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Books on the topic 'MED 375'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 11 February 2022

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1

Løvås, Edin. Minutter med Jesus: 365 enkle øvelser i Jesusmeditasjon. Oslo: Verbum, 1986.

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2

Pagh, Peter. Jordforureningsloven med kommentarer: Lov om forurenet jord nr. 370 af 2. juni 1999. København: Forlaget Thomson, 2000.

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3

365 things every man should know. Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers, 1993.

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4

Devotions for the God guy: A 365-day journey. Grand Rapids, MI: Revell, 2011.

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5

365 Bible promises for busy dads. Wheaton, Ill: Tyndale House Publishers, 1996.

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6

The one year men of the Bible: 365 meditations on men of character. Carol Stream, Ill: Tyndale House Publishers, 2008.

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7

Gei cheng gong nan shi 365 ge jian kang zhong gao: Shaman tai tai can zhuo bian tiao. Beijing: Zhongguo fu nü chu ban she, 2006.

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8

Mars & Venus: 365 ways to keep your love alive. London: Vermilion, 1999.

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9

Vagn, Greve. Kommenteret straffelov: Speciel del : lovbekendtgørelse nr. 607 af 6. september 1986 af borgerlig straffelov af 15. april 1930 med senere ændringer, kap. 12-29 ([double section symbol] 98-305). 4th ed. [Copenhagen]: Jurist- og økonomforbundet, 1988.

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10

John, Gray. Marte y Venus: 365 formas de mantener viva la pasión. México, D.F: Editorial Océano de México, 2000.

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11

Mosby. Med Surg Nurs Textbook MAC 3.5. C.V. Mosby, 1997.

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12

Mosby. Med Surg Nurs Textbook Win 3.5. C.V. Mosby, 1997.

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13

Lee, Jaerock. Viaţa Mea, Credinţa Mea Ⅰ: My Life, My Faith 1. Urim Books USA, 2018.

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14

1972-, Edmonson Catherine M., ed. 365 women's reflections on men. Holbrook, Mass: Adams Media, 1997.

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15

Slovensko a Mad""arsko v rokach 1918-1920. Martin: Matica slovenska, 1995.

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16

R, Howes M., ed. 365 meditations for men. Nashville, TN: Dimensions For Living, 1998.

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17

1964-, Sharpe Sally D., ed. 365 meditations for men by men. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 2008.

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18

Chakera, Aron, William G. Herrington, and Christopher A. O’Callaghan. Disorders of plasma potassium. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0173.

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Potassium is the major intracellular cation, and maintenance of potassium homeostasis is critical for normal cellular function. Serum potassium levels usually range from 3.5–4.5 mmol/l (compared with intracellular levels of ~150 mmol/l). Hypokalaemia is defined as a serum potassium level <3.5 mmol/l, and hyperkalaemia as a serum potassium level >4.5 mmol/l. Hyperkalaemia occurs in over 5% of hospitalized patients, and is most common in older age groups, where it is associated with renal impairment and medication use. Medications that block the renin–angiotensin system, such as angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers, are often responsible. Hypokalaemia is also common, affecting over 15% of hospitalized patients, and is usually related to diuretic use, gastrointestinal losses, or inadequate potassium in the diet. This chapter reviews the causes and management of derangements of plasma potassium.
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19

Di Franco, F., G. R. McLatchie, and David J. Leaper. Hernias. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198510567.003.0011.

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Inguinal hernia 368Repair of femoral hernia 372Adult umbilical hernia (Mayo's ‘vest over pants’ repair) 374Epigastric hernia 376Incisional hernia 378• Elective: all symptomatic hernias need operation, particularly if indirect.• Emergency: irreducible or strangulated hernias.• Elective: can be performed as a day case in patients fulfilling the criteria. Antibiotic prophylaxis if planning to perform a mesh repair....
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20

Butler, Gary, and Jeremy Kirk. Hypoglycaemia. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199232222.003.0062.

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Physiology 218Aetiology 219Decreased glucose 220Increased glucose utilization 222Symptoms 228Investigation 230Further reading 234Under normal circumstances blood glucose in children and adults is tightly maintained at ∼3.5–6.0mmol/L during fasting and following feeding and exercise.Excess glucose is stored as glycogen in the liver under the influence of insulin, and released at times of need to maintain blood glucose in response to the counter-regulatory hormones: ...
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21

Waldmann, Carl, Neil Soni, and Andrew Rhodes. Physical disorders. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199229581.003.0029.

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Hypothermia 498Drowning and near-drowning 500Rhabdomyolysis 502Pressure sores 504Defined as core temperature <35°CMild 32–35°C; moderate 26–32°C; severe <26°CIncreasing age, abnormal mental state, immobility (orthopaedic, Parkinsonism), drugs (alcohol, barbiturate, major tranquillizers, antidepressants), endocrine (hypothyroidism, hyperglycaemia, adrenal insufficiency, hypopituitarism), autonomic neuropathy (diabetes mellitus, Parkinsonism), malnutrition, renal failure, sepsis (excessive heat loss from vasodilatation), exposure (inadequate clothing/eating, near drowning)....
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22

Janik, Luke S., Somaletha T. Bhattacharya, and Laura A. Downey. Gastrointestinal System. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199398348.003.0007.

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23

Angulo Miró, Patricia. Emilia Pardo Bazán. A hora dos contos: unidade didáctica. Real Academia Galega, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32766/rag.376.

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Sinalarium é un proxecto financiado pola Deputación da Coruña no que traballa a Casa-Museo Emilia Pardo Bazán para desenvolver actividades e recursos que potencien a dignificación da vida e da obra da escritora coruñesa. Cando falamos da obra literaria de Emilia Pardo Bazán non podemos esquecer a enorme variedade de contos que escribiu ao longo da súa vida: máis de 600 con temáticas tan diferentes como o amor, a terra, as lendas, os costumes, os crimes, as manías e obsesións, o medo, a violencia, a infancia, os animais... Coñecemos a través dos contos da escritora o mundo no que viviu, as viaxes, as lecturas, os faladoiros, as normas de comportamento... Os contos constitúen un dos mais eficaces instrumentos para iniciar as nenas e nenos na lectura. A programación que aquí presentamos ten como obxectivo descubrir, coñecer, interpretar e reinterpretar contos de Emilia Pardo Bazán, acercando as súas historias aos escolares de educación primaria, como un primeiro contacto coa literatura da escritora. Pretendemos que os contos recollidos nesta unidade didáctica penetren na conciencia dos mais novos para que poidan atopar a mensaxe que neles se transmite.
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24

Parnas, Josef. Introduction to “Depression in a biopsychosocioeconomic context”. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198725978.003.0034.

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Chapter 34 is an introduction to Chapter 35, which covers how the concept of depression still remains controversial, primarily due to its complicated composition involving not only medical/nosological factors but also significant nonmedical factors.
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25

Wilson, John W., and Lynn L. Estes. Fungal Infections. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199797783.003.0127.

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•Candida•Cryptococcus neoformans and C gattii• Other: Saccharomyces, Trichosporon, etcTwo different growth forms: Outside the body (25°C), they grow as a mold, producing hyphae and having asexual reproduction of spores; inside the body (37°C), they grow in a yeast form...
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26

Nicholas, Hart. Introduction: Therapeutic and Rehabilitation Strategies in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199653461.003.0037.

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Chapter 37 provides an introduction to therapeutic and rehabilitation strategies in the ICU, particularly related to sedation and weaning from drugs. It covers how these are intended to reduce muscle wasting and preserve neuromuscular integrity, although more research and trials are needed.
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27

Carton, James. Vascular pathology. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199591633.003.0003.

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Atherosclerosis 28Shock 30Hypertension 31Chronic lower limb ischaemia 32Acute lower limb ischaemia 33Aortic dissection 34Abdominal aortic aneurysm 35Varicose veins 36Deep vein thrombosis 37• An inflammatory disease of large- and medium-sized systemic arteries characterized by the formation of lipid-rich plaques in the vessel wall....
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28

Turkheimer, Eric. What do we want from a depression diagnosis? Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198725978.003.0036.

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Chapter 36 is a commentary on Chapter 35, which covers how the concept of depression still remains controversial, primarily due to its complicated composition involving not only medical/nosological factors but also significant nonmedical factors, and what is wanted in a diagnosis of depression.
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29

Parnas, Josef. Introduction to “On the ratio of science to activism in the shaping of autism”. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198725978.003.0037.

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Chapter 37 is an introduction to Chapter 38, which covers the ratio of science to activism in the shaping of autism, and includes discussion about the DSM, looping effects, philosophy, activism, the Internet, and the “internal” and the “external” factors that have shaped autism.
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30

Eccleston, Christopher, Bart Morlion, and Christopher Wells. Pain in Europe. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198785750.003.0001.

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There are over 740 million people living in the 37 countries who are members of the European Pain Federation of chapters of the International Association for the Study of Pain. The editors introduce the field of pain management, in particular the work of over 20,000 people in acute (largely injury related) pain, chronic pain including cancer pain management, and palliative care. We then describe how the book European Pain Management is structured. There are three sections: an introduction to the world of pain and the epidemiology of pain. The main section, which is 37 chapters long, reports describing the practice of pain management in each country, the challenges and innovations. And a final section looks at specific issues that cut across all nations, and ends with a concluding analysis of the statue of European Pain Management.
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31

Herrington, William G., Aron Chakera, and Christopher A. O’Callaghan. Nephrotic syndrome. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0161.

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Nephrotic syndrome is a clinical syndrome of heavy proteinuria (greater than 3.5 g per 24 hours), oedema, and hypoalbuminaemia, which is associated with hyperlipidaemia and a procoagulant state. Causes of nephrotic syndrome are traditionally classified by their histopathological descriptions. In most cases, the histological picture can have a primary (idiopathic) or secondary cause. Minimal change, membranous nephropathy, and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis account for over 60% of cases. Diabetic nephropathy and renal amyloidosis are common secondary causes of nephrotic syndrome. Nephrotic-range proteinuria will show up as at least 3+ protein on urinalysis. The diagnosis is confirmed by a urinary protein-to-creatinine ratio over 300 mg/mmol, and hypalbuminaemia. In adults, renal biopsy is the diagnostic test. This chapter addresses the causes, diagnosis, and management of nephrotic syndrome in adults.
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32

Ajzensztejn, Daniel. Prostate cancer. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0326.

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Prostate cancer is the commonest male malignancy, with approximately 35 000 new cases in the UK annually, equating to a lifetime risk of 1 in 10. When diagnosed early, it has a high chance of cure with surgery, external beam radiotherapy, or brachytherapy. Even for metastatic disease, the prognosis is usually several years.
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33

Eccleston, Christopher, Christopher Wells, and Bart Morlion, eds. European Pain Management. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198785750.001.0001.

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There are 740 million people in the 37 countries that are part of the European Pain Federation, which is made up of chapters of the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP). The book provides a review of the organization of pain care in the 37 member countries. Leaders in each country offer a chapter on how their health and pain care services are organized, the demands of their specific populations, the specific national challenges they face, and examples of innovations and advances. After this comprehensive summary, key experts in the field discuss issues that are pertinent to all of the European nations: workings with young people, working with pain in later life, managing opioids, the rise of pain as a specialism, working in developing economies, and policy making. We end with a summary chapter pulling together themes from across all of the chapters, and make a call to envision a new form of pain management for a new Europe.
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34

Argote-Romero, Graciela. Wilms Tumor. Edited by Kirk Lalwani, Ira Todd Cohen, Ellen Y. Choi, and Vidya T. Raman. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190685157.003.0041.

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Wilms tumor, known as well as nephroblastoma, is the most common primary malignant renal tumor in children. Over 95% of all renal tumors in patients under the age of 15 are Wilms tumors. The mean age at the time of diagnosis is 3.5 years. Wilms tumors are usually an incidental finding, a large abdominal mass discovered by a family member or pediatrician. Hematuria and hypertension can be present at the time of initial diagnosis. Up to 8% of the patients will have von Willebrand disease; therefore, all patients should have baseline coagulation studies. All patients should have either computed tomography of the abdomen and pelvis with oral and intravenous contrast or magnetic resonance imaging of the abdomen and pelvis with gadolinium. Treatment includes radical nephrectomy, chemotherapy, and, in some cases, radiotherapy. Emergency surgery is rarely. The disease-free survival rate is 86% for favorable-histology tumors and 64% for anaplastic tumors.
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35

Mori, Masanori. Clinical Signs of Impending Death in Cancer Patients (DRAFT). Edited by Nathan A. Gray and Thomas W. LeBlanc. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190658618.003.0039.

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In this prospective, longitudinal, cohort study, the authors systematically characterized the frequency, onset, and diagnostic performance of 62 clinical signs for impending death in 357 advanced cancer patients admitted to two acute palliative care units. “Early signs” (e.g., Palliative Performance Scale <20%, Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale ≤–2) had a high frequency over the last 3 days but low positive predictive ratios (LRs) for impending death within 3 days. In contract, “late signs” (e.g., death rattle, respiration with mandibular movement, peripheral cyanosis) had a low frequency but high specificity and high positive LR. In addition, seven neurological signs (e.g., decreased response to verbal stimuli, drooping of nasolabial fold, grunting of vocal cords) and upper gastrointestinal bleeding had high positive LRs for impending death within 3 days. Upon further validation, these signs may assist clinicians in formulating the diagnosis of impending death and patients and families in preparing ahead.
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36

Barbosa, Adriano Tadeu. Marketing pessoal (não) é para todos. Brazil Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-315-2.

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No conhecido popular, Spoiler é quando alguma fonte de informação, como um site ou um amigo, revela informações sobre o conteúdo de algum livro ou filme, sem que a pessoa tenha visto. Neste caso eu faço o papel do amigo que vai revelar o conteúdo deste livro. Conforme você for lendo você vai tendo a chance de interagir, seja de forma impressa - se foi este o formato escolhido do seu livro, ou de forma digital - se for um e-book. Ah, na forma impressa você também pode ir pro digital, pois ao longo da construção do seu Plano de Marketing Pessoal neste livro, você vai encontrar QR Codes para mirar seu celular e preencher com suas informações até completar o seu plano, que ainda será visto por mim antes de lhe enviar, por e-mail, diante do seu registro. Claro que com a nova lei de proteção de dados nós sabemos que eu não irei fazer nada com seus dados além de gerar minhas considerações sobre seu plano, sendo para mim uma fonte particular de estudos à medida que todos preenchem os planos, para que eu possa consultar e encontrar os principais problemas e soluções para eu continuar a criar conteúdos com este tema, nas minhas redes sociais. Então é tudo em comum acordo. E com muito carinho, porque para mim este meu trabalho, ao qual me dedico desde 2006, levará meus sonhos à realidade até o fim da vida, pois amo o que faço, por isso quero ajudar você a também seguir com seus sonhos e projetos, acrescentando um pouco mais do Marketing Pessoal aos seus objetivos. Confie e vamos juntos, desde já com minha gratidão. Por fim, este livro marca o início de um novo ciclo com minha empresa, a Ponto Pessoal, que você conhecerá a história logo mais. Já são 10 anos, de 2010 a 2020, no meio da construção e vivência de muitas experiências pelo Brasil, que me fizeram escrever este livro, tomando a partir de agora lugar no histórico de resultados da minha vida, transformando o Marketing Pessoal para o Marketing para Pessoas. Espero que faça muito sentido para você, assim como faz para mim, e, que juntos, possamos ir mais além, descobrindo se ele é ou não para todos.
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37

Frise, Matthew C., and Jonathan B. Salmon. Disorders of potassium in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0251.

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Plasma potassium levels are maintained in health between 3.5 and 5.0 mmol/L, and reflect total body potassium only in stable states at normal pH. Most true hyperkalaemia results from renal insufficiency. The goals of therapy are myocardial protection and return of plasma potassium to a safe level. Measures are commonly initiated above 5.5 mmol/L; above 6.5 mmol/L, aggressive measures should be adopted and calcium salts given if there are cardiac dysrhythmias or QRS-broadening. Glucose-insulin infusions and beta-2-agonists promote potassium shifts into cells. Diuretics and sodium bicarbonate may be helpful, but persistent hyperkalaemia is an indication for renal replacement therapy. Hypokalaemia may lead to dangerous arrhythmias, skeletal muscle weakness, ileus, and reduced vascular smooth muscle contractility. Rapid replacement should only be undertaken for severe hypokalaemia or in the context of arrhythmias. Once the extracellular deficit is corrected, there will usually be a continuing need for potassium supplementation to replenish intracellular stores.
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38

Esen, Figen. Disorders of magnesium in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0252.

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Plasma potassium levels are maintained in health between 3.5 and 5.0 mmol/L, and reflect total body potassium only in stable states at normal pH. Most true hyperkalaemia results from renal insufficiency. The goals of therapy are myocardial protection and return of plasma potassium to a safe level. Measures are commonly initiated above 5.5 mmol/L; above 6.5 mmol/L, aggressive measures should be adopted and calcium salts given if there are cardiac dysrhythmias or QRS-broadening. Glucose-insulin infusions and beta-2-agonists promote potassium shifts into cells. Diuretics and sodium bicarbonate may be helpful, but persistent hyperkalaemia is an indication for renal replacement therapy. Hypokalaemia may lead to dangerous arrhythmias, skeletal muscle weakness, ileus, and reduced vascular smooth muscle contractility. Rapid replacement should only be undertaken for severe hypokalaemia or in the context of arrhythmias. Once the extracellular deficit is corrected, there will usually be a continuing need for potassium supplementation to replenish intracellular stores.
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39

Heidet, Laurence, Bertrand Knebelmann, and Marie Claire Gubler. Thin glomerular basement membrane nephropathy and other collagenopathies. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0325_update_001.

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The discovery of a thin glomerular basement membrane in a renal biopsy without any other abnormalities can be explained in a number of ways. This could be an early biopsy in a patient with Alport syndrome, or it could be an individual who is a carrier for an Alport gene. These carriers are at increased risk of significant renal disease in their lifetime and some have proteinuria as well as haematuria, so they can no longer be equated with the historic label of benign familial haematuria. Some families with a thin glomerular basement membrane and haematuria inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion do not appear to have linkage to COL4 genes. Others have variable renal disease that has sometimes given rise to a label of mild but autosomal dominant Alport syndrome. This territory might also attract the label basement membrane 345 collagenopathy. Other uncommon conditions affecting the glomerular basement membrane include nail patella syndrome.
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40

Presbitero, Patrizia, Dennis Zavalloni, and Benedetta Agnoli. Cardiac emergencies in pregnancy. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0063.

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Cardiac diseases are an increasingly important cause of morbidity and mortality in pregnant women. Pregnancy leads to several changes in physiological processes, and the cardiovascular system progressively adapts to modifications that may worsen pre-existing pathological conditions or unmask previously undiagnosed diseases. Furthermore, pregnancy may be complicated by specific pathologies, which are harmful for patients with cardiac diseases. Admission to the intensive cardiac care unit is a rare event (0.1–0.9% of deliveries), but mortality rates range from 3.5% to 21%. When treating pregnant women, we are taking care of two subjects: the mother and the fetus. The possible adverse effects of diagnostic examination and/or therapies on the fetus should always be considered, and, even after delivery, possible drug interactions on breastfeeding should be taken in account. In this chapter, an overview on the main cardiac emergencies that may affect pregnancy is provided, with a particular focus on treatments allowed for both mother and fetal protection.
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41

Kosmidis, Chris, David W. Denning, and Eavan G. Muldoon. Fungal disease in cystic fibrosis and chronic respiratory disorders. Edited by Christopher C. Kibbler, Richard Barton, Neil A. R. Gow, Susan Howell, Donna M. MacCallum, and Rohini J. Manuel. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198755388.003.0037.

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A range of fungal disease syndromes affect patients with chronic respiratory diseases and cystic fibrosis (CF). Invasive aspergillosis is increasingly recognized in seriously ill patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, especially after high-dose steroids. Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis affects patients with pre-existing cavities or bullae, such as those with previous tuberculosis or atypical mycobacterial disease, bullous emphysema, sarcoidosis, pneumothorax, or treated lung cancer. In addition, fungi have become one of the most important trigger agents for asthma, and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis may complicate up to 3.5% of cases of asthma and up to 15% of cases of CF, starting in childhood. CF patients are commonly colonized with fungal organisms, although the impact of such colonization on outcome is not clear. Aspergillus is the most common mould isolated from CF patients. Distinguishing between colonization and infection remains challenging. Candida is thought to be of no clinical significance; however, it has been associated with decline in lung function.
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42

Turner, Neil N., Neil N. Turner, Norbert Lameire, David J. Goldsmith, Christopher G. Winearls, Jonathan Himmelfarb, and Giuseppe Remuzzi, eds. Oxford Textbook of Clinical Nephrology. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.001.0001.

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With expert input from additional section editors William G. Bennett, Jeremy R. Chapman, Adrian Covic, Marc E. De Broe, Vivekanand Jha, Neil Sheerin, Robert Unwin, and Adrian Woolf, the Oxford Textbook of Clinical Nephrology is a three-volume international textbook of nephrology with an unrivalled clinical approach backed up by science. It has been completely rewritten in 365 chapters for its fourth edition to bring it right up to date, make it easier to obtain rapid answers to questions, and to suit delivery in electronic formats as well as in print. This edition offers increased focus on the medical aspects of transplantation, HIV-associated renal disease, and infection and renal disease, alongside entirely new sections on genetic topics and clinical and physiological aspects of fluid/electrolyte and tubular disorders. The emphasis throughout is on marrying advances in scientific research with clinical management. The target audience is primarily the nephrologist in clinical practice and training as well as other healthcare professionals with an interest in renal disease.
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43

Ng, Ann, and Erin S. Williams. Sickle Cell Disease. Edited by Erin S. Williams, Olutoyin A. Olutoye, Catherine P. Seipel, and Titilopemi A. O. Aina. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190678333.003.0033.

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Sickle cell anemia (sickle cell disease) is a common hemoglobinopathy with anywhere from 90,000 to 100,000 Americans affected. This chronic condition has a predominance in populations of African descent, occurring in approximately 1 out of 365 African American births, compared to 1 out of 16,300 Hispanic births. The sickle cell trait can be detected in 1 of 13 African American births. One of the most common complications associated with sickle cell anemia, vaso-occlusive crises by sickled cells, results in severe pain. Other issues associated with this condition include acute chest syndrome, lung infections, end organ damage, and stroke. With improvements in the management and prevention of pain crises, infection, and other systemic involvement, these patients are living longer, thus increasing the potential for surgical needs. Whether it is for routine surgeries or surgeries that are due to the natural history of the disease; the pediatric anesthesiologist must be knowledgeable of the management of these patients in order to prevent morbidity and mortality.
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44

Watkins, Laurence, and David G. T. Thomas. Traumatic injuries to the head. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199204854.003.0241003.

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Head injuries cause 1% of all deaths, including 15 to 20% of those in people aged 5 to 35 years, with many survivors facing long-term disability.Pathophysiology—brain injury may be (1) primary—axonal injury and focal contusions are caused at the moment of impact; or (2) secondary—causes are (a) extracranial—e.g. hypoxia and hypotension, and (b) intracranial—e.g. haematoma, brain swelling, and infection....
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45

Dickman, Andrew, and Jennifer Schneider. Drug information. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198733720.003.0003.

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This chapter provides a concise summary of pertinent information for 37 drugs that are administered by CSCI. Each monograph includes information relating to clinical pharmacology, indications, adverse effects, doses, drug interactions, and an exhaustive list of compatibility and stability data. Opioid equianalgesia is discussed because several opioids are used in palliative care and it is often necessary to either change the drug or route of administration as a patient’s condition changes.
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46

Lai, Kar Neng, and Sydney C. W. Tang. Immunoglobulin A nephropathy. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0065.

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Immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy is the most common primary glomerulonephritis. It runs a slow and sometimes relentless clinical course with consequent end-stage renal failure in 35–40% of patients 25–30 years after first clinical presentation. The pathology is characterized by deposition of macromolecular (polymeric) IgA1 in the glomerular mesangium, proliferation of mesangial cells, increased synthesis of extracellular matrix, and infiltration of macrophage, monocytes, and T cells.
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Chambers, John. Aortic aneurysm. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0102.

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The epidemiology and natural history of thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA) and abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) are different. The thoracic aortic diameter is dependent on age and body habitus as well as the level at which it is measured. Average diameters are 2.1 cm/m2 for the ascending thoracic aorta, and 1.6 cm/m2 for the descending thoracic aorta, giving approximate thresholds for the diagnosis of a TAA of 40 mm and 35 mm, respectively. AAAs are defined by a diameter >30 mm and are mainly infrarenal, with only 2%–5% in a suprarenal position.
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Ferguson, Colin. Pathophysiology and management of hypothermia. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0354.

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Accidental hypothermia is defined as a core temperature of <35°C and is uncommon. It may present in any age group at any time of the year. Hypothermia may be primary, where the cold injury is the major pathology, or secondary where patients develop hypothermia incidental to another illness. Since the severely cold patient may be in cardiac arrest, areflexic, and in coma, decision making regarding treatment, its initiation, and continuation, may be difficult. Hypothermia is classified into mild (33–35°C), moderate (28–33°C) and severe (<28°C), but these are not distinct clinical syndromes. A more recent classification into stages has emerged from alpine medicine along with a treatment algorithm based on it. Many pathophysiogical changes are due to reduced enzyme action. Clinical features include changes in higher cerebral functions with bizarre behaviour progressing to coma. In the circulation initial tachycardia and hypertension (‘cold stress’) are replaced, as the patient cools, with worsening hypotension and bradycardia and, eventually, ventricular fibrillation and asystole. Rewarming methods are classified as passive or active and the latter subdivided into external, core, and extracorporeal. Active warming should be considered for patients with a temperature of 32°C or lower. Peritoneal lavage has the advantage of warming the liver directly and also the heart through the diaphragm. Cardiopulmonary bypass is the extracorporeal method with most experience, but the advent of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation has the advantage of portability.
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Penzel, Fred. Clinical Presentation of OCD. Edited by Christopher Pittenger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228163.003.0002.

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This chapter seeks to lay out the chief hallmarks and manifestations of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), especially for readers who do not already have direct experience with its phenomenology. As such it lays a foundation for a more detailed discussion of focused topics that follows later in this volume. Common obsessions and compulsions are described, as well as typical characteristics. This disorder causes great suffering. It was long thought to be uncommon, was not well defined, and was subject to much misdiagnosis. Research and clinical experience over the past 35 years have done much to clarify the diagnosis, and are reviewed here.
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Bhole, Malini, Mas Chaponda, and Nick Beeching. Human immunodeficiency virus infection. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0296.

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Since its discovery in the 1980s, infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has rapidly spread across the world, especially to large parts of the African continent. By the end of 2013, an estimated 35 million people were living with HIV worldwide. In the UK, this figure was close to 108 000 (a prevalence of 2.8 per 1 000 population aged 15–59 years (1.9 per 1000 women and 3.7 per 1000 men)). Significant progress has been made in diagnosis, and current treatments are life-saving. However, there is still no cure and no vaccine. This chapter addresses the clinical features and management of HIV infection.
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