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Journal articles on the topic 'Mechanisms of tACS'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 2 August 2025

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1

Fan, Yijia, and Jason Tomas George. "Abstract 7495: The evolving ECM architecture shapes unique evolutionary trajectories of breast tumor immune escape and elimination." Cancer Research 85, no. 8_Supplement_1 (2025): 7495. https://doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2025-7495.

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Abstract Purpose: Cancer progression remains a clinical challenge due to tumor heterogeneity. Effective T cell infiltration is critical for mounting an anti-tumor response. Tumors are classified as “hot” or “cold” based on the extent of T cell infiltration. In many cancers, particularly breast cancer, extracellular matrix (ECM) geometry evolves with tumor progression, characterized by Tumor-Associated Collagen Signatures (TACS). Specifically, empirically observed ECM topologies are random fibers (TACS1), circumferentially aligned fibers (TACS2), and radially arranged fibers (TACS3). Clinically

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Fan, Yijia, and Jason Tomas George. "Abstract A031: ECM architecture drives distinct evolutionary patterns of tumor immune escape and elimination in breast cancer." Cancer Research 84, no. 22_Supplement (2024): A031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.tumbody-a031.

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Abstract Cancer progression poses a clinical hurdle due to tumor heterogeneity that contributes to treatment resistance and immune evasion. While the adaptive immune system can effectively eliminate cancer in certain instances, tumor escape remains challenging. The immune microenvironment plays an important role in this process. One unanswered question is the role of ECM geometry, also known as Tumor Associated Collagen Signatures (TACS), and its effects on tumor immune recognition. In solid malignancies, ECM geometry has been associated with disease stage and T cell infiltration. Specifically

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Antal, Andrea, and Christoph S. Herrmann. "Transcranial Alternating Current and Random Noise Stimulation: Possible Mechanisms." Neural Plasticity 2016 (2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3616807.

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Background. Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is a relatively recent method suited to noninvasively modulate brain oscillations. Technically the method is similar but not identical to transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). While decades of research in animals and humans has revealed the main physiological mechanisms of tDCS, less is known about the physiological mechanisms of tACS.Method. Here, we review recent interdisciplinary research that has furthered our understanding of how tACS affects brain oscillations and by what means transcranial random noise stimulation

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Gao, Binbin, Jinyan Zhang, Jianxu Zhang, et al. "Gamma Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation Enhances Working Memory Ability in Healthy People: An EEG Microstate Study." Brain Sciences 15, no. 4 (2025): 381. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15040381.

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Background:Working memory (WM) is a core cognitive function closely linked to various cognitive processes including language, decision making, and reasoning. Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), a non-invasive brain stimulation technique, has been shown to modulate cognitive abilities and treat psychiatric disorders. Although gamma tACS (γ-tACS) has demonstrated positive effects on WM, its underlying neural mechanisms remain unclear. Methods: In this study, we employed electroencephalogram (EEG) microstate analysis to investigate the spatiotemporal dynamics of γ-tACS effects on

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Opitz, A. "Biophysical mechanisms and physiological effects of tACS." Brain Stimulation 12, no. 2 (2019): 521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2018.12.713.

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Wischnewski, Miles. "Neural mechanisms if tACS effects in humans." Brain Stimulation 16, no. 1 (2023): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2023.01.042.

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Opitz, Alexander. "From desynchronization to entrainment: Rethinking tACS mechanisms." Brain Stimulation 18, no. 1 (2025): 231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2024.12.053.

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Lehr, Albert, Niklas Henneberg, Tarana Nigam, Walter Paulus, and Andrea Antal. "Modulation of Conflict Processing by Theta-Range tACS over the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex." Neural Plasticity 2019 (July 8, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6747049.

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Behavioral response conflict arises in the color-word Stroop task and triggers the cognitive control network. Midfrontal theta-band oscillations correlate with adaptive control mechanisms during and after conflict resolution. In order to prove causality, in two experiments, we applied transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) at 6 Hz to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) during Stroop task performance. Sham stimulation served as a control in both experiments; 9.7 Hz tACS served as a nonharmonic alpha band control in the second experiment. We employed generalized linear mixed

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Wischnewski, M., M. Engelhardt, M. A. Salehinejad, D. J. L. G. Schutter, M. F. Kuo, and M. A. Nitsche. "NMDA Receptor-Mediated Motor Cortex Plasticity After 20 Hz Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation." Cerebral Cortex 29, no. 7 (2018): 2924–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhy160.

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Abstract Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) has been shown to modulate neural oscillations and excitability levels in the primary motor cortex (M1). These effects can last for more than an hour and an involvement of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) mediated synaptic plasticity has been suggested. However, to date the cortical mechanisms underlying tACS after-effects have not been explored. Here, we applied 20 Hz beta tACS to M1 while participants received either the NMDAR antagonist dextromethorphan or a placebo and the effects on cortical beta oscillations and excitabili

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Wang, Qianyi, Zhuo Luo, Danfeng Li, et al. "Investigation of the Therapeutic Effect of Total Alkaloids of Corydalis saxicola Bunting on CCl4-Induced Liver Fibrosis in Rats by LC/MS-Based Metabolomics Analysis and Network Pharmacology." Metabolites 13, no. 1 (2022): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo13010009.

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: Liver fibrosis is a pathological result of liver injury that usually leads to a pathophysiological wound healing response. The total alkaloids of Corydalis saxicola Bunting (TACS) have been used for hepatoprotective effects on the liver. However, its exact therapeutic mechanisms of liver fibrosis are not yet well understood. To explore the potential anti-fibrosis mechanism of TACS, metabolomics coupled with network pharmacology were applied to reveal the underlying mechanisms. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS) combined with mu

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Agnihotri, Sandeep Kumar, and Jiang Cai. "Investigating the Effects of Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation on Cortical Oscillations and Network Dynamics." Brain Sciences 14, no. 8 (2024): 767. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14080767.

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Transcranial electrical brain stimulation techniques like transcranial direct current (tDCS) and transcranial alternating current (tACS) have emerged as potential tools for treating neurological diseases by modulating cortical excitability. These techniques deliver small electric currents to the brain non-invasively through electrodes on the scalp. tDCS uses constant direct current which weakly alters the membrane voltage of cortical neurons, while tACS utilizes alternating current to target and enhance cortical oscillations, though the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood more speci

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Johnson, Luke, Ivan Alekseichuk, Jordan Krieg, et al. "Dose-dependent effects of transcranial alternating current stimulation on spike timing in awake nonhuman primates." Science Advances 6, no. 36 (2020): eaaz2747. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaz2747.

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Weak extracellular electric fields can influence spike timing in neural networks. Approaches to noninvasively impose these fields on the brain have high therapeutic potential in neurology and psychiatry. Transcranial alternating current stimulation (TACS) is hypothesized to affect spike timing and cause neural entrainment. However, the conditions under which these effects occur in vivo are unknown. Here, we recorded single-unit activity in the neocortex in awake nonhuman primates during TACS and found dose-dependent neural entrainment to the stimulation waveform. Cluster analysis of changes in

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Meng, Hao, Michael Houston, Yingchun Zhang, and Sheng Li. "Exploring the Prospects of Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) as a Therapeutic Intervention for Post-Stroke Motor Recovery: A Narrative Review." Brain Sciences 14, no. 4 (2024): 322. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14040322.

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Introduction: Stroke survivors often have motor impairments and related functional deficits. Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) is a rapidly evolving field that offers a wide range of capabilities for modulating brain function, and it is safe and inexpensive. It has the potential for widespread use for post-stroke motor recovery. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS), Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS), and Transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are three recognized tES techniques that have gained substantial attention in recent years but have different m

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Liu, Tiantian, Zilong Yan, Ziteng Han, Jian Zhang, Boyan Fang, and Tianyi Yan. "Cortico–subcortical spatiotemporal dynamics in Parkinson’s disease can be modulated by transcranial alternating current stimulation." Brain Science Advances 9, no. 2 (2023): 114–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.26599/bsa.2023.9050009.

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Objective: We investigated changes in cortico–subcortical spatiotemporal dynamics to explore the treatment mechanisms of transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Methods: Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) data were collected from 20 patients with PD and 20 normal controls (NC). Each patient with PD received successive multidisciplinary intensive rehabilitation treatment and tACS treatment over a one-year interval. Individual functional brain network mapping and co-activation pattern (CAP) analysis were performed

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Santacà, Maria, Francesco Carabba, Achini Mihindukulasooriya Fernando, Enrico Pitocco, Luca Battaglini, and Umberto Granziol. "Exploring the classical and numerical Delboeuf illusion: the impact of transcranial alternating current stimulation on magnitude processing." PeerJ 13 (March 10, 2025): e19064. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.19064.

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Understanding cognitive and neural mechanisms underlying quantity processing is crucial for unraveling human cognition. The existence of a single magnitude system, encompassing non-symbolic number estimation alongside other magnitudes like time and space, is still highly debated since clear evidence is limited. Recent research examined whether spatial biases also influence numerosity judgments, using visual illusions like the Delboeuf illusion. While findings support a generalized magnitude system, direct comparisons of spatial and numerical Delboeuf illusions are missing. This study explored

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Chen, Z. W., L. X. Chen, C. C. Yang, and Q. Jiang. "Atomic (single, double, and triple atoms) catalysis: frontiers, opportunities, and challenges." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, no. 8 (2019): 3492–515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta11416a.

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Sergeeva, Elena G., Anton B. Fedorov, Petra Henrich-Noack, and Bernhard A. Sabel. "Transcorneal alternating current stimulation induces EEG “aftereffects” only in rats with an intact visual system but not after severe optic nerve damage." Journal of Neurophysiology 108, no. 9 (2012): 2494–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00341.2012.

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Noninvasive alternating current stimulation can induce vision restoration in patients with chronic optic nerve damage and results in electroencephalogram (EEG) aftereffects. To better understand the mechanisms of action, we studied such EEG “aftereffects” of transcorneal alternating current stimulation (tACS) at the chronic posttraumatic state in rats. EEG baseline was recorded from visual cortex under ketamine/xylazine narcosis of healthy rats and rats with chronic severe optic nerve crush. One week later, both groups were again anesthetized and stimulated transcorneally twice for 12 min each

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Kaup, AO, NT Mathew, C. Levyman, J. Kailasam, LA Meadors, and SS Villarreal. "‘Side Locked’ Migraine and Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalgias: Evidence for Clinical Overlap." Cephalalgia 23, no. 1 (2003): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-2982.2003.00451.x.

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This paper will discuss evidence which supports a link between ‘side locked’ migraine (SLM) and the trigeminal autonomic cephalgias (TACs). Recent papers brought strictly unilateral primary headaches into focus, proposing new classification and discussing pathophysiological mechanisms. We reviewed those proposals and present evidence that SLM falls in between the well-defined TACs and side shifting migraine (SSM). It is difficult to differentiate SLM from the recently proposed headache subtype called hemicrania generis incerti (i.e. hemicrania continua unresponsive to indomethacin). We also pr

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Indahlastari, Aprinda, Aditya K. Kasinadhuni, Christopher Saar, et al. "Methods to Compare Predicted and Observed Phosphene Experience in tACS Subjects." Neural Plasticity 2018 (December 6, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8525706.

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Background. Phosphene generation is an objective physical measure of potential transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) biological side effects. Interpretations from phosphene analysis can serve as a first step in understanding underlying mechanisms of tACS in healthy human subjects and assist validation of computational models. Objective/Hypothesis. This preliminary study introduces and tests methods to analyze predicted phosphene occurrence using computational head models constructed from tACS recipients against verbal testimonies of phosphene sensations. Predicted current densiti

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Modolo, Julien, and Alexandre Legros. "Lasting effects of transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS): which mechanisms?" Brain Stimulation 18, no. 1 (2025): 568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2024.12.1024.

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Barloese, M., N. Lund, and R. Jensen. "Sleep in trigeminal autonomic cephalagias: A review." Cephalalgia 34, no. 10 (2014): 813–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0333102414537726.

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Purpose of review Sleep and cluster headache (CH) are believed to be interconnected but the precise relation to the other trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias (TACs) is uncertain and complex. A better understanding of these relations may eventually lead to a clarification of the underlying mechanisms and eventually to more effective therapeutic regimens. This review aims to evaluate the existing literature on the subject of TACs and sleep. An association between episodic CH and distinct macrostructural sleep phases, especially the relation to rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, has been described in

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Miyauchi, Eri, Yoshiki Henmi, and Masahiro Kawasaki. "Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Enhances Motor Performance by Modulating Beta-Phase Synchronization in the Sensorimotor Network: A Preliminary Study." Brain Sciences 15, no. 3 (2025): 286. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15030286.

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Background/Objectives: Synchronized beta-band oscillations (14–30 Hz) are critical for sensorimotor processing and motor performance. Modulating beta activity either locally in targeted brain regions or globally across sensorimotor networks may enhance motor function. This study aimed to explore whether transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and alternating current stimulation (tACS) could enhance sensorimotor responses by modulating beta-band synchronization. Methods: Eight participants performed a stimulus–response task requiring a quick keypress to a visual cue. Response times (RTs)

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Vashchenko, N. V., A. M. Uzhakhov, and Ju E. Azimova. "Sleep disturbance management in patients with trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias." Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council, no. 19 (December 1, 2021): 100–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.21518/2079-701x-2021-19-100-108.

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Trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias (TACs) are rare but are the most intense primary headaches that severely limit patients’ ability to work and be socially active. This article reviews the modern classification of TACs, based on the International Classification of Headache Disorders-3, and the key differences between TAC types, as well as the pathophysiological mechanisms – the role of the trigeminovascular system, autonomic nervous system, hypothalamus and vagus nerve – and their relation to circadian rhythms. The sleep disturbances that can occur in patients with TACs, exacerbating the course

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Lee, Tien-Wen, and Gerald Tramontano. "Connectivity changes following transcranial alternating current stimulation at 5-Hz: an EEG study." AIMS Neuroscience 11, no. 4 (2024): 439–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/neuroscience.2024026.

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<p>Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) at 5-Hz to the right hemisphere can alleviate anxiety symptoms. We aimed to explore the connectivity changes following the treatment. We collected electroencephalography (EEG) data from 24 participants with anxiety disorders before and after the tACS treatment during a single session. Electric stimulation was applied over the right hemisphere, with 1.0 mA at F4, 1.0 mA at P4, and 2.0 mA at T8, following the 10-10 EEG convention. With eLORETA, the scalp signals were transformed into the cortex's current source density. We assessed the

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Ríos-Gutiérrez, Mar, Luis R. Domingo, M’hamed Esseffar, Ali Oubella, and My Youssef Ait Itto. "Unveiling the Different Chemical Reactivity of Diphenyl Nitrilimine and Phenyl Nitrile Oxide in [3+2] Cycloaddition Reactions with (R)-Carvone through the Molecular Electron Density Theory." Molecules 25, no. 5 (2020): 1085. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25051085.

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The [3+2] cycloaddition (32CA) reactions of diphenyl nitrilimine and phenyl nitrile oxide with (R)-carvone have been studied within the Molecular Electron Density Theory (MEDT). Electron localisation function (ELF) analysis of these three-atom-components (TACs) permits its characterisation as carbenoid and zwitterionic TACs, thus having a different reactivity. The analysis of the conceptual Density Functional Theory (DFT) indices accounts for the very low polar character of these 32CA reactions, while analysis of the DFT energies accounts for the opposite chemoselectivity experimentally observ

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del Valle, Ikerne, and Kepa Astorkiza. "Institutional designs to face the dark side of total allowable catches." ICES Journal of Marine Science 64, no. 4 (2007): 851–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsm060.

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Abstract del Valle, I., and Astorkiza, K. 2007. Institutional designs to face the dark side of total allowable catches. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 851–857. Setting total allowable catches (TACs) is an endogenous process in which different agents and institutions, often with conflicting interests and opportunistic behaviour, try to influence policy-makers. Far from being the benevolent social planners many would wish them to be, these policy-makers may also pursue self-interest when making final decisions. Although restricted knowledge of stock abundance and population dynamics, and

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Masina, Fabio, Ettore Napoli, Paola Santacesaria, et al. "Selective tACS modulation of aperiodic EEG components: unveiling alternative mechanisms of neural modulation." Brain Stimulation 18, no. 1 (2025): 549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2024.12.972.

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Elyamany, Osama, Gregor Leicht, Christoph S. Herrmann, and Christoph Mulert. "Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS): from basic mechanisms towards first applications in psychiatry." European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 271 (June 5, 2021): 135–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-020-01209-9.

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Goubar, Myroslav. "Neuromodulator approaches to depression: The potential of transcranial electric stimulation." Theoretical and Natural Science 27, no. 1 (2023): 136–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-8818/27/20240717.

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Depression, a widespread mental health disorder, presents significant challenges in diagnosis and treatment. Amidst the myriad treatments, non-invasive Transcranial Electric Stimulation (tES), encompassing Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS), has emerged as a promising intervention for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). This review delineates the mechanisms of these modalities, their distinctions, and their potential to modulate neural oscillations and influence cognitive functions. Studies showcased the efficacy of these techniq

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Raffin, Estelle, Roberto F. Salamanca-Giron, and Friedhelm Christoph Hummel. "Perspectives: Hemianopia—Toward Novel Treatment Options Based on Oscillatory Activity?" Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 34, no. 1 (2019): 13–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1545968319893286.

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Stroke has become one of the main causes of visual impairment, with more than 15 million incidences of first-time strokes, per year, worldwide. One-third of stroke survivors exhibit visual impairment, and most of them will not fully recover. Some recovery is possible, but this usually happens in the first few weeks after a stroke. Most of the rehabilitation options that are offered to patients are compensatory, such as optical aids or eye training. However, these techniques do not seem to provide a sufficient amount of improvement transferable to everyday life. Based on the relatively recent i

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Mandalà, S¹ Capuana L2 and Mandalà G²*. "Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in the Treatment of Autism: Literature Review." International Clinical and Medical Case Reports Journal 4, no. 5 (2025): 1–6. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15519494.

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Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique used to modulate neuronal activity through the application of weak electrical currents (1mA to 2 mA) to the scalp. Unlike Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS), tES is administered during task execution, as it more specifically influences the neurons involved in the task, thereby altering responses. The method includes various stimulation protocols such as Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS), Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS), and Transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS),

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Takeda, Masaki. "Elucidation of the mechanisms underway in the brain during sleep with a focus on the circuit mechanisms that promote memory formation." Impact 2023, no. 2 (2023): 27–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21820/23987073.2023.2.27.

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Scientists have been unable to fully elucidate the mechanisms at work in the human brain during sleep. A particularly mysterious area is memory formation during sleep. Professor Masaki Takeda, Research Center for Brain Communication, the Kochi University of Technology, Japan, leads a team of researchers exploring brain behaviour and dynamism. A key focus is on human participants and what happens in their brains while sleeping, while a further element is looking at whether non-human primates have similar memory mechanisms to humans. A main goal for Takeda and the team is uncovering the causal r

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Popa, Livia Livinț, Diana Chira, Ștefan Strilciuc, and Dafin F. Mureșanu. "Non-Invasive Systems Application in Traumatic Brain Injury Rehabilitation." Brain Sciences 13, no. 11 (2023): 1594. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13111594.

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Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant public health concern, often leading to long-lasting impairments in cognitive, motor and sensory functions. The rapid development of non-invasive systems has revolutionized the field of TBI rehabilitation by offering modern and effective interventions. This narrative review explores the application of non-invasive technologies, including electroencephalography (EEG), quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG), brain–computer interface (BCI), eye tracking, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), magnetic res

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Woods, Pamela J., Daniel S. Holland, Guðrún Marteinsdóttir, and André E. Punt. "How a catch–quota balancing system can go wrong: an evaluation of the species quota transformation provisions in the Icelandic multispecies demersal fishery." ICES Journal of Marine Science 72, no. 5 (2015): 1257–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsv001.

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Abstract Implementation of single-species catch limits in multispecies individual quota systems is problematic because it may incentivize discarding behaviour when quotas for some species limit catch of jointly caught species. Since discarding may reduce economic benefits and bias stock assessments, mechanisms that reduce incentives to discard can be beneficial. However, these mechanisms may be detrimental in the long term if they also pose a risk of stock depletion, which can occur if they enable catch to persistently exceed the total allowable catch (TAC). This study uses a bioeconomic model

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He, Yuchen, Shuang Liu, Long Chen, Yufeng Ke, and Dong Ming. "Neurophysiological mechanisms of transcranial alternating current stimulation." Frontiers in Neuroscience 17 (April 5, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2023.1091925.

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Neuronal oscillations are the primary basis for precise temporal coordination of neuronal processing and are linked to different brain functions. Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) has demonstrated promising potential in improving cognition by entraining neural oscillations. Despite positive findings in recent decades, the results obtained are sometimes rife with variance and replicability problems, and the findings translation to humans is quite challenging. A thorough understanding of the mechanisms underlying tACS is necessitated for accurate interpretation of experimental

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Pan, Ruibo, Shengfeng Ye, Yun Zhong, Qiaozhen Chen, and Ying Cai. "Transcranial alternating current stimulation for the treatment of major depressive disorder: from basic mechanisms toward clinical applications." Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 17 (September 4, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2023.1197393.

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Non-pharmacological treatment is essential for patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) that is medication resistant or who are unable to take medications. Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation method that manipulates neural oscillations. In recent years, tACS has attracted substantial attention for its potential as an MDD treatment. This review summarizes the latest advances in tACS treatment for MDD and outlines future directions for promoting its clinical application. We first introduce the neurophysiological mechanism of tACS and its n

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Elyamany, Osama, Gregor Leicht, Christoph S. Herrmann, and Christoph Mulert. "Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS): from basic mechanisms towards first applications in psychiatry." European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, November 19, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00406-020-01209-9.

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AbstractTranscranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is a unique form of non-invasive brain stimulation. Sinusoidal alternating electric currents are delivered to the scalp to affect mostly cortical neurons. tACS is supposed to modulate brain function and, in turn, cognitive processes by entraining brain oscillations and inducing long-term synaptic plasticity. Therefore, tACS has been investigated in cognitive neuroscience, but only recently, it has been also introduced in psychiatric clinical trials. This review describes current concepts and first findings of applying tACS as a potent

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Orendáčová, Mária, and Eugen Kvašňák. "Effects of Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation and Neurofeedback on Alpha (EEG) Dynamics: A Review." Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 15 (July 8, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2021.628229.

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Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) and neurofeedback (NFB) are two different types of non-invasive neuromodulation techniques, which can modulate brain activity and improve brain functioning. In this review, we compared the current state of knowledge related to the mechanisms of tACS and NFB and their effects on electroencephalogram (EEG) activity (online period/stimulation period) and on aftereffects (offline period/post/stimulation period), including the duration of their persistence and potential behavioral benefits. Since alpha bandwidth has been broadly studied in NFB and

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Geffen, Asher, Nicholas Bland та Martin V. Sale. "μ‐Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation Induces Phasic Entrainment and Plastic Facilitation of Corticospinal Excitability". European Journal of Neuroscience 61, № 5 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.70042.

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ABSTRACTTranscranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) has been proposed to modulate neural activity through two primary mechanisms: entrainment and neuroplasticity. The current study aimed to probe both of these mechanisms in the context of the sensorimotor μ‐rhythm using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and electroencephalography (EEG) to assess entrainment of corticospinal excitability (CSE) during stimulation (i.e., online) and immediately following stimulation, as well as neuroplastic aftereffects on CSE and μ EEG power. Thirteen participants received three sessions of stimula

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Nakazono, Hisato, Katsuya Ogata, Tsubasa Mitsutake, Akinori Takeda, Emi Yamada та Shozo Tobimatsu. "Neural mechanisms underlying the after-effects of repetitive paired-pulse TMS with Β tACS on the human primary motor cortex". Scientific Reports 15, № 1 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-92444-4.

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Abstract We previously reported that repetitive paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS; rPPS) synchronized to the peak phase of transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) at the β frequency induced long-lasting after-effects on primary motor cortex (M1) with less inter-individual variability compared with rPPS alone. Here, we investigated the plasticity mechanisms underlying combined stimulation effects using paired-pulse TMS paradigms. rPPS was applied to the peak phase of β tACS (rPPS-tACS-peak) or sham tACS (rPPS alone), or tACS was delivered without rPPS (tACS alone).

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Agboada, Desmond, Zhihe Zhao, and Miles Wischnewski. "Neuroplastic effects of transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS): from mechanisms to clinical trials." Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 19 (March 12, 2025). https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2025.1548478.

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Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is a promising non-invasive neuromodulation technique with the potential for inducing neuroplasticity and enhancing cognitive and clinical outcomes. A unique feature of tACS, compared to other stimulation modalities, is that it modulates brain activity by entraining neural activity and oscillations to an externally applied alternating current. While many studies have focused on online effects during stimulation, growing evidence suggests that tACS can induce sustained after-effects, which emphasizes the potential to induce long-term neurophys

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Song, Ningjing, Ling Long, Nianquan Liu, et al. "Harnessing theta waves: tACS as a breakthrough in alleviating post-stroke chronic pain." Frontiers in Neuroscience 19 (April 30, 2025). https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2025.1553862.

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Neural oscillations play a critical role in the regulation of brain functions, with theta waves (4–8 Hz) in the sensorimotor cortex significantly influencing pain perception and modulation. These oscillations can modulate pain signal transmission, emotional cognition, and neuroplasticity. Post-stroke chronic pain is a common and complex symptom that imposes significant physiological and psychological burdens on patients. Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), a non-invasive brain stimulation technique, can synchronize specific frequency neural activities, reorganize brain network

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de la Salle, Sara, Joëlle Choueiry, Mark Payumo, et al. "Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation Alters Auditory Steady-State Oscillatory Rhythms and Their Cross-Frequency Couplings." Clinical EEG and Neuroscience, June 12, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15500594231179679.

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Auditory cortical plasticity deficits in schizophrenia are evidenced with electroencephalographic (EEG)-derived biomarkers, including the 40-Hz auditory steady-state response (ASSR). Aiming to understand the underlying oscillatory mechanisms contributing to the 40-Hz ASSR, we examined its response to transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) applied bilaterally to the temporal lobe of 23 healthy participants. Although not responding to gamma tACS, the 40-Hz ASSR was modulated by theta tACS (vs sham tACS), with reductions in gamma power and phase locking being accompanied by increases

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Sánchez-Garrido Campos, Guillermo, Ángela M. Zafra, Marta Estévez-Rodríguez, Isabel Cordones, Giulio Ruffini, and Javier Márquez-Ruiz. "Preclinical insights into gamma-tACS: foundations for clinical translation in neurodegenerative diseases." Frontiers in Neuroscience 19 (March 12, 2025). https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2025.1549230.

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Gamma transcranial alternating current stimulation (gamma-tACS) represents a novel neuromodulation technique with promising therapeutic applications across neurodegenerative diseases. This mini-review consolidates recent preclinical and clinical findings, examining the mechanisms by which gamma-tACS influences neural oscillations, enhances synaptic plasticity, and modulates neuroimmune responses. Preclinical studies have demonstrated the capacity of gamma-tACS to synchronize neuronal firing, support long-term neuroplasticity, and reduce markers of neuroinflammation, suggesting its potential to

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Park, Jimin, Chany Lee, Sangjun Lee, and Chang-Hwan Im. "80 Hz but not 40 Hz, transcranial alternating current stimulation of 80 Hz over right intraparietal sulcus increases visuospatial working memory capacity." Scientific Reports 12, no. 1 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-17965-8.

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AbstractWorking memory (WM) is a complex cognitive function involved in the temporary storage and manipulation of information, which has been one of the target cognitive functions to be restored in neurorehabilitation. WM capacity is known to be proportional to the number of gamma cycles nested in a single theta cycle. Therefore, gamma-band transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) should be dependent of the stimulation frequency; however, the results of previous studies that employed 40 Hz tACS have not been consistent. The optimal locations and injection currents of multiple scalp

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Vogeti, Sreekari, Cindy Boetzel, and Christoph S. Herrmann. "Entrainment and Spike-Timing Dependent Plasticity – A Review of Proposed Mechanisms of Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation." Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience 16 (February 24, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnsys.2022.827353.

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Specific frequency bands of neural oscillations have been correlated with a range of cognitive and behavioral effects (e.g., memory and attention). The causal role of specific frequencies may be investigated using transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), a non-invasive brain stimulation method. TACS involves applying a sinusoidal current between two or more electrodes attached on the scalp, above neural regions that are implicated in cognitive processes of interest. The theorized mechanisms by which tACS affects neural oscillations have implications for the exact stimulation freque

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Mirjalili, Mina, Iryna S. Palamarchuk, Heather Brooks, et al. "Individualized frequency and montage tACS to engage theta-gamma coupling and enhance working memory in mild cognitive impairment." Frontiers in Psychiatry 16 (June 2, 2025). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1565881.

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Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) is a clinical prodromal stage of Alzheimer’s disease. Enhancing executive functions in patients with MCI could optimize cognitive compensatory mechanisms and slow cognitive decline. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) and its connections to the hippocampus support executive functions, including working memory. Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) can modulate these connections by engaging theta-gamma coupling (TGC) and may thereby strengthen working memory. This study, “tACS to engage theta-gamma coupling and enhance working memory in MCI” (tACS-MCI), wil

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Jing, Junjun, Jifan Feng, Jingyuan Li, et al. "Reciprocal interaction between mesenchymal stem cells and transit amplifying cells regulates tissue homeostasis." eLife 10 (January 22, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/elife.59459.

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Interaction between adult stem cells and their progeny is critical for tissue homeostasis and regeneration. In multiple organs, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) give rise to transit amplifying cells (TACs), which then differentiate into different cell types. However, whether and how MSCs interact with TACs remains unknown. Using the adult mouse incisor as a model, we present in vivo evidence that TACs and MSCs have distinct genetic programs and engage in reciprocal signaling cross talk to maintain tissue homeostasis. Specifically, an IGF-WNT signaling cascade is involved in the feedforward from M

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Pozdniakov, Ivan, Alicia Nunez Vorobiova, Giulia Galli, Simone Rossi, and Matteo Feurra. "Online and offline effects of transcranial alternating current stimulation of the primary motor cortex." Scientific Reports 11, no. 1 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-83449-w.

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AbstractTranscranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique that allows interaction with endogenous cortical oscillatory rhythms by means of external sinusoidal potentials. The physiological mechanisms underlying tACS effects are still under debate. Whereas online (e.g., ongoing) tACS over the motor cortex induces robust state-, phase- and frequency-dependent effects on cortical excitability, the offline effects (i.e. after-effects) of tACS are less clear. Here, we explored online and offline effects of tACS in two single-blind, sham-controlled exp

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Lai, Ming-Hui, Xiao-Ming Yu, Yan Lu, et al. "Effectiveness and brain mechanism of multi-target transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) on motor learning in stroke patients: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial." Trials 25, no. 1 (2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13063-024-07913-4.

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Abstract Background Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) has proven to be an effective treatment for improving cognition, a crucial factor in motor learning. However, current studies are predominantly focused on the motor cortex, and the potential brain mechanisms responsible for the therapeutic effects are still unclear. Given the interconnected nature of motor learning within the brain network, we have proposed a novel approach known as multi-target tACS. This study aims to ascertain whether multi-target tACS is more effective than single-target stimulation in stroke patients

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