters is presented for identifying an open-loop stochastic system with an existing feedback controller. The projection filters are derived from the relationship between the state-space model and the AutoRegressive with eXogeneous input (ARX) model including the system, Kalman filter and controller. Two ARX models are identified from the control input, closed-loop system response and feedback signal using least-squares method. Markov parameters of the open-loop system, Kalman filter and controller are then calculated from the coefficients of the identified ARX models. Finally, the state-space model of the open-loop stochastic system and the gain matrices for the Kalman filter and controller are realized. The method is validated by simulations and test data from an unstable large-angle magnetic suspension test facility.

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Chan, King Yuk “Eric”, and Rodica Ramer. "Millimeter-wave reconfigurable bandpass filters." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 7, no. 6 (September 9, 2014): 671–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078714001214.

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Millimeter-wave reconfigurable bandpass filters with the ability to operate between 60 GHz and the E-band, capable of providing good channel isolation, are presented. A fully integrated filter with all reconfigurable elements embedded for compactness and a switchable filter that uses radio frequency micro-electro-mechanical system (RF MEMS) single-pole double-throw switches are designed. A new method that increases fractional bandwidths is introduced. It uses inductively coupled inverters without requiring their tuning. New circuit models are offered for inverters, reconfigurable resonators, and reconfigurable bandstop stubs. Our compact bandpass filter achieved a footprint of only 4.75 mm × 3.75 mm. Measurements for our filters show good agreement with the results of simulations.

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Shyam, Amit, Edgar Lara-Curzio, Thomas R. Watkins, and Randy J. Parten. "Mechanical Characterization of Diesel Particulate Filter Substrates." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 91, no. 6 (June 2008): 1995–2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2008.02381.x.

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Hontsu, S., K. Iguchi, K. Agemura, H. Nishikawa, M. Kusunoki, S. Hontsu, K. Iguchi, K. Agemura, H. Nishikawa, and M. Kusunoki. "Mechanical Tuning of Superconducting Lumped Element Filter." IEEE Transactions on Appiled Superconductivity 15, no. 2 (June 2005): 972–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tasc.2005.850146.

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Da Silva, S., M. Dias Júnior, and V. Lopes Junior. "Identification of Mechanical Systems through Kautz Filter." Journal of Vibration and Control 15, no. 6 (February 13, 2009): 849–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077546308091458.

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32

Viner, Hen, Ido Nitsan, Liel Sapir, Stavit Drori, and Shelly Tzlil. "Mechanical Communication Acts as a Noise Filter." iScience 14 (April 2019): 58–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2019.02.030.

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Danković, Nikola, Dragan Antić, Saša Nikolić, Marko Milojković, and Staniša Perić. "NEW CLASS OF DIGITAL MALMQUIST-TYPE ORTHOGONAL FILTERS BASED ON THE GENERALIZED INNER PRODUCT; APPLICATION TO THE MODELING DPCM SYSTEM." Facta Universitatis, Series: Mechanical Engineering 17, no. 3 (November 29, 2019): 385. http://dx.doi.org/10.22190/fume190327034d.

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A new class of cascade digital orthogonal filters of the Malmquist type based on bilinear transformation for mapping poles to zeroes and vice versa is presented in this paper. In a way, it is a generalization of the majority of the classical orthogonal filters and some newly designed filters as well. These filters are orthogonal with respect to the generalized inner product which is actually a generalization of the classical inner product. Outputs of these filters are obtained by using polynomials orthogonal with respect to the new inner product. The main quality of these filters is that they are parametric adaptive. The filter with six sections is practically realized in the Laboratory for Modeling, Simulation and Control Systems. Performances of the designed filter are proved on modeling and identification of the system for differential pulse code modulation. Real response and response from the proposed filter are compared with regard to the chosen criteria function. Also, a comparative analysis of the proposed filter with some existing filters is performed.

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Zielke, H., Martin Abendroth, and Meinhard Kuna. "Determination of Fracture Mechanical Properties of Carbon Bonded Alumina Using Miniaturized Specimens." Key Engineering Materials 713 (September 2016): 70–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.713.70.

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Open cell ceramic foam filters are utilized to reduce non-metallic inclusions during casting of metals and therefore to enhance the quality of cast parts. A new generation of multifunctional filters made of carbon bonded alumina (Al2O3-C) has been developed within the scope of the collaborative research center CRC 920 [1]. The assessment of the resistance against high thermal and mechanical loads requires a mechanical characterization of the ceramic filter material. The mechanical properties show a distinctive size dependency, that’s why the specimen dimensions should be similar to the strut size of the real filter structures. The tensile fracture behavior is investigated by means of the Small Punch Test (SPT) using miniaturized disk-shaped specimens. During the mechanical tests a load-displacement curve is measured until failure occurs and a fracture stress is calculated from the experimental results. An estimation about the failure probability by means of Weibull statistics is performed because of the large scatter of the strength of the material. Furthermore, a modified version of the SPT, the so called Ball On Three Balls Test (B3B), is applied and compared to the SPT. In a final step numerical simulations of the B3B tests are performed by means of the finite element method to identify fracture mechanical material parameters like the fracture toughness.

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Tillová, Eva, Mária Chalupová, and Lenka Hurtalová. "Changes of Mechanical Properties of AlSi7Mg0.3 Cast Alloy through Filtration." Key Engineering Materials 635 (December 2014): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.635.1.

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Molten aluminium alloy is so active that it an easily chemically react with O2and H2O to form Al2O3 inclusions and H during melting practice. However, some other inclusions form by process. Under turbulent flow conditions, the inclusions are distributed unevenly in molten aluminium alloy. They may associate with crack or by the location of crack initiation in solidified casting. Castings containing these inclusions will probably exhibit poor ductility or toughness. Therefore, the purification of the molten aluminium alloy is one of the most important processes for improving the quality of Al-products. The inclusions in molten secondary AlSi7Mg0.3 cast alloy (without refining or modification; grain refined with 55 ppm AlTi5B1 and modified with 20, 40 and 60 ppm AlSr10) were removed using depth filtration by ceramic foam and pressed filter. The results showed that the mechanical properties through filtration changes. Ductility and UTS of the filtered tensile specimens increases. The better mechanical properties were measured by the using of pressed ceramic filter. Highest UTS and ductility was observed for samples modified with 40 ppm of Sr. Filtration with ceramic filters have very significant influence on the porosity decreasing; in the process the better effect has a pressed filter. In samples modified with 60 ppm of Sr were observed effect of over modification (mechanical properties decreased; porosity increased).

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Lee, Dongwook, and Chang-Wan Ha. "Analysis of Embedded Pre-filter in Motion Profiles." Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers - A 43, no. 1 (January 31, 2019): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3795/ksme-a.2019.43.1.015.

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Nie, S. L., Y. P. Li, X. Y. Shi, G. H. Huang, and B. Hu. "An IPINP model for the assessment of filter allocation and replacement strategies in a hydraulic contamination control system under uncertainty." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 223, no. 4 (December 11, 2008): 999–1015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544062jmes1074.

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An interval-parameter integer non-linear programming (IPINP) model is developed for the assessment of filter allocation and replacement strategies in a hydraulic contamination control system under uncertainty. The IPINP can handle uncertainties expressed as interval values that exist in the left- and right-hand sides of constraints as well as in the objective function. A piecewise linearization approach is proposed to solve the IPINP model, which has advantages in identifying global optimum and is associated with low computational efforts for an uncertain non-linear programme. The developed method has been applied to a case of planning filter allocation and replacement strategies under uncertainty for a fluid power system (FPS) with a single circuit. Three different contaminant ingression/generation rates are examined based on several filter-installation scenarios. The combination of low-costing suction and return filters exhibits excellent contaminant resistibility along with the optimum replacement periods of filter elements and operation costs under the low and medium contaminant ingression/generation level. The solutions can be used for generating a range of decision alternatives and thus help the decision-makers to identify desired filter allocation and replacement plan with a minimized operation cost and a minimized system-failure risk for FPS.

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El Sayed, Hosam F., Panos Kougias, Wei Zhou, and Peter H. Lin. "Utility of Retrievable Vena Cava Filters and Mechanical Thrombectomy in the Endovascular Management of Acute Deep Venous Thrombosis." Vascular 14, no. 5 (September 2006): 305–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2310/6670.2006.00046.

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Endovascular interventions of symptomatic deep venous thrombosis (DVT) using various therapeutic modalities, such as thrombolysis, mechanical thrombectomy, and inferior vena cava (IVC) filter placement, have received increased focus owing in part to advances in catheter-based interventional technologies. Although systemic anticoagulation remains the primary treatment modality in DVT, catheter-based interventions can provide rapid removal of large thrombus burden and possibly preserve venous valvular function in patients with symptomatic DVT. This article reviews current endovascular treatment strategies for acute DVT. Specifically, the utility of mechanical thrombectomy along with various temporary IVC filters in the setting of DVT is examined. Lastly, an illustrative case of acute DVT that was treated with endovascular intervention with IVC filter placement is presented.

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Bolotin, Yu V., and P. A. Egorov. "Wiener Filter and Neural Network Filter for Measuring the Road Profile." Moscow University Mechanics Bulletin 76, no. 2 (March 2021): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0027133021020035.

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40

Rhoads, Jeffrey F., Steven W. Shaw, Kimberly L. Turner, and Rajashree Baskaran. "Tunable Microelectromechanical Filters that Exploit Parametric Resonance." Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 127, no. 5 (January 10, 2005): 423–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2013301.

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Background: This paper describes an analytical study of a bandpass filter that is based on the dynamic response of electrostatically-driven MEMS oscillators. Method of Approach: Unlike most mechanical and electrical filters that rely on direct linear resonance for filtering, the MEM filter presented in this work employs parametric resonance. Results: While the use of parametric resonance improves some filtering characteristics, the introduction of parametric instabilities into the system does present some complications with regard to filtering. Conclusions: The aforementioned complications can be largely overcome by implementing a pair of MEM oscillators with tuning schemes and some processing logic to produce a highly effective bandpass filter.

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Lai, Mun Kou, Hiu Hong Teo, and Jien Ye Lee. "Recycled Cigarette Filter as Reinforcing Filler for Natural Rubber." Applied Mechanics and Materials 705 (December 2014): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.705.39.

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Natural rubber is highly resilient and possesses many outstanding characteristics but inferior in aspects like modulus and hardness. This however can be improved by reinforcement, forming a composite. The rubber compound in this study was prepared according to the ASTM D3184 standards and reinforced using cellulose acetate (CA) from recycled cigarette filter, partly as an effort to reduce the amount of waste. Moreover, cigarette filter is highly toxic due to the nicotine content thus requires care when is recycled. From the rheological and mechanical testing conducted i.e. scorch and cure time, torque, tensile test and tear strength, it seems to indicate a small amount of up 4 phr (parts per hundred rubber) of CA, is beneficial in improving the properties of the rubber compound.

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42

Luo, Xin, Xuemin Huang, Chuntao Liu, and Huaan Tan. "The influence of the closing phase angle of AC filter on the action of arrester in ±800 kV Nuozhadu DC transmission project." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 12, no. 2 (February 2020): 168781401985027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814019850276.

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The power system is affected by different levels of transient shock caused by different switching angle when AC filter switching on. The shock causes frequent action and aging of lightning arrester. In this article, the causes of frequent action of lightning arrester in Nuozhadu DC project are analyzed by means of power systems computer aided design simulation. The overvoltage, current, and energy of AC filter switching on are also analyzed. The critical angle of the arrester action of AC filters is discussed. The results show that AC filter switching on can affect this group and other groups. When the closing phase angle reaches 12°, the arrester in this group lightnings. When the closing phase angle reaches 18, the arresters in other groups lightning. Finally, the influence of the three phases and the impact which varies with power are also discussed.

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Li, Dong Mei, Xiao Jie Gong, Feng Chao Wang, Mu He, and Guo Peng Tang. "Study on the Mechanical Abrasion of the Filter Bags." Applied Mechanics and Materials 321-324 (June 2013): 205–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.321-324.205.

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In this paper, we have studied the mechanical abrasion of the filter bags used in Electrostatic-fabric Integrated Collector (EFIC) and baghouse systems. Four factors have been listed: the effect of improper structure design and installation, the effect of quality of filter bag and poor filter cages. Common problems have been discussed, and the corresponding advices have been proposed.

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44

Williams, A. M., C. P. Garner, and J. G. P. Binner. "Analysis and optimization of gel-cast ceramic foam diesel particulate filter performance." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 222, no. 11 (November 1, 2008): 2235–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544070jauto840.

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Gel-cast ceramic foams potentially offer a more robust configurable alternative filtration medium to monolithic wall flow filters (WFFs) for the reduction in particulate matter (PM) emissions from diesel internal combustion engines. The fundamental back pressure and filtration efficiency characteristics of gel-cast ceramic foam diesel particulate filters (DPFs) have been investigated. Methodology is developed for the first time that allows the calculation of the effect of local PM loading on the pressure drop characteristics from experimental data without problems caused by the non-uniform PM loading in the filter that can be applied to all depth bed filtration media. The back pressure and filtration efficiency relationships were used to develop graphical design spaces to aid development of application-specific DPFs. Effects of PM distribution on the pressure drop of the filter are presented. Filters with a non-even distribution of PM were found to have lower pressure drops than filters with an evenly distributed PM for the same average specific PM loadings. The predictions showed that gel-cast ceramic foams can achieve comparable back pressure, filtration volume, and PM holding capacity with WFFs with a lower filtration efficiency of about 80 per cent. The model demonstrated that greater than 90 per cent filtration efficiency can be achieved with filter volumes of about 0.6 times the volume of a WFF with a lower PM holding capacity.

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Clauss, G. F., G. H. Kuhlmann, and W. L. Ku¨hnlein. "Hydrodynamic Evaluation of Multi-Layer Wave Filters and Absorbers." Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering 121, no. 1 (February 1, 1999): 22–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2829551.

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Wave filters and absorbers are important coastal structures. Their efficiency depends on wave reflection and transmission as well as on energy dissipation. Because of their nonlinear characteristics, wave filters and absorbers must be analyzed and optimized experimentally. In a more general approach, two universally valid coefficients are determined for each individual filter element. Based on these data, arbitrary, multi-layer wave absorbers can be evaluated. Filter hydrodynamics mainly depend on porosity and wave kinematics, i.e., the profiles of horizontal velocity and acceleration. With reference to an initial wave, the related near-field velocity and acceleration at the filter element are expressed as functions of a drag and an inertia term. The corresponding coefficients, which are universally applicable, in connection with the relevant horizontal velocity and acceleration at the filter area are used to calculate the reflection, transmission, energy dissipation, and wave forces on arbitrary filter or absorber components, elements, and systems. The numerical analysis is validated by an experimental program in regular and irregular seas, and transient wave trains. Transient wave trains are efficiently used for: 1) Separate measurements of the initial wave group, as well as its reflection and transmission. Due to the short duration, the incoming wave train is easily separated from the reflected and the transmitted wave. This allows an accurate analysis of the associated flow fields and energies. For a variety of wave filters, the paper presents the evaluation of the foregoing characteristic coefficients, based on experiments with representative transient wave groups. 2) Model tests in extreme wave conditions (freak waves). Tests with breaking transient wave packets prove that the obtained maximum wave force on a structure is much higher than the long-term model test results in irregular waves, for a given spectrum.

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Shuraits, A. L., A. V. Birykov, and A. P. Usachev. "DEVELOPMENT OF A CALCULATION METHODFOR TWO-STAGE NATURAL GAS PURIFICATION PLANTS FROM MECHANICAL IMPURITIES." Russian Journal of Building Construction and Architecture, no. 1(49) (February 24, 2021): 54–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.36622/vstu.2021.49.1.005.

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Statement of the problem. Currently, there is no methodology for calculating the degree of clogging of a multilayer filter cartridge taking into account the prevention of deposition of mechanical impurities in the gap between the coarse and fine filter cylindrical filter cartridges. In this regard, the development of such a technique is an urgent task. Results. In this paper, we propose a calculation method for determining the average integral degree of clogging of multilayer cylindrical filter cartridges with mechanical impurities and pressure loss on them which take into account the prevention of sedimentation of mechanical impurities in the gap between the coarse and fine filter cartridges.Conclusions. The results obtained make it possible to determine the pressure loss and the average integral degree of clogging of the multilayer filter cartridge depending on the decrease in the living cross-section of all filter meshes in the process of clogging and to prevent the deposition of solids in the gap between the coarse and fine filter cartridges.

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Emetere, Moses E., S. A. Afolalu, and T. O. C. Adedayo. "Analysis of Biodegradable Solid-State Filter Using Voltage Peak Analysis." Key Engineering Materials 885 (May 2021): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.885.47.

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There is the need for the use of biodegradable optical filters. This concept of this work is to solve the problems of electronic waste and enhance spectra filtering in photovoltaic (PV) module. The extract of the Ixora plant was used for this experiment. The extract was doped with 0.05 m of copper. The voltage peak analysis (VPA) was used to analyze the chemical stability of the filter. It was observed that the filter was chemically stable at certain time of the day due to temperature variations on the PV module.

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Tapia-Rojo, Rafael, Álvaro Alonso-Caballero, and Julio M. Fernández. "Talin folding as the tuning fork of cellular mechanotransduction." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 35 (August 17, 2020): 21346–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2004091117.

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Cells continually sample their mechanical environment using exquisite force sensors such as talin, whose folding status triggers mechanotransduction pathways by recruiting binding partners. Mechanical signals in biology change quickly over time and are often embedded in noise; however, the mechanics of force-sensing proteins have only been tested using simple force protocols, such as constant or ramped forces. Here, using our magnetic tape head tweezers design, we measure the folding dynamics of single talin proteins in response to external mechanical noise and cyclic force perturbations. Our experiments demonstrate that talin filters out external mechanical noise but detects periodic force signals over a finely tuned frequency range. Hence, talin operates as a mechanical band-pass filter, able to read and interpret frequency-dependent mechanical information through its folding dynamics. We describe our observations in the context of stochastic resonance, which we propose as a mechanism by which mechanosensing proteins could respond accurately to force signals in the naturally noisy biological environment.

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Mok, Sung-Hoon, Youngjoo Kim, and Hyochoong Bang. "Vision-based terrain referenced navigation of aerial vehicles using an adaptive extended Kalman filter." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 232, no. 8 (March 30, 2017): 1584–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954410017699431.

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This paper addresses a vision-based terrain referenced navigation of an aircraft. A digital terrain map, in the surroundings of the aircraft, is compared with the camera measurements to estimate the aircraft position. Generally, the measurement equation in the terrain referenced navigation is highly nonlinear due to the sharp changes of terrain. Thus, the conventional extended Kalman filter could lead to unstable navigation solutions. In this paper, a new approach using an adaptive extended Kalman filter is proposed to cope up with the nonlinearity problem. A least squares method is utilized to derive the linearized measurement equations. The Jacobian matrix and sensor noise covariance are modified as a means of smoothing the sharp changes of terrain. Monte Carlo simulations verify that the proposed filter gives the stable navigation solutions, even when there is a large initial error, which is the primary reason for the filter divergence. Moreover, the proposed adaptation barely requires additional computational burden, whereas the high-order filters such as particle filter generally needs higher computational power.

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Dziubak, T. "Material Properties Analysis with Addition of Nanofibres for Air Intake Filtration in Internal Combustion Engines." International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering 18, no. 1 (April 22, 2021): 8621–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/ijame.18.1.2021.21.0656.

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The aim of this study is to provide an experimental properties evaluation of a standard filter material (cellulose) and materials with fiber layer addition with small diameters (nanofibers). Filter media, including cellulose, used in the internal combustion engine inlet air filtration are made of high diameter fibres, approx. 15 µm. Significantly higher separation and filtration efficiency performance are obtained for materials with lower fibre diameters (nanofibres), however, at the expense of a significantly higher pressure drop, affecting the engine performance. Filter media manufacturers mainly specify the structure parameters (pore size, air permeability and thickness), without giving any information on the dust filtration performance and rate. The literature includes test results for models of different filter media structures. Filtration process modelling using polydisperse dust with particles of different shape and density and irregular filter media structure is possible using advanced computer techniques, however, the process is complex and requires many simplifications. Test results can be applied directly in the automotive industry. The data can be obtained by experimental tests on filter medium specimens, complete filter elements or air filters which are costly and time-consuming tests, however, those test methods are the most reliable. Conditions and testing methodology for intake air filter materials used in internal combustion engines were developed. Filtration and flow resistance efficiency and accuracy were done depending on test dust mass stopped per unit area. Tested materials filtration efficiency was assessed by a filtration quality factor, which includes experimentally determined efficiency and accuracy as well as flow resistance values. Much higher efficiency and filtration accuracy of dust grains below 5 µm in filtration materials with nanofibers addition compared to standard filtration material (filter paper) were demonstrated. For the same flow resistance values, filter materials with nanofibers addition accumulate smaller dust mass than standard filter paper. Usage of materials with nanofibers addition used in motor vehicles intake air filtration ensures their high efficiency and accuracy. It minimises its components wear, but at the expense of faster flow resistance increase, which shortens filter life and increases filter replacement frequency. Results obtained during the experimental research partly fill the gap when it comes to the basic material properties used in internal combustion engines intake air filter partitions production.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Mechanical filter'

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