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Journal articles on the topic 'Mechanically operated'
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Lale Haciyeva, Lale Haciyeva, and Seyid Nasibzadeh Seyid Nasibzadeh. "ENHANCING PERFORMANCE OF MECHANICALLY OPERATED PACKER." ETM - Equipment, Technologies, Materials 09, no. 01 (2022): 106–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/etm09012022106.
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During hydraulic fracturing operations of low-permeability reservoirs, packers are the key component to ensure the success of multistage fracturing. Packers enable sections of the wellbore to be sealed of and separately fractured by hydraulic pressure, one at a time, while the remainder of the wellbore is not afected. However, reliable sealing properties of the packer rubber are required to meet the high-pressure and high-temperature (HPHT) conditions of reservoirs (such as 70 MPa and 170 °C). In this study, the structures of the packer rubber with two diferent materials are optimized numerically by ABAQUS and validated by experiments. The optimization process starts from the packer rubber with a conventional structure, and then, the weakest spots are identifed by ABAQUS and improved by slightly varying its structure. This process is iterative, and the fnal optimized structure of a single rubber barrel with expanding back-up rings is achieved. For the structure of three rubber barrels with metallic protective covers, both HNBR and AFLAS fail under HPHT conditions. For the fnal optimized structure, the packer rubber made of AFLAS can work better under HPHT than that made of HNBR which ruptures after setting. The results show that the optimized structure of a single rubber barrel with expanding back-up rings and the material AFLAS are a good combination for the packer rubber playing an excellent sealing performance in multistage fracturing in horizontal wells. Keywords: packer rubber, sealing property, structure optimization, hydrogenated nitrile–butadiene rubber (HNBR), AFLAS rubber.
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SHITAL, POTDAR, M.M. CHAKOLE, MAHAMUNI YOGESH, BIRAJDAR SHIVRAJ, and KABBUR OMKAR. "WIND OPERATED TRAVELING CHARGER." IJIERT - International Journal of Innovations in Engineering Research and Technology NITET-18 (March 17, 2018): 48. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1451494.
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<strong>This work is mainly based on the concept of wind mill to generate DC voltage/electricity and this generated power can be used for various purposes. By using this concept,we develop wind operated traveling charger. Smart phones are mostly used during traveling for various purposes like internet brow sing/ entertainment/social media. Mostly charging facility is not available during traveling. As Wind is adequate source of energy which is available at free of cost. The use of high velocity air flow through turbine for mechanically power generation. When fan rotates by application of wind,wind energy is converted into mechanical energy and this mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy by using DC generator. This generated power supplied to IC 7805 which regulates and gives constant output o f 5v. Generally,every ordinary mobile require 5v input supply to charge its battery. Female USB port is used as end effector,by using data cable we can connect it to our mobile and its battery.</strong> <strong>https://www.ijiert.org/paper-details?paper_id=141210</strong>
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Yogesh, Dhole, Patil Suraj, Kumar Atul, and Zaware Prashant. "Review on Automatically Operated Mechanical Air Suspension System Used in Automobiles." Journals of Mechatronics Machine Design and Manufacturing 2, no. 1 (2020): 12–21. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3633649.
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Air ride suspension carries the load on every shaft with a pressurized restraint like a hard-hitting balloon. Air ride suspension systems are in common use for over forty years and have tried to supply the smoothest and most shock-free ride of any illustrious vehicle mechanical system. Modern airbags are constructed using equivalent strategies as a tire by the exploitation of high strength cords that are then encapsulated in rubber. There units are very durable in service and have a proven Air ride suspension that carries the load on each axle with a pressurized air bag life of many years. In addition to providing extraordinarily swish ride quality, air ride suspension also provides other important features. First, the system mechanically adjusts atmospheric pressure within the restraint so the trailer perpetually rides at the same height, whether lightly loaded or heavily loaded. This allows the mechanical system to perpetually give the maximum usable wheel travel independent of the trailer load. Besides, the higher airbag pressure associated with higher trailer tons mechanically provide a stiffer suspension that is strictly what is needed for a sleek ride. The lower restraint pressure for gently loaded conditions, automatically provide for a softer suspension, so providing an equivalent ride quality for all trailer loading conditions.
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Lubin, Raj. "Design and Review of Automatic Urinal Flushing System based on Simple Hydraulics." International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) 08, no. 08 (2021): 452–56. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5171902.
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A mechanically operated Automatic flushing system is developed and reviewed, this system utilizes the pressure applied by the user to operate the flushing system through hydraulics. This system does not require any sensors or actuators thus the need for electric energy is eliminated, making this solution more economic and reliable. This automatic system ensures the conserved use of water as per standards and all of these are achieved in the absence of direct contact with the user.
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PALANI, HEMASANKARI, S. K. NANDA, M. S. SAJEEV, J.T. SHERIFFUDIN, and G. PADMAJA. "POST HARVEST EQUIPMENTS IN TUBER CROPS- REVIEW." Asian Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology & Environmental Sciences 24, no. 04 (2022): 650–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.53550/ajmbes.2022.v24i04.005.
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Mechanization is important in tuber crop post harvest unit operations to process the freshly harvested cassava and other tuber crops before getting spoilt. Cassava tubers are rich in its starch content and can also be used in the edible form. Post harvest equipments in tuber crops includes washers, both mechanical washers and manual washing, then peeling using a manually operated peeling knife and a mechanical peeler for major tuber crop, Cassava, abrasive peeler, then size reduction equipments, slices, chips and graters using cassava chipping machine, manually operated including hand, pedal operated and mechanically operated cassava chipping machine, strip cutter including cuber and sorter, grater pulverizor, dryer of manual method including sun drying, hand dryer, mechanical driers of solar drier, electrical drier, equipments in starch extraction including rasper, starch settling units of hydrocyclones and centrifuges for the starch industry. In this paper all the post harvest equipments developed both in India and abroad had been given to know all the equipments and machineries developed so far in the post harvest technology of tuber crops. This paper also clearly explains the necessity for all these equipments in tuber crop post harvest technology to minimize the post harvest technology losses, that is usually 10%.
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Motghar, Siddhant R., Dr P. G. Mehar, Er V. D. Dhopte, and Dr S. R. Ikhar. "Periodic Modulation and Functional Demonstrations of Mechanically Operated Reciprocating Ventilator." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 9 (2022): 469–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.46648.
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Abstract: During this period of COVID-19 pandemic, the lack of medical equipment (like ventilators) leads to complications arising in the medical field. A low-cost ventilator seems to be an alternative substitute to fill the lacking. This paper presents a numerical analysis for predicting the delivered parameters of a low-cost mechanical ventilator. Based on several manufactured mechanical ventilators, two proposed designs are investigated in this study. Fluid-structure interaction (FSI) analysis is used for solving any problems with the first design, and computational fluid dynamic (CFD) analysis with moving boundary is used for solving any issues with the second design. For this purpose, ANSYS Workbench platform is used to solve the set of equations. The results showed that the Ambu-bag-based mechanical ventilator exhibited difficulties in controlling ventilation variables, which certainly will cause serious health problems such as barotrauma. The mechanical ventilator based on piston-cylinder is more satisfactory with regards to delivered parameters to the patient. The ways to obtain pressure control mode (PCM) and volume control mode (VCM) are identified. Finally, the ventilator output is highly affected by inlet flow, length of the cylinder, and piston diameter.
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Li, Chao, Gengyao Li, Ying Xin, and Bin Li. "Mechanism of a novel mechanically operated contactless HTS energy converter." Energy 241 (February 2022): 122832. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.122832.
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Nakajima, Shuro, Eiji Nakano, and Takayuki Takahashi. "Free Gait Algorithm with Two Returning Legs of a Leg-Wheel Robot." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 20, no. 4 (2008): 661–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2008.p0661.
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The leg-wheel robot we developed has four legs and two wheels mechanically separated and operates with high mobility and stably on rough terrain. We propose a free gait algorithm for the leg-wheel robot that enables continuous locomotion under random velocity commands. The gait algorithm, based on a predictive event-driven approach, determines leg-lift timing to keep legs within prescribed work areas. The robot is operated remotely by an operator who uses a controller to give straight velocity and angular velocity. Our algorithm fully automates leg control via the operator's commands, and its feasibility was confirmed in simulation and experiments.This paper is the full translation from the transactions of JSME Vol.71, No.705.
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Kono, Ginsuke, Takaharu Kuroda, Teruyoshi Daitoh, and Kuniaki Maruoka. "The Development of the Automatic Measurement of Straightness Using by a Ball Screw." Advanced Materials Research 126-128 (August 2010): 713–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.126-128.713.
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Recently, the screens of TVs and computers are getting larger and larger. In accordance to that, surface plates of those, which are used during the production process, are also becoming bigger. These surface plates are required to be checked every certain period of duration. Therefore, an automatic measurement of straightness, that is highly accurate, and capable of measuring large area, is necessary. The straightness is the degree of difference from a straight line geometrically. It is one of the indexes to express machining precision. In Mechanical Engineering, the accuracy of processing side and the exactitude of the table and the surface plate, which are the bases of the processing side, decide the quality of products. There are a number of methods to measure the straightness. In this experiment, we use a straightness-measuring instrument, which moves a gauge parallel to the surface, and measure the values. Fig. 1 shows the appearance of straightness- measuring instrument. This straightness-measuring instrument is consisted of guide rail, carriage, and support blocks. During the actual measurement, the control of the carriage to connect the gauge is manually operated. This manual operation is simple, but measurement time and precision greatly depend on individual skill. In addition, measuring process requires good length of time with intensity, hence it causes the worker mental exhaustion. Therefore, if we can mechanically operate the carriage it will improve the accuracy and data collection will be easier. This research is aimed to mechanically operate the straightness-measuring instrument and measure consecutive positions in a short period of time. This report explains the design, production, and motion test of the automatic movement mechanism of the carriage.
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Blázquez-Carmona, Pablo, Juan Mora-Macías, Juan Morgaz, María del Mar Granados, Jaime Domínguez, and Esther Reina-Romo. "Gait analysis: An effective tool to mechanically monitor the bone regeneration of critical-sized defects in tissue engineering applications." PLOS ONE 18, no. 12 (2023): e0296510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0296510.
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Introduction Tissue engineering has emerged as an innovative approach to treat critical-size bone defects using biocompatible scaffolds, thus avoiding complex distraction surgeries or limited stock grafts. Continuous regeneration monitoring is essential in critical-size cases due to the frequent appearance of non-unions. This work evaluates the potential clinical use of gait analysis for the mechanical assessment of a tissue engineering regeneration as an alternative to the traditional and hardly conclusive manual or radiological follow-up. Materials and methods The 15-mm metatarsal fragment of eight female merino sheep was surgically replaced by a bioceramic scaffold stabilized with an external fixator. Gait tests were performed weekly by making the sheep walk on an instrumented gangway. The evolution of different kinematic and dynamic parameters was analyzed for all the animal’s limbs, as well as asymmetries between limbs. Finally, potential correlation in the recovery of the gait parameters was evaluated through the linear regression models. Results After surgery, the operated limb has an altered way of carrying body weight while walking. Its loading capacity was significantly reduced as the stance phases were shorter and less impulsive. The non-operated limbs compensated for this mobility deficit. All parameters were normalizing during the consolidation phase while the bone callus was simultaneously mineralizing. The results also showed high levels of asymmetry between the operated limb and its contralateral, which exceeded 150% when analyzing the impulse after surgery. Gait recovery significantly correlated between symmetrical limbs. Conclusions Gait analysis was presented as an effective, low-cost tool capable of mechanically predicting the regeneration of critical-size defects treated by tissue engineering, as comparing regeneration processes or novel scaffolds. Despite the progressive normalization as the callus mineralized, the bearing capacity reduction and the asymmetry of the operated limb were more significant than in other orthopedic alternatives.
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Supinski, Gerald S., Lin Wang, Xiao-Hong Song, Jennifer S. Moylan, and Leigh Ann Callahan. "Muscle-specific calpastatin overexpression prevents diaphragm weakness in cecal ligation puncture-induced sepsis." Journal of Applied Physiology 117, no. 8 (2014): 921–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00975.2013.
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Recent work indicates that infections are a major contributor to diaphragm weakness in patients who are critically ill and mechanically ventilated, and that diaphragm weakness is a risk factor for death and prolonged mechanical ventilation. Infections activate muscle calpain, but many believe this is an epiphenomenon and that other proteolytic processes are responsible for infection-induced muscle weakness. We tested the hypothesis that muscle-specific overexpression of calpastatin (CalpOX; an endogenous calpain inhibitor) would attenuate diaphragm dysfunction in cecal ligation puncture (CLP)-induced sepsis. We studied 1) wild-type (WT) sham-operated mice, 2) WT CLP-operated mice, 3) CalpOX sham-operated mice, and 4) CalpOX CLP-operated mice ( n = 9–10/group). Twenty-four hours after surgery, we assessed the diaphragm force-frequency relationship, diaphragm mass, and total protein content and diaphragm levels of talin and myosin heavy chain (MHC). CLP markedly reduced diaphragm-specific force generation (force/cross-sectional area), which was prevented by calpastatin overexpression (force averaged 21.4 ± 0.5, 6.9 ± 0.8, 22.4 ± 1.0, and 18.3 ± 1.3 N/cm2, respectively, for WT sham, WT CLP, CalpOX sham, and CalpOX CLP groups, P < 0.001). Diaphragm mass and total protein content were similar in all groups. CLP induced talin cleavage and reduced MHC levels; CalpOX prevented these alterations. CLP-induced sepsis rapidly reduces diaphragm-specific force generation and is associated with cleavage and/or depletion of key muscle proteins (talin, MHC), effects prevented by muscle-specific calpastatin overexpression. These data indicate that calpain activation is a major cause of diaphragm weakness in response to CLP-induced sepsis.
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Rey, J. F., M. Cesari, C. Brunner, Y. Muller, C. A. Roulet, and J. Goyette Pernot. "Evaluation of the impact of ventilation system daily operation on air quality, comfort and well-being in primary schools." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2600, no. 10 (2023): 102005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2600/10/102005.
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Abstract The Scol’air-FR project is issued from the need to establish an inventory of indoor air quality conditions in primary schools of the canton of Fribourg, Switzerland. In Fribourg, the official trend is to promote mechanical ventilation systems in schools to ensure a good air quality. A properly designed, built, commissioned, and operated mechanical ventilation system should be able to deliver the anticipated flow rate, regardless of who uses it - the only person involved being the person responsible for ventilation system operation. In some cases, however, the expected objectives are not achieved. This similar observation applies to natural ventilation. A good ventilation concept, properly implemented and operated, should also achieve the same objective if the outdoor air quality is good. The aim of this article is to identify differences, in terms of indoor air quality and well-being, between naturally and mechanically ventilated schools. Moreover, we expect to identify if trends are attributable to the operation of ventilation systems or to occupant behaviours. We observed lower carbonic gas levels in building equipped with mechanical ventilation systems. This finding can be extended to VOCs and relative humidity. We also identified different and recurrent issues among the different mechanical ventilation systems. Our results highlight issues measured in buildings equipped by mechanical ventilation systems are mostly related to the balance of the system, while in natural ventilation systems, IAQ related issues are mainly due to the present context and its influences on occupants’ behaviour.
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Subapriya, V., Shidhin Varghese Philip, Noufal K, and Gopinath V. "The Drone Using an AI." Volume 5 - 2020, Issue 9 - September 5, no. 9 (2020): 1055–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt20sep796.
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The drone which will be built is to help military , for agriculture , rooftop photography , and to keep an eye for illegal activities and to do more other cool activities . In this paper the drone which will be built is mainly used to track and monitor avenue crime and criminal activities which is totally done on proper time photograph technique plane which is managed and proposed via the use of particular methods the first processing will be implemented in real time two image processing techniques and second processing which unit will two take care the rest controll monitor and focused on two operation . Aircraft which is showen spherical place of five . Two kilometer which will mechanically feature that is to be operated and to be managed to operate. Detection algorithms have been implemented . The drone is most really useful accurate variety two title that shape to predefined database
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Liu, Xuqing, Jie Yu, Xinzhu Li, Changqin Chen, Xiao Chen, and Xin Deng. "Design and mechanical analysis of wall-climbing ROV adsorption structure." Journal of Computing and Electronic Information Management 16, no. 2 (2025): 71–75. https://doi.org/10.54097/ehjvqj32.
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This paper studies the design and reliability of a wheeled walking structure based on electromagnets for remotely operated underwater vehicles (ROV). First, the walking structure is based on the traditional wheeled structure and combined with electromagnet adsorption technology. It has the advantages of high adsorption reliability, controllable adsorption strength, and convenient separation from the magnetic wall. In addition, the safety of the designed structure in different adjacent states is mechanically analyzed to obtain the minimum feasible adsorption force. At the same time, the influence of the current input of the electromagnet on the adsorption capacity is explored through simulation. Finally, a set of mechanical experiments are conducted to verify the effectiveness of the design scheme and obtain a set of feasible design schemes.
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Yoo, Junsoo, Choongwoo Lee, Sudong Kim, Jonghyun Choi, and Jihwan Park. "Estimating Electric Power Requirements for Mechanically Shredding Massage Chairs and Treadmills at a Recycling Plant." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (2021): 8938. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13168938.
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South Korea has operated under laws to collect and recycle the waste of electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) utilizing a system based on the Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) system since 2003. In 2020, the number of products managed by the EPR increased from 27 to 50. Among the 50 products, massage chairs and treadmills are recognized as the items avoided in recycling centers or by recyclers due to their large volume, large weight, and long disassembly times. This study was a preliminary study in which the physical shredding process for massage chairs and treadmills could be introduced, and the electrical power requirements calculated. In the methodology, Vickers hardness was measured by sampling two actual products, and the tensile and shear strength were calculated from the hardness. Based on the shear strength, the force affecting the cutter was calculated and converted into torque and horsepower. In particular, the actual specifications of the crusher, designed and operated in the recycling center, were applied to the study, and the design was based on the treatment capacity of 10 tons per hour. Conclusively, the proper electrical power for crushing the massage chair and treadmill was analyzed as 719.5 and 459.7 HP, respectively.
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Tsika, R. W., S. D. Hauschka, and L. Gao. "M-creatine kinase gene expression in mechanically overloaded skeletal muscle of transgenic mice." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 269, no. 3 (1995): C665—C674. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1995.269.3.c665.
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The molecular pathways and regulatory molecules that underlie changes in gene transcription during mechanical overload of skeletal muscle remain obscure. To better understand this process, we have examined mouse muscle creatine kinase (MCK) gene expression in mechanically overloaded plantaris (OP) muscle of transgenic and nontransgenic mice. Northern blot analysis revealed that endogenous MCK-specific mRNA transcripts were decreased 150% in the OP muscles after 6 wk. To identify the MCK gene regions involved in the response to mechanical overload, three different mouse MCKCAT transgenes were studied by measuring chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT assays) activity in OP and sham-operated (control plantaris) muscles. Mouse lines carrying (+enh206)117MCKCAT and -1256MCKCAT transgenes exhibited 30 and 40% lower CAT levels, whereas two mouse lines carrying -3300MCKCAT transgenes exhibited average decreases of 430%. Nearly identical results, including measurements of exogenous CAT mRNA, were obtained 2 days postoverload. Six weeks or 2 days of mechanical overload led to an average decrease in MM-CK isoprotein of 140%. These data provide evidence that mechanical overload induces changes in MCK gene expression that appear to be regulated by at least two portions of the MCK gene: the 206 base pair 5' enhancer and the -3,300 to -1,257 region.
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Horstick, Georg, Oliver Berg, Axel Heimann, et al. "Surgical procedure affects physiological parameters in rat myocardial ischemia: need for mechanical ventilation." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 276, no. 2 (1999): H472—H479. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1999.276.2.h472.
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Several surgical approaches are being used to induce myocardial ischemia in rats. The present study investigated two different operative procedures in spontaneously breathing and mechanically ventilated rats under sham conditions. A snare around the left coronary artery (LCA) was achieved without occlusion. Left lateral thoracotomy was performed in spontaneously breathing and mechanically ventilated rats (tidal volume 8 ml/kg) with a respiratory rate of 90 strokes/min at different levels of O2 supplementation (room air and 30, 40, and 90% O2). All animals were observed for 60 min after thoracotomy. Rats operated with exteriorization of the heart through left lateral thoracotomy while breathing spontaneously developed severe hypoxia and hypercapnia despite an intrathoracic operation time of <1 min. Arterial O2 content decreased from 18.7 ± 0.5 to 3.3 ± 0.9 vol%. Lactate increased from 1.2 ± 0.1 to 5.2 ± 0.3 mmol/l. Significant signs of ischemia were seen in the electrocardiogram up to 60 min. Mechanically ventilated animals exhibited a spectrum ranging from hypoxia (room air) to hyperoxia (90% O2). In order not to jeopardize findings in experimental myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury models, stable physiological parameters can be achieved in mechanically ventilated rats at an O2application of 30–40% at 90 strokes/min.
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Trimm, Joe R. "Mechanical Extraction of Available Phosphorus in Fertilizers." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 72, no. 5 (1989): 869–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/72.5.869.
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Abstract A system is described for the extraction of available P205 in fertilizers by mechanically adding water and citrate to a glass cell that contains a ceramic filtering frit. Both water and citrate extractions are performed in the cell. The system can be operated manually or automatically. Samples tested included those from the Magruder and the Association of Florida Phosphate Chemists check sample programs for 1987. For all determinations, the values obtained with the mechanized system were within 1 standard deviation of the average AOAC value reported for each sample.
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Klippel, S. "Recent design developments with blind mechanically operated bolt systems for use with hollow section steelwork." Journal of Constructional Steel Research 46, no. 1-3 (1998): 267–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0143-974x(98)00079-0.
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Weon Wi Jang, Jeong Oen Lee, Hyun-Ho Yang, and Jun-Bo Yoon. "Mechanically Operated Random Access Memory (MORAM) Based on an Electrostatic Microswitch for Nonvolatile Memory Applications." IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 55, no. 10 (2008): 2785–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ted.2008.2003052.
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Endo, Masayuki, and Hiroshi Sugiyama. "DNA Origami Nanomachines." Molecules 23, no. 7 (2018): 1766. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23071766.
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DNA can assemble various molecules and nanomaterials in a programmed fashion and is a powerful tool in the nanotechnology and biology research fields. DNA also allows the construction of desired nanoscale structures via the design of DNA sequences. Structural nanotechnology, especially DNA origami, is widely used to design and create functionalized nanostructures and devices. In addition, DNA molecular machines have been created and are operated by specific DNA strands and external stimuli to perform linear, rotational, and reciprocating movements. Furthermore, complicated molecular systems have been created on DNA nanostructures by arranging multiple molecules and molecular machines precisely to mimic biological systems. Currently, DNA nanomachines, such as molecular motors, are operated on DNA nanostructures. Dynamic DNA nanostructures that have a mechanically controllable system have also been developed. In this review, we describe recent research on new DNA nanomachines and nanosystems that were built on designed DNA nanostructures.
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Smith, J. S., T. H. Sanders, and K. L. Crippen. "Storability of Farmers Stock Peanuts at Two Moisture Levels in Mechanically and Naturally Ventilated Miniature Warehouses." Peanut Science 16, no. 1 (1989): 58–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3146/i0095-3679-16-1-14.
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Abstract Farmers stock peanuts from the same field dried to either 8 or 10% seed moisture content were stored for 6 months (October through March) in mechanically and naturally ventilated miniature metal warehouses. The initial temperatures for the 8% moisture content peanuts were 2–3 C higher than those for the 10% moisture content peanuts. This differential was maintained until early February. Relative humidities, 10 percentage points higher in the 10% initial moisture content peanuts began to equilibrate in December and were similar by late January. Final moisture content of the peanuts from the two mechanically ventilated warehouses was about 7% compared to 7.5% in the two naturally ventilated warehouses. Only small changes in total carbonyls and free fatty acids occurred during storage in the warehouses and sensory evaluation after storage indicated no significant differences among treatments within the medium and No. 1 sizes. No aflatoxin was detected in any seed size category before or after storage. Results indicated that quality of farmers stock peanuts, initial moisture content at 10% or less, can be maintained when stored in a properly constructed and operated mechanically or naturally ventilated warehouse.
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Sauk, Hüseyin, and Mehmet Arif Beyhan. "Comparison of Performance Characteristics of Different Types of Hazelnut Harvesting Machines." Uluslararası Tarım ve Yaban Hayatı Bilimleri Dergisi 10, no. 2 (2024): 216–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.24180/ijaws.1421481.
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In this study, the possibilities of using the hazelnut harvesting machine with pneumatic effective harvesting unit produced by local manufacturers and the prototype manufactured hazelnut harvesting machine with mechanical effective harvesting unit in the mechanical harvesting of hazelnuts grown in flat and near flat land conditions were examined, some performance values (harvesting efficiency, labor requirement, machine+human labor requirement, field productivity, machine+human field productivity and kernel productivity) of hazelnut harvesting machines with mechanically operated harvesting units were determined under different orchard yield conditions. According to the results of the experiment, the hazelnut harvesting machine with a mechanical effective harvesting unit had a harvesting efficiency of 92.54-96.03% and; a labor requirement of 6.349-9.839 MİGh ha-1; machine+human labor requirement of 46.228-62.531 BİİGh ha-1; field productivity 0.158-0.102 ha MİGh-1; machine+human field productivity: 0.022-0.016 ha BİİGh-1; kernel productivity: 124.83-1322.08 kg h-1. The hazelnut harvesting machine with a pneumatic effective harvesting unit has a harvesting efficiency of 97.68-99.36%; labor requirement 70.349-105.647 BİİGh ha-1; machine+human labor requirement 108.509-147.481 BİİGh ha-1; field productivity 0.014-0.009 ha MİGh-1; machine+human field productivity 0.009-0.007 ha BİİGh-1; kernel productivity 18.90-67.18 kg h-1. As a result, when the characteristics of harvesting efficiency, field productivity, and kernel productivity of the machines are compared, the mass production of hazelnut harvesting machines with mechanically effective harvesting units can provide benefits for hazelnut producers in terms of reducing harvesting costs and demand for labor.
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Ordóñez, Camilo Andrés, Antonio Gómez-Expósito, and José María Maza-Ortega. "Series Compensation of Transmission Systems: A Literature Survey." Energies 14, no. 6 (2021): 1717. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14061717.
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This paper reviews the basics of series compensation in transmission systems through a literature survey. The benefits that this technology brings to enhance the steady state and dynamic operation of power systems are analyzed. The review outlines the evolution of the series compensation technologies, from mechanically operated switches to line- and self-commutated power electronic devices, covering control issues, different applications, practical realizations, and case studies. Finally, the paper closes with the major challenges that this technology will face in the near future to achieve a fully decarbonized power system.
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Al Rakib, Md Abdullah, Salah Uddin, Md Moklesur Rahman, Shantanu Chakraborty, and Fysol Ibna Abbas. "Smart Wheelchair with Voice Control for Physically Challenged People." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 6, no. 7 (2021): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2021.6.7.2627.
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A wheel chair is a mechanically operated device that allows the user to move about independently. This minimizes the user's personal effort and force required to move the wheelchair wheels. Furthermore, it allows visually or physically handicapped people to go from one location to another. Voice commands and button controls can be used to operate wheelchairs. In recent years, there has been a lot of interest in smart wheelchairs. These gadgets are very handy while traveling from one location to another. The devices can also be utilized in nursing homes where the elderly have difficulties moving about. For individuals who have lost their mobility, the gadgets are a godsend. Different types of smart wheelchairs have been created in the past, but new generations of wheelchairs are being developed and utilized that incorporate the use of artificial intelligence and therefore leave the user with a little to tamper with. The project also intends to develop a comparable wheel chair that has some intelligence and so assists the user in his or her mobility.
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Al Rakib, Md Abdullah, Salah Uddin, Md Moklesur Rahman, Shantanu Chakraborty, and Fysol Ibna Abbas. "Smart Wheelchair with Voice Control for Physically Challenged People." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 6, no. 7 (2021): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ej-eng.2021.6.7.2627.
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A wheel chair is a mechanically operated device that allows the user to move about independently. This minimizes the user's personal effort and force required to move the wheelchair wheels. Furthermore, it allows visually or physically handicapped people to go from one location to another. Voice commands and button controls can be used to operate wheelchairs. In recent years, there has been a lot of interest in smart wheelchairs. These gadgets are very handy while traveling from one location to another. The devices can also be utilized in nursing homes where the elderly have difficulties moving about. For individuals who have lost their mobility, the gadgets are a godsend. Different types of smart wheelchairs have been created in the past, but new generations of wheelchairs are being developed and utilized that incorporate the use of artificial intelligence and therefore leave the user with a little to tamper with. The project also intends to develop a comparable wheel chair that has some intelligence and so assists the user in his or her mobility.
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Röske, I., and Chr Schönborn. "Influence of the addition of precipitants on the biological phosphorus elimination in a pilot plant." Water Science and Technology 30, no. 6 (1994): 323–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0283.
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A bench-scale plant for (advanced) biological P elimination was operated with mechanically pretreated domestic sewage. It consisted of an anaerobic and an aerobic tank and a clarifier. The plant was operated with and without addition of precipitants (3 and 6 mg/l Fe). The polyphosphates were examined by nuclear-magnetic resonance spectrometry of aerobic activated sludge, in some cases after pretreatment with NaOH, and by X-ray spectrometry. The polyphosphates were associated either with Ca or with Mg and K. This became evident from the X-ray spectra of polyphosphate granules. The Mg and K was released in the anaerobic and taken up in the aerobic tank parallel to the phosphorus. The Ca on the other hand, remained immobilized. Obviously it was metabolically inactive. The addition of 3 mg/l Fe did not affect the biological P removal, and the time required for a complete P removal in the aerobic tank was even shorter than the time without addition of Fe.
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Pranavi, Nikam, Sharma Sanya, Chavan Aman, Rajput Saakshi, and Sharma Anirudh. "A Voice-Activated Mobility Wheelchair Powered by Solar Energy." A Voice-Activated Mobility Wheelchair Powered by Solar Energy 8, no. 10 (2023): 6. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10033282.
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A smart wheelchair gives a person independence and ease. A smart wheelchair is a mechanically driven vehicle that can be easily operated by the user's hand for self-mobility. As a result, using the wheelchair's wheels requires less effort from the user. Additionally, this makes it possible for people who are physically or visually handicapped to go from one location to another. Only the movement of the person's hands will allow the wheelchair to travel forward, backward, left, and right, even if the person's body is completely or partially paralyzed. The wheelchair and the person can communicate wirelessly. In order to operate the experimental version of our system, a joystick that is attached to a NodeMCU transmitter is used to control the wheelchair. The wheelchair can also be controlled via voice instructions sent over Bluetooth from the Dabble smartphone application. In order to move the wheels in response to user input, the L298n motor driver needs help from the joystick signals and voice commands supplied to the receiver NodeMCU. The L298n that sits in between the microcontroller and the wheels aids in converting the voltage needed to operate the wheels.Keywords:- ESP32 Microcontroller, ESP8266 Microcontroller, NodeMCU, L298n Motor Driver, Dabble App, IR Sensor, Obstacle Detection.
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Rza Behbudov, Shahin Ismayilov, Rza Behbudov, Shahin Ismayilov. "DETERMINATION OF THE INSIDE DIAMETER AND CAPACITY OF A VERTICAL GRAVITY SEPARATOR." PAHTEI-Procedings of Azerbaijan High Technical Educational Institutions 17, no. 06 (2022): 175–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/pahtei17062022-175.
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The article provides a brief analysis of the internal diameter and capacity of a vertical gravity separator. The process of separation should be understood as the process of separating the solid, liquid and vapor phases in a stream. Devices in which liquid and solid phases are separated from gas are called separators. Separators used in gas condensate mines are divided into classes according to their different qualities. Separators are divided into the following types (classes) according to their purpose: a) working separators; b) measuring separators. Separators are cylindrical and spherical according to their geometric shapes. Separators are vertical, horizontal and inclined depending on their position in space. Due to the phase separation, the separators are of mechanical, liquid and electric type. Mechanically operated separators that separate phase separations according to their strength are divided into gravitational, centrifugal and filter-sensitive (separating). Keywords: vertical, gravitational, separation, steam, measuring separators, horizontal
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Onwuka, I. K., G. C. Diyoke, and E. S. Obe. "Dynamic Analysis of Series-Connected and Mechanically-Coupled Twin Synchronous Motor Drive." Nigerian Journal of Technological Development 17, no. 1 (2020): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njtd.v17i1.5.
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Series-connection of the stator windings of electric motors could serve a number of purposes, including load balancing between two synchronous motors. This paper modeled and analyzed a drive system of two separate three-phase synchronous motors whose stator windings are series- connected by a unique stator winding scheme, and whose shafts are mechanically coupled to a common load shaft through a speed reduction gear driven through the pinions of the respective motors. The mathematical model is developed in detail, and the system is simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK. It is observed that for the case of a balanced load on the respective shafts of the two motors, the dynamic behavior of the two motors are identical. It is further observed that with the particular stator winding arrangement giving rise to six-windings per motor unit, each motor is essentially a three-phase motor and may be operated direct on line (DOL).
 Keywords: Common load shaft; DOL; series-connected stator windings; synchronous motors, six-winding machine
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Dhananjay, Kudche, Kulkarni Yadnyesh, and Manoj Bauskar Prof. "Design and Development of Eco-Friendly Road Cleaner." Journal of Advancement in Machines 3, no. 3 (2018): 1–5. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1453882.
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This paper is related to design and development of most effective machine that is manually operated mechanical pollution free road cleaner. The Road cleaner is used to keep our mother earth clean. So that we feel fresh while walking on streets. Generally, in era of modern technology, different devices such as electric motors, diesel engines and robots are being used to clean floor, road. These methods make much pollution, maintenance and very tough to carry out. The main objective of this paper is to spread this idea of our prototype road cleaner to each one which aims to. Hence, the present work is aimed to design and develop a manually operated road cleaning machine which is eco-friendly cost effective, portable and less maintenance.
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Mukherjee, Amlan Kusum, Mingjun Xiang, and Sascha Preu. "Broadband Terahertz Photonic Integrated Circuit with Integrated Active Photonic Devices." Photonics 8, no. 11 (2021): 492. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics8110492.
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Present-day photonic terahertz (100 GHz–10 THz) systems offer dynamic ranges beyond 100 dB and frequency coverage beyond 4 THz. They yet predominantly employ free-space Terahertz propagation, lacking integration depth and miniaturisation capabilities without sacrificing their extreme frequency coverage. In this work, we present a high resistivity silicon-on-insulator-based multimodal waveguide topology including active components (e.g., THz receivers) as well as passive components (couplers/splitters, bends, resonators) investigated over a frequency range of 0.5–1.6 THz. The waveguides have a single mode bandwidth between 0.5–0.75 THz; however, above 1 THz, these waveguides can be operated in the overmoded regime offering lower loss than commonly implemented hollow metal waveguides, operated in the fundamental mode. Supported by quartz and polyethylene substrates, the platform for Terahertz photonic integrated circuits (Tera-PICs) is mechanically stable and easily integrable. Additionally, we demonstrate several key components for Tera-PICs: low loss bends with radii ∼2 mm, a Vivaldi antenna-based efficient near-field coupling to active devices, a 3-dB splitter and a filter based on a whispering gallery mode resonator.
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KOBAYASHI, Hiroyuki, Toshikazu KAWAI, Yuji NISHIZAWA, et al. "Locally operated master-slave control system with mechanically separable portable device and forceps manipulator for endoscopic surgery." Transactions of the JSME (in Japanese) 84, no. 868 (2018): 18–00152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/transjsme.18-00152.
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Bolzmacher, C., X. Riedl, J. Leuckert, M. Engert, K. Bauer, and W. Nitsche. "Mechanically Amplified Piezoelectric Microactuators for Laminar-Turbulent Transition Control on Airfoils." Journal of Microelectronics and Electronic Packaging 6, no. 4 (2009): 211–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/1551-4897-6.4.211.
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Drag reduction on airfoils using arrays of micro-actuators is one application of so-called Aero-MEMS. These microactuators interact with TS instabilities (Tollmien-Schlichting waves) inside a transitional boundary layer by superimposing artificially generated counterwaves in order to delay the transition process. These actuators need to exhibit a relatively large stroke at relatively high operational frequencies when operated at high Mach numbers. For this purpose, a novel micromachined mechanical amplification unit for increasing the stroke of piezoelectric microactuators up to high frequencies is proposed. The mechanical lever is provided by a sliced nickel titanium membrane. In this work, the actuator is explained in detail and wind tunnel experiments are carried out to investigate the effect of this mechanically amplified piezoelectric microactuator on thin transitional boundary layers. The experiments have been carried out in the transonic wind tunnel facility of the Berlin University of Technology on an unswept test wing with an NACA 0004 leading edge. The effectiveness of the actuator for flow control applications is determined in an open-loop setup consisting of one actuator having a relevant spanwise extension and a microstructured hot film sensor array located downstream. The aerodynamic results at Mach 0.33 are presented and discussed. It is shown that the actuator influences TS wave specific frequencies between 2.5 kHz and 7.4 kHz. The actuator amplitude is large enough to influence a transitional boundary layer significantly without bypassing the natural transition process which makes this type of micromachined actuator a candidate for high speed TS-control.
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ISAAC, KWABENA AGYEI, Ama Fenning Peggy, and Adjei Kofi. "Design and Construction of a Multipurpose Device for Doming and Punching." International journal of innovative research and development 9, no. 8 (2020): 221–30. https://doi.org/10.24940/ijird/2020/v9/i8/AUG20065.
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Metal work comes along with a lot of techniques which doming is not an exception. Doming techniques use doming block and punches to create metal domes for production of unique artifacts. These doming blocks and punches come in a shape of half round. The challenge has always been getting different shapes of domes and their corresponding punches to give a variety and creativity in design of metal works and the energy one needs to give, a lot of hammer blows to be able to achieve the domed metal. This project or research seeks to design and construct a multipurpose portable device or machine for doming and punching. The portable device is going to be operated manually (mechanically), which means without electricity which is bedeviled by power fluctuations in most African countries, the device could still be operated with the needed efficiency and technique. The tip of the device is adjustable so it can be changed to get the desired shape the operator wants. There is a disc-like plate that corresponds to the tips or the punches. The device is designed to have a small cabinet of which the punches can be kept. It is designed to have a handle hanged by it side of which pressure or force is applied to create the impression or the punches desired. The material used for this device is iron the metal working technique used is welding. This study made use of quantitative research design by using descriptive and studio-based research. Findings revealed that it is possible to get domes of different shapes and sizes with their corresponding punches which can easily be used to achieve various domed designs to foster creativity in design and fabrication of metal art works. This device is designed and constructed to help metal students of Kwame Nkrumah University of Science have variety of shapes as regards doming and punching as a technique of metal work. The study recommends that metal art students and practitioners alike should make use of this device to augment the technique of metal art. Again, it is recommended that apart from the device being operated mechanically, power options such as gas could be tried so that human effort could be minimized.
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Gärtner, H., S. Lucchinetti, and F. H. Schweingruber. "A new sledge microtome to combine wood anatomy and tree-ring ecology." IAWA Journal 36, no. 4 (2015): 452–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-20150114.
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Based on the Reichert Om E microtome a more sophisticated, nevertheless solely mechanically operated microtome was developed enabling to section specimens of various forms and sizes. The materials used and the special construction of the microtome resulted in a higher stability of the moving parts whilst simultaneously reducing weight. As a result of the high stability of the sledge guidance, bigger sections can be cut enabling more detailed analyses of anatomical structures within plant stems, roots or branches as well as their variation back in time. Consequently, wood anatomical parameters can be integrated more easily in time-series analyses supporting the aims of a quantitative wood ecology.
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Almeida, Alexsandro C. S., Tarlei A. Botrel, Steven R. Raine, Antonio P. de Camargo, Marinaldo F. Pinto, and Conan A. Salvador. "Irrigation controller mechanically actuated by soil-water tension: II - Field evaluations." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 21, no. 5 (2017): 298–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v21n5p298-303.
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ABSTRACT In this study, a field evaluation of the performance of an irrigation controller mechanically actuated by soil-water tension (SWT) was performed. The controller employs a tensiometer used as a sensor of SWT to directly control a mechanically actuated hydraulic valve. Six controllers were installed in an orchard to control the irrigation for six rows of plants over 64 days. Each controller controlled the irrigation of one lateral drip line. The drip irrigation system was gravity-fed from a water source placed 7 m above the soil surface. The SWT and the pressure in each lateral line were measured to evaluate the performance of the controllers. All the controllers tested in the field autonomously initiated and terminated the irrigation during the evaluation. Irrigation events were initiated when values close to the set soil-tension values were reached and were terminated at lower soil-tension values. As the SWT in the root zone was maintained close to the setup threshold plus 20% tolerance for at least 90% of the evaluation period, the performance of the controllers was considered satisfactory. The proposed controller was shown to be functional and was operated effectively for an SWT range of up to 30 kPa, which is commonly encountered under high-frequency irrigation conditions.
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Wiedenman, J. L., G. L. Tsika, L. Gao, et al. "Muscle-specific and inducible expression of 293-base pair beta-myosin heavy chain promoter in transgenic mice." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 271, no. 3 (1996): R688—R695. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1996.271.3.r688.
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The DNA regulatory element(s) involved in beta-myosin heavy chain (beta-MHC) induction by the physiological stimulus of mechanical overload have not been identified as yet. To delineate regulatory sequences that are required for mechanical overload induction of the beta-MHC gene, transgenic mouse lines were generated that harbor transgenes containing serial deletions of the human beta-MHC promoter to nucleotides -293 (beta 293), -201 (beta 201), and -141 (beta 141) from the transcription start site (+1). Mechanically overloaded adult plantaris and soleus muscles contained 11- and 1.9-fold increases, respectively, in endogenous beta-MHC-specific mRNA transcripts (Northern blot) compared with sham-operated controls. Expression assays (chloramphenicol acetyltransferase specific activity) revealed that only transgene beta 293 expression was muscle specific in both fetal and adult mice and was induced in the plantaris (10- to 27-fold) and soleus (2- to 2.5-fold) muscles by mechanical overload. Histochemical staining for myosin adenosinetriphosphatase activity revealed a fiber-type transition of type II to type I in the overloaded plantaris and soleus muscles. These transgenic data suggest that sequences located between nucleotides -293 and +120 may be sufficient to regulate the endogenous beta-MHC gene in response to developmental signals and to the physiological signals generated by mechanical overload in fast- and slow-twitch muscles.
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Sagalajev, Boriss, Hanna Viisanen, Hong Wei, and Antti Pertovaara. "Descending antinociception induced by secondary somatosensory cortex stimulation in experimental neuropathy: role of the medullospinal serotonergic pathway." Journal of Neurophysiology 117, no. 3 (2017): 1200–1214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00836.2016.
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Stimulation of the secondary somatosensory cortex (S2) has attenuated pain in humans and inflammatory nociception in animals. Here we studied S2 stimulation-induced antinociception and its underlying mechanisms in an experimental animal model of neuropathy induced by spinal nerve ligation (SNL). Effect of S2 stimulation on heat-evoked limb withdrawal latency was assessed in lightly anesthetized rats that were divided into three groups based on prior surgery and monofilament testing before induction of anesthesia: 1) sham-operated group and 2) hypersensitive and 3) nonhypersensitive (mechanically) SNL groups. In a group of hypersensitive SNL animals, a 5-HT1A receptor agonist was microinjected into the rostroventromedial medulla (RVM) to assess whether autoinhibition of serotonergic cell bodies blocks antinociception. Additionally, effect of S2 stimulation on pronociceptive ON-cells and antinociceptive OFF-cells in the RVM or nociceptive spinal wide dynamic range (WDR) neurons were assessed in anesthetized hypersensitive SNL animals. S2 stimulation induced antinociception in hypersensitive but not in nonhypersensitive SNL or sham-operated animals. Antinociception was prevented by a 5-HT1A receptor agonist in the RVM. Antinociception was associated with decreased duration of heat-evoked response in RVM ON-cells. In spinal WDR neurons, heat-evoked discharge was delayed by S2 stimulation, and this antinociceptive effect was prevented by blocking spinal 5-HT1A receptors. The results indicate that S2 stimulation suppresses nociception in SNL animals if SNL is associated with tactile allodynia-like hypersensitivity. In hypersensitive SNL animals, S2 stimulation induces antinociception mediated by medullospinal serotonergic pathways acting on the spinal 5-HT1A receptor, and partly through reduction of the RVM ON-cell discharge. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Stimulation of S2 cortex, but not that of an adjacent cortical area, induced descending heat antinociception in rats with the spinal nerve ligation-induced model of neuropathy. Antinociception was bilateral, and it involved suppression of pronociceptive medullary cells and activation of serotonergic pathways that act on the spinal 5-HT1A receptor. S2 stimulation failed to induce descending antinociceptive effect in sham-operated controls or in nerve-ligated animals that had not developed mechanical hypersensitivity.
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Humane, Ankush, Pratik Belsare, Akhilesh Gughane, et al. "Design and Fabrication of Crop Reaper." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 4 (2022): 2582–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.41859.
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Abstract: Crop harvesting is the important part in agricultural field. The use of crop reaper in country can minimize the product cost which will be result in economic development of agricultural production. This paper is providing the design and fabrication of mechanically operated crop reaper machine. In the current situation in our country there are not more proper cost effective crop reaper and most of the farmers are using manually traditional crop cutting mechanism, the traditional use of harvesting mechanism is more un intresting, time consuming and not able to develop the agricultural sector as needed. Depending on the problem stated in existing crop reaper to satisfy the need of farmers and to meet the requirement of the objective of the problem. This paper addresses a Crop cutting Machine which is fabricated with very simple mechanisms at very low cost. Cutting of crop is one of the important agricultural operations which demand considerable amount of Labour. The availability and cost of labour during cutting season are the serious problem. The Shortage of labour during harvesting season and vagaries of the weather cause great losses to the farmers it is therefore, essential to adopt the mechanical methods so that the timeliness in cutting operation could be ensured. The use of mechanical harvesting device has been increased in the recent years. Farmers using reapers or combines to harvest their crops but these means especially combine; these are very costly making it un-affordable to most of the small farmers. Although, some manual operated reapers were developed. But, due to limitations of manual power, none of them become popular as the power available for transportation of the machine as well as cutting and conveying of the crop was not sufficient. In this research, we are study and fabricate a Crop Cutting Machine at very low cost and techniques were carried out.
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Nikhil, P.Ukey1 Sagar B. Shahu2 Sandeep M. Pimpalgaonkar3 Nishikant Z. Adkane4. "DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF URINAL TOILET FLUSHER WITH MECHANICAL LINKAGE AND VALVES." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES & RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY 7, no. 4 (2018): 89–93. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1229008.
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Now days, most of the peoples are too lazy and they avoid to push flush after urinating. In public places toilet flushers are very unhygienic which affects to the health of the people and there are some people who doesn’t closed the knob of the flusher, which result in the wastage of water. As we know that, water is an important things which used for many purposed. To overcome this problem it is proposed to design and fabricate the mechanically operated urinal flusher which works automatically. So it does not required any external source to push the knob of the flusher and it minimizes the wastage of water as well. It helps to provide clean and hygienic environment.
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Elhi, Fred, Anna-Liisa Peikolainen, Rudolf Kiefer, and Tarmo Tamm. "Cellulose-Multiwall Carbon Nanotube Fiber Actuator Behavior in Aqueous and Organic Electrolyte." Materials 13, no. 14 (2020): 3213. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13143213.
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As both consumers and producers are shifting from fossil-derived materials to other, more sustainable approaches, there is a growing interest in bio-origin and biodegradable polymers. In search of bio-degradable electro-mechanically active materials, cellulose-multi wall carbon nanotube (Cell-CNT) composites are a focus for the development of actuators and sensors. In the current study, our aim was to fabricate Cell-CNT composite fibers and study their electro-mechanical response as linear actuators in aqueous and propylene carbonate-based electrolyte solutions. While the response was (expectedly) strongly solvent dependent, the different solvents also revealed unexpected phenomena. Cell-CNT fibers in propylene carbonate revealed a strong back-relaxation process at low frequencies, and also a frequency dependent response direction change (change of actuation direction). Cell-CNT fibers operated in aqueous electrolyte showed response typical to electrochemical capacitors including expansion at discharging with controllable actuation dependence on charge density. While the response was similarly stable in both electrolyte solution systems, the aqueous electrolytes were clearly favorable for Cell-CNT with 3.4 times higher conductivities, 4.3 times higher charge densities and 11 times higher strain.
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Smith, Daniel P., and Nathaniel T. Smith. "Local-scale recovery of wastewater nitrogen for edible plant growth." Water Science and Technology 73, no. 6 (2015): 1287–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.598.
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An anaerobic/ion exchange (AN-IX) system was developed for recovery and reuse of wastewater nitrogen at point-of-origin. AN-IX combines upflow solids blanket anaerobic treatment with ammonium ion adsorption onto granular natural zeolite. AN-IX operates passively and without energy input. A 57 L empty-bed prototype was operated for 355 days on wastewater primary effluent. Total nitrogen removal exceeded 95% over the first 214 days of operation and ammonia reduction exceeded 99%; accumulation of oxidized nitrogen species (NO3− + NO2−) was not observed. The wastewater flowrate was increased during the last 35 days of operation to deliberately exhaust the ion exchange media. Spent granular media was removed from the AN-IX prototype and deployed in plant chamber experiments for cultivation of Solanum lycopersicum (cherry tomato). Wastewater nitrogen captured on zeolite was capable of supplying the total growth requirement for nitrogen. Canopy volume and plant flowering and fruiting were higher for wastewater nitrogen than for artificial fertilizer. The AN-IX process is a passive, mechanically simple and reliable system for local-scale nitrogen recovery. AN-IX is modular, scalable, adaptable and can be applied in diverse treatment contexts and recycling scenarios. AN-IX benefits include appropriate technology for local-scale nitrogen recovery, low capital and energy costs, and protection of health and the environment.
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Magos-Rivera, Miguel, Carlos Avilés-Cruz, and Jorge Ramírez-Muñoz. "A Novel Experimental Apparatus for Characterizing Flow Regime in Mechanically Stirred Tanks through Force Sensors." Sensors 24, no. 7 (2024): 2319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24072319.
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Pressure fluctuations in a mixing tank can provide valuable information about the existing flow regime within the tank, which in turn influences the degree of mixing that can be achieved. In the present work, we propose a prototype for identifying the flow regime in mechanically stirred tanks equipped with four vertical baffles through the characterization of pressure fluctuations. Our innovative proposal is based on force sensors strategically placed in the baffles of the mixing tank. The signals coming from the sensors are transmitted to an electronic module based on an Arduino UNO development board. In the electronic module, the pressure signals are conditioned, amplified and sent via Bluetooth to a computer. In the computer, the signals can be plotted or stored in an Excel file. In addition, the proposed system includes a moving average filtering and a hierarchical bottom-up clustering analysis that can determine the real-time flow regime (i.e., the Reynolds number, Re) in which the tank was operated during the mixing process. Finally, to demonstrate the versatility of the proposed prototype, experiments were conducted to identify the Reynolds number for different flow regimes (static, laminar, transition and turbulent), i.e., 0≤Re≤ 42,955. Obtained results were in agreement with the prevailing consensus on the onset and developed from different flow regimes in mechanically stirred tanks.
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Chadwell, Alix, Natalie Chinn, Laurence Kenney, Zoë J. Karthaus, Daniek Mos, and Gerwin Smit. "An evaluation of contralateral hand involvement in the operation of the Delft Self-Grasping Hand, an adjustable passive prosthesis." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (2021): e0252870. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252870.
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The Delft Self-Grasping Hand is an adjustable passive prosthesis operated using the concept of tenodesis (where opening and closing of the hand is mechanically linked to the flexion and extension of the wrist). As a purely mechanical device that does not require harnessing, the Self-Grasping Hand offers a promising alternative to current prostheses. However, the contralateral hand is almost always required to operate the mechanism to release a grasp and is sometimes also used to help form the grasp; hence limiting the time it is available for other purposes. In this study we quantified the amount of time the contralateral hand was occupied with operating the Self-Grasping Hand, classified as either direct or indirect interaction, and investigated how these periods changed with practice. We studied 10 anatomically intact participants learning to use the Self-Grasping Hand fitted to a prosthesis simulator. The learning process involved 10 repeats of a feasible subset of the tasks in the Southampton Hand Assessment Procedure (SHAP). Video footage was analysed, and the time that the contralateral hand was engaged in grasping or releasing was calculated. Functionality scores increased for all participants, plateauing at an Index of Functionality of 33.5 after 5 SHAP attempts. Contralateral hand involvement reduced significantly from 6.47 (first 3 attempts) to 4.68 seconds (last three attempts), but as a proportion of total task time remained relatively steady (increasing from 29% to 32%). For 9/10 participants most of this time was supporting the initiation of grasps rather than releases. The reliance on direct or indirect interactions between the contralateral hand and the prosthesis varied between participants but appeared to remain relatively unchanged with practice. Future studies should consider evaluating the impact of reliance on the contralateral limb in day-to-day life and development of suitable training methods.
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Kamendra, D. Behera, Divakar Chaudhary, et al. "Analysis of Soil and Crop Parameters for the Development of Power Tiller-Operated Groundnut Digger." International Journal of Plant & Soil Science 35, no. 11 (2023): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2023/v35i112945.
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Groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.) is a major oilseed crop and holds an important place in the Indian agricultural economy. Odisha occupies 6th place in the major groundnut-producing states of the country with a total production of 0.388 MT and is grown in both Kharif and Rabi seasons. Harvesting is one of the major unit operations in groundnut cultivation and is mechanically harvested by tractor-operated diggers but their use is limited because of small land holdings and high capital costs and is not economical for small and marginal farmers of the state. However, the groundnut diggers to match with power tillers are not commercially available, therefore, efforts were made to develop a single-row groundnut digger operated by a power tiller. The study was conducted to relate the soil and crop parameters for the digger design, which influences the harvesting of groundnut. The design of a power tiller-operated groundnut digger to harvest a single row of groundnut requires the data of soil parameters (soil type, bulk density, cone index and soil moisture content) and crop parameters (plant population, plant height, pod zone, pod spreading radius, taproot length, taproot diameter, pod-vine ratio), suitable for different groundnut varieties. It was found that the majority of groundnut varieties were grown in sandy soils and harvested at 12-15 % soil moisture for more yield with a minimum power requirement. It was observed that for all types of groundnut varieties the plant population, plant height, pod zone depth, pod spreading radius, taproot length, taproot diameter and the number of pods per plant varies from 24-29/m2, 31-49.18 cm, 5.79-6.86 cm, 5.87-9.15 cm, 11.70-13.78 cm, 4.64-5.84 cm and 11-27/plant, respectively.
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Habtamu, Dagne, Solomon Nigus, Gonfa Bedasa, Mamo Gizachew, and Yimam Amar. "Design, Modeling and structural Analysis of small scale mechanically driven crop harvesting and threshing machine for Ethiopian Condition." Engineering Insight 5, no. 2 (2023): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8166972.
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<em>This study addresses the need for a cost-effective mechanized system to which harvest and thresh cereal crops in Ethiopia, aiming to improve productivity and reduce reliance on expensive and complex machinery. The research involved a comprehensive literature review, data collection, mechanism synthesis, component design, Modeling, and Structural analysis. The 3D modeling is done using SOLIDWORK software. Also, Structural analysis was conducted using ANSYS software, ensuring the safety and reliability of the design. The proposed machine, operated by human power, demonstrated the ability to harvest and thresh crops across a one-hectare area in 5.83 hours, offering a viable alternative to traditional methods. The findings suggest that this mechanized system presents a practical solution for Ethiopian farmers, reducing labor requirements, eliminating the need for electricity or fuel, and minimizing operational costs. This innovation enhances efficiency, affordability, ease of operation, and ensures the design is safe, making it an appealing option for enhancing agricultural productivity in the country.</em>
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Streck, Laura E., Martin Faschingbauer, Marco Brenneis, et al. "Individual Phenotype Does Not Impact the Outcome of Mechanical Aligned Total Knee Arthroplasties for Valgus Osteoarthritis." Medicina 59, no. 10 (2023): 1852. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina59101852.
Full textAbstract:
Background and Objectives: There is an ongoing discussion about the best alignment targets in total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Mechanical alignment has been the standard in TKA for years. Alongside the development of various classification systems to describe the native alignment of the knee (knee phenotype), kinematic alignment restoring the individual phenotype of the knee has been advocated more recently. Alignment in TKA becomes even more challenging in knees with preoperative deformities such as valgus osteoarthritis. Materials and Methods: The study retrospectively evaluated 158 knees in 135 patients who underwent TKA with a mechanical alignment target for valgus osteoarthritis. Pre- and postoperative hip knee angle, lateral distal femur angle, and medial proximal tibial angle/tibial plate angle (pre-/postoperative) were measured on standing hip-to-ankle radiographs. Knees were grouped according to the coronal plane alignment of the knee (CPAK) classification. Preoperative and postoperative range of motion and patient-related outcome measures (WOMAC, UCLA, SF-12, pain) were assessed. Results: There was no difference in outcome for mechanically aligned TKA between the different CPAK phenotypes, suggesting that mechanical alignment is an appropriate target for the different phenotypes analyzed in the study. Remaining valgus alignment was associated with decreased postoperative UCLA scores and decreased improvement in SF-12 scores (p = 0.011/p = 0.028). Within CPAK III, mechanical aligned TKA showed better postoperative UCLA Scores than TKA with valgus alignment (p = 0.015). The individual knee phenotype in patients with valgus osteoarthritis did not influence the outcome of mechanical aligned TKA operated with standardized soft-tissue release.
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Madden, Michael C., and Bryan M. Tracy. "The microstructure of ionized cluster beam aluminum deposited on (100) silicon and (111) silicon." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 45 (August 1987): 362–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100126603.
Full textAbstract:
Ionized cluster beam (ICB) is a novel method of depositing thin films. The apparatus consists of a graphite crucible containing the material to be deposited, in this case aluminum, with a small hole in its top. The crucible is heated under vacuum. The atomic clusters that emerge from the hole are showered with electrons, then accelerated through a potential of several kilovolts before striking a substrate. Aluminum films prepared in this manner have been reported to have several interesting properties, including improved spiking resistance and improved electromigration resistance.Aluminum samples were prepared on (100) and (111) silicon substrates. 3mm discs were cut uItrasonicaIly, mechanically thinned to 100 μm, chemically etched with HF-HNO3 (1:3), and ion milled to perforation. All thinning was done from the substrate side of the sample. Samples were then examined in a JEOL 1200EX TEM operated at 120 kV.
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Watson, Peter J., and Thomas J. Hixon. "Respiratory Kinematics in Classical (Opera) Singers." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 28, no. 1 (1985): 104–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.2801.104.
Full textAbstract:
Anteroposterior diameter changes of the rib cage and abdomen were recorded during respiratory, speaking, and singing activities in six adult male subjects, all baritones with extensive classical singing training and performance experience. Data were charted to solve for lung volume, volume displacements of the rib cage and abdomen, and inferred muscular mechanisms. Separate major roles were inferred for different parts of the respiratory apparatus in the singing process. The abdomen served as a posturing element that mechanically tuned the diaphragm and rib cage to optimal configurations for performance. The rib cage operated as a pressure-flow generating element that regulated expiratory drive. And, the diaphragm functioned as an inspiratory element devoted to reinflating the lungs. Subjects' descriptions of how they thought they breathed during singing bore little correspondence to how they actually breathed. Implications for the training of singers are offered.