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Journal articles on the topic 'Mechanical jack'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 17 February 2022

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1

Sainath, K. "Design of Mechanical Hydraulic Jack." IOSR Journal of Engineering 4, no. 7 (July 2014): 15–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/3021-04711528.

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2

Viale, Nicola, Federico Accornero, Giuseppe Lacidogna, and Giulio Ventura. "AE Characterization of Brick Masonry Walls Mechanical Behavior: The Case-Study of Alessandria and Boves Barracks." Key Engineering Materials 817 (August 2019): 563–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.817.563.

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IIn the present study, Acoustic Emission (AE) monitoring technique is applied in order to characterize the brick masonry of two important military buildings located in Northern Italy: the barracks of Alessandria and Boves. The internal brick masonry walls of the two barracks object of the study are tested by two double flat-jack systems, in order to analyze the compressive strength of the structural material. Flat-jack testing is a versatile and powerful technique that provides significant information on the mechanical properties of historical constructions. The first applications of this technique on some historical monuments clearly showed its great potential. The flat-jack test method is only slightly destructive, and when double jacks are used, this test works according to the same principle as a standard compressive test. The difference is that it is performed in situ and the load is applied by means of two flat-jacks instead of the loading platens. During the tests, the stress-strain relationship of the masonry is determined by gradually increasing the pressure applied by the flat-jacks in the course of three loading-unloading cycles. Moreover, AE technique is coupled to the flat-jack testing, in order to assess the extent of damage in the masonry texture. Thus, AE technique makes it possible to highlight critical phenomena and fracture mechanics scale effects in the masonry by identifying the critical conditions, not entrusted to an analysis of the loading process (compression or shear), rather depending primarily on the distribution and evolution of crack patterns.
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3

Wu, Hong Sheng, Hua Wei, Yu Zou, Jun Ming Ma, and Hai Jun Wang. "Mechanical Analysis on Incremental Launching for the Steel Box Girder." Applied Mechanics and Materials 633-634 (September 2014): 1248–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.633-634.1248.

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Houdingxiang No. 3 Bridge is a 4-span steel box girder bridge. After the incremental launching construction, the bridge has to be lowering to the support bear, the lowering construction is divided into three stages. At first the launching equipment is used to lower 80cm, the next the jack with load capacity of 180 tons is used to lower 110cm, finally three-direction-jack with load capacity of 200 tons is used to lower 20cm. mechanical analysis on lowering the bridge used jacks with the load capacity of 180 tons and 200 tons is respectively carried out by FEM software ABAQUS, and the result shows that this kind of lowering technique is safe and reliable, it meets the construction demand.
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4

Nelson, Martin K. "Mechanical Weeding of Overstocked Jack Pine Stands." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 7, no. 3 (September 1, 1990): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/7.3.137.

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5

Trevelyan, James. "Obituary: Jack Phillips." Mechanism and Machine Theory 44, no. 6 (June 2009): 1095–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mechmachtheory.2009.02.005.

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6

Li, Shu Min. "Development & Design of Large-Tonnage and Great-Height Hydraulic Continuous and Synchronous Jack-Up System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 157-158 (February 2012): 577–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.157-158.577.

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At present, as the increasing of ultra-large structures, the contradiction that domestic lifting equipments can not meet the requirement of ultra-large structure’s lifting has become increasingly prominent. Based on the need of ultra-large steel structures (offshore oil platforms) jack-up, using strength theory and finite element analysis, a hydraulic continuous jack-up system for ultra-large structures’ jack-up was studied in this article. A new control system, which combines mechanics, hydraulics and electrics, was presented. More particularly, the modules of speed control and multi-cylinder synchronous control for the ultra-large structure’s lifting was designed. In the WINCC environment, a human-computer interface (control software) was developed by VB to achieve the system's real time monitoring and synchronization control. All movements of the jack-up system could be controlled through the software. To conclude, the jack-up system consists of two parts: the mechanical support structures and the control system. The former can assure great height (10m or more) jack-up, and the later can accomplish multi-point (more than 4 points) synchronous jack-up.
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7

Simões, A., R. Bento, A. Gago, and M. Lopes. "Mechanical Characterization of Masonry Walls With Flat-Jack Tests." Experimental Techniques 40, no. 3 (April 26, 2016): 1163–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40799-016-0114-9.

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8

Šimšik, Dušan, Alena Galajdová, Pavol Galajda, and Miloš Drutarovský. "Mechanical Modul with Jack-Screw for SMILING Rehabilitation Shoe." Acta Mechanica Slovaca 14, no. 2 (October 31, 2010): 98–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10147-011-0027-7.

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9

Hagiwara, Tetsuto, and Shigeo Hirose. "Development of Dual Mode X-screw -A Novel Load-Sensitive Linear Actuator with a Wide Transmission Range-." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 12, no. 2 (April 20, 2000): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2000.p0066.

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X-screw, a load-sensitive linear actuator that we have proposed, has many desirable characteristics, but one drawback is that the linear motion is much slower than a conventional lead screw. When the axial load is small, the transmission efficiency of X-screw is approximately the same as that of a lead screw since the transmitted power is low in this case. Therefore we have developed a Dual Mode version of X-screw called ""DM X-screw"". This mechanism is able to automatically switch between lead screw mode and X-screw mode in response to the axial load. This feature makes it possible to apply DM X-screw to many mechanical systems. We have used this mechanism in a pantograph jack that makes use of its dual mode loadsensitive variable transmission properties. This jack can be operated with a small input force and unlike conventional jacks, several of these jacks can be used in combination to overcome the output force limitations of normal pantograph jacks.
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10

Velișcu, Viorica, Dan Mesarici, and Păun Antonescu. "Structural and Static Analysis of the Mechanisms Used in Car Mechanical Jacks." Applied Mechanics and Materials 823 (January 2016): 277–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.823.277.

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The paper presents a structural analysis of the complex mechanisms type screw-jack. The mechanism mobilityanalysis using various generally applicable formulas has been performed. A newkinematic scheme of the jack linkage has been proposed. Besides the actuatorscrew, it has a planar kinematic chain with articulated bars. With regard tothis new mechanism, an algorithm for static calculus has been developed, inwhich the automobile gravity force is the main exterior force.
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11

Yamaguchi, David K. "Mechanical devices for extracting stuck increment borers." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 21, no. 5 (May 1, 1991): 712–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x91-098.

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12

Scot Kobus, L. C., Robert W. Fogal, and Egidio Sacchi. "Jack-up conversion for production." Marine Structures 2, no. 3-5 (January 1989): 193–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0951-8339(89)90032-4.

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13

Ellinas, Charles P., Raymond Kwok, and Kevin A. J. Williams. "Collision damage of jack-ups." Marine Structures 2, no. 3-5 (January 1989): 265–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0951-8339(89)90036-1.

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14

sudhan, Madhu, B. P. Mahesh, and Prabhushankar M.R. "Development of Electro Mechanical Jack for Auto Levelling Of Vehicles." International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology 03, no. 08 (August 15, 2014): 15378–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15680/ijirset.2014.0308042.

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15

Chrosciewicz, Z. "Site Conditions for Jack Pine Seeding." Forestry Chronicle 66, no. 6 (December 1, 1990): 579–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc66579-6.

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There is a strong relationship between jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) regeneration and the combined site and seedbed conditions at the time of seeding. Both unfavorable and favorable seedbed characteristics, as well as available seed sources, are reviewed by groups of sites, and then optional uses of major seedbed and seeding treatments are discussed in terms of practical considerations. Site groups with regeneration potential ranging from high to low are also indicated. Key words: Pinus banksiana, cutover areas, seedbeds, seed sources, mechanical scarification, controlled burning, seed-tree system, direct seeding, pine regeneration.
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16

Zhu, Lihua, Pengyu Guo, Chenglong Hua, and Shiyu Shan. "Seismic Performance of an Efficient Scissor-Jack-Damper Configuration." Shock and Vibration 2020 (March 16, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2403640.

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Energy-dissipating or damping systems have been widely used in new and retrofitted structures for reducing earthquake damage to structural frames. Most damping devices were installed using diagonal or chevronbrace configurations, until the development of toggle-brace and scissor-jack configurations. This paper presents a modified scissor-jack-damper configuration with substantially improved efficiency. The mechanical behavior of the efficient scissor-jack-damper configuration is analyzed theoretically, and a formula for the displacement magnification factor of the configuration is proposed. A steel-frame specimen installed with the efficient scissor-jack-damper configuration was tested to verify the accuracy of the formula. The seismic responses of an uncontrolled steel-frame structure and of two controlled structures, installed with a diagonal brace and efficient scissor-jack-damper configurations, were analyzed using SAP2000. The high efficiency of the proposed scissor-jack-damper configuration is thus verified for practical engineering situations.
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17

Hambly, E. C., and B. A. Nicholson. "Fatigue of jack-ups: Simplifying calculations." Marine Structures 2, no. 3-5 (January 1989): 233–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0951-8339(89)90034-8.

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18

Frieze, P. A. "Recent developments in jack-up platforms." Marine Structures 7, no. 1 (January 1994): 128–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0951-8339(94)90017-5.

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19

Boyce, Alan S. "Progressing cavity pumps – a jack of all trades." World Pumps 2005, no. 466 (July 2005): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-1762(05)70633-7.

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20

Choban Khidir,, Timur, Bilal Mohammed Qasim, and Ayaz Aydin Abduljabbar. "DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF PNEUMATIC BAG AIR JACK." Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research and Developments 42, no. 1 (January 22, 2019): 61–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/jmerd.01.2019.61.63.

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21

Zhou, Yifei, Chuyun Duan, Iyll-Joon Doh, and Euiwon Bae. "Exploring the Utility of 3-D-printed Laboratory Equipment." Applied Sciences 9, no. 5 (March 6, 2019): 937. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9050937.

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Many laboratories utilize different types of opto-mechanical positioning devices in their experiments. Such devices include lateral stages, which provide 1-dimenstional translational movement, 3-dimensional translation stages, and laboratory jacks, which provide a convenient way of changing the vertical position of a sample. Recent advances in and affordability of 3-D printing have opened up a variety of possibilities, not only providing versatile and custom-designed laboratory equipment but also reducing the cost of constructing typical laboratory opto-mechanical positioning stages. Here, we present the possibility of printing typical linear stages, thereby constructing a full XYZ stage. In addition, a vertical laboratory jack, which utilizes a scissor format, has also been printed using polylactic acid (PLA) filament. The design of these systems required modeling the strength of material to estimate the deflection, which was conducted by finite element analysis. The effectiveness of the proposed 3-D-printed positioning devices was tested by measuring the stroke and the repeatability. As an example of application, a multispectral reflection imaging device was constructed with the help of 3-D-printed linear stages and a laboratory scissor jack.
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22

Tang, Wenxian, Hong Zhuang, Zhenxin Tang, Sheng Guo, and Fei Yan. "Mooring positioning performance of jack-up platform." Ships and Offshore Structures 15, no. 6 (September 17, 2019): 633–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17445302.2019.1663657.

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23

Zhu, J. Y., and Gary C. Myers. "Kraft pulp from budworm-infested Jack pine." Holzforschung 60, no. 4 (July 1, 2006): 383–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2006.060.

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Abstract This study evaluated the quality of kraft pulp from budworm-infested jack pine. The logs were classified as merchantable live, suspect, or merchantable dead. Raw materials were evaluated through visual inspection, analysis of the chemical composition, SilviScan measurement of the density, and measurement of the tracheid length. Unbleached pulps were then refined using a laboratory disk refiner. The mechanical and optical properties of handsheets made from the refined pulps were evaluated. Although budworm galleries may affect the physical integrity of the wood, they have no effect on pulp quality. Blue stain did not affect the handsheet brightness. The results indicate that merchantable dead jack pine trees are acceptable for kraft pulp production, with equivalent pulp yield.
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24

Ackroyd, John, and Peter Bearman. "Dedication of Proceedings to Dr Jack Gerrard 31.12.1928–21.05.2005." Journal of Fluids and Structures 22, no. 6-7 (August 2006): 727–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2006.06.001.

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25

Kjeøy, H., N. G. Bøe, and T. Hysing. "Extreme-response analysis of jack-up platforms." Marine Structures 2, no. 3-5 (January 1989): 305–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0951-8339(89)90038-5.

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26

Juncher Jensen, J., A. E. Mansour, and P. Terndrup Pedersen. "Reliability of jack-up platform against overturning." Marine Structures 4, no. 3 (January 1991): 203–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0951-8339(91)90002-s.

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27

Sinha, Nirmal K. "The Borehole Jack—Is It a Useful Arctic Tool?" Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering 109, no. 4 (November 1, 1987): 391–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3257037.

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As the working temperatures in ice are very close to its melting point, it behaves viscoelastically and experiences what is commonly known as high temperature embrittlement. Its mechanical properties are rate sensitive and analysis must include load and displacement history. Borehole jack tests can be improved by the use of an electrohydraulic pump in conjunction with simultaneous recording of pressure and diametral displacement as a function of time. These small but significant modifications in the test procedures permit analysis of the response of a borehole jack test system under operational conditions in the High Arctic in first-year and multi-year sea ice.
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28

Cassidy, M. J., G. T. Houlsby, and R. Eatock Taylor. "Probabilistic Models Applicable to the Short-Term Extreme Response Analysis of Jack-Up Platforms." Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering 125, no. 4 (October 1, 2003): 249–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1600470.

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There is a steadily increasing demand for the use of jack-up units in deeper water and harsher conditions. Confidence in their use in these environments requires jack-up analysis techniques to reflect accurately the physical processes occurring. However, nearly all analyses are deterministic in nature and do not account for the inherent variability in governing parameters and models. In this paper, probabilistic models are used to develop an understanding of the response behavior of jack-ups, with particular emphasis placed on the extreme deck displacement due to a short-term event. Variables within the structural, foundation and wave loading models are assigned probability distributions and their influence on the response statistics is quantified using a response surface methodology.
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29

Gallina, Paolo. "Vibration in screw jack mechanisms: experimental results." Journal of Sound and Vibration 282, no. 3-5 (April 2005): 1025–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2004.03.036.

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30

Rot, Chagai, Tomer Stern, Ronen Blecher, Ben Friesem, and Elazar Zelzer. "A Mechanical Jack-like Mechanism Drives Spontaneous Fracture Healing in Neonatal Mice." Developmental Cell 31, no. 2 (October 2014): 159–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2014.08.026.

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31

Zheng, X. Y., and C. Y. Liaw. "Non-linear frequency-domain analysis of jack-up platforms." International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics 39, no. 9 (November 2004): 1519–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2004.02.013.

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32

Balaban, Miriam. "Jack C. Jorgensen 1925–2004." Desalination 180, no. 1-3 (August 2005): V—VI. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2005.06.001.

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33

Morandi, A. C., I. A. A. Smith, and G. S. Virk. "Reliability of jack-ups under extreme storm conditions." Marine Structures 14, no. 4-5 (July 2001): 523–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0951-8339(00)00057-5.

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34

Denton, A. A. "The loss of a jack-up under tow." Marine Structures 2, no. 3-5 (January 1989): 213–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0951-8339(89)90033-6.

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35

Smith, N. Pharr, and Carl A. Wendenburg. "A study of jack-up leg drag coefficients." Marine Structures 2, no. 3-5 (January 1989): 365–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0951-8339(89)90040-3.

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36

Sengupta, Sobhan, and John O'R Breeden. "A Method for “Punch-Through” Proof Design for Independent Leg Jack-Ups." Marine Technology and SNAME News 22, no. 01 (January 1, 1985): 50–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/mt1.1985.22.1.50.

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"Punch-through" is one of the most common types of failure affecting independent leg self-elevating-type mobile offshore drilling units (jack-ups), and existing rules do not provide any guidelines to design for "punch-through" induced forces. This paper presents a systematic method for analysis and design of independent leg jack-ups for such forces, identifying the important design and operating parameters and evaluating their effects. The method can be used to design the jack-up legs for a given set of operating parameters, or for an existing unit it can be used to define the limiting values of these parameters. Based on these limitations, operating procedures can be developed to eliminate or minimize the chances of leg damage due to punch-through. A realistic example is worked out to demonstrate the application of the method.
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37

Rozmarynowski, Bogdan. "Spectral Dynamic Analysis of A Stationary Jack-Up Platform." Polish Maritime Research 26, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pomr-2019-0005.

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Abstract The paper refers to the dynamic short-term response analysis of the Baltic steel drilling platform (see Fig.2) in a random sea-state represented by one-dimensional wave spectrum proposed by Striekalov and Massel, which is recommended for the Baltic Sea area. The Baltic drilling platform is a jack-up type platform for the exploration and exploitation of oil under the Baltic Sea. The presented analysis deals with the stationary phase of the platform life when its legs are fixed in the sea bottom. The submerged elements of jack-up platforms are relatively slender, thus to assess the in-line wave forces a modified Morison equation is justified. The application of frequency transfer functions to offshore vibration systems leads to structural response spectra whose input is defined by the wave elevation and wind velocity spectra. The analysis can be applied also to support structures for offshore wind turbines.
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38

Yin, Peng, Yuan-ming Chen, Tong-kai Cui, Zi-shen Wang, Li-jiang Gong, and Xiang-fen Yu. "Applying the vantage PDMS to jack-up drilling ships." Journal of Marine Science and Application 8, no. 3 (August 15, 2009): 228–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11804-009-8104-2.

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39

Zubkov, S. V., A. V. Ulybin, and S. D. Fedotov. "Assessment of the mechanical properties of brick masonry by a flat-jack method." Magazine of Civil Engineering 60, no. 08 (December 2015): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5862/mce.60.3.

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40

Kwon, Soon-man. "Contact Fatigue Life of a Jacking Pinion for Jack-up Rig." Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers - A 41, no. 12 (December 31, 2017): 1187–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3795/ksme-a.2017.41.12.1187.

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41

Chen, D. "Derailment Risk Due to Coupler Jack-Knifing under Longitudinal Buff Force." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 224, no. 5 (June 11, 2010): 483–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544097jrrt363.

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42

Jun, M. J., Y. H. Kim, M. S. Hossain, M. J. Cassidy, Y. Hu, and S. G. Park. "Global jack-up rig behaviour next to a footprint." Marine Structures 64 (March 2019): 421–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marstruc.2018.12.002.

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43

Ejaz, N., I. N. Qureshi, and I. Salam. "Corrosion Failure of a 30-Ton Tripod Jack." Journal of Failure Analysis and Prevention 7, no. 6 (November 16, 2007): 393–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11668-007-9080-y.

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44

Law, Kwei-Nam, and Jacques L. Valade. "Status of the utilization of jack pine (Pinusbanksiana) in the pulp and paper industry." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 24, no. 10 (October 1, 1994): 2078–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x94-266.

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Although jack pine (Pinusbanksiana Lamb.), which represents 20% of the total softwood volume, is one of the most abundant commercial softwood species in Canada, its rate of utilization in pulping is surprisingly low. This paper reviews the literature concerning the physical and chemical properties as well as the pulping characteristics of this species by mechanical, thermomechanical, chemithermomechanical, chemimechanical, and chemical processes to better understand its potential use in papermaking. The objective is to identify the problems related to the use of jack pine so that solutions might be sought to promote its usage. Some recommendations are put forth concerning future research.
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45

van Hoorn, Frank. "Technical Challenges Associated with Dry Transportation." Marine Technology and SNAME News 24, no. 01 (January 1, 1987): 4–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/mt1.1987.24.1.4.

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Less than twenty years ago the first jack-up drilling rig was transported "piggyback" on a submersible barge. Dry transportation of extremely large and heavy cargoes has developed rapidly ever since. Specialized ships have been designed and built; records (with regard to weight, size or complexity of the transport) have regularly been broken. In this paper, the development of heavy-lift transportation is outlined, followed by a review of present heavy-lift design criteria. Technical challenges associated with several types of heavy-lift cargoes such as jack-up/semisubmersible rigs, dry docks, jackets, tension leg platforms, and modules are discussed. The importance of the transportation engineer's involvement in the preliminary project engineering stage is emphasized.
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46

Pargeter, R. J. "The weldability of steels used in jack-up drilling platforms." Marine Structures 2, no. 3-5 (January 1989): 255–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0951-8339(89)90035-x.

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47

Schotman, G. J. M., and M. Efthymiou. "Aspects of the stability of jack-up spud-can foundations." Marine Structures 2, no. 3-5 (January 1989): 425–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0951-8339(89)90043-9.

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48

Rozmarynowski, Bogdan, and Tomasz Mikulski. "Selected Problems of Sensitivity and Reliability of a Jack-Up Platform." Polish Maritime Research 25, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pomr-2018-0009.

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Abstract The paper deals with sensitivity and reliability applications to numerical studies of an off-shore platform model. Structural parameters and sea conditions are referred to the Baltic jack-up drilling platform. The sudy aims at the influence of particular basic variables on static and dynamic response as well as the probability of failure due to water waves and wind loads. The paper presents the sensitivity approach to a generalized eigenvalue problem and evaluation of the performace functions. The first order time-invariant problems of structural reliability analysis are under concern.
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49

Manohar, P. A. "Stress Corrosion Cracking Failure of Jackbolts for Die Casting Press." Materials Science Forum 539-543 (March 2007): 2162–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.539-543.2162.

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Several prematurely failed jack bolts were analyzed to determine the root causes of failure. Bolts were employed to ensure that die halves do not separate during casting of high pressure die castings of light metals. Fractography of jack bolts revealed unusual morphology consisting of both circumferential and longitudinal cracking. The basic fracture type was identified as transgranular cleavage (brittle) fracture mode. SEM / EDS analysis of the fracture surface revealed the presence of, to varying degrees, chemical species containing sulfur (S), oxygen (O) and chlorine (Cl). Material composition, heat treatment, microstructure and hardnesses of the jack bolts were found to be in agreement with the expected steel grade and properties. It was concluded that the failure of the bolts was due to a combination of inappropriately chosen mechanical properties of the bolts, operating stress, and the presence of corrosive environmental materials leading to ideal conditions that promoted stress corrosion cracking failures. Suitable remedial actions to alleviate the risk of SCC failure of the bolts are presented and discussed in the paper.
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50

Elie, Jean-Gabriel, and Jean-Claude Ruel. "Windthrow hazard modelling in boreal forests of black spruce and jack pine." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 35, no. 11 (November 1, 2005): 2655–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x05-189.

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Abstract:
In this study we compare the mechanical resistance of black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) and quantify the effect of species, forest cover type, and soil conditions on tree stability. To measure tree resistance to an applied load, 85 trees were pulled over using a cable and winch system. Predictive equations for the maximum turning moment that a tree can withstand (Mc) were developed with stem mass, and the other factors were used as explanatory variables. The presence of jack pine within the stand negatively affected black spruce resistance. In mixed stands, Mc was significantly influenced by the interaction between tree species and soil type. Jack pine was the only species with significantly lower resistance when grown on shallow and stony soils, which are likely to restrict root development. Black spruce resistance was not affected by soil conditions. Preliminary calculations of critical wind speeds required to cause damage using an adaptation of the ForestGALES model were much lower than those previously published for black spruce.
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