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Cui, Jirang. "Mechanical recycling of consumer electronic scrap /." Luleå, 2005. http://epubl.luth.se/1402-1757/2005/36.
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PIETROLUONGO, MARIO. "Mechanical recycling of polimer-based composites." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2829300.
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Abu, Zeid Houda, and Tanya Syed. "Suitable textile recycling methods for implementation inSweden : A study in mechanical and chemical recycling methods." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-226867.
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Detta projekt undersöker de ekonomiska, tekniska och miljömässiga aspekterna avtextilproduktion samt textilåtervinning. Paralleller dras mellan olika naturfibrer ochsyntetfibrer där såväl positiva som negativa aspekter belyses. I rapporten exemplifieras demest omdiskuterade textilierna; bomull, polyester, viskos och lyocell. Vidare görs en analyspå diverse textilåtervinningstekniker som finns i dagsläget och hur dessa är lämpade fördagens samhälle. På så sätt kan man undersöka vilka framtida möjligheter och begränsningarsom finns för utvecklingen av den textila återvinningen. En SWOT-analys utförs för attutreda möjligheterna för implementering av någon av de befintliga återvinningsteknikerna,kemisk respektive mekanisk återvinning, i Sverige. Utifrån SWOT-analysen som även räknassom rapportens resultat och även utifrån forskning i litteraturstudien dras slutsatsen attkemisk återvinning är tekniken som bäst lämpar sig utifrån Sveriges förhållanden. Slutsatserdras också kring vilka områden som landet måste fokusera på för att möjliggöra en storskaligåtervinning och detta involverar sorteringsteknologier, insamling och hantering av återvunnatextilfibrer. De specifika slutsaterna är:● Fokus bör ligga på att öka insamlingen av textilier då kemisk återvinning är mesteffektiv när det gäller återvinning av större volymer.● Majoriteten av all sortering av textilier bör automatiseras för att underlättahanteringen av insamlingen av textilier● Till en början bör endast textilier som gjorda på endast en fibertyp återvinnas, dettaeftersom att blandtextilier är mycket mer komplexa att hantera.Rapporten är uppdelad i två delar där den första delen innehåller introduktion, projektetsfrågeställningar samt målbeskrivning. Den senare delen är en längre litteraturstudie där faktaom olika typer av textilfibrer och hur produktion samt återvinning av dessa fibrer påverkarmiljö och samhälle. Litteraturstudien följs upp av en modellbeskrivning och en djupgåendeanalys av de slutgiltiga resultaten. I litteraturstudien återfinns även en intervju som ärgenomförd med klädföretaget Houdini Sportswear AB.This report strives to examine the economical, technical and environmental aspects of textileproduction, but mainly textile recycling. Comparisons between natural fibers and syntheticones will be made, comparing both positive and negative aspects. The textile fibers that willbe discussed are cotton, viscose, polyester and lyocell. Furthermore, an analysis of varioustextile recycling technologies currently available and how suited they are for today’s societywill be made. By doing so one can explore the future possibilities and limitations for thedevelopment of textile recycling. A SWOT-analysis will be conducted in order to examinethe possibility to implement one of the recycling techniques in Sweden. The conclusion thatformed from the SWOT-analysis was that the chemical recycling technique is better fitted fora country of Sweden’s nature. Furthermore, in order for Sweden to be able to implement alarge scale recycling system there is a need for development of certain areas, such as sortingtechnologies, collection and general managing of recycled textile fibers. Some furtherconclusions from this study are that:● Greater focus is needed in order to increase the collection of textiles, since thechemical recycling method is the most efficient when it comes to the recycling oflarger volumes of textiles.● The majority of the sorting of textiles should be done automatically to facilitate thehandling of the collection of textiles.● In the beginning one should focus on recycling textiles that only consist of one type offiber, this since the recycling of textiles consisting of more than one type of fiber ismore complex and the technique for it is not yet fully developed.There are two parts to the report. The first part contains an introduction and a description ofthe project’s research questions and mission. The second part is a literature study whichcontains information about different types of textile fibers currently available and how theproduction and recycling of these fibers affect the environment and society as a whole. Theliterature study is followed by a description of the model used in this report and also ananalysis of the final results. An interview conducted with the sportswear company HoudiniSportswear AB can also be found in the literature study.
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Benoit, Nathalie. "Mechanical recycling of high density polyethylene/flax fiber composites." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27713.
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Ce travail de doctorat est consacré à la production, au recyclage mécanique long-terme et à la caractérisation de matériaux polymères et composites à base de polyéthylène haute densité (HDPE) et de fibre de lin. L’objectif est de déterminer l’aptitude au recyclage long-terme de ces composites et de leur matrice, tout en évaluant la perte de performance subie. Le recyclage est réalisé ici par une extrusion en boucle fermée, durant 50 cycles, sans ajout intermédiaire de matières vierges et sans prise en compte de la détérioration et de la contamination subies lors du cycle de vie des produits. Dans la première partie, une revue de littérature présente l’état de l’art concernant le recyclage mécanique des composites thermoplastiques. Les différents types de recyclage de composites sont présentés, ainsi que les différents travaux réalisés sur le recyclage de composites thermoplastiques à base de fibres naturelles ou inorganiques. Enfin, les différentes limitations rencontrées lors du recyclage de ces composites sont mises en lumière et des solutions sont présentées. Au cours de cette revue, des lacunes importantes sur le recyclage mécanique long-terme de ces composites sont observées. Dans la seconde partie de ce travail, le polyéthylène haute densité est étudié et recyclé seul afin de connaître ses propriétés et son comportement au recyclage, tout en servant de base de comparaison pour les composites produits par la suite. L’étude des propriétés physique, thermique, moléculaire et mécanique permet d’analyser les différents mécanismes de dégradation induits par le recyclage mécanique. Les résultats montrent une diminution de la contrainte au seuil d’écoulement et une forte augmentation de l’élongation à la rupture avec le recyclage, indiquant que des phénomènes de rupture de chaînes ont lieu dans le polymère. La plupart des autres propriétés demeurent constantes et confirment le maintien des performances du polymère avec le recyclage. Dans la dernière partie de cette thèse, deux séries de composites sont produites à partir du polyéthylène haute densité et de la fibre de lin (15% en masse), avec et sans polyéthylène greffé d’anhydride maléique (MAPE) comme agent couplant. Toutes deux seront caractérisées similairement au polymère afin d’évaluer l’effet de la présence de fibre dans le polymère. Une analyse de la distribution de fibres est aussi réalisée afin d’observer l’effet du recyclage mécanique sur la taille des fibres. L’analyse mécanique révèle que la fibre fournit un renfort efficace au polymère, en particulier avec l’agent couplant, mais les propriétés à la rupture diminuent. Cet effet diminue avec le recyclage, alors que les propriétés à l’élongation augmentent, du fait de la réduction de longueur des fibres. L’effet de l’agent couplant disparaît aussi au cours du recyclage. Toutefois, la majorité des performances mécaniques après recyclage restent supérieures à celles du polymère.This thesis focuses on the production, the mechanical recycling and the characterization of polymers and composites based on high density polyethylene (HDPE) and flax fibers. It aims to determine the materials potential towards long-term recycling and to evaluate the resulting loss of performance. The recycling is realized by closed-loop extrusion, and repeated up to 50 times, without any addition of new material, and without any consideration of the possible degradation and contamination undergone during the life-cycle of the products. In the first part, a literature review presents the state of the art concerning the mechanical recycling of thermoplastic composites. The various types of composites recycling are introduced, as well as the various works conducted on the recycling of thermoplastic composites reinforced with both natural and inorganic fillers. Finally, the various limitations to the composites recycling are presented and some solutions are suggested. During this review an important lack of knowledge on the long-term mechanical recycling of these composites is observed. In the second part of this work, the high density polyethylene is studied and recycled in order to know its properties and its behavior towards recycling, as well as to be used as a comparison basis for the further parts. The study of the mechanical, thermal, molecular and physical properties leads to the better understanding of the various degradation mechanisms induced by mechanical recycling. The results show a decrease of the yield stress and an important increase of the strain at break with recycling, indicating that chain scissions take place in the polymer during recycling. Most of the other properties remained stable, and confirmed the conservation of the polymer performances with recycling. In the last part of this work, high density polyethylene is used to produce two series of composites with 15% wt. of flax fiber, with and without maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene (MAPE) as a coupling agent. Similar characterizations as for the matrix are conducted on both composites as to evaluate the effect of the fibers in the polymer matrix. A complete analysis of the fiber distribution is also performed to observe the effect of mechanical recycling on the fiber dimensions. The mechanical analysis reveals that the fibers provides an efficient reinforcement to the matrix, and especially with coupling agent, but the properties at break decrease. Nevertheless, this effect decreases with recycling, while the elongation properties increase due to the fiber size reduction. The effect of the coupling agent disappears with recycling. However, most mechanical properties remain higher for the composites after recycling than for the neat matrix.
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Dahmus, Jeffrey B. (Jeffrey Brian) 1974. "Applications of industrial ecology : manufacturing, recycling, and efficiency." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/39901.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2007.Includes bibliographical references.
This work applies concepts from industrial ecology to analyses of manufacturing, recycling, and efficiency. The first part focuses on an environmental analysis of machining, with a specific emphasis on energy consumption. Energy analyses of machining show that in many cases, the energy of actual material removal represents only a small amount of the total energy used in machining, as auxiliary processes can have significant energy requirements. These analyses also show that the embodied energy of the materials that are machined can far exceed the energy of machining. Such energy consumption data, along with material flow data, provide much of the information necessary to evaluate machining on the basis of environmental performance. The second part of this work focuses on material recycling at product end-of-life. In this section, a means of evaluating the material recycling potential for products is presented. This method is based on two measures: the value of the materials used in a product and the mixture of materials used in a product. This simple representation is capable of differentiating between products that are economically worthwhile to recycle and those that are not.
(cont.) Such information can in turn be used to help guide product design and recycling policy. The third part of this work focuses on the effectiveness of efficiency improvements in reducing environmental impact. Historical data from ten activities show that improvements in efficiency are rarely able to outpace increases in production. Thus, the overall impact of each of these activities has increased over time. Specific conditions and policies that do allow for efficiency improvements to reduce impact are identified and explored. Together, the three topics presented here provide information, analyses, and recommendations to help move industrial systems towards sustainability.
by Jeffrey B. Dahmus.
Ph.D.
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Theurer, Jean E. "International investigation of electronic waste recycling plant design." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/65177.
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Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, June 2010.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
"June 2010." Cataloged from student submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 49-52).
This thesis investigates the industry of electronic waste recycling industry in three countries: Germany, the United States, and Chile. Despite differences in the legal structure surrounding the industry, there are many similarities between plant operations and disassembly techniques. Several strategies for improving the recycling rate and improving employee safety within the plants have been identified. Appropriate clothing, included masks and gloves will improve worker safety while the recycling rate can be increased by separating the disassembly process into two tasks: disassembly and sorting. However it seems as though even with significant decreases in cost from the labor associated with recycling, the economic price of electronic waste will continue to outweigh the profits from selling recycled materials. Thus, it is important for countries to recognize the environmental and health benefits of recycling electronic waste and continue to support the electronic waste recycling industry's development.
by Jean E. Theurer.
S.B.
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Cox, Wesley (Wesley T. ). "Design of a recycling method for treated aluminum fuel." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/112578.
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Thesis: S.B., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2017.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (page 14).
An experimental study was performed to characterize the waste byproduct of a high energy density aluminum fuel in order to identify an effective recycling method. A sample of fuel waste was generated and viewed under a scanning electron microscope. The sample was then subjected to an energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis which focused on points of interest identified by the scanning electron microscope. The results of the imaging and analysis showed that gallium and indium, which are used in the fuel manufacturing process, are randomly scattered around the reacted aluminum waste. These metals were found in their elemental form, meaning they do not react alongside the aluminum fuel. As such these metals can be recovered by suspending them in water and using mass differences to isolate them from the remainder of the waste.
by Wesley Cox.
S.B.
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Johansson, Ludvig. "On the Mechanical Recycling of Woven Fabrics : Improving the Reusable Fibre Yield of Mechanical Methods." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Tillämpad materialvetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-414569.
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This master thesis studies the recycling prospects of textiles. The textile industry contributes negatively to the global environmentthrough the release of greenhouse gases and consumption of resources. In order to achieve a circular textile industry, textiles must be recyclable by both chemical and mechanical means. Here, the focus is on mechanical extraction of staple fibres, particularly cotton, for reentry into yarn production. Experiments show that used, but undamaged, cotton sateen and cotton twill responds differently to abrasion with stochastic surfaces. Previous studies on the conventional shredding processes have shown positive impact from lubricants on extracted fibre lengths, by reducing inter-fibre friction. In the present study on abrasion, variables such as alignment of the weave pattern, lubrication and load are shown to have little to no impact on extracted fibre length, but notable effects on overall fibre quality. These analyses are supported by manual length assessment, electron micrographs and tensile tests using load cells. Furthermore, simple tests and observations on structured diamond surfaces constructed through chemical vapor deposition are promising for mechanical fibre release directly from a woven fabric. Suggestions are made on continued research in this field.
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KATTA, KRANTHI KUMAR, and Ifeanyi William Okogwu. "REFRIGERATOR COMPRESSOR TREATMENT AND RECYCLING." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-43388.
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Social demands of recycle is becoming strong. In modern production systems, largenumber of one model of product is manufactured at a time and the way ofproduction operations are well specified. In recycling systems, on the contrary, it isusual that operation of disassemble for each works differs. Because of this,achieving high efficiency in recycling systems have been difficult. Quality FunctionDeployment (QFD) was implemented in the project to obtain clear understandingof the problem being dealt with. Being a case study in the recycling of end-of-liferefrigerators means there are several stakeholders which must be satisfied includinggovernment regulations, workforce, and the business organisation. At the same timeproductivity is maximised while cost and time is diminished. Designing withfunction, brainstorming and patent searches were used to generate new ideas.Building morphology was also used to generate ideas as well as document them.The results of the project are different concepts that can be applied individually anda comprehensive concept that will entail exhaustive change in the entire system.The recycling of compressors for material recovery is discussed.http://www.diva-portal.se/smash/get/diva2:1326957/FULLTEXT02.pdf
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Wolf, Malima Isabelle 1981. "Modeling and Design of Material Separation Systems with Applications to Recycling." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/67359.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2011.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 179-193).
Material separation technology is critical to the success of the material recycling industry. End-of-life products, post-consumer waste, industrial excess, or otherwise collected materials for reuse are typically mixed with other incompatible materials. These materials must be segregated using material separation processes. This thesis investigates the performance and design of material separation systems for recycling through modeling material flows within these systems. The material separation system models developed here are suited to material recycling because they encompass all types of separation process and any configuration of those processes as well as treat binary and multi-material streams. These models capture the material behavior of separation systems through mass ow balance equations constructed using system configuration and process performance data. The Bayesian material separation model is used to capture the performance of separation stages processing a binary material mixture, while the material separation matrix model, developed here, captures the performance of stages processing multi-material mixtures. A network routing model is used to describe the links between processes within a separation system. The governing mass ow balance equations constructed from the process performance and routing data form systems of linear equations. These equations can be generated and solved programatically. Separation performance can be captured through experimental methods or through physical modeling, but an investigation with either suggests that performance can vary under differing material input conditions and operational settings. Techniques for coping with these effects and potentially using them to tailor system behavior are discussed in a case study on the magnetic roller separation of beverage container shreds. Two case studies use tailored economic metrics to evaluate decisions in the design of separation systems. The effects of operating decisions on an existing plastic container separating line are quantified by evaluating the additional profit from plastics-capture decisions. The second case study investigates the economics of installing a plastics separating line at an energy from waste facility. Modeling suggests several possible configurations for a plastics separating line that outperform configurations suggested by industry experts, showing that the material separation system models developed in this work can provide design guidance in the recycling industry.
by Malima Isabelle Wolf.
Ph.D.
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Palmer, James Alexander Thomas. "Mechanical recycling of automotive composites for use as reinforcement in thermoset composites." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/72313.
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The aim of this research was to investigate the potential use of recycled glass fibre composite materials as a replacement for virgin reinforcing materials in new thermoset composites. Specifically the closed-loop mechanical recycling of composites used heavily in the automotive sector known as dough and sheet moulding composites, DMC and SMC respectively, are investigated. The recycling of glass reinforced thermoset polymer composite materials has been an area of investigation for many years and composites used in the automotive industry are of particular interest due to legislative and social pressures on the industry. The mechanical recycling process and then collection of useful fibrous grades of recycled materials, recyclate, by a novel air separation technique were investigated first. The properties of these recyclate fibres were characterised and compared directly with the properties of virgin glass fibres they were to be used to replace. Single fibre tensile tests were employed to compare the strengths of the fibres and single fibre pull-out tests were used to investigate the strength of the interface between the fibres and a polyester matrix. These tests showed the recyclate fibres to be weaker and have a poorer interface with the polyester matrix than the virgin glass fibres. Understanding the properties of the recyclate materials meant their reformulation into new composites could be carefully considered for the production of new high performance materials. Two grades of the collected recyclate materials were then reformulated in to new DMC and SMC composites, replacing percentages of the virgin glass fibre reinforcement. The mechanical properties of the resulting manufactured composites were characterised throughout for direct comparison against one another and an unmodified control material, using both three-point flexural tests and Charpy impact tests. Through the modification of existing manufacturing techniques and the development of novel production equipment it has been possible to successfully manufacture both DMC and SMC composites with the recyclate materials used to replace virgin glass fibres. Virgin glass fibres have successfully been replaced by recyclate materials without disrupting standard production techniques and with minimal reduction of the mechanical properties of the resulting composites. As the loadings of recyclate materials used were greatly increased both the flexural and impact strengths were significantly degraded and it was found that chemical modification of the composite could be used to improve these formulations. It has been shown that the recyclate materials should be considered and treated as a distinct reinforcing ingredient, separately from the remaining virgin glass fibres.
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Thomas, Dale Arlington III. "A grid-level alkali liquid metal battery recycling process : design, implementation, and characterization." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/93854.
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Thesis: M. Eng. in Manufacturing, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2014.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 98-101).
The application of liquid metal batteries for large scale grid-level energy storage is being enabled through the development of research conducted at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 2006. A recycling process to facilitate the end-of-life cycle for alkali or alkaline earth liquid metal batteries was designed, implemented, and characterized through a collaboration between MIT and a battery company. The process developed utilizes recycling methodologies developed and successfully implemented for the recycling of lead-acid and lithium ion batteries. The two methodologies selected for implementation were physical separation and hydrometallurgical material separation. The combination of these two methods results in the liquid metal battery process being carried out at near room temperature and atmospheric pressure. The characterization conducted demonstrated that the developed recycling process is feasible and scalable for future development.
by Dale Arlington Thomas III.
M. Eng. in Manufacturing
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Figueiredo, Wilhelmena. "A high-speed robotic disassembly system for the recycling and reuse of cellphones." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/118726.
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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2018.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 79-81).
Hundreds of millions of cellphones are thrown away every year, creating a market for large-scale recycle and reuse. We present a low-cost robot that can disassemble cellphone components in a nondestructive way and be distributed widely. The goal of this robot is to accelerate the recovery of millions of dollars worth of components and materials from the disposed cellphones. The disassembly of cellphones was reduced to primitive operations and the most important was determined to be prying. The prototype was tested on disconnecting flat flexible cable connectors which were universal and traditionally difficult for machines to remove. Multiple end effectors were designed, and different combinations of end effectors and motions were compared showing the optimum combination for prying is determined to be a compliant tool with a moving pivot motion. It allowed high success rate, minimal damage and good robustness against positioning errors. The prying and positioning of the machine was modeled and compared to experimental data to guide design and allow for generalization. Lastly, a decision-making system was designed specifically to work at high speeds and with multiple types of uncertainty.
by Wilhelmena Figueiredo.
S.M.
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Kurd, Michael Omar 1982. "The material and energy flow through the abrasive waterjet machining and recycling processes." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/32766.
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Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2004.Includes bibliographical references (p. 109-111).
The purpose of this thesis was to investigate the material and energy flow through the abrasive waterjet machine and the WARD recycling machine. The goal was to track all of the material, water, abrasive, energy, air, and tooling through the different components of the machining and recycling processes. The material removal was found to be a function of length and part geometry, while all of the other variables were simply a function of time. The cutting speed determines the abrasive use, water use, and power use, and is varied based on the material, geometry, thickness and cut quality. The cutting speed was found to be linear with machineability--a measure of the material, almost linear with hardness--inversely related to thickness, somewhat inversely related to quality, and linear with power. Water was found to be the most abundant consumable, following by abrasive, together making up over 99% of the output waste. In the recycling process, roughly 60% of abrasive can be recycled after a single use, with the only significant consumable being power, used to dry the moist abrasive. Replacement tooling on both the abrasive waterjet and the WARD recycling unit were found to be negligible compared to the large amount of abrasive sludge produced every minute.
by Michael Omar Kurd.
S.B.
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Feldmann, Martin C. (Martin Christopher). "Development, implementation and analysis of the first recycling process for alkaline liquid metal batteries." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/93844.
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Thesis: M. Eng., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2014.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 166-168).
Increasing energy prices, new environmental laws and geopolitical interests demand for new, more efficient and cheaper grid level energy storage solutions. Grid level energy storage refers to large scale energy storage applications that are connected to the power grid. Ambri Inc. is a MIT startup that develops liquid metal batteries for grid level energy storage. Their liquid metal battery operates at elevated temperatures and uses molten metals as electrodes thereby exhibiting a very low fade rate over hundreds of charging and discharging cycles. Ambri cooperated with MIT to develop a new recycling process for their unique battery chemistry to implement a sustainable end of life management for their product. This thesis describes the process development, implementation and analysis of a hydrometallurgical recycling process for a liquid metal battery. According to jointly developed process requirements, the MIT team build a process that is capable of recycling 5 liquid metal batteries per batch with an estimated processing time of 60 minutes. This will increase Ambri's profit by several hundred thousands of dollars even during the first year of production. The performed analysis of the process investigated safe and stable operating conditions, cost efficiency and scalability. The MIT team concluded that the newly developed recycling process best accommodates for Ambri's current needs and future growth compared to the only competing process, the full cell incineration with following hazardous waste landfill deposition.
by Martin C. Feldmann.
M. Eng.
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Ojo, Samuel Olukunle. "Effect of surface treatment and recycling on the mechanical properties of e-glass." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2017. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/7139/.
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The primary focus of this study was to investigate the effect of removing the binder, by specified method, on the tensile strength of E-glass fibre bundle and composites. The methods investigated for removing the binder from E-glass fibres were: (i) fibre spreading; (ii) acetone-based treatment; and (iii) heat treatment in air and in a vacuum. In the first phase of the research, the effect of the above mentioned binder removal methods were investigated using the single-bundle tensile test. Binder removal via fibre spreading did not cause any reduction in the properties of E-glass fibre bundles. However, binder removal by acetone extraction led to a decrease of 37% in the tensile strength. The most detrimental effect on the tensile strength was found to be when E-glass was exposed to temperatures in excess of 450 °C. The percentage reduction in tensile strength for E-glass fibre bundle for 450 °C, 550 °C and 650 °C were 60%, 66% and 90% respectively. In the second phase of the research, E-glass bundles that were subjected to the above-mentioned treatments were used to fabricate single bundle composites. The procedure for manufacturing these composites was developed. It was established that the reduction in the strengths of the E-glass composites after specified treatment could be correlated to the reduction in properties experience by the fibre bundles. Attempts were made to analyse the treated fibres using a range of analytical techniques such as X-ray diffraction, thermographic analysis, differential scanning calorimetry and infrared spectroscopy analysis. Heat treating E-glass fibres in the absence of air was shown to bring about a reduction in the tensile strength by 58% as compared to 78% when the fibres were previously heated in air at 650 °C.
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Sheppard, Dean A. "The design of a lean automobile dismantling and recycling system." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/9643.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering; and, (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, System Design and Management Program, 1998.Includes bibliographical references (leaf 69).
The purpose of this project was to design a new, more efficient automobile recycling system for the JMS consortium. JMS is a consortium of l 8 independent automobile recycling facilities processing a collective annual throughout of over 200,000 vehicles. 1 o begin the design process three JMS facilities were studied to establish the system requirements. Based on the requirements a new system was designed using the principles of lean production. Aspects of the system were tested at the same three locations to validate the design. Based on the test results, the lean system design presented herein is expected to increase effective daily throughput 25%, increase the peak throughput rate by 6:%, significantly reduce the handling therefore damage of each vehicle, and reduce the amount of land allocated to non-value adding buffers by 66%. Furthermore, the lean system is balanced and synchronized to the vehicle-arrival process, with increased volume flexibility. Currently, JMS anticipates implementing the design in all new facilities beginning with the Denver project this month. To address the question of what is the optimal throughput rate for JMS facilities, all known profit-influencing variables were parameterized and an analytical model of the profit was established. Using some simplifying assumptions, the profit-maximizing throughput was obtained. From this, three interesting and intuitive results were obtained ...
by Dean A. Sheppard.
S.M.
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Nilsson, Filip. "Development of a recycling centerthrough design thinking." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för maskinteknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-21855.
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Tarkett AB is one of the world's largest companies that manufacture floors and operates in over 100 countries. Tarkett Ronneby is one of two larger recycling centers the company possesses, and they are currently recycling all of the spare material and waste material from the manufacturing processes. Customers to Tarkett are lately offered to bring back used floors to recycle the material. Currently, Tarkett is annually importing and recycling 17 000 tons of material from the production and their customers, and the amount of material handled is estimated to increase to 30 000 tons per year. To handle the amount of material Tarkett Ronneby is going to build a new recycling center. The initial research questions for this master thesis were:• How to dimension the recycling center to handle the predetermined capacity?• How to organise the transport of materials to handle the predetermined capacity?On a higher level, this contribution has also highlighted several findings in relation to the following research question:• How can Design Thinking be used in practice to design a warehouse?To answer the question of whether design thinking can be used as a method for developing a recycling center, this was used as a method. Design thinking was used in all the steps of the development process - to know about both explicit and tacit needs related to the development of the recycling center. Company visits allowed to emphasise with the different stakeholders for the solution, getting in touch with employees and learn more about the processes connected to the recycling center. During the ideation phase, brainstorming has been used to create ideas focusing on smaller parts of a solution. The generated ideas have been combined to create final ideas which were prototyped in a digital environment and the first two were also simulated in discrete-event simulation software. The result was more insights into the problem and an iteration to the define phase was conducted. The iterative nature of the Design Thinking process also meant that new needs were stated along the process and the research questions were redefined to the following:• How shall the predetermined units be stored to fit in the predetermined storage area?To solve this question, the Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (TRIZ) was used to systematically explore solution strategies for the given problem and propose original ideas. The result is a final prototype in a digital environment showing how the structure of the units stored in the recycling center will look like. According to the model the warehouse will only consist of stackable units and the tent will consist of both stackable and non-stackable units. From the results, it is clear that an investment must be done to store the desired amount of units in the tent and in narrow aisle forklifts. The main future work will be to contact the forklift supplier used at Tarkett Ronneby, STILL, and order GX-X/GX-Q-forklifts, lay a concrete slab, and to update the placing software to cope with the changes and to maintain a high placing accuracy of the units.
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Sang, Wen Ph D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Knock mitigation on boosted Controlled Auto-Ignition engines with fuel stratification and Exhaust Gas Recycling." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/87981.
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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, February 2014."February 2014." Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 184-186).
This research is carried out to understand the mechanism of using fuel stratification and Exhaust Gas Recycling (EGR) for knock mitigation on boosted Controlled Auto-Ignition (CAl) engines. Experiments were first conducted on Rapid Compression Machine (RCM) to profile the ignition characteristic of the specific fuel used, and to explain the dilution effects of air and inert gas. Then the effect of fuel stratification and EGR were systematically examined on a production engine (modified 1.9 L Renault F9Q B800 common rail diesel engine) based test bench. The engine performance was interpreted with the auto-ignition fundamentals to sort out the intrinsic links among CAI engine knock propensity, engine operational parameters, and fuel stratification as well as EGR dilution extent. The nature of CAI engine knock, the metric of the phenomenon, and the theoretical rationales behind using fuel stratification and EGR for heat release control are reviewed before the experiment results are reported. RCM tests show that the sensitivity of fuel ignition delay to equivalence ratio varies with the ignition temperature, and higher sensitivity in the NTC region is preferred to make fuel stratification useful. With fixed fuel concentration, air dilution slightly reduces the ignition delay, while inert gas dilution could increase the ignition delay by a factor of 5. Inert gas dilution was found slowing down the fast heat release effectively for ignition temperature around NTC region. This indicates strong effect of EGR for CAI combustion knock mitigation. Engine tests demonstrates that fuel stratification has high potential for CAI knock mitigation, but its effect heavily depends on the extent of fuel stratification, engine configuration, and in-cylinder conditions. While 80% improvement on knock performance can be achieved with mid-compression stroke direct injection (DI), 400% higher knock intensity could also occur for late Dl. EGR was found effective in retarding combustion phasing and reducing knock intensity, attribute to its effect on both in-cylinder temperature control and heat release curbing, yet misfire could happen with too much EGR. With dual injections, the ratio of premixed fuel to directly injected fuel decreases the effect of fuel stratification in all aspects. Higher intake temperature deteriorates the knock performance. Higher engine speed retards the combustion phasing and enhances the fuel stratification extent and effect. Analysis shows that CAI knock tendency is largely determined by the in-cylinder temperature governed by combustion phasing, and many factors directly or indirectly influences the results. The primary effect of fuel stratification is on combustion phasing, although the heat release rate is also affected at the same combustion phasing. To better take advantage of fuel stratification and EGR for CAI knock mitigation, the engine operating parameters have to be in the right range. This research work could serve as a reference for future development of CAI engines with capability of knock free high load operations.
by Wen Sang.
Ph. D.
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Kay, Ian P. "ROBOTIC DISASSEMBLY OF ELECTRIC VEHICLE LITHIUM-ION BATTERY PACKS FOR RECYCLING." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1574240105621598.
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Sarukkali, Kankanamge Raveendra Sampath Kumara. "A case study on improving energy efficiency of a Granulator in the polythene recycling machine." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-245175.
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The thesis focuses on the improvement/enhancement of energy efficiency of the machine; called Granu-lator of the recycling process of polythene. In the recycling process, it is observed that energy is wasted unnecessarily, and thus energy efficiency must be improved. The reason is that the granulator has been operating with an old rotor. Therefore, the introduction of a new rotor to the main Granulator and im-provement of the energy consumption must be done simultaneously. The energy consumption to pro-duce a unit mass of useful output was calculated for the main Granulator with the old rotor. Thereafter, the new rotor is installed in the main Granulator, and the energy consumption to produce a unit mass of useful output is calculated. The energy consumption was calculated by observing and stating the current of the main motor of the main Granulator. The current was recorded and hence the energy consumption was calculated batch wise with the help of various factors such as part load efficiency, power factor, rated horsepower of the motor, etc. The total energy consumption was calculated by summing all the sub energy consumption units. Spe-cific energy consumption was calculated by dividing the total energy consumption from useful product. Similar inputs were used to feed the Granulator since it was very important for the comparison of both Specific Energy consumptions with old and new rotors. In addition, no motor was changed in both cases. Thus, it was very justified to conclude about the Specific Energy consumption. The same procedure was deployed for the old rotor and new rotor of the main Granulator. Thereafter two specific energy consumption levels were compared to decide which one is smaller. Finally, it numeri-cally found that the specific energy consumption decreased after installation of the new rotor to the main Granulator. The reduction of specific energy consumption in the granulator is 48.363 kJ/kg. This can be compared with the initial specific energy consumption of 256.485 kJ/kg, and final specific energy consumption of 208.122 kJ/kg.Avhandlingen fokuserar på förbättring av energieffektivitet av maskinen kallad för granulatorn av återvinningsprocessen av polyeten. I återvinningsprocessen observeras att energi slösas bort onödigt, och därmed måste energieffektiviteten förbättras. Anledningen är att granulatorn har fungerat med en gammal rotor. Därför måste introduktionen av en ny rotor till huvudgranulatorn och förbättring av energiförbrukningen ske samtidigt. Energiförbrukningen för att producera en enhetsmassa av användbar output beräknades för huvudgranulatorn med den gamla rotorn. Därefter installeras den nya rotorn i huvudgranulatorn, och energiförbrukningen för att producera en enhetsmassa av output beräknas. Energiförbrukningen beräknades genom att observera och ange strömmen för huvudmotorens huvudmotor. Strömmen registrerades och därigenom beräknades energiförbrukningen satsvis med hjälp av olika faktorer såsom delbelastningsgrad, effektfaktor, motorens nominella hästkrafter etc. Den totala energiförbrukningen beräknades genom att summera alla del-energiforbrukningsenheter. Den specifika energiförbrukningen beräknades genom att den totala energiförbrukningen fördelades från användbar produkt. Liknande ingångar användes för att mata granulatorn, eftersom det var mycket viktigt för jämförelsen av både specifika energikonsumtioner med gamla och nya rotorer. Dessutom ändrades ingen motor i båda fallen. Således var det mycket motiverat att dra slutsatsen om den specifika energiförbrukningen. Samma procedur användes för den gamla rotorn och den nya rotorn hos huvudgranulatorn. Därefter jämfördes två specifika energiförbrukningsnivåer för att bestämma vilken som är mindre. Slutligen fann det sig att den specifika energiförbrukningen minskade efter installationen av den nya rotorn till huvudgranulatorn. Minskningen av den specifika energiförbrukningen i granulatorn är 48.363 kJ / kg. Detta kan jämföras med den initiala specifika energiförbrukningen på 256.485 kJ / kg och den slutliga specifika energiförbrukningen på 208.122 kJ / kg
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Brahmakulam, jacob Dany Paul, and Gustaf Johannesson. "Analyse and Improve Internal Water Treatment System at STENA Recycling : Master's Programme in Mechanical Engineering." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-37052.
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The thesis work is done at STENA Recycling Halmstad. The recycling facility has a yearly capacity to process 110.000 tonnes of material. There is an internal water system that circulates water to each of the separation processes and cleans before recirculation. Due to environmental concerns and government regulations the internal water cannot be let out of the facility. In addition, the internal water treatment system at STENA was not efficiently cleaning the internal water causing frequent plant maintenance issues. The aim of the thesis is to improve the quality of the cleaned water from the internal water system. Qualitative data such as interviews and observations were combined with quantitative data that is measurements to reach the results, using a method called triangulation. Six Sigma (DMAIC) model was followed for the work execution. The internal water treatment has five process steps. Five improvements are identified, implemented and evaluated. The thesis work goal of less than 2% dirt in the clean water is achieved by improving the overall performance of the cleaning system by 48.5% after implementing improvements. As a part of the last phase of six sigma approach which is control phase, an operation manual is developed to maintain the internal water treatment system.
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Sjöblom, Therése. "Fabric conditioning for more gentle shredding : Pre-treatment for mechanical recycling of cotton and polyester." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-14875.
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There is a growing need for fibres with increasing population. One way to solve this is to recycle the fibres from textile waste. In mechanical recycling by shredding the textiles are shredded back to fibrous form. The biggest problem with shredding is that it is a harsh process that reduces the fibre length and damages the fibre. To make the shredding process more gentle and preserve more of the fibre length, pre-treatment that lowers the friction between the fibres have been investigated. Polyethene glycol 4000 (PEG 4000) is an environmentally friendly chemical that could be used to lower the friction of cotton and polyester, the two most used textile fibres. Another treatment evaluated is glycerol. The treatment should not affect further processing of the fibres. For evaluating the treatment, a test of the interfibre friction was performed on carded webs and fabrics that were untreated and treated. Prior to shredding four samples were made of fabrics of cotton, polyester and polycotton. From each fabric, one was left untreated, and one was treated with a low concentration of PEG 4000. The concentration of PEG 4000 was chosen from the test on fibres. Also from each fabric, two treatments that were not prepared by the author; one with a high concentration of PEG 4000 and the other with glycerol. All 12 samples were shredded back to fibres. The shredded material was analysed, and the fibre length was measured. The reclaimed fibres from the shredded material were also tried to be processed into yarns. The main result was that it was possible to rotor spin yarn of 100% reclaimed fibres from cotton and polyester treated with PEG 4000, which means that the treatment did not interfere with the spinnability of the reclaimed fibres. Untreated cotton was also spinnable, but untreated polyester was not possible to card. The cotton and polyester treated with glycerol were possible to carded and made into a sliver but not spinnable. The reclaimed fibres from the polycotton fabric were not possible to card or process further. This result correlates with the analyses of the shredded material and the fibre length measurement. The best results were for polyester treated with 0.71 w% PEG 4000 that had 121% longer mean fibre length than untreated polyester. The best result for cotton was treated with 0.29 w% PEG 4000.
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Zhang, Tongjie. "Chemical Recycling of Poly(ethylene terephthalate): Effects of Mechanical Stress and Radiation Damage on Hydrolysis." Digital WPI, 2020. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-theses/1376.
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Finding an effective recycling process for oceanic plastic waste is increasingly important to address environmental pollution. Plastic waste is a bountiful and sustainable resource for energy production and chemical recycling. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), one of the most common commercialized polymers, is promising to be recycled by hydrolysis. The objective of this work was to study the effects of mechanical stress and radiation damage on PET structure and hydrolysis reactivity. Ball-milling and photo-damaging pretreatments were carried out to imitate the environmental degradation in the ocean environment. An evident decrease in crystallinity with increasing ball-milling time was observed. This decrease in crystallinity caused by fractures of chemical bonds induced by photoaging and ball-milling treatments were investigated. PET was hydrolyzed into ethylene glycol (EG) and terephthalic acid (TPA) at 200°C in tube hydrolysis reactors without catalysts. EG and TPA were recovered after PET depolymerization. Thermogravimetric analysis and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy indicated that the recovered TPA was purified. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of TPA and EG were performed by using UV-Visible spectrophotometer and High-Performance Liquid Chromatograph (HPLC) separately. At 200 ℃, the conversion rate of fresh and ball-milled PET samples was improved from 16-18% with a one-hour reaction time compared to 87-91% with a two-hour reaction time. This depolymerization behavior supported that the conversion rate of PET was increased with increasing reaction time at the same temperature. The experiment results, however, showed PET conversion, TPA yield, and EG yield did not improve after ball-milling and photo-damaging treatment. After retention time of 1 hour, PET conversions, yields of TPA, yields of EG of various PET samples were 16.5±1.5%, 11.5±1.5% and 0.70 ± 0.20%, respectively. Mechanical treatment and radiation damage did not affect PET reactivity significantly in this experiment. Two main reasons were discussed to explain this result. The effect of radiation damage and mechanical stress was obscured by the more dominant reaction condition, temperature. The pretreatments in this experiment were not strong enough to affect PET reactivity. Based on the current results, recommendations for the hydrolysis temperature, potential catalysts, and more robust pretreatment methods were provided for further outlook of studying environmental effects on PET hydrolysis.
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Guo, Qi. "A Framework for Optimal Decision Making of a Photovoltaic Recycling Infrastructure Planning." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1501068732464634.
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Bhattacharjee, Sujal. "Impact of Recycling on the Mechanical and Thermo-Mechanical Properties of Wood Flour/High Density Polyethylene and Wood Flour/Poly Lactic Acid Composites." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2016. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/28285.
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This research concentrates on the recyclability of two wood plastic composites (WPCs) - wood flour/HDPE and wood flour/PLA composites. Two different filler loadings (30 and 50 wt%) were considered for each polymer composite. Each composite formulation contained 3 wt% of a coupling agent, and was individually recycled up to six times by extrusion process. Samples for mechanical and thermo-mechanical tests were prepared by injection molding. All test results were statistically analyzed with a confidence level of 95%. Additional tests such as fiber length measurement, GPC, DSC, TGA, FTIR, and SEM were also performed at specific reprocessing cycles. After reprocessing six times, all formulations showed lower relative decrease in most stiffness properties but higher relative increase in most strain properties. In strength properties, both HDPE composites showed lower relative decrease after reprocessed six times; however, higher and lower filler PLA composites showed sharp decrease reprocessed at second and six times respectively.
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Krishnamoorthi, Ramesh, and Zhang Shinzhao. "Recycling of Glass Fiber Composites." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen Ingenjörshögskolan, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-16494.
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Composites are the materials which can be used for a wide variety of applications andproducts such as sports equipment, aerospace and marine because of light and stiffnessproperties. Composites are often made from thermoset resin with glass fibers.In this study, two ways of recycling composites were evaluated, which are microwavepyrolysed composites (MGC) and mechanical composites (GC). These glass fibers weregoing to be compounded with Polypropylene (PP) or Maleic Anhydride ModifiedPolypropylene (MAPP) and then injection moulded the sample by Micro-compounder.In order to get better adhesion to the polymer, a coating was added. The Neoxil 5682-polypropylene water emulsion was evaluated.The samples were characterized by Tensile Testing, Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA),Different Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) to find aoptimum combination of recycled glass fiber reinforced polymer.Microwave pyrolysis is a new research area. The glass fiber, polymer oil and gas can beobtained by heating the composite with microwaves to in an inert atmosphere. The polymeroil can be distillated and then evaluated with GC-MS; in order to obtain the chemicalcompositions.Keywords: Composites, grinded and microwave pyrolyse composites (MGC), grindedcomposites (GC), Polypropylene (PP), Maleic Anhydride Modified Polypropylene (MAPP),Micro-compounder, Tensile Testing, Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Different ScanningCalorimetry (DSC), and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA), Microwave pyrolysis,polymer oil, distillation, GCMS Analysis.Program: MSc in Resource Recovery - Sustainable Engineering
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Holmgren, Magnus. "Rening av väte vid återvinning av aluminium : Purification of hydrogen in aluminum recycling." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för maskinteknik (MT), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-26479.
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Detta examensarbete har utförts på Stena Aluminium (SA) i Älmhult. Undersökningen handlar om att mäta vätgashalten genom densitetsindexprover på smält aluminium, för att kartlägga hur vätgashalten påverkas av processtegen vid återvinning av aluminium i SAs produktions-anläggning. I arbetet ingick att undersöka vätgashalten för två olika legeringstyper (EN-AB 43400 och 46000), utvärdera avgasningseffektivitet för de utvalda legeringstyperna och att utvärdera den befintliga utgjutningssystemet. Mätningar för undersökningen är utförda i SAs smältverk, vid processtegen raffinering och utgjutning.
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Darbello, Sabrina Moretto. "Estudo da reciclagem mecânica de poli (cloreto de vinila) - PVC - proveniente deresíduos da construção civil /." Sorocaba, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/94500.
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Orientador: Sandro Donnini ManciniBanca: Maria Zanin
Banca: Steven Frederick Durrant
O Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia de Materiais, PosMat, tem caráter institucional e integra as atividades de pesquisa em materiais de diversos campi da Unesp
Resumo: Em estudo realizado no Aterro Municipal de Inertes de Sorocaba determinou-se que a cidade envia ao aterro diariamente cerca de 500 toneladas de entulho, separando mensalmente 160 toneladas de recicláveis, sendo 1,4 toneladas resíduos de PVC rígido, principalmente tubos. Amostras desses tubos foram coletadas, moídas em duas granulometrias diferentes, lavadas, secas e caracterizados seus efluentes. Obteve-se 8,5% de teor de cinzas para os tubos moídos, o que serviu de base para a determinação da formulação do composto baseado em resina virgem: 84% de resina, 13,4% de Ca 'CO IND. 3', 1,9% de estabilizante e 0,7% de Ti 'O IND. 2'. Assim, três conjuntos de amostras (baseada em resina virgem e em resíduos de tubos moídos em duas granulometrias diferentes) foram submetidos a ensaios de tração, impacto, cor e de propriedades superficiais (resistividade, rugosidade, desgaste, dureza, XPS, infravermelho), sendo estes realizados antes e após tratamento a plasma com 'SF IND. 6' otimizado (80W,2 minutos e 100 mTorr), visando tornar e manter a amostra hidrofóbica. Os resultados de tração, impacto e dureza indicaram que a reciclagem não provocou alterações significativas. Já os resultados das propriedades superficiais apontam que os tratamentos realizados no material reciclado tendem a aproximar seus valores dos obtidos para o material virgem sem tratamento. Neste sentido, o material de granulometria grossa fornece resultados geralmente melhores. Isso indica que uma moagem menos demorada, além de gerar menos sólidos nos efluentes, origina um material menos susceptível a degradação durante o processamento.
Abstract: A study carried out at the Municipal Inert Landfill's Sorocaba, it was determined that the city sends to the landfill around 500 tons of rubble daily, separating 160 tons of recyclabe material monthly, of which 1.4 tons are rigid PVC residues, mainly in the form of tubes. Samples of these tubes were collected, ground in two different mesh sizes, washed, dried and its effluent characterized. The ground tubes contained 8.5% ash, which formed the basis to determine the formulation of the compound bases on virgin resin, 13.4% of Ca 'CO IND. 3', 1,9% of stabilizes and 0,7% de Ti 'O IND. 2'. So, three sets of samples (based on virgin resin and based on tubes ground in two different sizes) were submitted to tests of tensile, impact, color and tests of surface properties (resistivity, roughness, wear, hardness, XPS, infrared), the last ones being carried out before and after the 'SF IND. 6' plasma treatment optimized (80W,2 minutos e 100 mTorr) to make and maintain the sample hydrophobic. The results of tensile, impact and hardness tests indicated that recycling did not cause significant changes. The results of surface property measurements show that the surface treatments carried on in the recycled material draw their values towards those obtained for the virgin material without treatament. In this sense, the material originating from tubes ground to a coarse grain size generally offer better results. This indicates that a short grinding, produces less solid effluent washing and gives rise to material a less susceptible to degradation during the processing.
Mestre
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GODENZONI, CARLOTTA. "Multiscale Rheological and Mechanical characterization of Cold Mixtures." Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/245296.
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Oggigiorno, la crescente consapevolezza sociale e politica per le questioni ambientali si sta orientando verso lo sviluppo di tecnologie a basso consumo ed emissioni. In questo contesto, tecnologie come le miscele bituminose a freddo possono rappresentare una valida alternativa ai tradizionali conglomerati bituminosi a caldo, per le pavimentazioni stradali. Inoltre, quando vengono utilizzati materiali provenienti dal riciclaggio di pavimentazioni stradali ammalorate, il consumo di aggregati vergini può essere considerevolmente ridotto.
In passato, l'uso di miscele bituminose a freddo ha riscosso limitato successo a causa dei problemi legati al tempo necessario per il completo sviluppo di resistenza e la suscettibilità all’acqua nei primi mesi di vita.
Il presente dottorato di ricerca è volto a valutare scientificamente i vantaggi/svantaggi dell’adozione di miscele bituminose a freddo.
Oltre alle tradizionali indagini di laboratorio, è stata adottata una metodologia originale basata sulla caratterizzazione multiscala del materiale, sia dal punto di vista fisico che reologico. Infatti, la miscela bituminosa a freddo può considerarsi un materiale evolutivo poiché il suo stato fisico evolve nel tempo a causa della continua perdita di umidità. In questo contesto, la caratterizzazione delle miscele bituminose a freddo deve essere sviluppata su scale temporali differenti durante la vita in servizio del materiale, e a diversi livelli di indagine (scala dimensionale).
I risultati raccolti hanno mostrato una correlazione ottimale tra i diversi livelli di indagine; a dimostrazione del fatto che il metodo di ricerca adottato può ritenersi scientificamente valido e inoltre, nessun elemento scoraggia l'uso delle miscele bituminose a freddo come strati di supporto per la sovrastruttura stradale. Ad ogni modo, i materiali impiegati devono essere adeguatamente progettati in termini di assortimento granulometrico, contenuto d’acqua e leganti (tipologia e dosaggio).Nowadays, the growing social and political awareness about environmental issues is moving towards the development of low-energy and low-emission technologies. In this context, technologies as cold mixtures may represent a valid alternative to traditional hot mix asphalt for road pavements. Moreover, when materials obtained from the recycling of old pavements are adopted, the consumption of virgin aggregate can be significantly reduced. In the past, the use of cold mixture for structural layers has attracted relatively little attention largely because of problems related to the time required for full strength to be achieved after paving and its susceptibility to early life damage by rainfall. The PhD research aimed at scientifically evaluating advantages and disadvantages of cold mixtures. Besides the traditional laboratory investigations, an original research methodology based on the multiscale characterization of the material, from both physical and rheological point of view. In fact, cold mixture can be considered as an evolutive material because its physical state evolves over time according to moisture loss. In this context, the characterization of cold mixture should be developed at different time during its in-service life (time-scale) and at different level of investigation (size-scale). Optimum correlation was found between results collected from different levels of investigation (size and time-scales); hence demonstrating the scientific validity of the adopted research approach. Based on the overall findings, no elements discourage the use of cold mixtures as support layers for pavement structure. Therefore, materials should be properly designed in terms of aggregate blend, water content and binding agents (type and dosage).
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Wennerstrand, Esther. "Recycling of Textile and Plastic from an Interior Vehicle Component." Thesis, KTH, Fiber- och polymerteknologi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-300896.
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På grund av den rådande klimatförändringen och de globala problem som plast orsakar i miljön blir det allt viktigare att dagens linjära materialanvändning ändras till en cirkulär användning. Inom fordonsindustrin har kravet på ökad tillgänglighet och kvalitet på återvunna material identifierats. Som följd startades forskningsprojektet Sustainable Vehicle Interior Solutions (SVIS) samordnat av RISE IVF där behovet av en mer hållbar produktion av fordonsinteriörer tas upp. Ett mål är att minska och återvinna produktionsavfall. Den här studien undersöker möjligheten att återvinna textil och plast från en interiör komponent av multimaterial, som i detta fall är en textilklädd plaststolpe. Stolpen är gjord av polykarbonat (PC)/poly(akrylnitril-butadien-styren) (ABS) plast och polyestertextil (PET). Mekanisk återvinning utfördes på den textilklädda stolpen. Möjligheten att separera textil från plast undersöktes och testades i en kvarn med en dammavskiljare. Prover innehållande olika mängder PET förberedes och återvanns för att studera påverkan av PET på materialegenskaperna. Två olika kompatibiliseringsmedel användes för att undersöka om blandningarnas kompatibilitet ökade. Hur väl textil separerats från plast analyserades genom jämförelse av bulkdensitet mellan proverna. För att undersöka effekten av kompatibiliseringsmedel och hur förekomsten av PET påverkar PC/ABS utfördes mekanisk testning, DSC och SEM. Resultaten visade att separationen av textil från plast inte var fullständig på grund av mycket hög vidhäftning mellan textilen och plasten. Bibehållna mekaniska egenskaper, förutom brottförlängning, erhölls för alla återvunna prover oavsett PET-mängd. Därför var det möjligt att dra slutsatsen om att förekomsten av PET inte påverkar materialets egenskaper negativt och att separation eller tillsats av kompatibiliseringsmedel inte är nödvändigt. Vidare visar resultaten att PET blir blandbar med PC men inte påverkar ABS-fasen. Kemisk återvinning genom glykolys utfördes på svart och beige polyestertextil av PET erhållet som avklipp från produktionen av stolparna. Glykolysen utfördes i laboratorieskala med etylenglykol (EG) som lösningsmedel. Reaktionen ägde rum vid 230℃ under 1 timme med överskott av lösningsmedel och en Mg-Al blandad oxidkatalysator. Slutprodukten separerades från rester genom flera filtreringssteg och analyserades med DSC. Från resultatet observerades det att den erhållna slutprodukten var den önskade bis(2-hydroxyetyl) tereftalat (BHET) monomeren. Färgämnen från textilen fanns fortfarande kvar i monomeren efter depolymerisation. Därför utfördes avfärgning. För den svarta textilen testades adsorption med aktivt kol och extraktion med etylenglykol som avfärgningsmetoder. För den beige textilen utfördes enbart adsorption med aktivt kol. De avfärgade produkterna analyserades genom färgmätning och/eller genom jämförelse med varandra. Resultatet visade att adsorption med aktivt kol är en effektiv avfärgningsmetod för den beige textilen, men inte för den svarta textilen. Framgångsrik avfärgning av den svarta textilen erhölls istället genom extraktion med etylenglykol. Sammanfattningsvis, mekanisk återvinning av den textilklädda stolpen resulterar i bibehållna värden för de mekaniska egenskaperna hos det återvunna materialet, förutom för brottförlängnigen. Detta bör göra det återvunna materialet lämpligt för användning i fordonsapplikationer, men inte för återvinning i ett slutet kretslopp (closed loop recycling) på grund av säkerhetsaspekter hos stolpen. Om hög kraft appliceras måste materialet kunna ändra form utan att gå sönder. Återvinning genom glykolys visar potential för att den avklippta polyestertextilen kan återvinnas i ett slutet kretslopp eftersom den avfärgade monomeren skulle kunna ompolymeriseras till ny PET. Det kan undersökas i framtida studier.Due to the current climate change and the global problems plastics cause in the environment, it becomes increasingly important that today’s linear use of materials is changed to a circular use. In the automotive industry, the demand for increased availability and quality of recycled materials has been recognized. Following this, the research project Sustainable Vehicle Interior Solutions (SVIS) coordinated by RISE IVF was started in which the need for a more sustainable production of vehicle interiors is addressed. An objective is to reduce and recycle production waste. This study investigates the possibility to recycle textile and plastic from an interior multi-material component which in this case is a textile dressed plastic pillar. The pillar is made of polycarbonate (PC)/poly(acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) (ABS) plastic and polyester (PET) textile. Mechanical recycling was performed on the textile dressed pillar. The possibility to separate textile from plastic was investigated and tested in a mill with a dust separator. Samples containing different amounts of PET were prepared and recycled to study the influence of PET. Two different compatibilizers were used to investigate potential improvement in compatibility of the blends. The level of separation of textile from plastic was analyzed by comparison of bulk density between the samples. To investigate the effect of compatibilizers and how the presence of PET influences the PC/ABS, mechanical testing, DSC and SEM were performed. The results showed that the separation of textile from plastic was not complete due to very high adhesion between the textile and plastic. Retained mechanical properties, except for the strain at break, were obtained for all recycled samples. Therefore, it could be concluded that the presence of PET does not affect the properties of the material negatively and separation or addition of compatibilizer is unnecessary. The results further show that PET becomes miscible with PC but does not affect the ABS phase. Chemical recycling through depolymerization with glycolysis was performed on black and beige polyester (PET) textile waste obtained as cut-off from the production of the pillars. The glycolysis was performed in lab-scale with ethylene glycol (EG) as solvent. The reaction took place at 230℃ for 1h with excess of solvent and a Mg-Al mixed oxide catalyst. The final product was separated from residues through several filtration steps and analyzed with DSC. From the result it could be observed that the obtained final product was the desired bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET) monomer. Dyes from the textile were still present in the monomer after depolymerization. Therefore, decolorization was performed. For the black textile, adsorption with active carbon and extraction with ethylene glycol were tested as decolorization methods. For the beige textile, solely adsorption with active carbon was performed. The decolorized products were analyzed by color measurement and/or through comparison to each other. The result showed that adsorption with active carbon is an effective decolorization method for the beige textile, but not for the black textile. Successful decolorization of the black textile was instead obtained by extraction with ethylene glycol. To conclude, mechanical recycling of the textile dressed pillar results in retained values of the mechanical properties of the recycled material, except for the strain at break. This should make the recycled material suitable for use in automotive application, though not closed loop recycling because of safety aspects of the pillar. If high force is applied, the material needs to be able to change shape without breaking. Recycling through depolymerization shows potential for closed loop recycling of the polyester textile cut-off since the decolorized monomer could be repolymerized into new PET. This could be investigated in future studies.
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Fleming, Nathan Richard. "Metal price volatility : a study of informative metrics and the volatility mitigating effects of recycling." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/66481.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering; and, (S.M. in Technology and Policy)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, Technology and Policy Program, 2011.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 97-101).
Metal price volatility is undesirable for firms that use metals as raw materials, because price volatility can translate into volatility of material costs. Volatile material costs and can erode the profitability of the firm, and limit material selection decisions. The undesirability of volatility gives firms an incentive to try to gather advanced information on fluctuations in price, and to manage-or at least control their exposure to-price volatility. It was hypothesized that since price can be a measure of the scarcity of a metal, that other metrics of scarcity risk might correlate with price. A system dynamics simulation of the aluminum supply chain was run to determine how well some commonly used metrics of scarcity correlated with future changes in price, and to explore some conditions that strengthened or weakened those correlations. Additionally, prior work has suggested that increased recycling rates can lower price volatility. The study of the correlation of scarcity risk metrics with price is accompanied by a study on how the technical substitutability of secondary metal for primary, termed secondary substitutability, affects the price volatility. The results show that some scarcity risk metrics modeled (alumina price, primary marginal cost, recycling efficiency, and the static depletion index) weakly correlate with future primary metal price, and hence volatility. Other metrics examined (recycling rate, mining industry Herfindahl Index, the acceleration of the mining rate, and the alumina producer's marginal cost) did not correlate with the future primary price. Correlations were stronger when the demand elasticity was high, the secondary substitutability was high, or the delays in adding primary capacity were low. Regarding managing price volatility, greater secondary substitutability lowers price volatility; likely because it increases the elasticity of substitution of secondary for primary metal-this result is explored mathematically. The model results show that some scarcity risk metrics do weakly correlate with future primary price, but the strength of the correlation depends on certain market conditions. Moreover, firms may have some ability to manage price volatility by increasing the limit for how much secondary metal they can use in their product.
by Nathan Richard Fleming.
S.M.in Technology and Policy
S.M.
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Sjöberg, Axel, and Stjernberg Johan Olsson. "In-house glove recycling : Eliminating a waste stream with a circular approach." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för maskinteknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-19660.
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Background. Between 2012 and 2017 the plastic supply in Sweden increased by almost 400000 metric tons. In 2017, the hospitals in Sweden contributed to 4550 metric tons of plastic waste, disposable gloves counted for 2100 metric tons, which is 358 million disposable gloves. The majority made in other countries than Sweden, which is not only contributing to a considerable waste stream but also vulnerability when the system is dependent on continuous material supplies. Aim and Purpose. The research aim has been to understand the challenges and opportunities of needs relating to plastic waste flows from the health care sector. From the needs, choose an area to develop an innovative solution that changes the current waste flow into value for the health care sector in Sweden. Method. For this thesis, the researcher has used the Design Research Methodology and the MSPI innovation process. Design Research Methodology has been used to find and validate crucial information about the problem, by the usage of literature research and Unstructured interviews within the research area. MSPI was iteratively used with DRM to design the intended support as well as building the actual support. Results. The final prototype proves that circularity for plastic materials in hospitals is reachable. The Needfinding highlights the need for circularity, regarding both an effective use of the material and the health care’s readiness levels where access to Personal Protection Equipment (PPE) is crucial, especially in times of crisis. Conclusions. During the time of crisis, the COVID-19 pandemic, it has been clear that changes regarding preparedness and access to PPE needs improvement. Circularity is one way of achieving greater control of the material flow, which affects the hospital's level of independence. The development has proven one way of making the flow of disposable gloves circular by developing an inhouse recycling machine. This thesis work is just one angle of approach towards circularity and more efficient usage of material. To prove the concept in a hospital environment, future development is required.Bakgrund. Mellan åren 2012 och 2017 har plastförsörjningen i Sverige ökat med nästan 400 000 ton. Under 2017 bidrog sjukhusen i Sverige till 4550 ton plastavfall varav engångshandskar bidrog med 2100 ton, vilket motsvarar 358 miljoner engångshandskar. Majoriteten är tillverkade i andra länder än Sverige, vilket inte bara bidrar till en stor avfallsström, utan också sårbarhet när systemet är beroende av kontinuerlig materialförsörjning. Syfte och Mål. Forskningens syfte har varit att förstå utmaningarna och möjligheterna med plastavfallsflöden från vårdsektorn. Från behoven väljs ett område för att utveckla en innovativ lösning som stöder cirkularitet inom hälso-sjukvården i Sverige. Metod. Denna avhandling har genomförts med hjälp av DRM- och MSPI-innovationsprocess. DRM, Design Research Methodology, har använts för att hitta och validera avgörande information kring problemet och har också gett akademisk trovärdighet. Detta har gjorts med litteraturforskning och ostrukturerade intervjuer inom forskningsområdet. MSPI har använts tillsammans med DRM på iterativt sätt för att utforma det avsedda stödet och bygga det faktiska stödet. Resultat. Projektets prototyp bevisar att cirkularitet för plastmaterial på sjukhus kan nås. Behovsundersökningen visar på behovet av cirkularitet, både när det gäller materiell effektivitet och beredskapsnivåer på sjukhus där tillgången till personlig skyddsutrustning är avgörande. Speciellt i kristider. Slutsatser. Under kristiden, covid-19-pandemin, har det varit tydligt att förändringar avseende beredskap och tillgång till personlig skyddsutrustning måste göras. Cirkularitet är ett sätt att uppnå större kontroll över materialflödet som påverkar sjukhusens självständighetsnivå. Projektet har visat ett sätt att göra flödet av engångshandskar cirkulärt genom att utveckla ett system för remanufacturing. Detta är bara en inställningsvinkel mot cirkularitet och en mer effektiv användning av material. För att bevisa konceptet i en riktig sjukhusmiljö krävs vidareutveckling.
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Balsvik, Jonathan. "Life cycle assessment of industrialized lithium-ion battery recycling : Mechanical and hydrometallurgical treatment from an ex-ante perspective." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-296953.
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As the use of lithium-ion batteries exponentially increases through demand for electric vehicles and energy storage systems, so will the need for end-of-life treatment subsequently increase. Recycling the valuable materials from batteries in an efficient and extensive fashion could decrease the environmental impacts of batteries. Northvolt AB is a Swedish battery manufacturer currently constructing a Gigafactory in Skellefteå and is furthermore developing a recycling process, focused on hydrometallurgy, with full-scale recycling operations a couple of years away. In order to assess the environmental hotspots of the process, with a focus on greenhouse gas emissions, a life cycle assessment was conducted with data from Northvolt AB. This data was based on learnings from a pilot plant currently under operation but scaled up to industrial level for an ex-ante type of assessment. The industrial operations at Skellefteå represented +95% of the climate change impact, the remainder arising from a European collection point. The most significant impact driver was waste management (56,5% of the climate change impact category), specifically incineration of recovered materials and residuals. The results indicate that harnessing renewable energy in both the direct operations and the supply chain is of high importance. Chemicals (27%) and electricity (7%) had extensively smaller emissions thanks to the harnessing of renewable energy in both direct operations and the supply chain, compared to electricity mixes with large shares of fossil fuels. Furthermore, large variability was found in impacts of recovered materials depending on the chosen allocation method. The benefit of the Revolt process is likely to be affected by ongoing research projects to recycle and upgrade materials that are currently sent to incineration. For an as high environmental efficiency as possible, it is important that the process make as much use of all the recovered materials as possible, find efficient waste treatment processes, and continue to source from production using as electricity mixes with high shares of renewable energy.Givet att användningen av litium-jon batterier ökar exponentiellt, drivet av efterfrågan på elfordon och energilagringssystem, så kommer behovet av att avfallshantera utgående batterier att öka. Att återvinna värdefulla material från batterier på ett effektivt och omfattande sätt skulle kunna minska batteriernas miljöpåverkan sett över hela dess livscykel. Northvolt AB är en svensk batteritillverkare som bygger en fabrik i Skellefteå och parallellt utvecklar en återvinningsprocess med fokus på hydrometallurgi, med fullskalig återvinning planerad. För att utvärdera vilka aspekter av processen som driver dess miljöpåverkan, med fokus på utsläpp av växthusgaser, gjordes en livscykelanalys med data från Northvolt AB. Datainventeringen baserades på lärdomar från en pilotanläggning som för närvarande är under drift, men skalades upp till industriell nivå för en förhandsbedömning. Industriverksamheten i Skellefteå stod för +95% av klimatpåverkan, resten härrör från en europeisk insamlingsplats av utgående batterier. Den viktigaste bidragsfaktorn för klimatutsläpp var avfallshantering (56,5 % av utsläppen), särskilt förbränning av återhämtade material och restprodukter. Resultaten visar att det är av stor betydelse att utnyttja förnybar energi i både den direkta verksamheten och leverantörskedjan. Kategorierna kemikalier (27%) och el (7 %) hade betydligt lägre utsläpp tack vare att förnybar energi utnyttjades, i jämförelse med nationella elmixer med större andelar fossila bränslen. Vidare konstaterades stor variation i resultatet av miljöpåverkan på återvunnet material beroende på vald allokeringsmetod. Fördelarna med Revoltprocessen kommer sannolikt att påverkas av pågående forskningsprojekt för att återvinna och uppgradera material som för närvarande skickas till förbränning. För minskade klimatutsläpp är det viktigt att processen i så stor utsträckning som möjligt materiellt återvinner alla utgående material, hittar effektiva avfallshanteringsprocesser och fortsätter att etablera en leverantörskedja som producerar med stora andelar förnybar energi. Utöver att utvärderingen gjordes med preliminära data resonerades avfallshanteringen vara den enskilt största källan till osäkerhet. Framtida livscykelanalyser skulle dra nytta av uppmätt data när den industriella anläggningen är operationell, samt vidga analysen med mer utförlig datainhämtning från relevanta avfallsprocesser och återvinningstekniker.
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Namuga, Catherine. "OLD TO BECOME AS GOOD AS NEW : Pretreatment for gentle shredding." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-13597.
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In today’s World, sustainability is not just a buzz word but should be the new quality. In order to live in a pollution free environment, there is an urgent need to move towards a circular economy. The rapidly increasing demand of textiles results in high amount of textile waste leading to pollution. Textile to textile recycling is the most feasible solution to minimize textile waste while meeting the fashion demand. Mechanical recycling by shredding is one way of recycling textiles where, fabrics are broken down into their constituent fibres. The problem with this method is that, after shredding, there is huge reduction in fibre length due to the harsh process. This makes it difficult to use a high percentage of these reclaimed fibres in formation of new textile garments. The main focus of this thesis was to reduce the fibre length drop that occurs during shredding through lubricant pretreatment. It was anticipated that, inter-fibre friction would be the reason for the huge fibre length drop during shredding. Therefore, a method was developed to measure the inter-fibre friction of cotton and polyester staple fibres using a tensile tester. The effect of blending on inter-fibre friction was investigated. Different types of lubricants were used to alter the inter fibre friction. The lubricants were sprayed on the fibres and dried prior to carding. Two lubricants were chosen for pretreatment of fibres for yarn formation. The effect of the lubricant on the inter-fibre friction of carded fibre webs as well as yarn strength and spinnability were investigated. The results showed that, the method developed can be used to measure inter-fibre friction of staple fibres. It was also found that, inter-fibre friction in carded webs depends on the crimp and mechanical interlocking in the web. Inter-fibre friction in blended fibres depends on the percentage amount of each fibre in the blend. Addition of a small amount of lubricant significantly lowers the inter-fibre friction. The effect depends on the type of lubricant and type of fibre. Lubricant amount above 1.43% on weight of fibre lead to poor carding of fibres. Lubricant amounts between 0.29 % and 1% on weight of fibre lead to good carding of cotton and polyester fibres but the cotton fibre webs may not be spun. PEG4000 lubricant was found to significantly lower the inter-fibre friction compared to other lubricants. It was also found that, lubricants significantly affect the tensile strength of the yarn as well as their spinnability. Basing on the results, it was concluded that, lubricant pretreatment of fabrics prior to shredding will most likely provide a more gentle process. This was based on the fact that, the lubricants reduce the inter-fibre friction. This enables easier slippage of fibres within the yarns which facilitates easier deformation of the yarns during the shredding process. Thus reduce the fibre length drop. PEG 4000 is more likely to provide better results when used in amounts ranging from 0.1 to 0.71% on weight of fabric. Besides that, PEG is safe for the environment.
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NAIME, NATALIA. "Embalagens ativas de fonte renovavel." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2010. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/9585.
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Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:28:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:56:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
Dissertacao (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
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Kilaru, Prabhu Kiran. "Estimation of carbon emissions from municipal solid waste and determination of the impact of recycling on emissions." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1290133362.
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Yee, Shannon K. "Nuclear Fuel Cycle Modeling Approaches For Recycling And Transmutation Of Spent Nuclear Fuel." The Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1213905425.
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Granowski, Gregory A. "Recycling of PVC and XLPE for High Impact Resistance in Spool Development." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2018. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1157640/.
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My work focuses on taking waste wire-grade PVC = poly(vinyl chloride) and waste XLPE = cross-linked polyethylene and recycle them into small wire/cable spool technology in order to reduce waste cost and reduce cost of spool production. The PVC and XLPE were provided by Encore Wire Corp. of McKinney, TX; they have also defined the standard to which I am comparing my results. The end goal is to incorporate as much PVC and XLPE into the spools while maintaining material toughness, impact resistance, as well as cost-effectiveness in the implementation of the waste materials. The work has been divided into two primary sections, the first is focused on improving material strength through the addition of ceramic fillers. The second section is focused on adding PVC and XLPE into a stronger and highly cohesive polymer matrix and optimizing the concentration of the waste products. Since XLPE is non-polar while PVC is strongly polar, compatibilizers such as CPE (chlorinated polyethylene) and MA-DCP (maleic anhydride with dicumyl peroxide) were used to improve interactions between polar and non-polar constituents. Testing involved the tensile mechanical properties, tribology and thermal properties, namely dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and evaluation of thermal degradation by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Combining PVC and XLPE together is not economically feasible with current compatiblizers. At the same time, introduction of PVC waste or XLPE waste with sufficient properties of the resulting composites is doable.
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Mattsson, Josephie. "Technical Analysis of Flax Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene : Prerequisites for Processing and Recycling." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för teknik- och naturvetenskap, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-32352.
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Nowadays, when environmental concerns are becoming increasingly important are there great interest in natural materials and recyclability. The possibility of reusing materials with maintained mechanical properties are essential for sustainability. Today produced approximately 90,000 tons of natural fiber reinforced composites in Europe of those are 40,000 tons compression molded of which the automotive industry uses 95%. Natural fiber reinforced composites is recyclable and therefore interesting in many applications. Also, natural fiber reinforced composites is inexpensive, light in weight and shows decent mechanical properties which makes them attractive to manufactures. However, the problem with natural fiber reinforced composites is the poor adhesion between fiber and matrix, the sensitivity of humidity and their low thermal stability. Those problems could be overcome by addition of compatibilizer and reactive filler. This study will examine the technical requirement in order to develop a sustainable and recyclable biocomposite. It investigates the composition of matrix (polypropylene), fiber (flax), compatibilizer (maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene) and reactive filler (CaO) in order to obtain various combinations of stiffness, strength and processability. The two main methods used for preparing samples were compounding and injection molding. Results shows that 20 wt% flax was the optimal fiber content and that maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene is a very good compatibilizer by enhancing the strength significant. Surprisingly was the strength impaired due to the addition of CaO. The composition of 20 wt% flax, 1 wt% maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene and 79 wt% polypropylene is the technically most favorable composition.
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Moening, Andrew. "Post-Consumer Plastic Particle Sortation by Plastic Type with the Use of Magnetic Fields and Ferrofluids for the Recycling Industry: A Proof of Concept Study." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1384548911.
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Hacksell, Eric. "Evaluation of the recyclabillity of a lignin-based biopolymer." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Materialvetenskap, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-87210.
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The use of plastic materials has changed the packaging industry, the construction industry, the automotive industry, and many others drastically. Plastics are also abundant in our everyday life. However, its downsides in the society are undeniable and are starting to get attention from law makers, the general public and industries alike. Because of their reliance on fossil feedstock and persistence in nature, efforts are being made to make plastics biobased as well as improving recycling of the material. However, the recycling process is complicated, unoptimized and also differs depending on the product and the country. The differences include the techniques and technology used for sorting, the plastics which are prioritized, and where they end up. This project investigated the recyclability of Renol®, a biopolymer based on lignin, a residual product from the forest industry. To do this, first it was established the most interesting viable thermoplastic resin for the Renol was PP. This was because one of the uses for Renol is in plastic packaging, where PP is one of the most recycled materials. Different compositions of the PP/Renol blend were then produced, containing 5, 10, 20, 30 and 50wt% Renol. Density testing and infrared spectroscopy were then used to determine the highest percentage by weight of Renol that could be included for the material to still be detected as PP in a plastics recycling station. For density, the highest concentration was determined to be 46wt% and 27wt%, for sorting methods using 1.00g/cm3 and 0.95g/cm3 as their thresholds, respectively. Using near-infrared technology and computer algorithms by TOMRA (the European company leading the industry in sorting materials), this value decreased to 20wt%. The quality of recycled polypropylene with Renol (Ren25 and Ren50) and without (rPP) was then measured using the tests stated in the RecyClass protocol for PP containers. It was found that both Ren25 and Ren50 had an elongation at break which was too low compared to rPP. There was a woody smell in the materials Ren25 and Ren50. This was reflected in the measurement for volatiles, where the materials were inserted into a 180°C oven and Ren50 lost the most mass out of the three materials. If the material were to be sent to an official recyclability test, it would most likely fail with the elongation at break, the smell and the volatile substances. In a packaging context it would most likely be sorted and recycled as colored PP at a maximum of 20wt% Renol and for other products with PP, most likely at a maximum of 46wt% Renol.Användandet av plaster har drastiskt förändrat, bland många andra, förpacknings-, bygg- och bilindustrin. Plaster är också oerhört vanliga i vårt vardagliga liv. Dock är deras negativa egenskaper uppmärksammade av allmänheten, industrier samt lagstiftare. På grund av att traditionellt ha varit beroende av icke-förnybara fossila råmaterial samt dess långsamma nedbrytning i naturen studeras möjligheter till att producera biobaserade plaster samt att förbättra återvinningsprocessen för plaster. I praktiken är återvinningen dock komplex och skiljer sig från land till land och produkt till produkt. Teknologier som fungerar på en typ av plast och produkt fungerar inte nödvändigtvis på en annan. Detta projekt undersökte återvinningsgraden av Renol®, en biopolymer baserad på lignin, en restprodukt från skogsindustrin, och en syntetisk polymer. För detta syfte var det polypropen (PP) som valdes som blandpolymer, då PP är en av de mest återvunna polymererna samt att ett av användningsområden av Renol är förpackningar. Olika blandningar av Renol/PP blandningen producerades, med 5, 10, 20, 30 och 50 viktprocent (wt%) Renol vardera. Tester av de olika blandningars densitet samt analys med hjälp av infraröd spektroskopi användes sedan för att bestämma högsta procenthalten Renol materialet kan innehålla och fortfarande detekteras som PP i en återvinningsstation. Genom densitetsproven fastställdes maxkoncentrationen Renol till 46wt% och 27wt%, för sorteringsmetoder som använder 1.00g/cm3 respektive 0.95g/cm3 som tröskelvärden för PP. Genom infraröd teknologi och datoralgoritmer från TOMRA (europeiska ledare i materialsortering) blev maxvärdet fastställt till 20wt%. Kvaliteten av återvunnen PP (rPP) jämfördes sedan med den av blandningar av rPP och Renol för att se hur deras egenskaper skiljer sig. Materialtester gjordes med hänvisning till de tester RecyClass-protokollet föreslog för PP-förpackningar. Många tester låg inom toleransen, dock var töjningen vid brott lägre hos Renolblandningen. Renol har också en speciell lukt som inte hittas hos ren rPP samt att den ger av mer volatila ämnen än rPP. Skulle materialet alltså skickas till ett officiellt återvinningstest hos RecyClass, skulle det troligen misslyckas på grund av en lägre töjning vid brott, dess lukt samt dess volatila substanser. Skulle materialet användas i en förpackning skulle den med stor sannolikhet sorteras som färgad PP vid en maxhalt av 20wt% Renol och för andra PP-produkter vid ett max av 46wt% Renol.
El uso de materiales plásticos ha cambiado drásticamente la industria de los envases, la de la construcción, la del automóvil y muchas otras. Los plásticos también abundan en nuestra vida cotidiana. Sin embargo, sus desventajas en la sociedad son innegables y están empezando a llamar la atención de los legisladores, el público en general y las industrias por igual. El proceso de reciclaje de plásticos no es sencillo, ya que requiere limpieza, clasificación y compradores dispuestos. También varía según el producto y el país. En este proyecto se investigó la reciclabilidad del Renol®, un biopolímero a base de lignina, un producto residual de la industria forestal. Para ello, primero se estableció que la resina termoplástica viable más interesante para el Renol era el polypropyleno (PP). Esto se debió a que uno de los usos del Renol es en los envases de plástico, donde el PP es uno de los materiales más reciclados. A continuación, se produjeron diferentes composiciones de la mezcla Renol/PP, que contenían 5, 10, 20, 30 y 50wt% de Renol. A continuación, se utilizaron las pruebas de densidad y la espectroscopia de infrarrojos para determinar el mayor porcentaje en peso de Renol que podía incluirse para que el material siguiera detectándose como PP en una estación de reciclaje de plásticos. En cuanto a la densidad, se determinó que la concentración más alta era del 46wt% y del 27wt%, para los métodos de clasificación que utilizan 1,00g/cm3 y 0,95g/cm3 como umbrales, respectivamente. Utilizando la tecnología de infrarrojo cercano y los algoritmos informáticos de TOMRA (la empresa europea líder en el sector de la clasificación de materiales), este valor se redujo al 20wt%. A continuación, se comparó la calidad del PP reciclado (rPP) con mezclas con rPP y Renol para comprobar que el Renol no empeora la calidad de material reciclado. Los ensayos se decidieron en base al protocol RecyClass para envases de PP. Varias propiedades estuvieron dentro de la tolerancia del protocolo, sin embargo el alargamiento de rotura fue menor en la mezcla Renol. El Renol también tenía un olor particular que no se encuentra en el rPP puro y al final libera más sustancias volátiles que el rPP. Por lo tanto, si el material se enviara a una prueba oficial de reciclaje en RecyClass, probablemente fallaría debido a una menor elongación a la rotura, su olor y sus sustancias volátiles. En caso de que el material se utilice en envases, lo más probable es que se clasifique como PP de color con un contenido máximo de 20wt% de Renol y para otros productos de PP con un máximo de 46wt% de Renol.
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Chandra, Paul Suvash. "Mechanical behaviour and durability performance of concrete containing recycled concrete aggregate." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/17962.
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Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2011.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A major challenge for our society is the protection of the environment. Some of the important issues are the reduction in the consumption of energy and natural raw materials, as well as the increase in consumption of waste materials. At present these topics are getting considerable attention as part of sustainable development programs. The use of recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) from construction and demolition waste (C&DW) in construction, as alternative to virgin (natural) aggregates, has strong potential. The use of RCA preserves natural resources and reduces the space required for the disposal of RCA in landfill. It is estimated that 16 thousand million (billion) tons of concrete (and 25 billion tons of aggregate) were used in 2010. Of the 2-3 billion tons of C&DW which are produced worldwide every year, South Africa contributes 5-8 million tons. This amount is increasing rapidly every year. Significant amounts of demolished concrete find their way to landfill sites. A solution for excess waste production would be the utilization of RCA together with an improvement in the final quality of RCA. It might be an important breakthrough for our society in our attempt towards sustainable development. Worldwide, infrastructure has developed a great deal since the beginning of the twentieth century. Much of the core infrastructure, including roads, bridges, water systems, and sewers, was put in place during the first half of that century. Aggregates used as construction materials, as for instance in road pavements, or as an ingredient of concrete, are important components of infrastructure. Urbanization involves reduction of natural aggregate (NA) resources, but environmental concern and the rising cost of NA is the reason that recycled materials from different sources (like roads, buildings) are being used more and more with NA in new construction work. Environmental awareness is increasing in every country for many reasons and sustainable development is demanded of all industries, including the building and construction industries. By nature, construction is not environmentally friendly, and sometimes it also changes the behavior of nature in many ways. Recycling is one of the most important ways to minimize the waste that comes from different sources, thereby avoiding repetition of, and additional environmentally hazardous practices. It may create new wealth by diminished transport and production costs and sparing of landfill site space and cost. It has the potential to extend the life of natural resources by adding a source of material, thereby reducing environmental interference and impacting on nearby construction sites, all of which improve sustainability of our natural resources. Much research on the uses of RCA has been performed during the last few decades. In fact, most of them showed that the strength class of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) is adequate for use as structural concrete although volume changes in and durability performance of RAC in comparison with natural aggregate concrete (NAC) are still being debated and researched. Some researchers found that the durability of concrete produced with RCA is inferior, but others have found it to be sufficient for use in structural concrete. The fact that an insufficient number of studies have been carried out on the durability aspects, has limited the use of RCA as material for road construction. The aim of this study is to determine the suitability of using the RCA in structural concrete based on its strength, stiffness, dimensional stability and durability. Three types of RCA designated RCA1, RCA2 and RCA3 in this study, were taken from three different sources. These materials were tested to establish their mechanical characteristics for use as aggregates in concrete. In the experimental program RCA was used at replacement percentages of 0%, 30% and 100% to (partially) replace NA in order to study its suitability as aggregate in concrete, and to what level of NA replacement its behavior is satisfactory for structural application. A single compressive strength class was studied, due to the limited time. By performing tests of compressive strength, Young’s modulus, creep, shrinkage, and durability performance, it has been found that selected types of RCA show a real possibility for use as aggregate in concrete. When concrete with a RCA replacement of 100% was compared with NAC100% there was a small decline in strength, but when concrete with a RCA replacement of 30% was compared with NAC100% the results showed almost equal strength. A slight reduction in durability performance was found for RAC30% compared with NAC100%, but similar dimensional stability performance in terms of specific creep and drying shrinkage was measured for RAC30% and NAC100%. Based on detailed experimental results obtained from this thesis project, a number of recommendations have therefore been made for RCA characteristics that will be used in concrete mixes also taking into account the quality of RCA. Some suggestions are proposed based on the mechanical properties and durability of the concrete. In the final conclusions, future studies on RCA properties are suggested, which would help us in increasing our knowledge in the application of RCA, and which may lead to the optimal production of structural concrete in a sustainable way. In general the use of RCA in concrete is feasible and good quality RCA at 30% replacement of NA may be suitable for any kind of structural concrete.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: ‘n Groot uitdaging vir ons samelewing is die beskerming van die omgewing. Van die belangrike sake is die vermindering in die verbruik van energie en van natuurlike, onverwerkte materiale asook die groter verbruik van afvalmateriaal. Hierdie onderwerpe kry tans aanienlike aandag as deel van volhoubare ontwikkelingsprogramme. Die gebruik van betonaggregate, herwin vanaf konstruksie-en slopingsafval, en gebruik in konstruksie as alternatief vir ongebruikte natuurlike aggregate, het goeie potensiaal. Die gebruik van herwonne aggregaat beskerm natuurlike hulpbronne en verminder die oppervlakte en volume wat nodig is vir die weggooi daarvan op stortingsterreine. Dit is beraam dat 16 duisend miljoen (biljoen) ton beton (en ongeveer 25 biljoen ton aggregaat) gedurende 2010 gebruik is. Van die 2-3 biljoen ton konstruksie-en slopingsafval wat jaarliks wêreldwyd gegenereer word, dra Suid Afrika 5-8 miljoen ton by. Hierdie hoeveelheid word elke jaar vinnig meer. Beduidende hoeveelhede gesloopte beton beland elke jaar op stortingsterreine. ‘n Oplossing vir die probleem van te veel atval generering sou wees die gebruik daarvan as herwonne beton-aggregaat, sou saamval met ‘n verbetering in die uiteindelike kwaliteit van herwonne aggregaat beton. Dit kan dalk ‘n belangrike deurbraak wees vir ons samelewing in ons strewe na volhoubare ontwikkeling. Infrastruktuur het wêreldwyd baie ontwikkel sedert die begin van die twintigste eeu. Baie van die kerninfrastruktuur insluitende paaie, brue, waterstelsels en riole is gebou tydens die eerste helfte van daardie eeu. Aggregaat gebruik as konstruksiemateriaal, byvoorbeeld in padplaveisels of as’n bestanddeel van beton, is ‘n belangrike deel van infrastruktuur. Verstedeliking veroorsaak vermindering van natuurlike aggregaat hulpbronne maar besorgdheid oor die omgewing en die stygende koste van nataurlike aggregaat veroorsaak dat herwonne materiale vanaf verskillende bronne (soos paaie en geboue) meer en meer aanvullend tot natuurlike aggregaat in nuwe konstruksiewerke gebruik word. Omgewingsbewustheid is om baie redes aan die toeneem in elke land en volhoubare ontwikkeling word vereis van alle industrieë. Herwinning is een van die hoofmaniere om afval vanaf verskillende bronne tot ‘n minimum te beperk. Dit skep nuwe rykdom, verminder vervoeren vervaardigingskoste en benut afval wat anders op stortingsterreine verlore sou gegaan het. Dit het die potensiaal om die lewensduur van natuurlike hulpbronne te verleng deur ‘n materiaalbron by te voeg, deur inmenging in die omgewing te verminder, wat almal bevorderlik is om volhoubare benutting van ons hulpbronne te verbeter. Baie navorsing is gedurende die laaste paar dekades gedoen aangaande die gebruik van herwonne aggregaat. Die meeste van die navorsing het inderdaad getoon dat die sterkte van beton met herwonne aggregaat genoegsaam is vir gebruik as struktuurbeton alhoewel daar wel debatte gevoer word oor die volumeveranderings en duursaamheid prestasie van herwonne aggregaat beton vergeleke met dié van natuurlike aggregaat beton. Sommige navorsers het bevind dat die duursaamheid van beton wat met herwonne aggregaat gemaak is, minderwaardig is maar andere het bevind dat dit voldoen aan die vereistes van struktuurbeton. Slegs die feit dat daar onvoldoende toetse rakende duursaamheid gedoen is, het die gebruik van herwonne beton aggregaat beperk tot padboumateriaal. Die doel van hierdie navorsing is om te bepaal wat die geskiktheid van herwonne betonaggregaat is vir gebruik in struktuurbeton, gegrond op sterkte en duursaamheid. Drie soorte herwonne betonaggregaat wat in hierdie studie as RCA1, RCA2 and RCA3 aangedui word, is elk vanaf ‘n ander bron geneem. Hierdie materiale is getoets om hulle meganiese kenmerke vas te stel vir gebruik as aggregaat in beton. In die eksperimentele program is 0%, 30% en 100% herwonne betonaggregaat gebruik om natuurlike aggregaat gedeeltelik be vervang om sodoende die geskiktheid as betonaggregaat te bestudeer. Deur toetse uit te voer op ‘n beperkte sterkte-klas beton, soos toetse vir die bepaling van druksterkte, Young’s modulus, kruip, krimp en duursaamheid, is daar bevind dat sekere soorte herwonne betonaggregaat heel moontlik gebruik kan word in struktuurbeton. Toe beton met 100% herwonne betonaggregaat vergelyk is met beton met 100% natuurlike aggregaat, is bevind dat daar ‘n klein vermindering in sterkte was, maar waar beton met 30% herwonne betonaggregaat vergelyk is met beton met 100% natuurlike aggregaat, het die resultate byna dieselfde sterkte getoon. Dus op grond van gedetaileerde eksperimentele resultate is ‘n aantal aanbevelings gemaak vir kenmerke van herwonne betonaggregaat wat in betonmengsels gebruik sal word met inagneming van die gehalte van herwonne betonaggregaat. Die resultate vir beton met 30% en 100% herwonne betonaggregaat word vergelyk met beton wat slegs natuurlike aggregaat bevat. Sekere voorstelle gegrond op meganiese eienskappe en duursaamheid van die beton word gemaak, asook aanbevelings vir toekomstige studies van herwonne betonaggregaat wat ons sal help om ons kennis vir die toepassing van herwonne betonaggregaat uit te brei.
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Lindström, Frida. "Chemical and physical changes in PET fibres due to exhaust dyeing : Issues in thermo-mechanical recycling of dyed PET textiles." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-14772.
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Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is the most used fibre in the textile industry. PET is also used in other products, e.g. soft-drink bottles and food packaging. Approximately 60% of the globally produced PET is intended for production of textile fibres and the demand for polyester fibres have steadily increased over the last decade. Yet, most of the recycled PET fibres are produced from discarded bottles and not discarded textiles even though the generation of textile waste is increasing year by year. The importance of finding efficient recycling routes for discarded PET textiles is obvious. In thermo-mechanical recycling the thermoplastic characteristic of PET is utilized to re-melt and re-form PET waste into new valuable products. Today, this is used for bottle-to-fibre recycling but not for fibre-to-fibre recycling. The main research question asked in this Master thesis is if the process of exhaust dyeing compromise the possibility to recycle PET textiles through remelt spinning. It is believed that PET degradation through hydrolysis may occur during dyeing. The degradation behaviour of PET has been widely studied. However, degradation during exhaust dyeing has not been investigated. The process parameters temperature, time and number of dyeing cycles have been investigated. Also, possible effects of different auxiliary chemicals have been studied. Dyeing and characterisation of two PET fabrics with filaments of different titer was performed in order to investigate if the filament titer is also a parameter to consider. Tensile testing and surface characterisation through demand absorbency test showed that the filament titer seems to affect how the tensile and moisture related properties change due to dyeing. Differential scanning calorimetry showed that the crystallisation rate is affected by the dyeing process. This can be an effect of formation of shorter PET chains during dyeing. The auxiliary chemicals have been shown to be the most critical factor in changes of the crystallisation behaviour. Fourier-Transform infrared spectroscopy indicated that chain scission has occurred during dyeing. The results have shown that the exhaust dyeing process causes changes in tensile properties, moisture related properties, degree of crystallinity as well as crystallisation behaviour. DSC and FTIR results indicate chain scission. Based on the results it cannot be concluded if the changes are large enough to compromise the possibility to recycle PET textiles thermo-mechanically. Further research is required in order to correlate the observed changes with possible problems in thermomechanical recycling of dyed PET textiles.
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Abdulkarim, Abrahim, and Outa Nima Nova Al. "Conceptualizing an automated sorting system for the recycling of plastic-floors." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för maskinteknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-19713.
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Background Tarkett AB Ronneby (Sweden) is a flooring solutions company, recognized for the manufacturing and recycling of homogeneous plastic flooring. Tarkett AB recycles mainly installation spill and manufacturing defects. However, Tarkett AB is considering widening its recycling capabilities to include old and torn plastic floors which may contain impurities and banned substances or plastic floors of competing brands. To accomplish this, Tarkett is considering a completely new recycling line with an automated sorting process instead of the current manual process. Thus, Tarkett proposes a dissertation to conceptualize a new automated sorting system with added capacity and increased functionality. Purpose This work aims to investigate the current sorting process and introduce conceptual solutions for a new automated sorting process capable of identifying and separating plastic floors according to the manufacturer, type, condition, and external waste by using existing technology. Method The methods and tools used in this work are mainly based on a modified product development process. Starting with data collection of the current sorting process, performing a need-finding, and extracting requirements for an automated sorting process, investigating relevant technology, evaluating technology based on scientific literature and tests. The testing was conducted in collaboration with two companies. Near-infrared scanners were tested with Holger AB, while pattern recognition systems were tested with Vision-Geek. Finally, three concepts for the automated sorting process were developed and shown through flow charts and 2D-3D illustrations. Results The results of this work showed that it was possible to use near-infrared and pattern recognition for the separation of plastic floors. Besides, three conceptual solutions for an automated sorting process were generated and showcased with schematic graphs and 2D-3D illustrations. The concepts describe how the sorting process functions and what technology is used for each step of the process. Concept 1 and Concept 2 used both pattern recognition and spectroscopy methods. While Concept 3 only used spectroscopy methods. Moreover, spectroscopy methods were used to sort plastic floors by content while pattern recognition by appearance. Conclusions Recycling of torn and old plastic flooring can be beneficial for both the environment and the recycling industry. Yet, it presents some challenges relating to reliable, fast, and nondestructive identification for sorting and separation purposes. New and proven technology such as near-infrared hyperspectral imaging and pattern recognition can be used. However, high-quality pattern and spectrum libraries of multiple plastic floors have to be created for optimal and reliable reference models. Furthermore, pattern recognition and near-infrared methods need to be tested further at an industrial scale.Bakgrund Tarkett AB Ronneby (Sverige) är ett golvlösning företag, erkänt för tillverkning och återvinning av homogent plastgolv. Tarkett AB återvinner huvudsakligen installations spill och tillverkningsfel. Tarkett AB överväger dock att utvidga sina återvinnings förmågor till att omfatta gamla och sönderrivna plastgolv som kan innehålla föroreningar och förbjudna ämnen eller plastgolv från konkurrerande varumärken. För att åstadkomma detta överväger Tarkett en helt ny återvinnings linje med en automatiserad sorteringsprocess istället för den aktuella manuella processen. Således föreslår Tarkett ett examensarbete för att konceptualisera ett nytt automatiserat sorteringssystem med ökad kapacitet och ökad funktionalitet. Syfte Detta arbete syftar till att undersöka den nuvarande sorterings processen och introducera konceptuella lösningar för en ny automatiserad sorteringsprocess som kan identifiera och separera plastgolv efter tillverkare, typ, skick och externt avfall med befintlig teknik. Metod De metoder och verktyg som används i detta arbete är huvudsakligen baserade på en modifierad produktutvecklingsprocess. Vilket börja med datainsamling av den aktuella sorterings processen, hitta behov och extrahera krav för en automatiserad sorteringsprocess, undersöka relevant teknik, utvärdera tekniken baserad på vetenskaplig litteratur och tester. Testningen genomfördes i samarbete med två företag. Nära-infraröda skannrar testades med Holger AB, medan mönsterigenkänning system testades med Vision-Geek. Slutligen utvecklades tre koncept för den automatiserade sorterings processen och visades genom flödesscheman och 2D-3D-illustrationer. Resultat Resultaten av detta arbete visade att det var möjligt att använda nära-infraröd och mönsterigenkänning för separering av plastgolv. Dessutom genererades tre konceptuella lösningar för en automatiserad sorteringsprocess och visades med schematiska grafer och 2D-3D-illustrationer. Begreppen beskriver hur sorterings processen fungerar och vilken teknik som används för varje steg i processen. Koncept 1 och Koncept 2 använde både mönsterigenkänning och spektroskopi metoder. Medan Koncept 3 bara använde spektroskopi metoder. Spektroskopi metoderna användes för att sortera plastgolv efter innehåll medan mönsterigenkänning efter utseende. Slutsats Återvinning av sönderrivna plastgolv kan vara fördelaktigt för både miljön och återvinningsindustrin. Dock finns det några utmaningar med anknytning till pålitlig, snabb och icke-förstörande identifiering för sorterings- och separation ändamål. Ny och beprövad teknik som nästan infraröd hyperspektral avbildning och mönsterigenkänning kan användas. Emellertid måste mönster- och spektrum bibliotek av hög kvalitet av flera plastgolv skapas för optimala och pålitliga referens-modeller. Dessutom måste mönsterigenkänning och nära-infraröda metoder testas vidare i industriell skala.
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Darbello, Sabrina Moretto [UNESP]. "Estudo da reciclagem mecânica de poli (cloreto de vinila) - PVC - proveniente deresíduos da construção civil." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/94500.
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darbello_sm_me_bauru.pdf: 1163846 bytes, checksum: 789eccc3f2835db4fdd954bf53c2a85e (MD5)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Em estudo realizado no Aterro Municipal de Inertes de Sorocaba determinou-se que a cidade envia ao aterro diariamente cerca de 500 toneladas de entulho, separando mensalmente 160 toneladas de recicláveis, sendo 1,4 toneladas resíduos de PVC rígido, principalmente tubos. Amostras desses tubos foram coletadas, moídas em duas granulometrias diferentes, lavadas, secas e caracterizados seus efluentes. Obteve-se 8,5% de teor de cinzas para os tubos moídos, o que serviu de base para a determinação da formulação do composto baseado em resina virgem: 84% de resina, 13,4% de Ca 'CO IND. 3', 1,9% de estabilizante e 0,7% de Ti 'O IND. 2'. Assim, três conjuntos de amostras (baseada em resina virgem e em resíduos de tubos moídos em duas granulometrias diferentes) foram submetidos a ensaios de tração, impacto, cor e de propriedades superficiais (resistividade, rugosidade, desgaste, dureza, XPS, infravermelho), sendo estes realizados antes e após tratamento a plasma com 'SF IND. 6' otimizado (80W,2 minutos e 100 mTorr), visando tornar e manter a amostra hidrofóbica. Os resultados de tração, impacto e dureza indicaram que a reciclagem não provocou alterações significativas. Já os resultados das propriedades superficiais apontam que os tratamentos realizados no material reciclado tendem a aproximar seus valores dos obtidos para o material virgem sem tratamento. Neste sentido, o material de granulometria grossa fornece resultados geralmente melhores. Isso indica que uma moagem menos demorada, além de gerar menos sólidos nos efluentes, origina um material menos susceptível a degradação durante o processamento.
A study carried out at the Municipal Inert Landfill's Sorocaba, it was determined that the city sends to the landfill around 500 tons of rubble daily, separating 160 tons of recyclabe material monthly, of which 1.4 tons are rigid PVC residues, mainly in the form of tubes. Samples of these tubes were collected, ground in two different mesh sizes, washed, dried and its effluent characterized. The ground tubes contained 8.5% ash, which formed the basis to determine the formulation of the compound bases on virgin resin, 13.4% of Ca 'CO IND. 3', 1,9% of stabilizes and 0,7% de Ti 'O IND. 2'. So, three sets of samples (based on virgin resin and based on tubes ground in two different sizes) were submitted to tests of tensile, impact, color and tests of surface properties (resistivity, roughness, wear, hardness, XPS, infrared), the last ones being carried out before and after the 'SF IND. 6' plasma treatment optimized (80W,2 minutos e 100 mTorr) to make and maintain the sample hydrophobic. The results of tensile, impact and hardness tests indicated that recycling did not cause significant changes. The results of surface property measurements show that the surface treatments carried on in the recycled material draw their values towards those obtained for the virgin material without treatament. In this sense, the material originating from tubes ground to a coarse grain size generally offer better results. This indicates that a short grinding, produces less solid effluent washing and gives rise to material a less susceptible to degradation during the processing.
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Sandberg, Samuel. "Requirements for a zero-waste zone : Exercising zero-waste within an area, and an example of product design according to zero-waste." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Industriell teknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-450548.
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Waste is a problem that is more relevant now, in the 21st century, than ever before. Waste management is becoming more crucial with more people moving into cities, which demands a fast lifestyle and leading to massive amounts of waste. Managing all the generated municipal solid waste is putting huge amounts of pressure on the infrastructure. Zero-waste is a topic that has gained popularity as environmental issues have gained attention. The topic has only been around since the late 1990s and without an official governing body the meaning of the topic is diffuse. The research objectives of this study are to clarify the topic of zero-waste in a way so that it could be exercised within a specified area, as well as bringing forth a concept on how a recycling station within the area could be designed, aligning with the ideas originating from the topic. To achieve these objectives, this study did a literary study on the topic and qualitative research to gain as much understanding over the state of the topic today. Results from the research conducted during this study concluded that the topic of zero-waste is divided into three different areas, personal, municipal, and business. All areas having their challenges to overcome to achieve zero-waste according to the accepted definitions of the topic. The results derived from the literary study and the interviews concluded into 3 goals, aligning with the principles of zero- waste, specific for an organization or business that wants to define a set physical area as a zero-waste zone. Clarity of waste management, setting a standard of reuse and recycling and monitoring waste, and work towards prevention. Also, a concept for a recycling station was developed aligning with ideas brought up on the topic to be placed within an area exercising zero-waste.Avfall är ett problem som är mer relevant nu, på 2000-talet, än någonsin tidigare. Avfallshantering blir allt viktigare med fler människor som flyttar till städer som kräver en snabb livsstil och leder till enorma mängder avfall. Att hantera allt genererat kommunalt fast avfall sätter enorma belastningar på infrastrukturen.Zero-waste (översatt: Noll-avfall) är ett ämne som har blivit populärt eftersom miljöfrågor har fått uppmärksamhet. Ämnet har bara funnits sedan slutet av 1990-talet och utan ett officiellt styrande organ är innebörden av ämnet diffust. Forskningsmålen för denna studie är att klargöra ämnet zero-waste på ett sätt så att det kan utövas inom ett specifikt område, samt att ta fram ett koncept om hur en återvinningsstation inom området kan utformas i linje med idéer som kommer från ämnet. För att uppnå dessa mål gjorde denna studie en litterär studie om ämnet och kvalitativ forskning för att få så mycket förståelse för ämnets tillstånd idag. Resultat från forskningen som genomfördes under denna studie drog slutsatsen att ämnet zero-waste är indelat i tre olika områden, personligt, kommunalt och företagande. Med alla områden som har sina egna utmaningar att övervinna för att uppnå nollavfall enligt de accepterade definitionerna av ämnet. Resultaten från litteraturstudien och intervjuerna avslutades också i tre mål, i linje med principerna om nollavfall, specifikt för en organisation eller ett företag som vill definiera ett visst fysiskt område som en zero-waste zon. Mål 1: Ha ett tydligt sätt för både användare och servicearbetare på hur avfall hanteras. Mål 2: Gör återanvändning och återvinning till standarden. Mål 3: Övervaka aktivt avfallstillströmningen och vidta åtgärder för att minimera det. Dessutom togs ett koncept fram för en återvinningsstation för att placeras inom ett område som utövar zero-waste utifrån de principer som tagits upp om ämnet.
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Stimilli, Arianna. "Advanced Experimental Study on Rheological and Mechanical Properties of Hot Recycled Bituminous Materials with High RAP Content." Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/242917.
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Oggigiorno, la produzione di conglomerati con elevate percentuali di fresato (RAP) rappresenta una delle maggiori sfide da affrontare. L’inclusione di RAP garantisce vantaggi in termini ambientali ed economici, soprattutto tramite riciclaggio a caldo, tecnica che permette il simultaneo sfruttamento della fase bituminosa e lapidea di una miscela. Attualmente i quantitativi di RAP comunemente utilizzati sono limitati data la mancanza di esperienza e di prove scientifiche che dimostrino la possibilità di includere fresato senza penalizzare le prestazioni della pavimentazione.
L’attività di dottorato si è posta l’obiettivo di investigare in modo rigoroso vantaggi e svantaggi di miscele riciclate a caldo con elevate percentuali di RAP. A tal fine, è stato realizzato un vasto programma sperimentale comprendente avanzate analisi chimiche, reologiche e meccaniche su un’ampia gamma di materiali (bitumi, miscele di laboratorio e miscele realizzate in impianto). Oltre alle comuni indagini di laboratorio, sono stati elaborati innovativi protocolli di prova e metodi di elaborazione per l’analisi di problematiche non ancora propriamente affrontate in ambito scientifico (i.e. auto-riparazione, adesione, ri-attivazione del bitume nel RAP, proprietà di rilassamento).
L’ottima correlazione riscontrata fra i risultati dei diversi step di laboratorio dimostra la validità scientifica delle indagine effettuate e dei nuovi protocolli e metodi di analisi proposti. Sulla base dell’intero studio sperimentale, non emergono elementi che scoraggino l’uso di alte percentuali di RAP. Al contrario, i risultati dimostrano che tramite un accurato mix design e l’adozione di specifici accorgimenti (e.g. vagliatura del RAP in più frazioni, standardizzazione del processo produttivo) l’aggiunta di fresato può significativamente migliorare le prestazioni della pavimentazione, garantendo ottime proprietà reologiche e meccaniche.Recycling is a major challenge to address in road materials design. The inclusion in new asphalt mixtures of high amounts of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP), coming from the milling of old pavements, provides economic and environmental benefits, particularly when referred to hot recycling since this technique allows the concurrent exploitation of bituminous and aggregate components of asphalt mixtures. Currently, the maximum amount of RAP commonly used is limited due to lack of experience and scientific proofs of the possibility to include RAP without penalizing pavement performance. The PhD research aimed at scientifically verifying advantages and disadvantages of hot recycled mixtures containing high RAP content. To this aim, a wide experimental program was carried out involving advanced chemical, rheological and mechanical analysis on a wide set of bitumens, laboratory and in plant asphalt mixtures. The latter were used to realize three full scale experimental sections along an in-service Italian highway. Besides the traditional laboratory investigations, innovative test protocols and data analysis were elaborated to address those issues not properly investigated yet, such as self-healing, adhesion, RAP bitumen re-activation degree, relaxation properties. Optimum correlation was found between the results collected in each laboratory step, hence demonstrating the scientific validity of the laboratory investigations performed and the reliability of the new test and analysis methods proposed. Based on the overall findings, no elements which discourage the use of high amount of RAP were identified. On the contrary, the study demonstrated that with proper mix design and specific precautions (e.g. RAP fractioning, gradation optimization, standardized production process) the adding of RAP guarantees optimum rheological and mechanical properties, and enhances mixture performance in terms of rutting, fatigue and thermal cracking, main distresses of a flexible pavement.
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Pinheiro, Sayonara Maria de Moraes. "Gesso reciclado = avaliação de propriedades para uso em componentes." [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/257820.
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Orientador: Gladis CamariniTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo
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Resumo: A busca pela viabilidade técnica e econômica da reciclagem de resíduos na cadeia produtiva da construção civil vem atender às novas necessidades do setor de promover um crescimento econômico integrado às necessidades sociais e ambientais. O gesso é um material construtivo de ampla aplicação no setor. O processo produtivo é relativamente simples e envolve baixo custo energético em relação a outros aglomerantes. A reversibilidade de suas reações de transformação possibilita a reciclagem do material, o que aumenta a possibilidade de reintegração no processo produtivo, minimizando os impactos ambientais de produção. As indústrias produtoras de componentes de gesso, na sua maioria, são formadas por empresas de pequeno porte, onde o resíduo gerado, na maioria das vezes, é disposto de forma irregular, sem controle e estimativa de volume. Esse resíduo é considerado pelas Resoluções 307/2002 e 431/2011 do CONAMA, como resíduo de Classe "B", resíduos recicláveis para outras destinações, sendo grande o seu potencial de reciclagem. As pesquisas científicas na área ainda são incipientes. Faz-se necessária uma investigação detalhada do resíduo e do material reciclado. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho, por meio da adoção de um processo simples de reciclagem, composto das etapas de moagem e calcinação do resíduo de gesso de fundição, analisou as características químicas, microestruturais e as propriedades físicas e mecânicas dos gessos reciclados em ciclos consecutivos. Analisou também a influência do uso de aditivos nesses materiais. A análise dos resultados mostrou a viabilidade da reciclagem do resíduo de gesso e a necessidade de estudos mais específicos para que o gesso reciclado adquira o desempenho necessário para a aplicação no setor de componentes para a construção civil
Abstract: The search for technical and economical feasibility of waste recycling in the productive construction chain meets the new needs of the sector to promote an integrated development with economical, social and environmental needs. Gypsum plaster is a widely material used in civil construction. The productive process is relatively simple and it involves low energy costs compared to other binders. The reactions reversibility enables the recycling of the material, which increases the possibility of being reintegrated to the productive process as well as decrease environmental production impact. The gypsum components industries are formed by small companies, where the wastes are usually disposed incorrectly, without any control or estimate of volume. The waste is considered by Resolutions 307/2002 and 431/2011 from CONAMA as Class "B" which should be destined for recycling. Scientific research in this area is still incipient. It is necessary further investigations of this waste as a recycled material. In this way, the current research adopted a simple recycling process which produced a recycled gypsum plaster that was analyzed by its chemical and microstructures characteristics, as well as the physical and mechanical properties. The recycled plaster was obtained from consecutive cycles. The influence of using a superplasticizer in recycled plaster has been also analyzed. The results showed the feasibility to recycling the gypsum wastes, as well as the need of specific studies in order to allow the recycled gypsum plaster achieve the necessary performance to be applied for components in construction
Doutorado
Arquitetura e Construção
Doutor em Engenharia Civil
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Al-Shammari, Hammad. "Modeling and Experimental Investigation of Regenerating the Mixed Cathode Active Materials of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1624557099338896.
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