Academic literature on the topic 'Mechanism (Philosophy) Art'
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Journal articles on the topic "Mechanism (Philosophy) Art"
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Schmalenbach, Kirsten. "Defending Democracy and the Rule of Law in the Era of Post-Enlargement." Review of Central and East European Law 45, no. 4 (December 16, 2020): 409–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15730352-bja10037.
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Abstract This contribution critically analyses the four limbs of the EU’s defence mechanism upholding the rule of law within the Union. The first being the individual post accession rule of law mechanism, introduced by the Commission in 2006 for the two new member states Bulgaria and Rumania. The second, and arguably most powerful limb, involves the EU Court of Justice conducting a judicial review of a member state’s rule of law situation, which is of far greater concern for reviewed members than the so-called “nuclear” last-resort option of Art. 7 teu ’s sanction mechanism (fourth limb) that is politically difficult to enact. With a view to the politically fraught Art. 7 teu, the Commission introduced a new “early warning” rule of law framework in 2014 which pre-emptively enables exploring dialogue-based solutions to rule-of law issues as they emerge (third limb).
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Tait, Jack. "Secondary, Near Chaotic Patterns from Analogue Drawing Machines." Mathematics 7, no. 1 (January 15, 2019): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math7010086.
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Chaos is now recognized as one of three emergent topics of study in the 21c. It is seen as appropriate to examine this in art practice. Accordingly, this paper is written from an art perspective. It does not mimic a traditional mathematical or science format, presenting hypothesis, repeat testing, and a conclusion. The art process operates differently, and chaos is seen in graphic terms, veers more to philosophy, and is obviously subjective. The intent in researching secondary patterns, near the edge of chaos, is to make expressive graphic art images as art works, testing how close they might come to a chaotic state whilst retaining visual coherence. This underpins the author’s current research, but it is recognised as being a very narrow and specialized subset of analogue art activity. The way in which analogue generative art differs from the more common use of digital computers is addressed. Unlike the latter, the work involves designing and making the machines, making the programmers, and writing the algorithms; this is implicit in the text. A brief look at drawing machine history is presented, demonstrating how the author’s machines differ from others. A contextual cross refence is also made, where appropriate, to artists using digital means. The author’s research has documented practitioners who choose an analogue route to make art. However, hardly any of them create programmes to generate coherent images. This shortage creates problems when attempting to cite similar work. Whilst the general principle underlying the work presented is algorithmic, a significant element of quasi-random input is incorporated, consistent with a study of chaos. Emergent facets are implicit, such as the art process, design problem solving, the relationship between quasi-random and determinism, the psychology of evaluation, and the philosophy of how art works. From the author’s Programmable Analogue Drawing Machines, two are selected for this paper which draw Lissajous figures, use X:Y axes, turntables, Direct Current motors, and an asynchronous pen-lift mechanism. Simple instructions generate complex patterns in a similar vein to Alan Turings topics of phyllotaxis and morphogenesis. These aspects will be discussed, presenting two machines that demonstrate these properties.
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Astrakhan, Natalia. "Metaphor in M. Proust’s Artistic World: From the Being of Art to the Art of Being." Pitannâ lìteraturoznavstva, no. 101 (July 9, 2020): 146–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/pytlit2020.101.146.
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The article deals with the functions of metaphor in the artistic world of M. Proust. In the context of the novel sequence In Search of Lost Time, metaphor becomes a mechanism to implement involuntary memory, which allows to combine the present (impressions) and the past (memories). Metaphor, given by the associative connection between impressions and memories, becomes the main constructive law of the artistic model of reality created by the French writer. The multifunctionality of metaphor correlates with the three forms of the subject of consciousness that appears in the context of the artistic whole of the novel sequence as an author, a narrator and a character. The author organizes the work of involuntary memory, based on the metaphor; the narrator balances what has been fished out of the past against the present with the help of experience associations; the character experiences the impressions by going through discoveries and disappointments. Proust’s lyrical epos gives the subject the ability to move beyond the hellish circle of the present into timeless dimensions. The novels created by the author and the character, intersect creating the effect of full being, allowing the subject of creative consciousness to recover its identity by overcoming painful contradictions of individual existence in the artistic creativity as in the dialogical interaction with the other. By using the formal and the hermeneutical methods with the emphasis on the philosophy of dialogue, the article explores the peculiarities of metaphor functioning at the macro- and microlevels. The former allows to construct the experimental picture of the world at the intersection of different time-space spheres that correlate with each other due to the spiritual and intellectual efforts of the subject. The latter allows us to consider the artistic image based on metaphor the core of the modernist writer’s artistic style and the way to the new concept of artist and art.
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Dolgov, K. M., and E. I. Starikova. "Policy and Culture: From Machiavelli’s Political Philosophy to Kipling’s Political Prophecies." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 6(45) (December 28, 2015): 40–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2015-6-45-40-50.
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The article is concerned with interrelationship of policy and culture, in particular N.Machiavelli's political philosophy and its reflection in some short stories by R.Kipling, one of the most recognized representatives of the British imperial thought. Policy and culture have traditionally been considered almost incompatible spheres of human activity as policy tended to become more and more severe, cynical, "dirty", while culture aspired to develop supreme values and perfect ideals. Sometimes the direct confrontation between policy and religion, policy and morals, policy and law, policy and literature, policy and art in the broad sense of the word could occur. The greatest Renaissance masters - Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Rafael etc. - actively opposed any evil manifestations: evil ideas, evil words, evil doings, expressing in their masterpieces the highest ideals and values. However, these ideals and values drastically diverged from the reality, political and public relations of the time, the "dirty" policy conducted by the rulers of numerous Italian principalities. It is no coincidence that N.Machiavelli develops his new political philosophy aiming not only to create the strong unitary state, but also to overcome this "dirty" policy at least to a certain extent. Therefore, describing the mechanism of the "dirty" policy that opposes high culture, N.Machiavelli introduces a new political philosophy which should be based on the highest ideals and values. As far as literary art is concerned, one can easily see that such world famous novelists as Kipling, Chekhov, Maupassant and many others reflected in their short stories that very longing for highest values and ideals which are almost absent in political doctrines and political practice. The true policy is necessarily based on the true culture and its values and ideals, whereas the true culture is indispensably connected with the true policy.
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Nakamura, Kyoko. "De-Creation in Japanese Painting: Materialization of Thoroughly Passive Attitude." Philosophies 6, no. 2 (April 19, 2021): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/philosophies6020035.
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This paper demonstrates the method and meaning behind the argument that contemporary philosophers have found the key to “de-creation” in potentiality by implementing it in artwork. While creation in the usual sense seems to imply an active attitude, de-creation implies a passive attitude of simply waiting for something from the outside by constructing a mechanism to set up the gap to which something outside comes. The methods of de-creation are typically found in representations of reality using “Kakiwari,” which is commonly observed in Japanese art. Kakiwari was originally a stage background and has no reverse side; that is, there is no other side to the space. Mountains in distant views are frequently painted like a flat board as if they were Kakiwari. It shows the outside that is imperceptible, deviating from the perspective of vision. The audience can wait for the outside without doing anything (“prefer not to do”) in front of Kakiwari. It is the potentiality of art and it realizes de-creation. This paper extends the concept of de-creation by presenting concrete images and methods used in the author’s own works that utilized Kakiwari. This orients to the philosophy of the creative act by the artist herself.
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Geiko, S. M., and O. D. Lauta. "Philosophcal review of h. white̕s tropological theory in the context of the new philosophy of history." Humanitarian studios: pedagogics, psychology, philosophy 3, no. 152 (December 2020): 92–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.31548/hspedagog2020.03.092.
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The article provides a philosophical analysis of the tropological theory of the history of H. White. The researcher claims that history is a specific kind of literature, and the historical works is the connection of a certain set of research and narrative operations. The first type of operation answers the question of why the event happened this way and not the other. The second operation is the social description, the narrative of events, the intellectual act of organizing the actual material. According to H. White, this is where the set of ideas and preferences of the researcher begin to work, mainly of a literary and historical nature. Explanations are the main mechanism that becomes the common thread of the narrative. The are implemented through using plot (romantic, satire, comic and tragic) and trope systems – the main stylistic forms of text organization (metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, irony). The latter decisively influenced for result of the work historians. Historiographical style follows the tropological model, the selection of which is determined by the historian’s individual language practice. When the choice is made, the imagination is ready to create a narrative. Therefore, the historical understanding, according to H. White, can only be tropological. H. White proposes a new methodology for historical research. During the discourse, adequate speech is created to analyze historical phenomena, which the philosopher defines as prefigurative tropological movement. This is how history is revealed through the art of anthropology. Thus, H. White’s tropical history theory offers modern science f meaningful and metatheoretically significant. The structure of concepts on which the classification of historiographical styles can be based and the predictive function of philosophy regarding historical knowledge can be refined.
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Cummings, Connor. "The science of therapeutic images." History of the Human Sciences 30, no. 2 (April 2017): 69–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0952695116687226.
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The Netherne Hospital in Surrey is perhaps the most prestigious site in the history of British art therapy, associated with the key figures Edward Adamson and Eric Cunningham Dax, whose pioneering work involved the setting-up of a large studio for psychiatric patients to create expressive paintings. What is little-known, however, is the work of the designated scientist for psychiatric research, Hungarian Jewish émigré Francis Reitman, who was charged with an overall scientific analysis of the artistic products of the studio. Schooled in the biological psychiatric tradition of Ladislas J. Meduna in Budapest prior to his exile to the Maudsley Hospital in 1938 – and committed to treatments such as leucotomy and electro-convulsive therapy (ECT) – Reitman was an unusual candidate for research into the unconscious processes behind art and psychosis. Yet he authored two highly popular and widely reviewed books on his analyses of the abundant artistic output created by patients with schizophrenic diagnoses at the Netherne. In his Psychotic Art (1950) and Insanity, Art and Culture (1954), Reitman compared such schizophrenic images with those produced by artists under the influence of mescaline and examined the artistic output of patients having undergone leucotomy. This article draws on archival materials and Reitman’s original research publications in order to reconstruct his theory of schizophrenic art within the complex context of postwar British psychiatry, negotiating as he did between biologically reductive understandings of Freudian and Jungian psychoanalytic categories, and ultimately synthesizing concepts from both. It also analyses Reitman’s implicit theory of the therapeutic mechanism of art in the treatment of psychiatric patients.
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Botar, Oliver A. I. "László Moholy-Nagy's New Vision and the Aestheticization of Scientific Photography in Weimar Germany." Science in Context 17, no. 4 (December 2004): 525–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889704000250.
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ArgumentI propose that both Moholy-Nagy's suggestions that products of applied, particularly scientific, photography be employed as exemplars for art photography, and his practice of integrating such applied photographs with art photographs in his publications and exhibitions, laid the groundwork for an aestheticization of scientific photography within the twentieth-century artistic avant-garde. This photographic “New Vision,” formulated in the 1920s, also effected a kind of “scientization” of art photography. Rather than Positivist mechanism, however, I argue that the science at play was “biocentrism,” the early twentieth-century worldview that can be described as Naturromantik updated by biologism. His key inspiration in this regard was one of the most important figures of biocentrism, the biologist and popular scientific writer Raoul Heinrich Francé, and his conception of Biotechnik [bionics], in which he proposed that all human technologies are based in natural technologies.The biological, pure and simple, taken as the guide.– Moholy-Nagy (1938, 198)
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Duan, Lian. "The Peircean order of signification and its encoding system in Chinese landscape painting." Semiotica 2018, no. 221 (March 26, 2018): 199–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sem-2015-0032.
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AbstractApplying Peirce’s semiotics to the study of art history, this essay explores the order of signification in the Peircean theory and the visual order in Chinese landscape painting. Since the purpose of Chinese landscape painting is not simply to represent the beauty of scenery but to encode and manifest the philosophy of Tao, then, the author argues that the establishment of the encoding mechanism in Chinese landscape painting signifies the origination, development, and establishment of this genre in Chinese art history. In this essay, the Peircean order of signification is described as a T-shaped structure, consisting of a horizontal dimension of signs (icon, index, and symbol) while and a vertical dimension of the signification process (representamen, interpretant, and object). Correspondingly, the visual order in Chinese landscape painting is also described as a T-shaped structure as well: the horizontal dimension at the formal level consists of three signs (mountain path, flowing water, and floating air, the three constitute a compound sign), while the vertical dimension at the ideological level consists of three concepts (the way in nature, the metaphysical Way of nature, and the Tao). The significance of this order is found in re-interpreting the formation of landscape painting in Chinese art history.
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Zolka, V. L. "LEGAL INSTITUTION FOR DEMOCRATIC CIVIL CONTROL OVER ACTIVITY OF SECURITY AND DEFENSE SECTOR OF UKRAINE: STATE-OF-THE-ART OF NORMATIVE LEGAL REGULATION." Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, no. 2 (July 6, 2021): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2021.02.7.
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The article is dedicated to study the status of legal regulation of legal institution “Democratic civil control over activity of security and defense sector of Ukraine” and to substantiate the theoretical recommendation as regards improvement of military and security legislation.
It has been proved that uncontrollable military organizations and law enforcing bodies of the state bring potential danger both individuals and society’s humanistic values. They are dangerous because of unbalanced mechanism of the democratic civil control. Disruption of containment mechanism and counterbalance in the power separation system in the state, usurpation of power by one person or group of people can paralyze not only power itself but other institutions of society.
Subjects of state segments for democratic civil control turn to be the attendant bodies of political will by one person, the certain cover-up and justification of unlawful violation. Under those conditions the civil monitoring of institutions in the security and defense sector of Ukraine becomes inefficient. Their subjects experience limitations: such as access to information of law-enforcement authorities and military formations; implementation of freedom of expression.
Most of substantial reactions are left unattended by state jurisdiction and military administration. Their legal status also remains imperfect and deprived of real impact gears on the objects under control.
It has been proved that in order to ensure efficiency of openness and transparency in activity of Security and Defense Sector it is required to implement the complex of organizational and legal measures such as an active elucidative campaign for the purpose of bringing to essentiality, goal, form and tools of public control over SDS and to consolidate new philosophy where the civil control will take leading place.
The certain declaratory of the most mechanisms of civil control institution have been deduced herein. The means to improve situation in this field are proposed to be developed by participation of interested subjects both public administration, members of public monitoring and subsidiary objects of new special law. By its developing the negative and positive experience of civil control has to be taken into consideration. The other way to secure the effective mechanism of democratic civil control over SDS is to specify statutory norms for SDS in the law of Ukraine.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Mechanism (Philosophy) Art"
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Mackert, Jürgen. "Ohnmächtiger Staat? : über die sozialen Mechanismen staatlichen Handelns /." Wiesbaden : VS Verl. für Sozialwissenschaften, 2006. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb41021930p.
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Bellamy, Stephen, and steve bellamy@flinders edu au. "RESOURCE PARTITIONING BETWEEN TWO SYMPATRIC AUSTRALIAN SKINKS, EGERNIA MULTISCUTATA AND EGERNIA WHITII STEPHEN BELLAMY Thesis submitted in total fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy AUGUST 2006 SCHOOL OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES FLINDERS UNIVERSITY, ADELAIDE, SOUTH AUSTRALIA ________________________________________." Flinders University. Biological Sciences, 2007. http://catalogue.flinders.edu.au./local/adt/public/adt-SFU20070124.145924.
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When species compete for resources, in a stable homogeneous environment, there are two possible outcomes. The first is that one species will out-compete the other and exclude it from the environment. This is known as the competitive exclusion principle. The second is that both species will manage to coexist. Coexistence can only occur if the species niches are differentiated such that interspecific competition is minimised, or eliminated. This outcome is known as resource partitioning.
Two closely related Australian skink species of the Egernia genus, Egernia multiscutata and Egernia whitii, are abundant and sympatric on Wedge Island in South Australias Spencer Gulf. The species are morphologically very similar and appear to have very similar life histories and habitat requirements. Ostensibly, they would compete for limiting resources in this environment.
This thesis is the first investigation into resource partitioning in this previously unstudied model organism. I report the results of multi-faceted investigations into the coexistence of the skinks, E. multiscutata and E. whitii on Wedge Island and the evidence for, and mechanisms of, any facultative resource partitioning between them.
Study methods involved a transect survey of most of Wedge Island to determine the species distributions and any evidence for resource partitioning; a morphological comparison to investigate any potential competitive advantages of either species; a habitat choice experiment to establish retreat-site preferences in the absence of interspecific interference; and, a series of staged dyadic encounter experiments to investigate interspecific competitive interactions.
Resource partitioning was evidenced by differential distributions of the species among substrates containing the elements required for permanent refuge shelters. This partitioning was not mediated by avoidance of particular substrates but by the presence of the opponent species, combined with attraction to suitable substrates. Asymmetries in some morphological characters were found to confer a potential competitive advantage to E. multiscutata in agonistic encounters with E. whitii. Both species were found to have the same refuge site preferences when interference competition was experimentally removed. This result was not concordant with observed resource partitioning in the field and suggests that the habitat choices of both species are modified by the presence of the opponent species. Analyses of staged dyadic encounter experiments showed that E. multiscutata was more likely to gain greater access to a contested habitat resource and more likely to exclude E. whitii from the resource than vice-versa. Nevertheless, the outcome of competitive interactions was not completely deterministic and there was some tolerance of co-habitation. E. multiscutatas competitive advantage was attributable largely to its greater mass and head dimensions relative to snout to vent length. However, differential behavioural responses to the threat of larger opponent size also played an important part in resource partitioning between the species.
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Gros, Gilles. "Histoire et épistémiologie de l'art dentaire." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO30007.
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L’épistémologisation de l’art dentaire se fonde sur l’évolution de deux concepts-clés des sciences de la nature : la matière, objet de la physique et de la chimie, et la vie, objet de la biologie. Elle est marquée par deux grandes discontinuités qui délimitent les trois grandes périodes de son histoire. La première discontinuité se situe au début du 18e siècle quand Fauchard, influencé par les idées de Galilée et de Descartes, fait de l’art dentaire une science de l’ingénieur et l’introduit dans la modernité. La seconde discontinuité a lieu à la fin du 19e siècle, après que l’art dentaire a intégré des concepts-clés énoncés par C. Bernard, Virchow et Pasteur qui accentuent sa biologisation et que des découvertes technologiques révolutionnaires le conduisent à instituer une alliance durable entre science et technique. Au 20e siècle, l’invention technique débouche sur l’affolement technique et la biologisation s’accélère. Alors l’art dentaire prend conscience de la nécessité d’atténuer la discordance entre valeurs organiques et valeurs mécaniques. Ce qui l’amène à renouveler son paysage disciplinaire, à se spécialiser et à adhérer à la pensée complexe. A la fin du 20e siècle, il accède aux mécanismes de la vie et se mêle d’ingénierie tissulaire, d’où de fortes présomptions d’une vaste réforme de son programme épistémologique et thérapeutique au 21e siècleThe epistemologisation of the dentistry is based on the evolution of two concept-keys of sciences of nature : matter, object of physics and chemistry, and life, object of biology. It is marked by two great discontinuities which delimit the three great periods of its history. The first discontinuity is at the beginning of the 18th century when Fauchard, influenced by the ideas of Galileo and Descartes, makes dentistry engineering and introduces it into modernity. The second discontinuity takes place at the end of the 19th century, after the dentistry integrated concept-keys stated by C. Bernard, Virchow and Pasteur who accentuate his biologisation and whom revolutionary technological discoveries lead it to institute a durable alliance between science and technology. At the 20th century, the technical invention leads to the technical panic and the biologisation accelerates. Then the dentistry becomes aware of the need for attenuating the discordance between organic values and mechanical values. What leads it to renew its disciplinary landscape, to specialize and adhere to the complex thought. At the end of the 20th century, it reaches the mechanisms of the life and is interfered tissue engineering, from where strong presumptions of a vast reform of its epistemological and therapeutic program to the 21th century
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Mackenzie, Michael. "Maschinenmenschen : images of the body as a machine in the art and culture of Weimar Germany /." 1999. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:9951812.
Full textBooks on the topic "Mechanism (Philosophy) Art"
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Parkinson, Gavin. Surrealism, art, and modern science: Relativity, quantum mechanics, epistemology. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007.
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Elkins, James. Six stories from the end of representation: Images in painting, photography, astronomy, microscopy, particle physics, and quantum mechanics, 1980-2000. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press, 2008.
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Keutner, Thomas. Ignoranz, Täuschung, Selbsttäuschung: Kausalität in den Handlungswissenschaften. Freiburg: Verlag K.Alber, 2004.
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Keutner, Thomas. Ignoranz, Täuschung, Selbsttäuschung: Kausalität in den Handlungswissenschaften. Freiburg: Verlag K.Alber, 2004.
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Keutner, Thomas. Ignoranz, Täuschung, Selbsttäuschung: Kausalität in den Handlungswissenschaften. Freiburg: Karl Alber, 2004.
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Braun, Marta. Picturing time: The work of Etienne-Jules Marey (1830-1904). Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992.
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Alternatives in Jewish bioethics. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1997.
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Roger, Herdman, and Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Division of Health Care Services., eds. Non-heart-beating organ transplantation: Medical and ethical issues in procurement. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press, 1997.
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Glennan, Stuart. Mechanisms and Mechanical Philosophy. Edited by Paul Humphreys. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199368815.013.39.
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The past twenty years have seen a resurgence of philosophical interest in mechanisms, an interest that has been driven both by concerns with the logical empiricist tradition and by the sense that a philosophy of science that attends to mechanisms will be more successful than traditional alternatives in illuminating the actual content and practice of science. In this chapter, the author surveys some of the topics discussed by the so-called new mechanists. These include the nature of mechanisms themselves, how mechanisms are discovered and represented via models, the debate over the norms of mechanistic explanation, and the relationship between mechanisms and causation.
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Glennan, Stuart. The New Mechanical Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779711.001.0001.
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This book argues for a new image of nature and of science—one that understands both natural and social phenomena to be the product of mechanisms, and that suggests that much of the work of natural and social scientists involves discovering, describing, and explaining how these mechanisms work. The book explores the interplay between ontological questions about mechanisms as things in the world and methodological questions about how these mechanisms can be characterized. Ontologically, mechanisms are understood to be collections of entities whose organized activities and interactions give rise to phenomena. This minimal conception of mechanism is abstract enough to encompass most of the wide variety of things that scientists have called mechanisms. While mechanisms are particular things, localized in space and time, the models that scientists use to describe them must be abstract and idealized. The mechanistic approach provides new ways of thinking about traditional metaphysical questions—for instance, about the nature of objects, part-whole and cause-effect relations, properties and universals, natural kinds, and laws of nature. It also suggests novel approaches for thinking about methodological questions concerning scientific representation, causal inference, reduction, and scientific explanation. The New Mechanical Philosophy offers the promise of a better understanding of the sources of both the unity and diversity of science.
Book chapters on the topic "Mechanism (Philosophy) Art"
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Deulofeu, Roger, and Javier Suárez. "When Mechanisms Are Not Enough: The Origin of Eukaryotes and Scientific Explanation." In Philosophy of Science, 95–115. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72577-2_6.
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Leydesdorff, Loet. "Cultural and Biological Evolution." In Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Scientific and Scholarly Communication, 195–208. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59951-5_10.
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AbstractAlthough there is no necessary relation between “big data” and “monism”—the program of reducing cultural and mental processes to computational and biological principles—both these programs reject a dualism between res extensa and res cogitans. Opposing this philosophy of science, I have argued in the above chapter that a second contingency of possible relations and expectations feeds back on the manifest relations. This second contingency cannot be studied from a natural-science or life-sciences perspective, but is the proper domain of the social sciences, where the focus is on what things mean as different from what they are. Next-order selection mechanisms can take evolutionary control. The complexity of the communication evolves against the arrow of time in terms of interacting codes, which generate redundancies and therefore new options. As human beings, we can follow the potentially unintended consequences of the communication dynamics reflexively. Both consciousness and communication are self-organizing and thus resilient against steering.
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Niemeyer, Simon. "Knowledge and the Deliberative Stance in Democratic Systems: Harnessing Scepticism of the Self in Governing Global Environmental Change." In Knowledge for Governance, 269–92. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47150-7_12.
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AbstractModern challenges, such as global environmental change, cannot be dealt with via the generation of knowledge alone. Even in-principle public support requires broad recognition of responsibility to translate knowledge into appropriate action. This cannot be achieved where minds are closed, in which case greater levels of knowledge can actually feed into perverse outcomes. Overcoming these dynamics is facilitated to the extent that individuals adopt a deliberative stance (Owen D, Smith G, J Political Philosophy 23:213–234, 2015), which involves, inter alia, openness to ideas and hastens the rush to judgement on issues involving uncertainty and complexity—a scepticism of the self. In this paper, the author demonstrates the effects of the deliberative stance and the conditions under which it is best achieved. I draw my evidence from small-scale settings described by deliberative minipublics, but the observed mechanisms can be “scaled up” to inform possibilities for wider reform of the processes governing the uptake and use of knowledge.
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Hoffmann, Roald. "Why Buy That Theory?" In Roald Hoffmann on the Philosophy, Art, and Science of Chemistry. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199755905.003.0006.
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The theory of theories goes like this: A theory will be accepted by a scientific community if it explains better (or more of) what is known, fits at its fringes with what is known in other parts of our universe, and makes verifiable, preferably risky, predictions. Sometimes it does go like that. So the theory that made my name (and added to the already recognized greatness of the man with whom I collaborated, the synthetic chemist of the 20th century, R. B. Woodward) did make sense of many disparate and puzzling observations in organic chemistry. And “orbital symmetry control,” as our complex of ideas came to be called, made some risky predictions. I remember well the day that Jerry Berson sent us his remarkable experimental results on the stereochemistry of the so- called 1,3-sigmatropic shift . It should proceed in a certain way, he reasoned from our theory—a non-intuitive way. And it did. But much that goes into the acceptance of theories has little to do with rationalization and prediction. Instead, I will claim, what matters is a heady mix of factors in which psychological attitudes figure prominently. A simple equation describing a physical phenomenon (better still, many), the molecule shaped like a Platonic solid with regular geometry, the simple mechanism (A→B, in one step)—these have tremendous aesthetic appeal, a direct beeline into our soul. They are beautifully simple, and simply beautiful. Theories of this type are awesome in the original sense of the word—who would deny this of the theory of evolution, the Dirac equation or general relativity? A little caution might be suggested from pondering the fact that political ads patently cater to our psychobiological predilection for simplicity. Is the world simple? Or do we just want it to be such? In the dreams of some, the beauty and simplicity of equations becomes a criterion for their truth. Simple theories seem to validate that idol of science, Ockham’s Razor. In preaching the poetic conciseness and generality of orbital explanations, I have succumbed to this, too.
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Hoffmann, Roald. "Nearly Circular Reasoning." In Roald Hoffmann on the Philosophy, Art, and Science of Chemistry. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199755905.003.0009.
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Scientific argument is supposed to be logical. But do scientists study logic? Probably not. Were they asked about the advisability of learning formal or applied logic, most would likely say, “Logic, as studied by philosophers, is just a systemization or description of what we, as scientists, do naturally. So we don’t need to study it.” The chain of reasoning that I’ve ascribed here to a straw-man scientist is, on analysis, full of the fallacies described by Aristotle in Sophistical Refutations (De sophisticis elenchis) more than 2,300 years ago. The argument suffers from circular reasoning, the fallacy of false cause, the argument ad populum (the populus here being scientists, as opposed to philosophers), and more. But actually I do not want to berate here the logically unsophisticated scientist (myself), nor to urge that scientists need study philosophy. Rather, I’d like to examine the curious role of logic in science. Good logical thinking is absolutely necessary to both everyday and revolutionary science. But I will argue that at the same time, reasoning in all science, paradigmatic or ground-breaking, on close scrutiny often turns out to be in part illogical. There is nothing new in this—we see readily the fallacies in the work of others, especially when they disagree with us, don’t we? I will try to make a case, however, that there may be a real advantage implicit in occasionally faulty reasoning, especially a mode which I will call nearly circular reasoning. Science is a curious mixture of the real and the ideal, the material and the spiritual, held together by discourse or argument. The latter is sometimes mathematical, but more often it transpires in the words of some language. The real is the material, say, a vial of a chemical, or its measured spectrum, the relative amount of light a solution of that chemical absorbs. The ideal may be a proposal on the mechanism of formation of the molecule, or a theory that interprets that spectrum as necessarily indicating the molecule contains a carbon-hydrogen bond. The discourse consists of the exposition of several arguments, several alternative models explaining the observable, and a choice between them.
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"Mechanism versus Organicism." In A Philosopher Looks at Human Beings, 21–47. Cambridge University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108907057.003.
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Letheby, Chris. "The mechanisms of psychedelic therapy." In Philosophy of Psychedelics, 62–80. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198843122.003.0004.
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‘The mechanisms of psychedelic therapy’ presents arguments against three theories of psychedelic therapy. The Molecular Neuroplasticity Theory ascribes therapeutic benefits to an experience-independent molecular mechanism. This theory is undermined by the correlation between ‘mystical-type experiences’ and beneficial outcomes, which suggests that genuinely psychological mechanisms are involved. The Metaphysical Belief Theory and the Metaphysical Alief Theory fare better on this count: both ascribe beneficial outcomes to the transcendent vision of a ‘Joyous Cosmology’ supposedly encountered in the mystical-type experience. However, these theories struggle to account for the fact that some patients satisfy psychometric criteria for a mystical-type experience without undergoing a non-naturalistic metaphysical hallucination. The psychometric criteria can also be satisfied by more naturalistic experiences of ego dissolution and connectedness. The conclusion is that psychedelics cause lasting benefits via some genuinely psychological factor that (i) correlates with the construct of a mystical-type experience, but (ii) is independent of non-naturalistic metaphysical ideations.
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"Mechanism and Human Nature." In A Philosopher Looks at Human Beings, 75–95. Cambridge University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108907057.005.
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Noggle, James. "Philosophy." In Unfelt, 24–68. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501747120.003.0002.
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This chapter examines how the late seventeenth-century British philosophy of sensation, feeling, and selfhood responded to the challenges of mechanism with the idiom of the insensible. It shows how this idiom carries forward from John Locke and Robert Boyle to philosophers of the mid-eighteenth century, the age of sensibility, who use it to address a variety of problems. The consistent, Lockean element in these usages by David Hartley, Étienne Bonnet de Condillac and David Hume, Eliza Haywood and Adam Smith, is that they do not refer to mental contents. One does not hear of “insensible perceptions.” There are no “unconscious thoughts” or “unfelt sensations” in the British tradition surveyed here. Writers in this tradition rather describe insensible powers that affect the mind without themselves being mental. They are nonconscious, not unconscious. This is an implication carried by the idiom into articulations of quite a wide variety of other ideas. All of them indicate the persistent usefulness in philosophies of feeling of a stylistic gesture toward something beyond the reach of both feeling and philosophy.
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Donnelley, Strachan. "Frog Pond Philosophy." In Frog Pond Philosophy, edited by Ceara Donnelley and Bruce Jennings. University Press of Kentucky, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813167275.003.0004.
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Recalling a philosophical insight gained by a pond after a day of fishing in Wisconsin, this chapter uses a frog pond as a metaphor for a conception of nature lost in modern mechanist science but recovered by Darwin and other thinkers who adopt an evolutionary and ecosystemic perspective, such as Aldo Leopold. The mechanist universe is a play of forces that communicate no meaning or “sound.” The frog pond is orchestra-like—is alive, communicative, and filled with significance to be interpreted and heard. But human beings are not in tune with this reality. Careless human activities are threatening the integrity, perhaps the very continuation, of its complex music.
Conference papers on the topic "Mechanism (Philosophy) Art"
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Lou, Fangyuan, and Nicole L. Key. "On Choosing the Optimal Impeller Exit Velocity Triangles in Preliminary Design." In ASME Turbo Expo 2021: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2021-59210.
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Abstract Impeller discharge flow plays an important role in centrifugal compressor performance and operability for two reasons. First, it determines the work factor and relative diffusion for the impeller. Second, it sets the flow into the downstream stationary diffusion system. The choice made in the preliminary design phase for the impeller exit velocity triangle is crucial for a successful design. The state-of-the-art design approach for determining the impeller exit velocity triangle in the preliminary design phase relies on several empirical guidelines, i.e. maximum work factor and diffusion ratio for an impeller, the optimal range of absolute flow angle, etc. However, as modern compressors continue pushing toward higher efficiency and higher work factor, this design approach falls short in providing exact guidance for choosing an optimal impeller exit velocity triangles due to its empirical nature as well as the competing mechanism of the two trends. In light of this challenge, this paper introduces a reduced-dimension, deterministic approach for the design of the impeller exit velocity triangle. The method gauges the design of the impeller exit velocity triangle from a different design philosophy using a relative diffusion effectiveness parameter and is validated using 6 impeller designs, representative of applications in both turbochargers and aero engines. Furthermore, with the deterministic method in place, optimal impeller exit velocity triangles are explored over a broad design space, and a one-to-one mapping from a selection of impeller total-to-total pressure ratios and backsweep angles to a unique optimal impeller exit velocity triangle is provided. This new approach is demonstrated, and discussions regarding the influences of impeller total-to-total pressure ratio, isentropic efficiency, and backsweep angle on the optimal impeller exit velocity triangle are presented.
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Shetty, Devdas, Pruthviraj Umesh, and K. V. Gangadharan. "Platform for Mechatronics Education Using: (1) Mechatronics Technology Demonstrator, and (2) Web Based Virtual Experimentation." In ASME 2017 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2017-70223.
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Increasing demands on the productivity of complex systems, such as machine tools and their steadily growing technological importance will require the application of new methods in the product development process. This paper shows that the analysis of the simulation results from the simulation based mechatronic model of a complex system followed by a procedure that allows a better understanding of the dynamic behavior and interactions of the components. This paper will highlight the results of interaction between National Institute of Technology, (NITK) Surathkal, India and University of District of Columbia (UDC) in the area of Mechatronics and virtual testing. Mechatronics is a design philosophy, which is an integrating approach to engineering design. Through a mechanism of simulating interdisciplinary ideas and techniques, mechatronics provides ideal conditions to raise the synergy, thereby providing a catalytic effect for the new solutions to technically complex situations. Many real-world systems can be modeled by the mass-spring-damper system and hence considering one such system, namely Mechatronics Technology Demonstrator (MTD) is taken as the first example. MTD is a portable low cost, technology demonstrator that can be used for teaching mechatronics system design. The paper highlights design optimization of several mechatronic products using the procedures derived by the use of mass spring damper based mechatronic system. The second example is on web based virtual experimentation, where the experiment is conducted by remote triggering of Torsion Testing Machine. Remote triggered (RT) experimentation is a method of remotely controlling the laboratory equipment by an internet based system from a webpage. RT lab is an excellent way for the students to get access to expensive state of the art labs and equipment. The present work deals with the systematic approach of realizing a remote triggered experimentation on a horizontal torsional testing machine which can be triggered from a tablet PC or a laptop through an internet connection directed to the server computer system. RT lab algorithms are built in the server computer and the information and controls will be displayed on an html webpage where the experiment can be conducted. In this experiment the machine is remotely started through a command in the webpage which will be directed to the main server computer system from a wireless handheld internet enabled device such as laptops or tablet PCs and render the suitable graph of the experiment in the device. The experiment is completely in the control of the user. The person can either on/off the main equipment with the help of the device within the given slot of time and the data from the graph can be retrieved for further analysis. The first example uses a software platform of VisSim and the second example uses a software platform LabView. Although located in two different locations and countries, this paper examines the common mechatronics philosophy and the design approach used in modeling, simulation, optimization and virtual experimentation in building robust mechatronics product and procedures.
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Qian, Zhengfang, and Joe Tomase. "On ALT and Field Reliability: Challenges and Solutions." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-41668.
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This paper presents a critical overview of the current state-of-the-art of Accelerated Reliability Tests (ALTs) and field reliability. Investigations have been focused on a few critical issues, including test philosophy, test physics, test procedure, and test statistics. It has been identified that there is a huge gap between ALT and field reliability. Challenges and solutions include bridging gap between deterministic and statistical approaches, identifying failure modes/mechanisms and their interaction, making scientific judgement of complicated ALT procedures, determining sample size and targeted failure rate for test plans, building databases of ALT and field reliability for knowledge discovery, and developing powerful and integrated tools for virtual qualification and reliability prediction.
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Hansknecht, B. P., B. S. Thompson, M. V. Gandhi, and C. Foiles. "The Health Management of Machines, Mechanisms, and Robots Featuring Macroscopically Smart Composite Materials With Embedded Fiber Optic Sensors." In ASME 1992 Design Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc1992-0237.
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Abstract The embryonic discipline of macroscopically smart materials featuring polymeric fiberous composite laminates with embedded optical fibers provides significant technological advantages if they are incorporated in the next generation of the machines, mechanisms, and robotic systems. These technological advantages can be exploited during the manufacture, the service life, and the failure prediction phases of the part life-cycle. The embedded optical fibers permit the manufacture of the part to be optimized during autoclave processing, for example, by controlling the state of cure and temperature using a new generation of manufacturing techniques involving closed-loop control algorithms. Subsequently, the optical fibers permit the vibrational response, stresses, strains, and deflections to be continuously monitored during the service of the mechanical system, and where appropriate, embedded actuator materials can be activated to develop a more desirable response as part of a health management philosophy. Finally, the optical sensing system enables the failure of the part to be predicted, because the propagation of a crack through the structure will result in the fracturing of the embedded optical fibers, and hence, the severing of the optical light paths which can be detected by this class of photonic system. This paper introduces this potentially powerful health management philosophy to the field of mechanism design by presenting for the first time experimental results from an investigation of the dynamic response of a slider-crank mechanism with a smart graphite-epoxy laminated connecting-rod featuring a polarimetric fiber optic sensor. This investigation examines one facet of this new philosophy; namely, a health monitoring activity in which the vibrational response of a flexible machine element is monitored using a fiber optic sensor.
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Li, S. Z., J. J. Yu, X. Pei, Hai-jun Su, J. B. Hopkins, and M. L. Culpepper. "Type Synthesis Principle and Practice of Flexure Systems in the Framework of Screw Theory: Part III—Numerations and Synthesis of Flexure Mechanisms." In ASME 2010 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2010-28963.
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In recent years, the increasing of application requirements call for development of a variety of flexure mechanisms with high precision or large motion and both. Therefore, in Part III of this series of papers we demonstrate how to use the methodology addressed in Part I to synthesize concepts for two kinds of flexure mechanisms, i.e. kinematics-type flexure mechanisms (KFMs) and constraint-type flexure mechanisms (CFMs) with the specified-DOF (Degree of Freedom) characteristics. Although most of them utilize parallel configurations and flexure elements, there is a clear difference in the behavior of flexures between KFMs and CFMs, The resultant type synthesis approaches fall into two distinct categories i.e. freedom-based and constraint-based one, both of which have presented in Part I. In order to derive useful flexure mechanism concepts available for different applications, a general design philosophy and rules are summarized firstly. As the main content of this part, the classifications, numerations, and synthesis for KFMs and CFMs are made in a systematic way. As a result, a majority of new precision flexure mechanisms are developed. In addition, qualitative comparisons are provided to demonstrate the performance and application differences between kinematic-type and constraint-type flexure mechanisms with the same DOF.
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Ronalds, B. F., R. Pinna, D. J. Trench, D. G. Cosson, and G. K. Cole. "Sway Platforms: Influence of Configuration, Topside Weight and Design Philosophy on Structural Reliability." In ASME 2003 22nd International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2003-37180.
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Moment magnification in platforms such as monopods and jack-ups may be addressed in a variety of ways in the design process. This paper investigates how differing treatments influence the reserve strength ratio (RSR) and hence structural reliability of sway platforms. Both WSD and LRFD versions of API RP2A are considered, together with several methods of estimating the moment magnification factor. The effect of varying topside weight is also incorporated — increasing topside load increases the second order moments but also increases the amount of steel provided by the Code to resist the loadings. It is found that the RSR varies widely for different structural configurations and may either increase or decrease with increasing topside weight. The RSR is also sensitive to the design approach adopted. As a result, a single set of partial load factors will not succeed in narrowing the spread of reliabilities across different configurations and design philosophies. Indeed, the use of a WSD format may result in more uniform reliability levels than API RP2A-LRFD for certain sway platforms.
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Huang, Z. J., M. J. Santala, H. Wang, T. W. Yung, W. Kan, and R. E. Sandstrom. "Component Approach for Confident Predictions of Deepwater CALM Buoy Coupled Motions: Part 1 — Philosophy." In ASME 2005 24th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2005-67138.
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This paper describes a component approach of coupled motions for design of deepwater CALM offloading system in West Africa environment. Confident offloading buoy motions coupled with mooring and offloading line dynamics is identified as one of the key design challenges. In deepwater systems, components from the wave forces (exciting forces and radiated wave forces), viscous damping forces and mooring forces follow different scaling laws. We can not properly scale up the measured global responses of the coupled system to full-scale to verify the design. Component approaches overcome many of the test engineering and scale up weaknesses associated with truncated physical modeling. An effective application of a component approach develops a model test strategy for the purpose of validating the design analysis tools. In this paper we present a strategy for model testing, design tool validation and full-scale analyses. Differences between the component approach and the current industry practice are highlighted.
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Shi, Bill, Donald Liu, and Christopher Wiernicki. "Dynamic Loading Approach for Structural Evaluation of Ultra Large Container Carriers." In SNAME Maritime Convention. SNAME, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/smc-2005-d47.
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The emerging global economic needs are driving the designs for the next generation of ocean going vessels. Current ultra-large container carrier (10,000 TEU plus) designs are considerably larger and more complex than any currently in service. Proper and rational classification assessment requires that first principles based direct calculation methods be used to augment the standard classification review. The design philosophy behind the ABS Dynamic Loading Approach enables comprehensive identification of potential failure mechanisms. The scope of the necessary engineering assessment encompass full-ship finite element analysis under non-linear sea loads, spectral fatigue analysis, finite element lashing analysis, free and forced vibration analysis, and transient and impact load analysis. This paper describes key aspects of the DLA design philosophy such as non-linear sea loads, load combinations, various applications derived from full-ship finite element analysis. Several examples are given to highlight some critical failure mechanisms to be considered for ultra-large container carriers.
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Somova, Oksana, and Pavel Vladimirov. "The problem of intersubjectivity in Western philosophy: Boundaries of the communicative approach." In 6th International e-Conference on Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences. Center for Open Access in Science, Belgrade, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32591/coas.e-conf.06.08095s.
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The article defines the meaning of the phenomenological approach to the analysis of the concept of intersubjectivity in the context of social and philosophical problems of the balance of the Self and the Other. The discourse is based on the correlation of phenomenological orientation and communicative action in determining the mechanisms of identity of the Self in relation to the Other in the inseparability of social reality. A sequential analysis of prerequisites and research approaches aimed at testing the problem of intersubjectivity is carried out. The focus is placed on social phenomenological research of A. Schutz and the theory of communicative action of J. Habermas, which are aimed at understanding the correlation between the peculiarities of human existence, his life-world and the area of social relations or the inevitability of establishing overindividual patterns. Relevance of the research lies in elaborating the issue of establishing intersubjectivity under the fundamental non-identity of the subjects of communication and their predetermined attitudes. The article concludes by outlining the feasibility of expanding the rational predetermination of the subject-subjective structure of communicative action with the research area of social phenomenology.
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Somova, Oksana, and Pavel Vladimirov. "The problem of intersubjectivity in Western philosophy: Boundaries of the communicative approach." In 6th International e-Conference on Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences. Center for Open Access in Science, Belgrade, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32591/coas.e-conf.06.08095s.
Full textAbstract:
The article defines the meaning of the phenomenological approach to the analysis of the concept of intersubjectivity in the context of social and philosophical problems of the balance of the Self and the Other. The discourse is based on the correlation of phenomenological orientation and communicative action in determining the mechanisms of identity of the Self in relation to the Other in the inseparability of social reality. A sequential analysis of prerequisites and research approaches aimed at testing the problem of intersubjectivity is carried out. The focus is placed on social phenomenological research of A. Schutz and the theory of communicative action of J. Habermas, which are aimed at understanding the correlation between the peculiarities of human existence, his life-world and the area of social relations or the inevitability of establishing overindividual patterns. Relevance of the research lies in elaborating the issue of establishing intersubjectivity under the fundamental non-identity of the subjects of communication and their predetermined attitudes. The article concludes by outlining the feasibility of expanding the rational predetermination of the subject-subjective structure of communicative action with the research area of social phenomenology.