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1
Kurash, Jaclyn Rose. "Mechanical Women and Sexy Machines: Typewriting in Mass-Media Culture of the Weimar Republic, 1918-1933." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1440348446.
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Elliott, Catherine. "Complications of anticoagulation in pregnant women with mechanical heart valves." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/3043.
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Noor, Muhammad Jehanzeb 1982. "Daughters of Eve : violence against women in Pakistan." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/32771.
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Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2004.Includes bibliographical references (p. 120-121).
The purpose of this study was to conduct extensive research on domestic violence against women in Pakistan and to present the results in a comprehensive document. Some of the issues investigated through fieldwork and covered here include the social and cultural reasons for violence against women, the ways in which the women are victimised, the extent of this violence and its implications for the victims and society at large. Emphasis was placed on the review of shortcoming of laws for protection of women. At the end, detailed recommendations were made for practical steps in which women can be given more legal protection, and society can be sensitised to the rights of women. It was found that some of the major reasons for violence against women include treatment of women as objects and property, legitimisation of cruel practices through tradition and misinterpretation of religion, and patriarchal nature of society that enables men to reinforce their social power through subjugation of women. While around 80% of Pakistani women are reported to face some form of domestic violence every year, horrific crimes such as honour killings, acid burnings and marital rape are also quite common. There are several absurd practices such as exchanging of women to settle tribal disputes and selling them to payoff debt, which depict the treatment of women as commodities. The violence against women goes unchecked because of an unjust legal system that leads to unfair settlements and custodial violence against women. The brutalisation and torture of women has several negative impacts that start with the continuous fear and feelings of worthlessness among the victims. Large-scale mistreatment of women forces economic backwardness on them and creates widespread gender-disparity
(cont.) in the country. There are several possible measures that should be taken to stop the self-perpetuating and vicious cycle of violence against women. These include gender-training programs for law-enforcement and judicial personnel, the addition of materials that teach the importance of equal rights of women in school and college curricula, and a large-scale collaboration between the government and the private sector to create support and shelter facilities for women in distress. Other steps such as constitutional amendments to abolish biased laws and to incorporate gender-neutrality in civil jurisdiction are very important as well. Though the overall picture is quite bleak for women in Pakistan, there are some rays of hope through isolated cases in which society has supported victimised women and the legal system has dispensed justice. Overall, this report is a manifesto for improving the plight of millions of battered women in Pakistan who deserve social justice.
by Muhammad Jehanzeb Noor.
S.B.
4
Mellor, Xochitl L. "Design and development of plugged lactiferous duct treatment technology for nursing women." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/98776.
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Thesis: S.B., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2015.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 36-37).
Plugged lactiferous ducts are a common problem that many nursing women encounter. This occurs when the tissue around a milk duct has become inflamed, thus preventing milk from passing through the duct. Women treat and prevent plugged ducts by massaging the affected area on the breast. There are no products currently on the market that use massage techniques to help mothers with plugged ducts. This study proposes a design of a device to treat plugged lactiferous ducts. The problem is explored and formulated into a problem statement. Design requirements of the device are derived from the problem statement and are listed and explained. The concept generation, concept selection, concept refinement, and prototyping phases are described. Finally, recommendations for future development are discussed.
by Xochitl L. Mellor.
S.B.
5
Lakhani, K. "Arterial wall mechanics in women with polycystic ovary syndrome." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2005. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1444762/.
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Around 20% women of reproductive age are found to have polycystic ovaries (PCO) during ultrasound examinations and approximately 10% have symptoms of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), which is associated with multiple risk factors for cardiovascular disease. The aim of this thesis was to investigate arterial mechanical properties and responsiveness to vasoactive stimuli in young women with PCOS, PCO and controls, using non-invasive ultrasound techniques. The influence of PCOS-related endocrine and metabolic perturbations on aortic function was investigated in a mifepristone-treated rat model of PCOS. The carotid artery pulsatility index was decreased in PCO and PCOS women and there was a paradoxical vasoconstrictor response to a dilator stimulus in these women relative to controls. Vascular compliance was decreased in the internal carotid artery in PCO and PCOS women PCOS women also exhibited increased intima-media thickness (IMT) of the common carotid and common femoral arteries compared with controls. In the cutaneous microcirculation, the response to the vasodilator acetylcholine (ACh) was depressed in PCOS women, whilst the response to sodium nitroprusside (SNP nitric oxide donor - NO) was unaffected. Mifepristone-treated rats exhibited increased serum luteinising hormone, testosterone, and polycystic ovaries. Ultrasound analysis indicated that aortic diameter and blood flow in vivo were unaffected in treated rats, but aortic compliance was reduced. In-vitro assessment of endothelial and vascular smooth muscle function of rat aorta demonstrated decreased relaxation with ACh, which was not abolished by L-NAME, however, the effect of SNP was greater, a finding which raises the possibility of an alternative dilator mechanism that may be independent of NO system. Since increased IMT, endothelial dysfunction and abnormal reactivity are independent risk factors for cardiovascular disease, these results also provide evidence of preclinical atherosclerotic surrogate markers in women with PCOS and PCO. These findings increase the likelihood of an association between PCOS (and probably PCO) and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
6
Dominelli, Paolo Biagio. "Exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia in healthy young women; role of mechanical constraints to ventilation." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/42071.
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Many young adult male athletes with a high maximal O₂ consumption (VO₂Max) show exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia (EIAH). In women, EIAH may occur at submaximal exercise intensities and at lower fitness levels, but this is controversial. Greater EIAH in women may be attributed to their increased mechanical constraints to ventilation owing to smaller airway diameters. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to characterize EIAH, gas exchange and respiratory mechanics during exercise in young healthy women. Subjects (n=31, VO₂Max =48±1, range 28-62 mL/kg/min) completed a step-wise maximal test on a treadmill. A 3-stage constant load exercise test was also completed where the inspired gas was switched between room air and heliox (21% O₂: 79% He). Arterial blood gases (PaO₂, PaCO₂, pH), corrected for esophageal temperature, and oxyhemoglobin saturation (SaO₂) were measured at rest and during the last 30 s of each exercise stage. The work of breathing (WOB) was obtained using an esophageal balloon-tipped catheter. Expiratory flow limitation (EFL) was determined by superimposing tidal flow-volume loops on the maximum expiratory flow-volume curve. Twenty of the 31 women developed some degree of EIAH with a nadir PaO₂ and SaO₂ ranging from 58-103 mmHg and 87-98%; respectively. Subjects with EIAH were fitter (VO₂Max 51±1 vs. 42±2 mL/kg/min), had a greater VEMax (91±3 vs. 77±4 L/min) and had an increased resistive WOB (30±2 vs. 19±1 cmH₂O/breath); for the EIAH and non-EIAH groups respectively (P<0.05). Six untrained subjects (VO₂Max <50 mL/kg/min) developed EIAH and 18/20 of the EIAH group were hypoxemia at submaximal intensities. Six distinct patterns of hypoxemia were observed indicating multiple mechanisms are responsible for EIAH in women. Fourteen subjects developed EFL and 12/14 who showed flow limitation also displayed EIAH. Inspiring heliox gas decreased the WOB by ~32% and partially reversed any EIAH. In conclusion, the pulmonary system response to progressive treadmill exercise in healthy young women is variable and distinct patterns of EIAH exist. EIAH appears to start at submaximal intensities and untrained women can develop hypoxemia. Mechanical ventilatory constraints can lead to or exacerbate EIAH in women, while inspiring heliox gas can partially reverse EIAH.
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Robertson, Abigail G. "The Mechanics of Courtly and the Mechanization of Woman in Medieval Anglo-Norman Romance." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1415804460.
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Guenette, Jordan Ali. "Respiratory mechanics and diaphragmatic fatigue during exercise in men and women." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/19995.
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Purpose: The purpose of this thesis was to determine the underlying mechanisms associated with a higher total WOB in women (Study 1) and to determine if women experience greater levels of diaphragmatic fatigue relative to men (Study 2).
Methods:
Study 1: Sixteen endurance-trained subjects (8M:8F) underwent a progressive cycling test to exhaustion while esophageal pressure and lung volumes were measured. Modified Campbell diagrams were used to calculate the inspiratory and expiratory resistive and elastic components at 50, 75, 100 l·min⁻¹ and maximal ventilations and also at standardized mass-corrected work-rates.
Study 2: Thirty-eight endurance-trained subjects (19M:19F) underwent a constant-load cycling test at 90% of peak work-rate until exhaustion. Pressure-time product of the diaphragm (PTPdi) was calculated during exercise. Trans-diaphragmatic pressure twitches (Pdi,tw) were assessed using cervical magnetic stimulation before and 10, 30 and 60 minutes after exercise. Diaphragm fatigue was defined as a ≥ 15% reduction in Pdi,tw post-exercise.
Results:
Study 1: The inspiratory resistive WOB was higher in women at all absolute ventilations (P<0.05). The expiratory resistive WOB was higher in women at 75 l·min⁻¹ (P<0.05). There were no sex-differences in the elastic WOB. However, the total WOB was significantly higher in men at relative percentages of maximal ventilation (P<0.05) but this sex-difference was reversed when the WOB was standardized for a given work-rate to body mass ratio.
Study 2: Diaphragm fatigue was present in 11 males and 8 females. The reduction in Pdi,tw at 10 and 30 min following exercise was significantly greater in men relative to women (P<0.05). Men consistently had higher absolute values for PTPdi during exercise but this sex-difference was reversed when body mass was taken into account. Over time, men continued to have a reduced contribution of the diaphragm to total inspiratory force output whereas diaphragmatic contribution in women remained relatively constant over time.
Conclusions: The higher total WOB in women is due to an increased resistive WOB which is likely attributable to their smaller airways. Despite a respiratory system that may have a higher mechanical cost of breathing, women appear to be more resistant to exercise-induced diaphragmatic fatigue.
9
Chestnut, Christina (Christina Callaway). "Y B ME? : an analysis of the status of women in mechanical engineering and the Women's Technology Program as a potential long-term solution." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/36301.
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Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2006.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 29-30).
The issue of the lack of women in the fields of science and engineering has recently received new attention by the scientific and women's studies communities alike. In fields such as Mechanical Engineering there continues to be a marked lack of women, especially when looking at higher levels of academia. One solution that has been suggested is to provide young women with a pre-collegiate introduction to engineering and also to give them opportunities to be in contact with women in the field. The Women's Technology Program (WTP), a summer program for girls who have just finished their junior year of high school, was originally created to help solve this problem in the Electrical Engineering and Computer Science department at MIT. Due to its apparent success in the four years of its existence, it was felt that the development of such a program in the Mechanical Engineering department at MIT might be a worthwhile effort. The WTP in ME will contain an overview of many of the topics of mechanical engineering, with an emphasis on critical thinking and problem solving, two skills that are invaluable to engineers and are rarely taught below the university level.
by Christina Chestnut.
S.B.
10
Kariv, Sarah. "Haemorrhage and Other Complications in Pregnant Women on Anticoagulation for Mechanical Heart Valves; a Prospective Observational Cohort Study." Master's thesis, Faculty of Health Sciences, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/11427/31685.
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Objective: To document maternal and foetal morbidity and mortality in anticoagulated, pregnant patients with mechanical heart valves until 42 days postpartum. Methods: In a tertiary single-centre, prospective cohort, 178 consecutive patients at the cardiac-obstetric clinic were screened for warfarin use between 1 July 2010 and 31 December 2015. Of 33 pregnancies identified, 29 were included. Patients received intravenous unfractionated heparin from six to 12 weeks’ gestation and peripartum, and warfarin from 12 to 36 weeks. Maternal outcomes including death, major haemorrhage and thrombosis, and foetal outcomes were documented. Results: There were two maternal deaths, five returns to theatre post-delivery, eight patients transfused, six major haemorrhages, one case of infective endocarditis and three ischaemic strokes. Ten pregnancies had poor foetal outcomes (six miscarriages, three terminations, one early neonatal death). Twenty patients required more than 30 days’ hospitalisation, and 15 required three or more admissions. HIV positivity was associated with surgical delivery (p = 0.0017). Conclusions: Complication rates were high despite centralized care.
11
Thorne, Robert. "Mechanical Response Tissue Analysis: Inter- and Intra-trial Reliability in Assessing Bending Stiffness of the Human Tibia in College Aged Women." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35568.
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Mechanical Response Tissue Analysis (MRTA) is an emerging technology for assessing maximal bending stiffness (EI) of human long bones in vivo. The MRTA variable, EI, is the product of Young's modulus of elasticity (E) and cross-sectional moment of inertia (I). EI quantifies material and architectural/geometric properties of bone. Published human research using MRTA to measure EI has been limited to the ulna; however, the tibia requires further investigation due to its central involvement in many human activities and exercise-related clinical problems, e.g. stress fracture of the lower leg. To evaluate the inter- and intra-reliability of tibial EI, 22 healthy women (X + SD: 20.8 + 1.8 yr) were assessed twice daily for three non-consecutive days. Each daily session consisted of five repeated trials. The ulnar EI protocol of McCabe et al. [J Bone and Mineral Res. 1991;6(1):53-59] was adapted to assess tibial EI via MRTA. A significant difference was not found in scores for five repeated trials taken consecutively on the same day. Mean scores for EI were higher on day 1 (59.1 ± 35.5 N·m2, p < 0.05), compared to day 2 (46.9 ± 22.3) and day 3 (49.9 ± 18.3). Individual trial mean scores for EI on each day (mean of 5 trials) were highly correlated, R2 = 0.84, 0.62, and 0.79 (set 1 vs. 2, for day 1,2,3, respectively) and the average percent change between sets 1 and 2 on each day was 5.3. The inter-test (between day) reproducibility was found to be low and unacceptable, 11.7, 18.3, and 1.3%, for day 1 vs. 2, 1 vs. 3, and 2 vs. 3. Poor inter-day reliability may be a result of the inability, at the time of this study, to apply the best computational EI model. It is concluded that tibial bone stiffness measurements with the MRTA are in the range of acceptability for same day inter- and intra-trial reliability when the 7-parameter analytic model of vibratory properties developed by McCabe et al. is used.Master of Science
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Williams, Brian O. "Effect of isokinetic resistance training on ulnar stiffness in young, college-aged women." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33025.
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Bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD), measured
by dual x-ray absorptiometry are used clinically to diagnose osteoporosis
and estimate risk for fragility fractures. Bone mineral explains up to 70%
of bone strength; however, it does not take into account bone geometry.
Mechanical Response Tissue Analysis is a method of non-invasively
measuring the bending stiffness (EI) of bone which is determined by the
product of Young's modulus of elasticity (E) and the areal cross sectional
moment of inertia (I). The aim of the current study was to determine if
high intensity strength training will increase ulnar bending stiffness in
young women. Forty-nine women aged 19.9 ± 1.7 yrs, trained their nondominant
arm either concentrically or eccentrically in the Isokinetic
modality on the Biodex® system III 3d/wk for 32 wks. The dominant arm
served as the control limb (untrained). Analysis of all subjects regardless
of training mode demonstrated a significant increase in ulnar EI (22% â ,
P=0.01) with no significant difference in the untrained arm. When EI
results were assessed by training mode, subjects who trained
eccentrically showed a significant increase for ulnar EI in the trained
limb (40% â , P=0.01) with no significant effect on the untrained limb
while concentric training demonstrated no significant gain in either the
trained or untrained arm. There was no effect of time x mode of training
interaction for either the trained or untrained limb. Bone mineral density
and bone mineral content of the ulna increased significantly in the
trained arm in both concentric and eccentric training modes (P<0.05).
These findings suggest support for the hypothesis that a critical
threshold of mechanical bending loads may be necessary to effect an
adaptation in bone strength and thus, eccentric training may be a novel
approach to increase ulnar EI in young women.Master of Science
13
Wilkie, Sabrina Shirley. "Effects of heliox on respiratory mechanics and sensory responses during exercise in endurance-trained men and women." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/43351.
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Mechanical ventilatory constraints have been shown to develop in healthy endurance-trained (ET) men, and both ET and untrained women due to structural and functional sex-based differences with respect to the pulmonary system. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of unloading the respiratory system using a heliox (He-O₂) inspirate on expiratory flow limitation (EFL), the work of breathing (WOB), operational lung volumes and sensory responses (leg and breathing discomfort) between men and women. It was hypothesized that He-O₂ would reduce EFL, operational lung volumes, the WOB and sensory responses while increasing airflow rates, minute ventilation (V’E) and exercise performance. The aforementioned changes would occur to a greater extent in women and those developing EFL breathing room air (RA). Endurance trained men (n = 11) and women (n = 11) competitive cyclists completed two 5 km time trials (TT), breathing either RA or He-O₂. The maximum expiratory flow-volume (MEFV) curve method was used to determine EFL. An esophageal balloon catheter was used to measure the WOB as determined by transpulmonary pressure (the difference between esophageal and mouth pressures). Sensory responses were recorded throughout the TTs. Both sexes had a small (albeit non-significant) 2.3% improvement in power output breathing He-O₂. During the RA TT, 60% of women and 36% of men developed EFL. Heliox significantly increased the MEFV curve for both sexes however 40% of women and 45% of men still developed EFL. The magnitude of EFL was variable throughout both TT’s for all subjects due to alterations in end expired lung volume and expiratory flow rates, as subjects utilized the He-O₂ induced enhanced ventilatory reserve. Despite significantly lower V’E, women had similar WOB and operational lung volumes as men. Sensory responses were not affected by sex, inspirate, or presence of EFL. Collectively these findings suggest that EFL occurs to various extents throughout endurance exercise in both sexes and may limit endurance performance. Sex-based differences in pulmonary structure and function predispose women to mechanical ventilatory constraints breathing RA and increase women’s relative cost of breathing compared to men.
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Korita, Daizo. "Cyclic Mechanical Stretch Augments Prostacyclin Production in Cultured Human Uterine Myometrial Cells from Pregnant Women : Possible Involvement of Up-regulation of Prostacyclin Synthase Expression." Kyoto University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/148494.
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Szajcz, Nicole E. "The effects of an aquatics exercise program on sit to stand mechanics, flexibility, and balance in a group of arthritic women." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/MQ62858.pdf.
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Bollschweiler, Laurence R. "A biomechanical analysis of male and female intermediate hurdlers and steeplechasers /." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2008. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd2254.pdf.
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Gilleard, Wendy. "A biomechanical investigation of the effects of pregnancy on spinal motion and rising to stand from a chair." University of Sydney. Physiotherapy, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/354.
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During pregnancy the female body must accommodate the enlarging gravid uterus and increased mass. Therefore the maternal musculoskeletal system is required to adapt in both morphology and functional workload. After childbirth there is a rapid change in both mass and dimensions, requiring further adaptations. The objectives of the study were to investigate seated and standing upper body posture, the kinematics of seated and standing trunk motion, and the three dimensional kinematics and kinetics during rising to stand from a chair, as pregnancy progressed and in the early post-birth period. Nine maternal subjects (aged 28 to 40 years) were tested at less than 16 weeks, 24 weeks, 30 weeks, 38 weeks gestation and at 8 weeks postbirth. The subjects, fitted with 37 retroreflective markers, were filmed during upright sitting, quiet standing, and four trials each of maximum seated and standing trunk forward flexion, side to side flexion and during maximum seated axial rotation. Three trials each of constrained and free rising to stand from a height adjustable stool and with each foot placed on a forceplate were also recorded. An eight-camera motion analysis system was used to record movements of the body segments and synchronised force plate variables in three dimensions. Motion of the ankle, knee and hip joints, pelvic, thoracic and head segments and the thoracolumbar and cervicothoracic spines and shoulder joints were investigated. Twelve nulliparous subjects (aged 21 to 35 years) were used as controls to provide standard descriptive data and to investigate the consistency of the selected biomechanical variables with repeated testing. A repeated measures ANOVA was used to investigate the possibility of linear and quadratic trends showing systematic changes within the maternal group, over the four test sessions during pregnancy for each variable. Two tailed Student t-tests were used to compare the maternal postbirth variable results with the control group. There was no significant effect of pregnancy on the upper body posture during upright sitting and quiet standing. Postbirth, the pelvic segment had a smaller anterior orientation and the thoracolumbar spine was less extended, indicating a flatter spinal curve. The maternal subjects were similar to the control subjects in early pregnancy and postbirth for trunk segment motions during seated and standing forward flexion and side to side flexion and seated axial rotation. Strategies, such as increasing the width of the base of support and reducing obstruction to movements from other body parts, were used in late pregnancy in attempts to minimise the effects of increased trunk mass and circumference. For seated and standing side to side flexion, the strategies were successful and no significant decreases in range of motion were seen. For seated and standing forward flexion and seated axial rotation, motion of the thoracic segment and the thoracolumbar spine were significantly reduced, although movement of the pelvis was less affected. In early pregnancy and postbirth the kinematics and kinetics of the lower limbs and upper body segment kinematics during constrained and free rising were generally similar to the control subjects. As pregnancy progressed there were increases in mass and dimensions of body segments. The effect of increased mass was seen in increased ground reaction forces and sagittal plane lower limb joint external moments. An increased base of support width was found in association with an increased lateral ground reaction force and ankle inversion moment from each foot, which would move the body centre of mass medially. There was little change in the three dimensional kinematics of the thoracolumbar and cervicothoracic spine, although the contribution of the upper body segments differed for each rise condition. There were also few significant changes in the displacement of the ankle, knee and hip, and the angular velocity of ankle and knee joints. The maternal subjects were thus able to flex the upper body forward, raise the body and maintain stability as pregnancy progressed, regardless of whether the rise to stand was performed in a natural manner or under constrained conditions. The overall results show that, contrary to expectations as pregnancy progressed, maternal subjects minimised propulsion rather than increasing it to overcome the increased mass and possibly limited trunk flexion. A fear of postural instability may have made the subjects more cautious and as they were able to adequately flex the trunk forward, propulsion was minimised in favour of maintaining upright terminal balance.
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Chen, Wen-Yu, and 陳文郁. "Mechanical ventilatory constraint, breathing pattern and ventilatory responses in obese postmenopausal women during exercise." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/50878239045706001955.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
物理治療學研究所
97
Background/Purpose: Obesity-related changes in lung volumes have shown to affect breathing mechanisms. During exercise, altered breathing mechanisms increase potential for expiratory flow limitation and compromise exercise capacity. Estrogen and progesterone are potent respiratory stimulants, and their effects in the physiologic regulation of breathing are down-regulated after menopause. Therefore, we theorized that the combined obesity and reduced sex hormone levels after menopause work as a double jeopardy to cause mechanical ventilatory constraint which aggravates dyspnea sensation during exercise, and thus a reduction in exercise capacity. The purpose of this study was to exam the dynamic lung volumes in obese post-menopausal women (without hormone replacement therapy) during exercise and their correlations with dyspnea. Methods and Analysis: From doctoral referral and advertisement, 24 obese (BMI ≧ 27 kg/m2) and 26 lean post-menopausal women were recruited for the study. Pulmonary function and body composition were measured at rest. A maximal flow volume loop (MFVL) was obtained at baseline. All subjects then performed an incremental exercise test on a cycle ergometer with workload increasing 25 watts every 3 min. During exercise, at each workload, the tidal exercise FV loops were obtained and an inspiratory capacity (IC) maneuver was conducted to assess changes in end-expiratory lung volume (EELV) and end inspiratory lung volume (EILV). Dyspnea and leg fatigue were assessed using the Borg scale. Analysis of variance with repeated measurements was used to test the significance of the mean differences between the two groups during exercise. Linear regression analysis was used to determine whether changes in dynamic lung volumes during exercise were related to changes in Borg scores. Statistical significance was established at p < 0.05. Results and Discussion: Functional residual capacity (FRC), expiratory reserved volume (ERV), and total lung capacity (TLC) were significantly lower in the obese group than those in the control group (all p < 0.05). Compared to control, relative peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) and heart rate (HRpeak) were significantly lower in obese group. Obese subjects demonstrated mechanical ventilatory constraint with elevated EELV during exercise. Minute ventilation (VE), tidal volume (Vt), mean inspiratory flow (Vt/TI), and dyspnea score were significantly higher in the obese then those in the control group during exercise. In the obese group, moderate to severe obese subjects showed greater changes in EILV and EELV compared to those of mild obese. In obese group, changes EILV and EELV were found to have mild and moderate correlation with the dyspnea scores, respectively, and the obese severity could influence the correlation strength. Conclusions: Patterns of dynamic lung volume changes were different between obese and lean post-menopausal women. Obese post-menopausal women demonstrated mild degree of mechanical ventilatory constraint during exercise and changes in dynamic lung volumes were significant positively correlated with dyspnea sensation.
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Guenette, Jordan A. "Respiratory mechanics during exercise in endurance trained men and women." Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/17964.
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A number of recent studies have shown that young healthy women may be susceptible to pulmonary system limitations during exercise including expiratory flow limitation (EFL). Several sex based differences in the anatomy and function of the pulmonary system have been reported as possible mechanisms. For example, women consistently have smaller lung volumes, smaller diameter airways, and a decreased diffusion surface area relative to height matched men. These anatomical differences may also have implications in terms of breathing mechanics, particularly at maximal exercise. However, there have been no studies that have systematically compared the mechanics of breathing in men and women. Accordingly, the purpose of the present study was to provide a comprehensive assessment of breathing mechanics including the measurement of EFL, end expiratory lung volume (EELV), end inspiratory lung volume (EILV), and the work of breathing (Wb) in endurance trained men and women. It was hypothesized that women would develop EFL more frequently than men and that women would have greater relative increases in EELV and EILV at maximal exercise. It was also hypothesized that women would have a higher Wb across a range of ventilations. EFL was assessed by applying a negative expiratory pressure (NEP) at the mouth and comparing the resultant flow volume curve with that of the preceding control breath. If the NEP increased expiratory flow rate, the subject was considered non flow limited. Conversely, if application of the NEP did not illicit an increase in expiratory flow, the subject was considered flow limited. Operational lung volumes (i.e., EELV and EILV) were determined at various stages of exercise by having subjects perform inspiratory capacity manoeuvres. Flow, volume, oesophageal and airway opening pressure were continuously monitored throughout exercise. Trans-pulmonary pressure (Ptp) was taken as the difference between oesophageal and airway opening pressure which was then plotted against volume. The integral of the Ptp-volume loop was multiplied by breathing frequency to determine the Wb. A total of 18 endurance trained male (n=8) and female (n=10) athletes volunteered to participate in this study. Males had a higher absolute (mean ± SD; 5.30 ± 0.7 vs. 3.8 ± 0.4 L min⁻¹) and relative (69.5 ± 7.8 vs. 59.8 ± 4.8 mL-kg-¹.min-¹) VOE₂MAX and a higher maximal minute ventilation (161 ± 25 vs. 120 ± 18 L.min-¹) compared to females (P<0.01). Due to an abnormal response to the NEP in one male subject, EFL data was obtained in 7 of the 8 males. EFL occurred in 9 females (90%) and 4 males (57%) during the final stage of exercise. However, 8 (6F, 2M) of these subjects were later able to overcome EFL during the final stage of exercise through an alteration in breathing pattern. Females had a higher relative EELV (42±8 vs. 35±5 %FVC) and EILV (88±5v s. 82±7 %FVC) compared to males at maximal exercise (P<0.05). Women also had a higher Wb compared to men across a range of ventilations. On average, women had a Wb that was twice that of men at ventilatioℓ̨̨ns above 90 L.rninw’. This data suggests that EFL may be more common in females and that they experience greater relative increases in EELV and EILV at maximal exercise compared to males. The higher Wb in women is likely attributed to their smaller lung volumes and smaller diameter airways. Collectively, these findings suggest that women utilize the majority of their ventilatory reserve compared to men but the associated cost may have physiological and performance based implications.Education, Faculty of
Kinesiology, School of
Graduate
20
Spragg, Carolyn A. "A comparison of selected mechanical factors in male baseball and female fast pitch softball batting." 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/22154.
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Yao, Wang. "Compressive Mechanical Properties and Collagen Fiber Orientation and Dispersion in the Cervix of Non-Pregnant and Pregnant Women." Thesis, 2017. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8RR29HN.
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The cervix serves as the passage for the fetus during birth. The mechanical function of the cervix is crucial for a healthy term pregnancy: 1) prior to term it must remain closed and resist the increasing mechanical load from the growing pregnancy and 2) at time of parturition it must soften, deform and dilate to allow for delivery of the fetus. After delivery, the cervix must repair and close. The timing and characteristics of this remodeling behavior is currently an active research focus because it is hypothesized that premature remodeling in pregnancy can lead to preterm birth, a leading cause of neonatal death or significant neonatal morbidity. The research goal was to measure and characterize anisotropic material properties because they contribute to keeping cervix shut.
In this thesis, the collagen fiber network orientation and dispersion of non-pregnant and pregnant human cervical tissue samples were analyzed using optical coherence tomography, and the samples were tested using mechanical indentation and digital image correlation techniques. Human cervices were acquired from non-pregnant and pregnant consented patients that went through hysterectomy. Axial cervical slices were imaged using optical coherence tomography and fiber orientation and dispersion data was analyzed using a new pixel-wise fiber orientation algorithm and was compared among four anatomical quadrants and among patients with different obstetric backgrounds. Two radial zones with different fiber orientations were found. The posterior and anterior quadrants of the outer zone were found to have distinct fiber dispersion features and their fiber dispersion shifted most dramatically from non-pregnant to pregnant. In an effort to characterize the compressive mechanical behavior of human cervical tissue, we present a novel indentation test with digital correlation imaging to visualize the real-time deformation of cervical slice during indentation and measure the compressive mechanical properties through coupled finite element analysis with collagen fiber orientation and dispersion information informed by OCT of non-pregnant and term pregnant cervical tissue. Heterogeneity within the same cervix and difference between non-pregnant and pregnant cervices were found. The upper cervix was found to have a stronger ground substance. The anterior and posterior quadrants were less compressible than the left and right quadrants for non-pregnant specimens. The upper cervix of non-pregnant patients had a stronger ground substance than that of pregnant patients.
A workflow of optical, mechanical, and chemical experiments on the same piece of specimen with most fibers intact was also proposed in this thesis and these experiments would validate and inform each other.
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Tamura, Kaori. "Sprint biomechanics of female National Collegiate Athletic Association division track and field athlete." Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20662.
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Sidner, Aaron B. "The effects of high resistances on peak power output and total mechanical work during short-duration high intensity exercise in elite female athletes." Thesis, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/33860.
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Hamilton, Celeste. "An In-vivo Exploration of Skeletal Mechanosensitivity and Associated Fragility in a Canadian Cohort of Women." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/35836.
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The function of skeletal adaptation to mechanical load is to adjust the amount and distribution of bone tissue (geometry); such that stresses experienced within the bone are kept within certain physiological limits and fractures are prevented. Genetic, environmental or hormonal factors may cause heterogeneity in this adaptive response, altering geometry and consequently fragility. The purpose of this thesis was to explore the skeletal response to load in vivo, by evaluating stress at the hip under three different conditions: FRACTURE (Study 1), DIABETES (Study 2) and ESTROGEN deficiency (STUDY 3). We studied women 25 years of age or older who participated in the Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study and had available Hip Structure Analysis (HSA) data from baseline dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans. Women were categorized according to fracture status (fracture or no fracture), diabetes status (diabetes or no diabetes) and estrogen use (current users or never users). We computed stress (megapascals=MPa) at the infero-medial margin of the femoral neck in a one-legged
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stance using a 2-D engineering beam analysis. We used linear regression to determine associations between femoral neck stress and each categorical variable. Study 1 (n=2168) demonstrated higher stresses in postmenopausal women with fractures compared to women without fractures (10.57 ± 2.19 vs. 10.30 ± 2.03 MPa; p=0.0031). Study 2 (n=3665) demonstrated higher stresses in women with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus compared to non-diabetic women (10.98 ± 2.33 vs. 10.57 ± 2.20 MPa; p=0.0194). Study 3 (n=2447) demonstrated higher stresses in postmenopausal women not on estrogen than in premenopausal women (10.66 ± 2.14 vs. 10.09 ± 2.01 MPa; p<0.0001), but no differences in stresses between postmenopausal women on estrogen and premenopausal women (10.16 ± 2.00 vs. 10.09 ± 2.01 MPa; p=0.6102). Since stress is an indicator of underlying geometry, and geometry should be adapted to prevalent loads, higher stress indicates weaker geometry and suggests an impaired modeling response in these three conditions. Compromised modeling has important clinical implications in terms of treatment selection, as individuals with reduced load sensitivity may respond best to metabolic agents that would improve modeling responses to load stimuli.
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Baetas, João Miguel Pina Matias. "On the role of the purinome in mechanically-induced osteogenic commitment of mesenchymal stem cells from postmenopausal women." Dissertação, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/118603.
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Baetas, João Miguel Pina Matias. "On the role of the purinome in mechanically-induced osteogenic commitment of mesenchymal stem cells from postmenopausal women." Master's thesis, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/118603.
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Henry, Kelley M. "The relationship between physiological and kinematic parameters and running economy." 2005. http://www.oregonpdf.org.
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Kmiecik, Kayla M. "Biomechanical analysis of a backward somersault landing and drop landing in female gymnasts." 2014. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1747404.
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In gymnastics, females are often afflicted with lower extremity injuries during the landing phase of a backward rotating skill. The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of using a drop landing and backward somersault landing to compare and contrast the kinetic and kinematic differences between the two tasks in order to determine if a drop landing is a suitable representative task to analyze when examining landing injury mechanisms. Eleven female NCAA Division I gymnasts (age 19.3 ± 0.9 yrs; body height 1.66 ± 0.05 m; body mass 61.36 ± 6.02 kg) were recruited to perform drop landings and backward somersaults. Two force plates along with a 3D movement analysis system were used to collect kinetic and kinematic data. A repeated measures ANOVA was used to examine the differences in the variables with the significance level set at 0.05. There were mechanical differences and significance found between the peak vertical ground reaction forces, loading rate, kinetic and kinematic variables in the sagittal and frontal planes during the two tasks. It is evident that results may underestimate the effect of gymnastics landing impacts on risk of lower extremity injury because of the mechanical differences and significance found between the two tasks.Access to thesis permanently restricted to Ball State community only.
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Jooste, Anneke. "An investigation into normative values for the Functional Movement Screen?(FMS?) and its association to injury in female premier league hockey players in KwaZulu-Natal." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10321/1250.
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Submitted in partial compliance with the requirements for the Master’s Degree in Technology: Chiropractic,Durban University of Technology, 2014.Background The Functional Movement Screen (FMSTM) is a pre-participation screen consisting of seven tests that rate a player’s functional movement. The screen may be used as an indicator for injury susceptibility in sports people. This may be implemented for preventative measures and improving or sustaining performance in sport. Objectives This research aimed to identify normative values on the FMSTM for female premier league hockey players and assess the association between FMSTM scores and incidence of seasonal injuries. Secondary to this, the research also undertook to assess dependence of the FMSTM on other risk factors identified in the study such as age, number of years playing hockey, height, weight, BMI and position. These risk measures were also tested for association to injury susceptibility. Method The research evaluated the FMSTM score in female premier league hockey players in KwaZulu-Natal prior to the commencement of the competitive season and then tracked the incidence, frequency and distribution of injuries that were sustained during the season. All nine teams in the KwaZulu-Natal female premier hockey league were approached and the players voluntarily participated provided that they fitted the inclusion criteria. In total 74 players between the ages of 18 and 35 were assessed. SPSS version 20 was used in the data analysis to test for statistical significance of the results. Results and conclusions The research sample revealed a mean FMSTM score of 14.39 with a standard deviation of 2.4. The difference in average FMSTM score between the 18 players who sustained non-contact injuries during the course of the season and the 56 players who did not was shown to not be statistically significant at a 95% confidence level. Therefore, this research shows that no association can be made between a low score on the Functional Movement ScreenTM and injury susceptibility. The FMSTM score was shown to be an independent metric when compared to the other injury risk measures identified in the study and the other risk measures were also found to not reliably indicate injury susceptibility. Having said this, the association of weight, FMSTM and BMI with injury susceptibility warrants further investigation as these measures indicated a degree of association.
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